2007 Science TAKS Review. Objective 1: the nature of science. Scientific Method
. ❑ observation--. ❑ hypothesis—guess relate dependent & independent ...
2007 Science TAKS Review Objective 1: the nature of science. Scientific Method observation-hypothesis—guess relate dependent & independent variable responding & manipulated y x DRY MIX experiment Analyze -- Draw inferences based on data 1. Hypothesis: 2. Inferences: 3. Conclusion: 4. Theory:
5. Law:
1. The illustration shows a model of a windmill. The windmill can
convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Some students made a hypothesis that the more blades a windmill has, the faster the blades spin at a particular wind speed. The students tested their model with different numbers of blades. Based on the results shown in the table, which statement is the best analysis of the students’ hypothesis? F The hypothesis is supported because adding more blades always makes the blades spin faster. G The hypothesis is supported because increasing the wind speed makes the blades spin faster. H The hypothesis is not supported because adding more blades makes the blades spin faster only up to a certain number of blades. J The hypothesis is not supported because not enough blades were added.
2. The hypothesis being tested is the following: the color of a barrel containing water affects the temperature the water reaches after three hours in the sun. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A B C D
The experiment effectively tests the hypothesis, because all variables are controlled. The experiment does not effectively test the hypothesis, because the sizes of the barrels are different. The experiment does not effectively test the hypothesis, because the colors of the barrels are different. The experiment does not effectively test the hypothesis, because none of the barrels have been placed in the shade.
3. During a field investigation, a scientist on board a deep-sea exploration vehicle
recorded the water temperature as a function of depth. Her data is shown in the graph above. At what approximate depth is the water 15°C? F 300 m G 425 m H 475 m J 700 m
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equipment Erlenmeyers & beakers—approximate volume Graduated cylinders read volume contained burets read volume delivered
4. Which of the tools shown would be used to measure the force needed to pull an object?
Safety
5. Which of the following procedures should be used in finding the mass of crystals? A Pour the excess crystals back into the original container B Put the crystals on the outer part of the balance pan for massing C Pour wastes down the sink with plenty of water D Use weighing paper on the balance pan
6. Much lab equipment is made of glass. Which of the following statements about handling glass in the
laboratory is FALSE? F Inspect glassware before use. Do not use chipped or cracked glassware. G Do not attempt to insert glass tubing into a rubber stopper without instructions from your teacher. H Do not heat glassware over a hot plate, because glass may melt. J Glassware takes a long time to cool and will severely burn skin if handled when hot.
7. Special care must be taken in the laboratory when heating materials. Which of the following guidelines should be followed when heating materials in the lab? A If a flammable liquid or gas is present, move all open flames to the opposite side of the room. B Use a gas flame instead of a hot plate, if possible. C Use tongs or heat-resistant mitts to handle glassware that has been heated recently. D When heating materials in a test tube, do not point the bottom of the test tube toward anyone.
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reading graphs
8. Use the graph to answer the questions. a. b. c. d. e. f.
How many total miles did the car travel? What was the average speed? Describe the motion between hours 5 and 12 What direction is represented by line CD? How many miles were traveled in the first two hours? Which line represents the fastest speed?
9. A student organized the data in the table into a graph. Which of the following graphs best fits the data? month January February March April May June July August September October November December
rainfall (cm) 1 2 5 5 25 52 52 56 50 35 20 1
reading tables
10.
Use the table to answer the questions. a. What is the independent variable on this table? b. What is the dependent variable on this table? c. Describe the shape of the line graph that this data would produce?
Atomic Number 2 4 6 8 10
Ionization Energy (volts) 24.46 9.28 11.22 13.55 21.47
11. This table shows the atomic radii of some elements in periods 1 – 4. Atomic radii __ F. G. H. I.
decrease from left to right increase from bottom to top double from top to bottom decrease from right to left
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Chemistry Objective 4
The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structures and properties of matter.
