73. What are the factors treated as important in the choice of mate? 1. Family 2.
Money 3. Beauty 4. Education 5. Job 6. Horoscope- Astrology 7. Any other …
Tamil University Thanjavur-613 005.Tamil Nadu S. India Ph. D. Research- Interview Schedule Name & Address of the Researcher: Mr. Jacob Varghese M.A. M.Th. ACTS Academy of Higher Education 15KM Hosur Road; Hosa Road. Electronicity P.O. BANGALORE-100 Phone. 080-28522208; Mob. 9342550239. E-mail.
[email protected] Name & Address of the Guide: Dr. Robert Sathya Joseph Ph. D, Associate Professor Department of Social Sciences Tamil University Thanjavur- 613 005. T.N Title: Customs, Culture and Religion of Paniya Tribe and their Social Change.
Part. A General Information of the Informant 1. Name in Full: …………………………………………………………………. 2. Date of Birth: ………………………………age as on Dec.2005…………………………. 3. Address : …………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………….. Panchayat: …………………………………………………….. Ward No. ……………………………………………………… Colony ………………………………………………………. 4. Father’s name: ………………………………………………. 5. Place of Birth: ………………………………………………. 6. Mother tongue: …………………………………………….. 7. Sex : M F 8. Marital status: 1. Married 2. Unmarried 3. Divorced 4. Widow 5. Separated 9. Name of the Tribe ………………………. Clan ………………………….. 10. Religion : 1. Tribal Religion 2. Hindu 3. Christian 4. Muslim 5. Any other 11. How long you are following the above mentioned religion? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10 years 3. 10 to less than 15 years 4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. 20 to less than 25 years 6. From the birth 12. Type of Family : 1. Nuclear 2. Joint 3. Extended 13. Educational status: 1. Illiterate 2. Primary (1-4) 3. Upper Primary (5-7) 4. High School (8-10) 5. P.D.C. 6. Graduate 7. Post graduate 14. Occupation : 1. Hunting & Fishing 2. Cultivation 3. Agricultural Labourer 4. Animal Husbandry 5. Plantation (estate) Labourer 6. Government Service 7. Tree cuter 8. Unemployed 9. Any other ……………….. 15. Monthly Income: 1. Below Rs. 500. 2. Rs. 500. --Rs. 1000. 3. Rs. 1000. -- Rs. 1500. 4. Rs. 1500. – 2000 5. 2000- Above 16. Can I use your name in my thesis? 1. Yes 2. No
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Part B Objective: To trace the origin and development of the Paniyas of South India and their present social structure. Origin and Developments of Paniyas 17. From which locality your forefathers came to this colony ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18. Is there any history, legend, song or myth about the origin of the settlement? ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. How many years old is your colony? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10 years 3. 10 to less than 15 years 4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. Any other ………… 20. How long are you staying in this settlement? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10 years 3. 10 to less than 15 years 4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. From the birth 6. I don’t know Social Structure 21. How the colony organized? 1. Colony system 2. Isolated houses 3. Any other -----22. Do you have elder or chief of the colony? 1. Yes 2. No If ‘yes’ his name ……… 23. How did he become the chief? 1. Democratically elected 2. Inherited from forefathers 3. Achieved 4. Self made leader 5. Any other means … 24. Do they have system of 1. class 2. caste 3. clan among your tribe? If ‘Yes’ to what extent and its origin …………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………… 25. Whom do you approach, if you have problem with in your own people? 1. Village chief or elder 2. Priest 3. Local politician 4. Police station 5. Any other ------26. Whom do you approach, if you have problem with non- Tribal? 1. Village chief or elder 2. Priest 3. Local politician 4. Police station 5. Any other ----------------27. What will you do, if some non- tribals troubles you? 1. Unitedly go and fight 2. Personally go and fight 3. Silently withdraw 4. Give police complaint 5. Any other ----------Social Development 28. Who is doing the following welfare activities in your colony? Sl. No Programs Govt. 1. Educational Services 2. Community Health Services 3. AIDS and other decease awareness pro. 4. Environmental Protection 5. Nutrition Education 6. Water facility 7. Adult Education 8. Economic Development Pro. 9. Vocational Education 10. Human Rights Awareness 11. Family Welfare and Family planning 12. Rehabilitation and Relief pro.
