taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of

TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF SOME INTERESTING HYPHOMYCETES (ANAMORPHIC FUNGI) FROM LA PALMA BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CANARY ISLANDS J. MENA-PORTALES1, J. GUARRO2, J. GENÉ2, D.W. MINTER3 & T. CANTILLO-PÉREZ4, 5 1. Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática. Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, Capdevila, Boyeros, CP 11900, La Habana 19, Cuba. 2. Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, España. 3. CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY. Reino Unido. 4. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil. 5. Bolsista do Programa Estudantes-Convênio de Pós-Graduação – PEC-PG, da CAPES/CNPq – Brasil. Summary. MENA-PORTALES, J., J. GUARRO, J. GENÉ, D.W. MINTER & T. CANTILLOPÉREZ (2015). Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of some interesting hyphomycetes (anamorphic fungi) from La Palma Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands.� Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 39: 15-28. Fifteen interesting hyphomycetes collected on plant debris on La Palma island (Canary Islands) are listed; nine of them are reported as new records for Spain. For eight of the species, the main morphological features are described, and Arachnophora pulneyensis is illustrated. Notes on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of all taxa studied are provided. Key words: �� fungal inventory, plant debris, ecology, Spain. Resumen. MENA-PORTALES, J., J. GUARRO, J. GENÉ, D.W. MINTER & T. CANTILLOPÉREZ�� (2015).�� Taxonomía, distribución y estatus de conservación de algunos hifomicetes interesantes (hongos anamórficos) de la Reserva de la Biosfera La Palma, Islas Canarias. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 39: 15-28. Se relacionan 15 hifomicetes interesantes colectados sobre restos vegetales en la isla de La Palma, archipiélago de Las Canarias, de los cuales nueve constituyen nuevas citas para España. Se describen las características morfológicas más representativas de ocho especies y se ilustra la especie Arachnophora pulneyensis. Se aportan datos sobre la distribución, ecología y estatus de conservación de todos los táxones estudiados. Palabras clave: inventario fúngico, restos vegetales, ecología, España.

Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 39. 2015

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J. MENA-PORTALES & al.

INTRODUCTION La Palma island, in the north-west of the Canaries (Fig. 1), has an area of 706 square kilometres and is volcanic. The highest point is Roque de los Muchachos at 2 426 m.a.s.l. while most of the central mountains exceed 2000 m.a.s.l. The climate varies according to zone, two being particularly well-defined: the north-east affected by humid trade winds and the south-west dryer and sunny. Along the whole coast and up to 200 m. the mean annual temperature is 20° C but the highest temperatures may rise to 30° C in summer and fall to 0° C in winter. La Palma Biosphere Reserve in the Canary Islands was extended and renamed in 2002 with the original Los Tilos Biosphere Reserve, approved by UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) in 1983, now constituting the core area. The biosphere reserve now includes the entire island, which contains a wide range of representative habitats with all the diversity provided by the transition from the coast up to the mountain peaks. The hyphomycetes on plant debris from the Canaries are poorly known, and presently only scarce data mainly from La Gomera island, have been provided (CASTAÑEDA RUIZ & al., 1996, 1997, 2000). In the present paper the authors report for the first time for the Canaries 15 species of hyphomycetes collected in different locations of La Palma island, nine of them also constitute new records for the Spanish mycobiota. The most interesting are briefly described, with comments on their world distribution and ecology, and Arachnophora pulneyensis is illustrated. A first attempt is made to evaluate the conservation status of all taxa studied. For microfungi, very few of such evaluations have previously been made, and those earlier evaluations are rarely comparable, having mostly omitted to use standard criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were collected by J. Mena and J. Guarro from Los Tilos (28°47’52.95’’N,

16

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the Canaries archipelago and collection locations in La Palma island.