Classify samples from everyday life as being element, compound or mixtures Element Solids, liquids, & gases Mixtures
12. An unknown silvery powder has a sharp melting point and does not chemically or physically separate into other substances. The unknown substance can be classified as — A an element B a compound C a mixture D an alloy
13. Bronze is used in making trophies and medals. Bronze
consists of copper and smaller amounts of zinc and tin. Which of the following phrases best describes bronze? F a compound made from several mixtures G a mixture of several elements H a mixture of several compounds J a compound made from other compounds
14. The illustration shows a liquid being poured through filter paper into a beaker. The liquid in Beaker A is a(n) A element. B compound.
C homogeneous mixture .
D heterogeneous mixture.
Periodic table vocabulary Group names Valence electron metalloids metals nonmetals
15. Which of the following statements about the elements in group 18 is FALSE? F Except for the top element, they all have eight valence electrons. G They will react with active metals to form ionic compounds. H They have a stable electron configuration. J They will not readily react with most nonmetals.
16. An unidentified element has many of the same physical and chemical properties as magnesium and strontium
but has a lower atomic mass than either of these elements. What is the most likely identity of this element? F Sodium G Beryllium H Calcium J Rubidium 4
Bonding vocabulary Ionic bonding transfer electrons
17.
Write formulas for compounds: a. calcium (Ca2+) and chlorine (Cl1-) b. aluminum (Al3+) and nitrate ( NO31-) c. potassium (K1+) and sulfide (S2-) d. Al3+ SO42 Water:
Covalent bonding share electrons
Metallic bonding (mobile) electrons shared among all metal cations
______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
Surface tension Density of water 1 g= 1 mL water can dissolve polar and ionic compounds
18. Which factor makes water an effective solvent? F The presence of molecular oxygen H The polar nature of its molecules
G Its lack of covalent bonds J Its abundance on Earth’s surface
19. Table salt, sodium chloride, dissolves in water. Water’s ability to dissolve sodium chloride is related to the F number of protons present in each atom’s nucleus. G polarity and structure of water. H number of electrons present in a water molecule. J amount of solution you are trying to make.
Various factors influence solubility -- temperature, pressure and nature of the solute and solvent
20. Thermal pollution occurs when human activities cause the temperature of lakes or rivers to rise. Why are fish most likely to be harmed by long-term thermal pollution of the lake in which they live? A The solubility of oxygen in the lake will decrease. B The solubility of carbon dioxide in the lake will increase. C The solubility of KCl fertilizers will decrease in the lake. D The solubility of quartz crystals (SiO2) will increase in the lake.
21. A spoonful of salt is stirred into a glass of ice water. Which of the following conclusions is valid?
F Stirring causes more salt to dissolve in the ice water than would dissolve otherwise. G Stirring causes less salt to dissolve in the ice water than would dissolve otherwise. H Stirring results in the salt dissolving more quickly than it would otherwise. J Stirring does not alter the rate at which the salt dissolves or the amount of salt that can dissolve.
22. Water will not dissolve grease on clothing. However, adding soap to the water helps remove it. The best explanation is that F soap is an ionic substance, and ionic substances dissolve in both water and grease. G soap molecules contain sodium or potassium ions, which dissolve in grease. H soap molecules have a polar end that dissolves in water and a nonpolar end that dissolves in grease. J water does not dissolve the grease; water just washes the grease away.
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23. When oil and water are shaken together, they might appear mixed for a time but soon separate into layers. Which of the following factors is the reason oil and water are immiscible? A The temperature is too low. B No catalyst is added. C They were shaken but not consistently stirred. D Oil is nonpolar, and water is polar.
Relate the concentration of ions in a solution to properties such as pH, electrolytic behavior, and reactivity
24. Bathwater normally has electrolytic behaviors even though distilled water does not. This is because bathwater — F contains isotopes of hydrogen H is separated into H+ and OH– ions
G has been heated J contains dissolved minerals
Investigate and identify properties of fluids including density, viscosity and buoyancy
25. Which of the following will float on water?
26. Which of the following statements about the boat in the figure is FALSE?
F The forces acting on the boat are balanced. G The viscosity of the water prevents the boat from sinking. H The overall density of the boat is less than the overall density of the water. J The boat is buoyant.