NGOS
Any other Agency
29. a. How do you go to near by market? 1. by walk 2. Bullock cart 3. Bus 4. Auto rickshaw 5. boat 6. Any other ----------b. Do you have vehicle road towards your settlement? 1. yes 2. no
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Nobody
30. Are you satisfied with the current development programmes? 1. yes 2. no Give reasons. 31. What do you do for your colony, if you were a leader like Panchayat President or MLA or MP? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Media & Communication 32. Do you get daily News paper in your colony? 1. yes 2. no 33. Do you read daily News paper? 1. yes 2. no 34. How do get information mainly in your colony? 1. Other people 2. News Paper 3. Radio 4. T.V. 5. Internet 6. Any other --------------------Language 35. a. Is your language similar to Tamil or Malayalam? 1. Yes/No with Tamil 2. Yes/No with Mal. b. Do you speak Paniyabhasha? 1. yes 2. no 36. Give the following relationship (kinship) and other words in your language. English Paniya Tamil Malayalam English Paniya Tamil/ Malayalam Mother Father Brother Sister
Daughter Father in law Mother in law Sister in law
Son
Brother in law
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Part C Age group between 40-80 Objectives: To study the Customs & Culture of Paniyas. Family 37. Your family system: Past 1. Joint family 2. Nuclear family Present 1. Joint family 2. Nuclear family 38. Your family Composition Sl. Name Age Sex Relation with head Marital Education of the family status
Occupation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Customs: Clothing 39. Clothing made up off i. Traditional 1. Leaves 2. Animal skin 3. Cotton 4. Silk 5. Nilon & Synthetic materials 6. Any other --------i.i. Modern 1. Leaves 2. Animal skin 3. Cotton 4. Silk 5. Nilon & Synthetic materials 6. Any other ------------40. Clothing: for men. i. Traditional 1. Konakam 2. Ottamundu 3. Trouser 4. Any other …………… ii. Modern 1. Mundu &Shirt 2. Lunki &Shirt 3. Pant &Shirt 4. Any other …… 41. Clothing: for Women. i. Traditional 1. Ottamundu 2. Pudava 3. Chudithar 4. Any other ……… ii. Modern 1.Sari&Blouse 2. Lunki &Shirt 3. Chudithar 4. Mundu 5. Any other 42. Clothing: for boys. i. Traditional 1. Konakam 2. Towel 3. Trouser 4. Any other ……… ii. Modern 1. Touser&Shirt 2. Mundu & Shirt 3. Pant Shirt 4. Any other …… 43. Clothing: for girls. i. Traditional 1. Ottamundu 2. Shaddy 3. Trouser 4. Any other ………….. ii. Modern 1. Frok &Shirt 2. Chudithar 3. Sari&Bluse 4. Any other ………….. Customs: Food 44. You are a ………….. 1. Vegetarian 2. Non- vegetarian 45. Your food habit. In the Past 1. Breakfast --------- 2. Lunch -------------3. Dinner …… In the Present 1. Breakfast --------- 2. Lunch -------------3. Dinner ….. 46. Food items prepared in the 1. Palapathram 2. Bamboo vessel 3. Mud pot 4. Metal vessel 5. Any other ---------
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Monthly Income
47. Methods of preparing foods. In the past 1. Burned 2. Cooked 3. Fried 4. Any other ---------------------------In the present 1. Burned 2. Cooked 3. Fried 4. Any other -------------------------48. Your staple food in the past. 1. Roots, leaves and fruits from the forest 2. Hunted animals’ 3. Crops through farming 4. Rice, Wheat / Tapioca 5. Any other ……… 49. Your staple food in the present. 1. Roots, leaves and fruits from the forest 2. Hunted animals 3. Crops through farming 4. Rice, Wheat / Tapioca 5. Any other …………. 50. Type of fuel used for cooking in the past …………………………………….. 1. Fire wood 2. . Smokeless chulah 3 Kerosene (stove) 4. Bio-gas 5. Electric heater 6. Any other ………. 51. Type of cooking fuel in the Present …………….. 1. Fire wood 2. Kerosene (stove) 3. Smokeless chulah 4. Bio-gas 5. Electric heater 6. Natural Gas 7. Any other ………. Customs: Ornaments 52. Type of ornaments used by Men. i. Traditional 1. Beeded chain 2. Bangles 3. Olakammal 4.Kanakkumala 5. Any other ii. Modern 1. Watch 2. Hand ring 3. Finger ring 4. Chilanka 5. Any other …… 53. Type of ornaments used by Women. i. Traditional 1. Mukkuthi 2. Hair flower 3. Olakammal 4.Kanakkumala Any other ii. Modern 1. Artificial Bangles 2. Mukkuthy 3. Leg Bangles 4. Any other …….. 54. Is the ornaments related with anything of your religious faith? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ which ways. ………………………………………………………… Customs: Hunting 55. Whether hunting is related with religious faith? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 56. Rites and rituals related with hunting. 1. Offer imp. parts to god 2. Give offering in the temple 3. Any other ----------57. Hunting is matter of ……. 