17°46’42.97’’W, 267 m.a.s.l.), Las Mimbreras Fountain, near Barlovento (28°49’49.14’’N, 17°48’10.49’’W, 543 m.a.s.l.) and Los Gallegos (28°49’52.07’’N, 17°50’17.21’’W, 298 m.a.s.l.) (Fig. 1), put into paper bags and stored in the laboratory until they were processed. The plant material was placed into sterile moist chambers, which were incubated at room temperature (2225ºC) and examined periodically under a stereomicroscope. Microscopic features of the fungi growing on the natural substratum were examined from permanent slides made with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) under a light microscopy Olympus BH-2. The drawing was made using a Zeiss Camera Lucida. Specimens are deposited in the Fungal Collection of the Facultat de Medicina i Ciences de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, España (FMR). The new records for Spain are pointed out in the species list with an asterisk. For the present work, the standard red list evaluation criteria of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN, www.iucnredlist.org, downloaded on 15 May 2006] were taken into account, and for each species, the following major on-line mycological websites were consulted (bold text indicates the cita-


TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF SOME INTERESTING HYPHOMYCETES (ANAMORPHIC FUNGI) FROM LA PALMA BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CANARY ISLANDS

tion abbreviation for each used in the main text of this paper): CR (Cybertruffle’s Robigalia) [http://cybertruffle.org.uk/]; FRDBI (the Fungal Records Database of the British Isles) [http:// www.fieldmycology.net/]; the IMI Fungal Dried Reference Collection [http://www.herbimi.info/ herbimi/searchname.htm http://194.]; Landcare New Zealand [http://nzfungi.landcareresearch. co.nz/html/search_index.asp]; the Virtual Fungal Dried Reference Collection of New York Botanic Garden [http://sciweb.nybg.org/Science2/vii2. asp]; the USDA Fungal Databases [http:// nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases], GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facilities [GBIF] Data Portal, http://www.gbif.net 2014-11-23). There is a frequently considerable overlap between these different data sources, with the same individual collection or observation being listed in more than one website. This overlap was taken into account when making conservation status assessments. SURVEY OF SPECIES *Arachnophora pulneyensis (Subram. & Bhat) R.F. Castañeda, Mycotaxon 60: 278, 1996. (Fig. 2) ≡ Ceratosporella pulneyensis Subram. & Bhat, Kavaka 15: 50, 1987. = Arachnophora hughesii R.F. Castañeda & Guarro, Can. J. Bot. 76: 1584, 1998. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead herbaceous stem, 7-V-1994, FMR.

Conidiophores arising singly or in small groups, simple, straight or slightly flexuous, septate, percurrent, smooth, lower part brown to dark brown, paler near the apex, up to 180 µm long, 4-6.5 µm wide, 6-8 µm just above the base, 3.5-4.5 µm at the apex. Conidia solitary, terminal, complex, with a mid brown to dark brown and smooth central body which is 1-septate, 1419.5 × 7-10 µm, each of the central cells bears 1-3 lateral branches, branches 0-1-(-2)-septate, pale brown to brown at base and subhyaline at the apex, smooth, 4-12.5 × 4-6.5 µm. Notes: Arachnophora pulneyensis is illustrated because it is the lesser collected globally of those that are included in this paper. This spe-


Fig. 2. Arachnophora pulneyensis (Subram. & Bhat) R.F. Castañeda. Apex of percurrent conidiophores and staurosporous conidia.

cies has only previously been reported on rotten wood and branches in India (SUBRAMANIAN & BHAT, 1987) and China (WU & ZHUANG, 2005). No additional records were found in CR, FRDBI, IMI, Landcare, New York, USDA and GBIF. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. Using IUCN crieria, the species is assessed globally as data deficient. Bactrodesmium abruptum (Berk. & Broome) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes apud S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 738, 1958.

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Specimens examined: pinewood behind Las Mimbreras Fountain, near Barlovento, on dead branches of Pinus ca narienis, 7-V-1994, FMR 5021. Los Tilos, on bark of dead wood, 9-V-1994, FMR 5061.