27. The liquids in the graduated cylinder form distinct layers whose
sequence is determined by the densities of the liquids. What liquid makes up layer A? A. corn oil B. gasoline C. mercury D. water
the law of conservation of mass
28.
substance water corn oil ethanol mercury gasoline
density (g/mL) 1.00 0.92 0.79 13.6 0.69
balance the following reactions: + ____ H2SO4 a. ____ HCl + ___ Na2SO4 → ____ NaCl b. ____ K + ___ Al2S3 → ____ Al + ____ K2S c. ____ Ca(OH)2 → ____ CaO + ____ H2O d. ____Al(OH)3 + ____HCl ____H2O + ____AlCl3 e. _____KOH + ____K3PO4 ____K3PO4 + ____ H2OGO ON
29. The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical
reactions. However, when an iron object rusts, it increases in mass. How is this mass increase explained using the law of conservation of mass? F Iron reacts with the oxygen in air. The mass of that oxygen is included in the mass of the rust. G Rust occupies more volume than iron does. More volume means more mass. H Rusting is a physical change, so it does not obey the law of conservation of mass. J Iron metal becomes iron ions during the formation of rust, and ions are more massive than the elements that form them. 6
30. Daniel heated a small amount of copper powder over a bunsen burner for 10 minutes. The powder changed from brown to black. He observed that the powder weighed more after the reaction than before the reaction. Daniel concluded that the copper powder must have reacted with a gas, because of F Newton’s first law. G the law of conservation of energy. H the law of conservation of mass. J the law of action and reaction.
Distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter such as oxidation, digestion, changes in state and stages in the rock cycle A physical change is a change that affects only the physical properties (color, size, state etc.) A chemical change is a change that involves breaking and forming of bonds to make new substance(s)
31. The diagram illustrates ice wedging, a type of mechanical weathering. Which of the following events takes place in ice wedging? A a physical change B a chemical change C the oxidation of rock D the melting of rock
32. Most substances can undergo both chemical and physical changes. Which of the following statements relates one way that water undergoes a chemical change? A Water reacts with sodium to form hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. B Liquid water freezes to form ice. C Liquid water either evaporates or boils to form water vapor. D Water vapor condenses to form liquid water
33. Which of the following statements about the changes in a burning candle is TRUE? A B C D
Both the melting candle wax and the burning wick are chemical changes. Both the melting candle wax and the burning wick are physical changes. The melting candle wax is a chemical change, and the burning wick is a physical change. The melting candle wax is a physical change, and the burning wick is a chemical change.
34. Which of these describes a pollution-producing process that involves only a physical change? A Coal with a high sulfur content is burned, producing gases that cause acid rain. B Chlorofluorocarbons are released, changing ozone in the upper atmosphere into oxygen. C Hot wastewater is discharged into a lake, lowering oxygen levels in the water. D Nitrogen oxide emissions combine with water vapor, producing nitric acid.
35. The illustration shows one way pollution is formed. Which of the
following changes shown or implied in the illustration is an example of a physical change? F Coal that contains sulfur and nitrogen burns to form sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. G Sulfur trioxide combines with water to form sulfuric acid. H Acidic water vapor condenses and forms droplets that are heavy enough to fall as acid rain. J Acid precipitation reacts with rocks and certain building materials. GO
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TAKS Physics Review motion
speed = distance time
m s
acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity change in time
m s2
36. If you ran 400 m in 80 seconds, what would your speed be? 37. If you drove 35 miles per hour for 2.5 hours, how far did you travel? 38. A car travels around a curve at a constant speed. what best describes the car’s motion? 39. If a car accelerates from 0 to 25 m/s in 60 s, what is the acceleration? 40. A stone is dropped from a bridge and hits the river beneath the bridge 2.30 seconds later. Ignoring the effect of air resistance, what is the stone’s approximate velocity when it hits the river?
41. A ball suspended from a crane breaks loose and falls to the ground. If it hits the ground with a velocity of 30 m/s. How many seconds did it fall?
42.
43.
Which segment shows the vehicle moving with the greatest speed?
A cold front moves from Abileen to College Station in 6.0 hours. What is its average speed in km/h?
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momentum
momentum = (mass)(velocity)
unit: Nm
44. A car has a mass of 900 kilograms. The car travels 600 meters in the same direction for 30 seconds at a constant speed. Find the car’s momentum.