1. Prestige 2. Survival 3. Religious requirement 4. I don’t know 5. Any other significance ………………………. 58. Weapons used for hunting in the past. … 1. Axe 2. Spear 3. Knife 4. Sharpened stone 5. Bow and arrow 6. Snare net 7. Gun 8. Any other …………………….. 59. Weapons used for hunting in the present day 1. Axe 2. Spear 3. Knife 4. Sharpen stone 5. Bow and arrow 6. Snare net 7. Gun 8. Caterpillar 9. Hook 10. Snare 11. Any other ………… Customs: Birth 60. Rites and Rituals associated with birth Past Present 1. After conception ………………………………………………………… 2. In the progressive months of conception ………………………………… 3. At the time of birth ……………………………………………………… 4. Soon after birth ………………………………………………………… 5. Naming of the child …………………………………………………… after how many days ………………………………………………… who gives name …………………………………………………… naming system …………………………………………………… who does the rituals ………………………………………………… 61. Where does the delivery take place? In the past………. 1. In the hospital 2. Mother’s house 3. Husband’s house 4. Secluded shed 5. I don’t know 6. Any other ……. In the present………. 1. In the hospital 2. Mother’s house 3. Husband’s house 4. Secluded shed 5. Any other ………..
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62. Is there any special food for breast-feeding women in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know ‘yes’ what are they ……………………………………………… In the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ what are they ………
If
Customs : Puberty 63. Celebration associated with puberty: Past: 1. Yes 2. No Present: 1. Yes 2. No 64. Pollution at the time of menstruation: Past: 1. Yes 2. No Present: 1. Yes 2. No Customs: Marriage 65. Marriage custom in the past: 1. With in the family 2. Within own clan 3. Within own tribe 4. Within the own tribe and other clan 5. With other tribes 6. With non tribal 7. Any other …………… 66. Marriage custom in the present: 1. With in the family 2. Within own clan 3. Within own tribe 4. Within the own tribe and other clan 5. with other tribes 6. with non tribal 7. Any other ………… 67. Cross cousin marriage, Parallel cousin marriage and elder sister’s daughter marriage are allowed or not? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 68. Marriage age for boys in the past 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4. Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other ………………………… 69. Marriage age for boys in the present 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4. Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other ………………………… 70. Marriage age for girls in the past 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4. Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other ………………………… 71. Marriage age for girls in the present 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4. Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other ………………………… 72. Whether young men and women are free to choose their partners or not? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 73. What are the factors treated as important in the choice of mate? 1. Family 2. Money 3. Beauty 4. Education 5. Job 6. Horoscope- Astrology 7. Any other …………… 74. Who officiate the marriage in the past? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5. Any other ……………………………….. 75. Who officiate the marriage in the present? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5. Govt. Registrar 6. Any other ……………………………… 76. Is there any restriction from the family or the community to marry from any other tribe or non-tribe? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 77. By marrying a non-tribal does one go up in the social order? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 78. Is it lead to excommunication? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 79. Who search partner for boys in the past? 1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ---------------80. Who search partner for boys in the present? 1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ---------------81. Who search partner for girls in the past? 1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ---------------82. Who search partner for girls in the present? 1. self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ---------------83. Is the love marriage is encouraged in the society in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 84. Is the love marriage is encouraged in the society in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 85. Is the polygamy is allowed?. 