Sporodochia scattered, punctiform, black. Conidia clavate, rounded at the apex, truncate at the base, 3-6-septate, with dark bands at the septa, the upper one thick and black, smooth, upper part mid or dark reddish brown, paler towards the basal cell, 37.5-62.5 × 13.5-20.5 µm; the penultimate cell longer than the others. Notes: This fungus has been reported previously on dead wood and bark of various deciduous trees included submerged material in Great Britain (ELLIS, 1971), New Zealand (HUGHES, 1978), USA (RAJA & al., 2007) and Spain (SILVERA-SIMÓN & al., 2009). In addition to cited literature four records from the UK were found in CR, 48 records in FRDBI, 17 records on Acer, Fagus, Fraxinus and Quercus from Great Britain in IMI, six collections in Landcare, and four records (three records on Acer, Fraxinus and Quercus from the UK and one on Beilschmiedia tawa from New Zealand) in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, and 23 records in GBIF database from Japan, New Zealand and the UK. No additional records were found in New York and the Specimen database of USDA. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. This fungus is found in association with a range of common and widely distributed trees, many of which are frequently found in protected areas and are themselves evaluated as of least concern. There are currently no known threats. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. *Brachysporium masonii S. Hughes, Naturalist, Hull: 46, 1951. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead wood, 7-V-1994, FMR 5006; 9-V-1994, FMR 5056.

Conidiophores arising singly or in small groups, simple, straight or flexuous, subulate, septate, smooth, dark brown or very dark brown, paler near the apex, up to 320 µm long, 6-9 µm wide at the base, 4.5-5 µm at the apex. Conidia

18

straight, broadly fusiform or ellipsoidal, almost always 4-septate, smooth, brown, 26-36.5 × 1114 µm. Notes: Brachysporium masonii has previously been reported from rotten wood and bark in Great Britain (ELLIS, 1966, 1971) and Argentine (GODEAS & ARAMBARRI, 2007). In addition to cited literature, two records from the UK were found in CR, 46 records in FRDBI, 18 records on Quercus, Fagus, Castanea and Prunus from Great Britain in IMI, and two records (one record on Prunus avium from England and one on Sorbus aucuparia from Ukraine) in the Fungus-Host database of USDA and 21 records in GBIF database from Canada and the UK. No additional records were found in Landcare, New York and the Specimen database of USDA. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. This fungus is found in association with a range of common and widely distributed trees, many of which are frequently found in protected areas and are themselves evaluated as of least concern. There are currently no known threats. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as data deficient, but with more information from others countries could be considered as least concern. *Calonectria lauri (Vanderw.) Lechat & Crous, IMA Fungus 1(2): 103, 2010. ≡ Tetracytum lauri Vanderw., Lich. Epiph. Novi 1: 150, 1945. = Cylindrocladium ilicicola (Hawley) Boedijn & Reitsma, Reinwardtia 1: 57, 1950.

Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead leaves, 7-V-1994, FMR 5050.

Notes: This plant pathogenic species causes several diseases over a wide host range (CROUS & WINFIELD, 1994), however, this fungus has also been frequently found on dead leaves of different trees and rarely on decaying twigs, woody pods (ROSSMAN, 1983) and soil. LECHAT & al. (2010) demonstrated the anamorphic Cylindrocladium ilicicola was not linked to Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. and the authors recognized this species as the anamorph of the distinct species Ca. lauri. Previously, CROUS



& al. (1993) showed that Ca. ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma is the teleomorph of C. parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas. In spite of the taxonomic confusion, this fungus seems to have a world-wide distribution (MATSUSHIMA, 1971, 1975, 1980, 1989; ROSSMAN, 1983; CROUS & WINFIELD, 1994; MINTER & al., 2001; CROUS, 2002). In addition to cited literature, 53 records from Brazil, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago, the UK and Venezuela were found in CR, 12 records in FRDBI, 14 records from Brazil, Kenya and the UK in IMI, 70 records from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Switzerland, Taiwan, the UK and the USA in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, 12 records from Austria, Brazil, Gabon, Jamaica, Portugal (Madeira Islands), the UK, the USA, Venezuela in the Specimen database of USDA, and 51 records in GBIF database from Australia, Brazil, Ecuador, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Netherlands, Thailand and the UK. No additional records were found in Landcare and New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. This fungus is found in association with a range of common and widely distributed trees, many of which are frequently found in protected areas and are themselves evaluated as of least concern. As an agent of plant disease, it may be subject to some persecution, but this does not currently amount to a serious threat. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa (Fr.) C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 68: 5, 1957. = Chloridium clavaeforme (Preuss) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech., Stud. Mycol. 13: 31, 1976.

Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on bark of dead wood, 7-V-1994, FMR 5001; pinewood behind Las Mimbreras Fountain, on dead wood of Pinus canarienis, near Barlovento, 7-V-1994, FMR 5017; near Los Gallegos, on dead wood, 9-V-1994, FMR 5064.

Notes: This species is very common on very many kinds of wood in Europe (Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany,


Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, and Poland) and is also known from North America (Canada, USA), Asia, Argentina, Cuba and New Zealand (GAMS & HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ, 1976; REVAY, 1985; BOROWSKA, 1986; MERCADO-SIERRA & al., 1997a; REBLOVÁ, 2000; MINTER & al., 2001; GODEAS & ARAMBARRI, 2007). In addition to cited literature, four records as C. clavae forme and 33 as Ch. myriocarpa from Alemania, Australia, Bélgica, British Isles, Canada, Cuba, former Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Netherlands, Polony, UK, USA, Uzbekistan were found in CR, 342 records in FRDBI, 118 records as Ch. myriocar pa in IMI from Great Britain, Czech Republic, Northern America, Channel Islands, Australia, France, Belgium, Ireland, 16 records as C. cla vaeforme and 41 records as Ch. myriocarpa in the Fungus-Host database of USDA from the former Czechoslovakia, Hong Kong, Ireland, Poland, Lithuania, Spain, UK, USA (New York), four records as Ch. myriocarpa in the Specimen database of USDA from England, French Guiana and USA (Oregon) and four records as C. cla vaeforme and 225 records as Ch. myriocarpa in GBIF database from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland the UK and the USA. No additional records were found in Landcare and New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. This fungus is found in association with a range of common and widely distributed trees, many of which are frequently found in protected areas and are themselves evaluated as of least concern. There are currently no known threats. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. Chalara africana (B. Sutton & Piroz.) P.M. Kirk, in Kirk & Spooner, Kew Bull. 38: 580, 1984. ≡ Chaetochalara africana B. Sutton & Piroz., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48: 352, 1965. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead leaves, 7-V-1994, FMR 4995.

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Setae simple, erect, subulate, dark brown, paler at both ends, up to 100 µm long, 4-5 µm wide near the base, gradually tapering toward the apex. Phialides often aggregated around the setae, narrowly ampulliform, with a long cylindrical collarette, pale brown, up to 35 µm long, 3-7.5 µm wide at the base, 2-2.5 µm in the neck. Conidia in chains, cylindrical, with truncate or obtuse ends, 0-septate, smooth, hyaline, 5-8 × 1.5-2 µm. Notes: This species has been reported previously from rotting leaves of Beilschmiedia tawa and Brachystegia spiciformis in New Zealand and Zambia (SUTTON & PIROZYNSKI, 1965; ELLIS, 1971; NAG RAJ & KENDRICK, 1975) and on litter in India (MUTHUKRISHNAN & al., 2012). In addition to cited literature, seven records (one on Laurus nobilis from Italy, three on Ocotea usambarensis and Podocarpus mi lanjiana from Kenya, one on Laurus azorica from Canary Islands, one on Brachystegia spici formis from Zambia and one on leaf litter from Malaysia) were found in IMI, four collections on Beilschmiedia tawa from New Zealand in Landcare, and one record on Cinnamomum from China in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, and eight records in GBIF database from Italy, Kenya, New Zealand and Spain. No additional records were found in Cybernome, FRDBI, New York and the Specimen database of USDA. Conservation status: A previous formal assessment of the conservation status of this species as data deficient appears on the Landcare website. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as data deficient. *Circinotrichum papakurae S. Hughes & Piroz., New Zealand J. Bot. 9: 40, 1971.

Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead leaves, 7-V-1994, FMR 4997, 5008; 9-V-1994, FMR 5062; on dead branches, 7-V-1994, FMR 5003.