45. Which would have the most momentum?
a. a 500 kg car traveling at 250 km/hour b. 20,000 kg tractor traveling at 8 km/hour c. 30,000 kg concrete truck traveling at 5 km/hour
forces
force = (mass)(acceleration)
unit: N
46. An 70-kilogram student is standing on a chair. With what force is the chair pushing on the student? 47. A cyclist and his bike have a combined mass of 200 kg. How much acceleration is produced by a force of 1200 N?
48. A baseball has a mass of 0.3 kg. A pitcher can give the baseball an acceleration of 300 m/s2. What is the force acting on the ball?
work
work = (force)(distance)
unit: J
49. A gardener lifts a bag filled with compost. If the bag has a mass of 36 kilograms, what is the minimum amount of work the gardener must do to lift the bag to a height of 0.5 meter?
% efficiency
% efficiency = work output x 100 work input
50. The efficiency of the inclined plane shown in the figure above is 80%. If
the box weighs 400 N, how much work must be done to push the box to the top of the inclined plane?
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Kinetic Energy Gravitational Potential Energy
KE = ½ (mass)(velocity)2 PE = mgh = (mass)(acceleration due to gravity)(height)
unit: J
51. A tennis ball with a mass of 0.06 kg falls from the top of a 15 m building. What is the potential energy? 52. What is the kinetic energy of a 2000 kg car traveling at a speed of 30 m/s? 53. A ball with a mass of 0.5 kg is tossed straight up. It reaches a height of 10 m and falls to the ground. What is the ball’s potential energy at its highest point? What is the velocity just before hitting the ground?
power
power = work time
unit = W (watt)
54. A student lifts a stack of books weighing 75 N from the floor to a table 1 m high. If it takes the student 2 seconds to lift the books, what power does the student use?
55. A forklift pushes a crate with a mass of 55 kilograms. The crate accelerates at a rate of 0.5 m/s2. If 209 joules of work is done on the crate, how many meters does the crate move?
56. A slave on a Roman shi pulls his oar a distance of 1.5 m with a force of 350 N. If he pulls his oar every 30 seconds, what is the power of the slave?
thermal energy
heat = mC∆T
57. A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that heat would be transferred through the door by — A conduction B convection C radiation D compression
58. 1 kg of water at 0oC receives 10,000.0 J of thermal energy.. What is the final temperature? 59. metal frying pan transfers energy as heat by A conduction.
waves
B convection. C delocalization
D radiation.
velocity of a wave = (frequency)(wavelength)
v = fλ
60. What is the speed of an ocean wave with a frequency of 0.2 Ha and a wavelength of 30 m. 61. Low C on a piano has a frequency of 131 Hz and a speed of 343 m/s. What is the wavelength. 10
62. Suppose a radio station broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 1.021 x 108 hertz. Find the wavelength. (find the speed of light on the formula chart)
63. Which of the following best describes what happens when two waves interfere with each other?
64. The figure shows two waves, A and B, that travel at the same speed. Compare the amplitude wavelength frequency speed
65. During an earthquake, the difference in arrival time between a P wave and an S wave is used to determine the epicenter. A seismograph records the first P wave at 05:26:00 (hour:minute:second). If the epicenter is 4,000 km from the seismograph, at what time will the station record the first S wave?
current
current = voltage resistance
I = V R
units = current A (ampere) resistance Ω (ohm) voltage V (volt)
66. A resistor of 3.0 ohms is hooked to a 12.0 V battery. Calculate the current. 67. A wire whose resistance of 0.5 ohms is hooked to a battery. The current is 48 amps. Calculate the voltage. 68. What is the resistance when a 1.5 V battery produces a current of 1.0 amp?
69. How much current is flowing through this circuit? 11
electrical power
electrical power = (voltage)(current)
P = VI
unit; W (watt J/s)
70. The electric power used by a hairdryer is 1100 watts. If the voltage supplied to the hairdryer is 120 V, what is the electric current in the hairdryer?
electrical energy
electrical energy = (power)(time)
E = Pt
71. A 750 W microwave oven requires 3.5 minutes to pop a bag of popcorn. How many Joules of energy does this represent?
electrical circuits
72. Which circuit is built so that if one light bulb goes out, the other three light bulbs will continue to glow?
73. All of the lamps in the circuit above will go out if ____ goes out.
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