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know Explain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86. Engagement Customs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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87. Marriage Customs ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 88. Where marriages usually conducted in the past? 1. House 2. Temple 3. Any public place 4. Any other -------89. Where is usually marriage conducted in the present? 1. House 2. Temple 3. Any public place 4. Any other ---90. Who will tie the marriage ledge (tali) to the bride? --------------------- When ? -----Customs: Dowry 91. Did you practice dowry system in the past ? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ do you insist on 1. Cash 2. Gold 3. Land 4. Possessions 5. Any other … 92. Do you practice dowry system in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ do you insist on 1. Cash 2. Gold 3. Land 4. Possessions 5. Any other …… 93. Did you practice bride price in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 94. Do you practice bride price in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 95. What is the usual rate of dowry prevalent in your community? ………………… 96. Is the dowry system good? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know Divorce 97. Do you have divorce cases in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 98. Do you have divorce cases in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 99. Who had the right to divorce in the past? 1. Men 2. Women 3. Both 4. I don’t know 100. Who have the right to divorce in the present? 1. Men 2. Women 3. Both 4. I don’t know 101. What are the procedures of divorce? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Customs: Death 102. Rites and rituals practised in association with death in the past: …………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 103. Rites and rituals practised in association with death in the present: ……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 104. Belief in the life after death in the past: …………………………………………… ………..……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 105. Belief in the life after death in the present: ……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 106. Who does the death rites in the past? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5. Any other …………… 107. Who does the death rites in the present? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5.Any other ………………… 108. Usually the dead body in the past : 1. Buried 2. Criminated 3. Thrown to forest 4. Any other ……… 109. Usually the dead body in the present : 1. Buried 2. Criminated 3. Thrown to forest 4. Any other ……… 110. Usually the dead body is taken in the past: 1. In the box 2. Bamboo coat 3. Mat 4. Pala 5. Any other ……… 111. Usually the dead body is taken in the present: 1. In the box 2. Bamboo coat 3. Mat 4. Pala 5. Any other ……… 112. Where did the dead body buried in the past?
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1. Public cemetery 2. Near to House 3. Forest 4. Any other ……………………. 113. Where did the dead body buried in the present? 1. Public cemetery 2. Near to House 3. Forest 4. Any other …………… 114. What happens to the dead’s spirit in the traditional believe? 1. Continue to stay in the house 2. Go away to another world 3. Occasionally come and visit the house 4. Roaming out skirt of the colony 5. Any other ……… 115. What happens to the dead’s spirit in the present day’s believe? 1. Continue to stay in the house 2. Go away to another world 3. Occasionally come and visit the house 4. Roaming out skirt of the colony 5. Any other ………………… Customs: Health 116. How do you understand the reasons for sickness? 1. Attack of malevolent spirit 2. Atonement is not done 3.Violating the rules of nature 4. Violating the rules of god (sin) 5. Breaking the taboo 6. Any other ………… 117. What do you do for sick in the past? 1. Consult the priest 2. Consult medium or magician 3. Use herbal medicines 4. Go to hospitals 5. Any other ………………………………… 118. What do you do for sick in the present? 1. Consult the priest 2. Consult medium or magician 3. Use herbal medicines 4. Go to hospitals 5. Any other ………………………………… Customs: Traditional Life 119. How did they make fire in the ancient days? 1. From stone 2. From a preserved place. 3. Temples 4. From Bamboo 4. Any other ……………….. 120. How do you know the seasons traditionally? 1. Observing flowering plants 2. Observing sun or moon or stars 3. Observing ants 4. Calendar 5. Any other ……………………….. 121. How do you know the seasons presently? 1. Observing flowering plants 2. Observing sun or moon or stars 3. Observing ants 4. Calendar 5. Any other ………………………..