Notes: This hyphomycete is commonly found on leaf litter and on fallen leaves of different plants mainly in tropical areas (HUGHES & PIROZYNSKI, 1971; HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ & CASTAÑEDA RUIZ, 1986; MERCADOSIERRA & MENA-PORTALES, 1986; HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ, 1986; MCKENZIE

20

1991, 1992; MCK ENZIE & al., 1992; HERNÁNDEZ-GUTIÉRREZ & MENAPORTALES, 1995, MERCADO-SIERRA & MENA-PORTALES, 1995; HEREDIA-ABARCA & al., 1997, 2006; MERCADO-SIERRA & al., 1997b; MINTER & al., 2001; DELGADORODRÍGUEZ & MENA PORTALES, 2004; ALLEGRUCCI & al., 2005; PICCOLO GRANDI & DE VALOIS, 2006; DELGADO, 2008; CASTAÑEDA RUIZ & al., 2009; RODRIGUES BARBOSA & al., 2009). In addition to cited literature, 32 records from Cuba were found in CR, seven records from India and Australia in IMI, 11 collections (10 from New Zealand and one from Western Samoa) in Landcare, 15 records from Cuba, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, USA (Hawaii), Venezuela and the West Indies in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, one record on dead leaves from USA (Florida) in the specimen database of USDA, and 32 records in GBIF database from Australia, Brazil, Cuba, India, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, Samoa and Singapore. No additional records were found in FRDBI and New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. There are currently no known threats to this widely distributed species. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 21: 101, 1905. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead herbaceous stem, 7-V-1994, FMR 4989.

Notes: This hyphomycete has been commonly found on several types of decaying, decorticated wood and less frequently on herbaceous stems and decaying leaves in Europe, North America, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Pakistan and Peru (ELLIS, 1971; RÉVAY, 1985; BOROWSKA, 1979; HUGHES, 1978; KIRK, 1981; MATSUSHIMA, 1993; GOH & al., 1999; PENNYCOOK & GALLOWAY, 2004; LUNGHINI & al., 2013). In addition to cited literature, four records from Ireland and the UK were found in CR, 228 records in FRDBI, 83 records mostly from Belgium, India, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,



former USSR, the UK and the USA in IMI, four collections in Landcare, 26 records from China, Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Italy, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, the UK, USA (NewYork, California) and former USSR in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, five records from Germany, Guatemala, Italy and USA in the Specimen database of USDA, and 111 records in GBIF database from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain and the UK. No additional records were found in New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. There are currently no known threats to this common and widely distributed fungus. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. Ellisembia adscendens (Berk.) Subram., Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., B, Biol. Sci. 58: 183, 1992.

Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead branches, 7-V1994, FMR 4991; on bark of dead wood, 9-V-1994, FMR 5059.

Notes: Ellisembia adscendens is a lignicolous hyphomycete found on different kinds of plants in practically all explored temperate and tropical regions (ELLIS, 1958, 1971; MATSUSHIMA, 1975, 1980; MORRIS, 1978; MERCADO-SIERRA, 1981; SHOEMAKER & WHITE, 1985; HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ & MERCADO-SIERRA, 1986, 1989; SUTTON, 1993; MERCADO-SIERRA & MENAPORTALES, 1995; MCKENZIE, 1995; MERCADO-SIERRA & al., 1997b; HEREDIAABARCA & MERCADO-SIERRA, 1998; MELNIK, 1998; GOH & HYDE, 1999; MINTER & al., 2001, DELGADO-RODRÍGUEZ & al., 2002, DELGADO-RODRÍGUEZ & MENAPORTALES, 2004; HEREDIA ABARCA & al., 2004; WU & ZHUANG, 2005; MARQUES & al., 2008; ALMEIDA & al., 2011; SANTA IZABEL & al., 2011). In addition to cited literature, 57 records from Costa Rica, Cuba, France, Georgia, Falkland Islands, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Spain and Tanzania were found in CR, three records in FRDBI,


40 records from Australia, France, Georgia, India, Malawi, Malaysia, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, Tanzania, Zambia and the UK in IMI, 21 collections from Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand and the USA in Landcare, 33 records from Australia, Cuba, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, former USSR, USA (Hawaii, New York), Viet Nam in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, three records from New Zealand and USA (Florida, New Jersey) in the Specimen database of USDA, and 19 records in GBIF database from Australia, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand and the USA. No additional records were found in New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. There are currently no known threats to this common and widely distributed fungus. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. *Endophragmiella pinicola (M.B. Ellis) S. Hughes, New Zealand J. Bot. 17: 153, 1979.

Specimens examined: pine wood behind Las Mimbreras Fountain, near Barlovento, on dead branches of Pinus ca narienis, 7-V-1994, FMR 5016.

Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight, septate, smooth, pale to mid brown, 25-100 µm long, 2.5-3.5 µm thick, with up to three percurrent proliferations. Conidia obovoid to pyriform, truncate at the base, with one thick and dark septum, smooth, pale to mid golden brown, 9-15 × 6.5-9 µm, with an inconspicuous basal frill. Notes: This hyphomycete seems to be a species with a largely northern hemisphere distribution especially associated with conifers of Pinaceae in Asia (India, Japan) Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Czech Republic, France, Great Britain, Ireland) and North America (USA), and, presumably as an introduction, on Campbell Island (Antarctic Ocean) (MINTER, 2006). Endophragmiella pinicola is very common on dead needles and dead twigs of Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra Arnold in England and possibly also in the former Czechoslovakia (ELLIS, 1976; HUGHES, 1979; MINTER, 1981; MINTER & HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ, 1981; HOLUBOVÁ-

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JECHOVÁ 1986). The present collection is also on a species of Pinus (P. canariensis) endemic from Canaries. In addition to cited literature, 43 records from Czech Republic, India, Ireland and the UK were found in CR, 30 records almost all on Pinus (one record on Cedrus deodara) from Great Britain and Ireland in FRDBI, 18 records on Pinus and Abies alba from Czech Republic, France, Great Britain and Ireland in IMI, one record with two collections in Landcare, five records on Pinus from former Czechoslovakia and the UK in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, and 21 records in GBIF database from France, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand and the UK. No additional records were found in New York and in the Specimen database of USDA. Conservation status: This species has been reported as “very common” in Britain (MINTER & HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ, 1981), “probably common” in former Czechocoslovakia (MINTER, 1981) and “common” (ELLIS & ELLIS, 1997). The main habitats of dead conifer needles, twigs and cones, in litter or attached to several branch in the north temperate zones remain abundant and unthreatened. Using IUCN criteria, the conservation status of this species globally was assessed as least concern by MINTER (2006) and remains unchanged as a result of the current work. *Endophragmiella tripartita S. Hughes, New Zealand J. Bot. 17: 154, 1979. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead branches, 9-V1994, FMR 5060.

Conidiophores solitary or in groups, erect, straight or flexuous, mostly simple, rarely branched, septate, smooth, brown to dark brown, pale brown toward the apex, up to 50 µm long, 6-7.5 µm wide at the base, 5-6.5 µm wide at the apex. Conidia solitary, ellipsoidal, 2-septate (seldom 3-septate), smooth, brown, 20-23 (-25) × 810 µm; with a subhyaline frill in the base. Notes: This fungus has been recorded on decaying wood of Agathis australis Steud. in New Zealand (HUGHES, 1979, MCKENZIE & al., 1992) and on rotten rachis of unidentified palm tree in Venezuela (CASTAÑEDA RUIZ & al., 2009). In addition to cited literature, one record

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on bark of Eucalyptus globolus from India was found in CR and IMI, one record (of the type collection) in Landcare, two records on Agathis australis from New Zealand in the Fungus-Host database of USDA, and two record in GBIF database from New Zealand. No additional records were found in FRDBI, New York and in the Specimen database of USDA. Conservation status: A previous assessment of the conservation status of this species as data deficient for New Zealand appears on the Landcare website. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as data deficient. Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516, 1821. ≡ Geniculosporium serpens Chesters & Greenh., Trans Br. mycol. Soc. 47: 400, 1964. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead wood, 7-V-1994, FMR 5010.