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Part D Age group between 40-80 Objective: To evaluate the Traditional Religious Life of Paniyas and the changes taking place now in their Religious Life. Religion 122. Name of the traditional religion ………………………………………… 123. Your present religion ………………………………………………………. 124. Is it-adopted religion? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ reasons ………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… 125. What did you believe in the following elements of traditional religion of the past? God- Name of the God ……………………………………………………. Characteristics of God ………………………………………………………… Where does God live? ………………………………………………………… Worship (Is there any object of worship) ……………………………………… (Who will conduct) ……………………………………………………… Prayer …………………………………………………………………………… Offering and sacrifice …………………………………………………………… Spirits – Kinds/ nature of spirits ……………………………………………………… Works of spirits ………………………………………………………………………. Characteristics of spirits ………………………………………………………………. Ancestral spirits ………………………………………………………………………. Status of Men and Women ……………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Witch craft …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Taboos ………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………… Life after death …………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………….. 126. What do you believe of the following elements of traditional religion in the present? God- Name of the God …………………………………………………………….. Characteristics of God …………………………………………………………………. Where does God live ……………………………………………………………….. Worship (who will conduct) …………………………………………………… (Is there any object of worship).................................................................... Prayer …………………………………………………………………………… Offering and sacrifice …………………………………………………………… Spirits – Kinds/ nature of spirits ……………………………………………………… Works of spirits ………………………………………………………………………. Characteristics of spirits ………………………………………………………………. Ancestral spirits ………………………………………………………………………. Status of Men and Women ……………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………… Witch craft …………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Taboos ……………………………………………………………………………
368
……………………………………………………………………… Life after death ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 127. How do you see the merits / demerits in the adopted religion? i.. merits ………………………………………………………………………… ii.. demerits ……………………………………………………………………… 128. Are you satisfied with new religion? 1. Very satisfied 2. Some what satisfied 3. Some what dissatisfied 4. Very dissatisfied 5. I cannot say 129. State the followings associated with your traditional religious life: 1. Temple ………………………………………………………………. 2. Worship……………………………………………………………………… 3. Deities (names, meanings and myths)……………………………………… 4. Prayer………………………………………………………………………… 5. Offering & Sacrifices………………………………………………………… 6. Magic………………………………………………………………………… 7. Folk song…………………………………………………………………….. 8. Musical instruments ………………………………………………………… 130. State the followings associated with your present religious life: 1. Temple ………………………………………………………………. 2. Worship……………………………………………………………………… 3. Deities (names, meanings and myths)……………………………………… 4. Prayer………………………………………………………………………… 5. Offering & Sacrifices………………………………………………………… 6. Magic………………………………………………………………………… 7. Folk song (Kakkapattu)…………………………………………………………… 8. Musical instruments ………………………………………………………… 131. Is there any effects of Sankritization in your tribe? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ which ways ……………………………………………………… i. When …………………………………………………………… ii. How ……………………………………………………… 134. What are the festivals? (like Kudukkachery, Onam, Vishu) ............................................................... 135. Is there any myths associated with the religious festivals? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If yes, explain ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 136. What are the myths associated with the tribal religion? ………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 137 Do you have any written religious book? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ explain ……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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Part E Age group between 15- 70 Objectives: To Study the Social Change due to Contextual Socio-Political and Environmental Problems and Challenges like Modernisation, Globalisation, Urbanisation, etc. Social Changes 138. How do you like the social changes? 1. Extremely like 2. Very like 3. Some what like 4. Some what unlike 5. Extremely unlike 6. I don’t know Changes: Family 139. Changes observed in the family life: 1. Broken families 2. Joint families to nuclear family 3. Strained relationship 4. Nuclear and happy family 5. Any other………… Changes: Housing 140. How old is your house? ……………………. 141. What type of roof does your house have? 1. Thatched 2. Tiled 3. Asbestos 4. Concrete 5. Any other ……… 142. What type of floor does your house have? 1. Mud 2. Cement 3. Tiles 4. Any other …………… 143. Changes observed in the housing. Your house 1. One room 2. Two rooms 3. Three rooms 4. Any other ……………………… 144. Is your house electrified? 1. Yes 2. No 145. Is there a Latrine in your house? 1. Yes 2. No If yes, what type is it? 1. E.S.P. 2. Septic Tank / Single pit 3. Any other ------------------Changes and Education 146. Do you believe that the education is the root cause of social change? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 147. Do you think getting formal education has a direct link with social and economic development? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 148. Do you insist that your children should be sent to the school for education? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 149. Why there are many drops out from the school? 1. School is far away from the colony 2. Ill-treat from the non tribal students and teachers 3. Lack of encouragement from parents 4. Lack of encouragement from govt. 5. Economic reasons 6. Prefer to work and earn 7. Any other --------Changes: Areas 150. List out the social changes that you have experienced in the last fifteen years. … i. Economical …………………………………………………………………… ii. Educational …………………………………………………………………… iii. Customs &Culture ………………………………………………………… iv Religion ……………………………………………………………………… 151. Tick the areas which the social change took place in your colony. a. Community development b. Housing c. Education d. Moral and Ethical life e. Health care
370
f. g.
Hygienic living Any other ……………………………………….
152. What are the influences of the following on social change in your colony? 1. Education …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2.
Urbanisation ………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
3.
Deforestation ………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Globalisation ………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
4.
Changes: Causes 153. What do you think the major causes for the social changes? 1. Education 2. Deforestation 3.Urbanization 4. Globalisation 5. Any other …………………… 154. Check the programs introduced by the govt. or NGO’s for the social changes. Govt. NGO (name) a. Education for the Scheduled Tribes -------------------b. Literacy program. -------------------c. Health Education -------------------d. Family planning ------------------e. Employment opportunities for the ST. -------------------f. Drinking water in the colony -------------------g. Sanitary facilities -------------------h. Drought and famine relief project ------------------i. Community Centre and shelters ------------------j. Assistance during natural disaster and calamities ------------------k. Any other ------------------Changes: Religion 155. The socio-economic conditions of the people who are been converted to other religions from the traditional religion. 1. Very much improved 2. Better 3. Same 4. Poor 5. Very Poor 6. I don’t know 156. Do you think religion plays an important role in the social change of the people? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 157. Religion hinders or promotes for the social change. 1. Hinder 2. Promote Changes: Issues 158. The struggles and challenges faced by the people in your locality? 1. Landlessness 2.
Famine
3.
Exploitations (labour, property, job, sexual etc.)
4.
Unemployment
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5.
Alcoholism/ drugs
6.
Family problem
7.
Lack of basic amenities
159. Does the child- labour practiced among the tribe? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know Theory: Marxism Exploitation 160. Do you feel exploited by others? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If yes, by whom? 1. Non- tribals 2. Govt. officers 3. Forest officers 4. Politicians 5. Traders 6. NGOs 7. Fellow tribals 8. Any other ---------------------161. Do you feel the following are there:
1. Labour Exploitation 2. Sexual Exploitation 3. Children Exploitation 4. Land Exploitation 5. Economic Exploitation 6. Any other ---------------
162. Do you have own land? 1. Yes 2. No 163. Did you sell or lost the land for last 20 years. 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 164. Average daily wage of 1. Men ………. 2. Women ………. 165. What will you do, if your masters / boas is not paying your wage? 1. Unitedly go and strike 1. Unitedly go and fight 2. Personally go and fight 3. Silently with draw 4. Give police complaint 5. Any other -------------------166. Is there are any revolt incidences against oppressors in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 167. What are basic problems in your colony and give your suggestions to solve? ------------
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Appendix -2 Photos
Field Research Experience
Food Habit of Paniyas
Paniyas in Agriculture Paniyas in Agriculture
Bring Commodities from Town
Prepared to go Sabarimala
373
Kulithara
Priest and Temple of Paniyas
Stone Fetish of Paniyas
374
A Paniya Family Drop out Children
Modern House with RCC Roof Hut House
375
376
Paniya Dance
Collection of Fire Wood
377
Valliyoorkavu Temple
Paniya Theyyam
Paniya Farmer Paniya Musical Instrument
378
Hunting & Fishing Snares Weapons & Implements
Tribal Residential School
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Appendix -3 STATE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT FOR INDIVIDUAL SHEDULED TRIBE -2001 PANIYAN Sl. No.