Notes: This hyphomycete is very common on dead wood and bark in Africa, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America and the Caribbean (ELLIS, 1971; HUANG & SCHMITT, 1975; MINTER & al., 2001). In addition to cited literature, 31 records from Argentina, the American Virgin Islands, the British Isles, Colombia, Cuba, Georgia, Ireland, Malawi, Puerto Rico, Slovenia, Russia, the UK, Ukraine and Venezuela were found in CR, one record from USA in New York, 960 records in FRDBI, 206 records in IMI from Argentina (Tierra del Fuego), Australia, Canada, Channel Islands, Ecuador, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Malawi, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern America, Northern Ireland, Pakistan, Sierra Leona, Slovenia, Southern Africa and the UK, 45 records from Cook Islands, New Zealand and the UK in Landcare, 100 records as Nemania ser pens from Brazil, Canada, China, Cook Islands, Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Japan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, Ukraine, USA and Venezuela in the Fungus-Host Distributions database of USDA, 312 records from many different countries in the Specimen database of USDA, and 103 records as N. serpens var. serpens and three records as G. serpens from Australia,



Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA were found in GBIF. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. This fungus is found in association with a range of common and widely distributed trees, many of which are frequently found in protected areas and are themselves evaluated as of least concern. There are currently no known threats. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. *Sporoschisma nigroseptatum D. Rao & P. Rag. Rao, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 24: 82, 1964. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead herbaceous stem, 7-V-1994, FMR 4988.

Notes: Sporoschisma nigroseptatum is a common hyphomycete in tropical regions, recorded on dead wood included material submerged and rotten leaves from Costa Rica, Cuba, Ethiopia, Hong Kong India, Japan, Mexico and New Zealand (HUGHES, 1966; MORRIS, 1972; MATSUSHIMA, 1975; MERCADO-SIERRA, 1982, 1984; HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ & MERCADO-SIERRA, 1984, 1986, 1989; BHAT & SUTTON, 1985; HOLUBOVÁ-JECHOVÁ, 1986; MERCADO-SIERRA & MENAPORTALES, 1995; HEREDIA-ABARCA & al., 1997; MERCADO-SIERRA & al., 1997a; TSUI & al., 2000; MINTER & al., 2001; HO & al., 2002; PINNOI & al., 2006). The different collections of this species show great variation in conidial size. In some specimens from Ethiopia conidia reach the same length (65 µm) as the Canarian specimen (BHAT & SUTTON, 1985). In addition to cited literature, 42 records from Cuba, India, Japan, Malaysia and New Zealand were found in CR, 12 records from Ethiopia, India and Malaysia in IMI, one record in Landcare, 18 records from Australia, Cuba, Ethiopia, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Venezuela and the West Indies in the Fungus-Host Distributions database of USDA, two records from Costa Rica and New Zealand in the Specimen database of USDA, and 11 records in GBIF database from


Argentina, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Mexico and New Zealand. No additional records were found in FRDBI and New York. Conservation status: A previous formal assessment of the conservation status of this species as data deficient for New Zealand appears on the Landcare website. There are currently no known threats to this common and widely distributed fungus. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. *Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Mat sush.) P.M. Kirk, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 78: 71, 1982.

Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead leaves, 7-V-1994, FMR 5007.

Conidiophores erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, mostly 1-septate, pale brown, paler towards the apex, 12.5-55(-95) × 3-6.5 µm, somewhat radially lobed at the base. Conidia dry, formed in short, proximally branched, acropetal chains, ellipsoid to broadly fusiform, terminal conidia acicular, very pale olivaceous brown, smooth, 15-27.5 × 2.5-4 µm. Notes: Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus has been found previously on fallen leaves of Anacardium, Cistus, Chrysophyllum, Coffea, Eucalyptus, Laurus, Phyllyrea, Pistacia, Quercus and mixed unidentified leaf litter in Cuba, Ethiopia, Great Britain, Hawaii, India; Italy, Japan, New Zealand and Venezuela (MATSUSHIMA, 1975; KIRK, 1982, 1983; BHAT & SUTTON, 1985; CASTAÑEDA RUIZ, 1988; MINTER & al., 2001: CASTAÑEDA RUIZ & al., 2003; COOPER, 2005; SHIROUZU & al., 2009; SHANTHI & VITTAL, 2012; LUNGHINI & al., 2013). The conidiophores of the Canary Island collection are somewhat longer than those recorded by some of these authors. In addition to cited literature, six records from Cuba were found in CR, nine records on Laurus and Quercus from England in FRDBI, 27 records from Australia, India, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia,Taiwan, the UK and USA (Florida, Hawaii) in IMI, four records in Landcare, and 27 records from China Cuba, Ethiopia, India, Italy, Japan, Papua New Guinea, the UK, USA (Florida, Hawaii), Venezuela, Viet Nam and the West Indies in the Fungus-Host

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database of USDA, one record from China in the Specimen database of USDA, and 34 records in GBIF database from Australia, Chinese Taipei, Cuba, India, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Samoa, the UK and the USA. No additional records were found in New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. There are currently no known threats to this common and widely distributed fungus. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. Distributions

Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P. M. Kirk, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 82: 748, 1984. Specimens examined: Los Tilos, on dead leaves, 7-V-1994, FMR 4998.

Notes: Some collections of this fungus have much smaller conidia, but these differences do not appear to be significant since a complete range of conidium sizes are observable when adequate collections are studied (KIRK, 1981). ELLIS (1971) considered that this species is probably widely distributed in the tropics but ARAMBARRI & al. (1989) reported that W. laurinus is cosmopolitan. In addition to cited literature, 40 records from Australia, Cuba, Georgia, India, Malaysia, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, the UK, USA and Venezuela were found in CR, and 58 records mostly on Laurus nobilis but also on Quercus and Ilex in FRDBI, 74 records from Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Hawaii, India, Indonesia (Java), Italy, Malaysia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Spain (including Canary Islands), Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the UK and the USA (Florida, Texas) in IMI, six records in Landcare, 58 records from Australia, Brazil, Burma, Cuba, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Taiwan, Thailand, the UK, USA (Florida, Hawaii), former USSR and Venezuela in the Fungus-Host Distributions database of USDA, 22 records from Fiji, Mexico, Philippines and the USA (Hawaii, Louisiana) in the Specimens database of USDA, and 70 records in GBIF database from Brazil, Cuba, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Nepal, New

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Zealand, Panama, USA, Vanuatu and Venezuela. No additional records were found in New York. Conservation status: There appear to be no previous formal assessments of the conservation status of this species at any level. There are currently no known threats to this common and widely distributed fungus. Using IUCN criteria, the species is assessed globally as least concern. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank E. Descals for reviewing the manuscript and Gastón González Fraginals and Gregorio Delgado Rodríguez for their technical assistance. This work was supported by the “Fundació Ciencia y Salut” (Reus, Spain) and the “Darwin Initiative” (United Kingdom). REFERENCES ALLEGRUCCI, N., M.C. CAZAU, M.N. CABELLO & A.M. ARAMBARRI (2005). Analysis of microfungal communities on Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) leaf litter from eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Darwiniana 43: 1-9. ALMEIDA, D.A.C., T.S. SANTA IZABEL & L.F.P. GUSMÃO (2011). Fungos conidiais do bioma Caatinga I. Novos registros para o continente americano, Neotrópico, América do Sul e Brasil. Rodriguésia 62: 43-53. ARAMBARRI, A.M., M. CABELLO & A. MENGASCINI (1989). Estudio Sistemático de los Hyphomycetes del Río Santiago. III: (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 26: 1-6. BARBOSA, F.R., L.C. MAIA & L.F.P. GUSMÃO (2009). Fungos conidiais associados ao folhedo de Clusia melchiorii Gleason e C. nemo rosa G. Mey. (Clusiaceae) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica, BA, Brasil. Acta Bot. Brasil. 23: 79-84. BHAT, D.J. & B.C. SUTTON (1985). New and interesting Hyphomycetes from Ethiopia. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 85: 107-122. BOROWSKA, A. (1979). Dematiaceae aus der Unmigebung von Görlitz (DDR). Mykol. Mitteilungsbl. 3: 108-111.



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