ITEM
TOTAL 81,940 40,001 41,939
RURAL 79,337 38,740 40,597
URBAN 2,603 1,261 1,342
P M F
13,347 6,773 6,574
12,990 6,585 6,405
357 188 169
3 Literates
P M F
33,244 18,687 14,557
31,964 18,001 13,963
1,280 686 594
41% 23% 18%
4 Total workers
P M F
40,087 23,139 16,948
38,830 22,425 16,405
1,257 714 543
49% 28% 21%
5 Main workers
P M F
22,298 14,027 8,271
21,578 13,537 7,991
770 490 280
27% 17% 10%
(i)
Cultivators
P M F
386 265 121
384 264 120
2 1 1
0.46% 0.32% 0.14%
(ii)
Agricultural laborers
P M F
14,652 9,130 5,522
14,527 9,034 5,493
125 96 29
18% 11% 7%
(iii)
House hold industry workers
P M F
71 53 18
13 6 7
0.1% 0.07% 0.03%
(iv)
Other workers
P M F
84 59 25 7,176 4,753 2,603
630 387 243 487 224 263
9% 6% 3%
17,789 9,112 8,677
6,546 4,186 2,360 17,302 8,888 8,414
22% 11% 11%
114 72 42
113 71 42
1 1 -
0.14% 0.09% 0.05%
13,037 6,621 6,416
12,844 6,504 6,340
193 117 76
16% 8% 8%
81 32 49
76 31 45
5 1 4
0.10% 0.04% 0.06%
4,557 2,387 2,170
4,269 2,282 1,987
288 105 183
6% 3% 3%
41,583 16,862 24,991
40,507 16,315 24,192
1,346 547 799
51% 21% 30%
1 Scheduled tribes population (including institutional and houseless population 2 Scheduled tribes population in the age group-0-6
6 Marginal workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural laborers (iii) House hold industry workers (iv) Other workers 7 Non workers
SEX P M F
P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F
%
2
Census Department, Govt. of Kerala (2001)
Appendix -4
Deployment of Paniya Population in Kannur District Panchayath, Block, Colony/ Family Details SL. No 1 II III
Block Payannur Thaliparamba Irikoor
Panchayath
Padiyoor Ulickal Payyavoor Eruvisery Sreekandapuram
Block Total IV
Koothuparamba
Chitariparamba
Tripangotoor Koothuparamba Patiam Panoor Block Total V
Iritty
Keezhoor/ Chavasseri Thillankery Aralam Payam Ayamkunnu Koodali
Block Total VI
Peravoor
Kanichar Kelakam Kottiyoor Kolayad Muzhakunnu Peravoor
Maloor Block Total
Tribe
Colony
Family
Male
Female
Total
Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya
0 0 8 7 3 0 0 18
0 0 252 214 80 0 0 546
0 0 436 295 110 0 0 841
0 0 500 267 116 0 0 883
0 0 936 562 226 0 0 1724
Paniya Paniya/ Kurichia Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya
8 1
67 9
91 29
106 18
197 45
0 1 1 1 12
0 13 14 6 109
0 22 23 11 174
0 22 30 12 188
0 44 53 23 362
Paniya
11
289
493
458
951
Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya
8 16 19 9 0 63
169 577 262 330 0 1627
228 989 413 369 0 2492
267 935 397 427 0 2484
495 1924 810 796 0 4976
Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya Paniya/ Kurichia Paniya Paniya
18 18 12 18 26 10 7
262 365 309 679 405 210 87
475 498 486 1030 648 320 145
454 485 494 841 671 326 150
929 983 980 1871 1319 646 295
2 111
17 2334
27 3629
31 3452
58 7081
Converted
1 204
35 4616
70 7136
58 7007
128 14143
Paniya Population in Kannur District
Published by S. T. Office, Kannur, Kerala (2008)
3
