Techniques for Eliminating Packet Loss in Congested TCP/IP. Networks. Wu-
chang Feng†. Dilip D. Kandluri. Debanjan Sahai. Kang G. Shin†. †Department of
...
"! #%$&'(!*)+, .-#/0!213*-$54768$ 9(!;:-02U@-3CYCe1E,.'VBSf 8 g3h Jji70B/k# ;HBFC(10'V#F:-02b@-3CYC(13,.'VBM10@/-4' 'T# ;HB6"c24#B/ 2HB#8Jvi,H#V%>*I%>w%+2H=x#;HBy@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02b@-02-02.' 'V#V%YCYCBd,`B/V%>B2.@B6;=0;GC>-4' 'T/D1E# B8'J-4' 'T/D13#B8'13/ BB8'V,.B8@%(1XCYC>|;=0;:2H=M#[%+*B8'-EQs;HB81X726#;HB5"$2-4' '/D13# B%('N# ;HB{Q$1X%YC+\H/BM-3Q#;HBy2HB#VaF-0/ Ax#-x,H/ -370%(:*SB2#%(':9%Yr@\#F# -&,.13/D13*SB#B/V%>wBZH9\HB\HB8'j# ,.B/[Q-0/*aFBCtC\H2.:|:-02N2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02{*I\.'V#FP.B=E%+79B2613#1I/D13# B&a;70B8' :2H=N-02{# /D1XN@FC>-410:%>2-0/D:24#D1~%+2N;=0;CY%+2HA{\H#V%YCY%+w81E#V%>-02J KL;B10:H13,H#V%>70BF0\HB\HBR*_1E2.13=0B*SB2-02G@-024#/ -3C1XC>=0-0/V%># ;H*6JI"c2'V# B819:=0-9/V%># ;H*¡a;2U/ B8'V,`-02.'VB -@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02 132.:¢CY%>2HB813/VC>|L%>2.@/ B810'VB8'r%>#N-0# ;HB/ aF%('VB0J¡£O2|0WaO;HB2¤# ;HBaF%>2.:2GaF%>2.:2HB813/%+*,.10@# -02M1N@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02 ''VB2.:9%>2H=6/13# B0JTKb;HB2M1C(13/ =9B22HB813/T%>2.@/ B810'VBS\.'[B8:P4|{lmo.Wn%(''V;H-3a2# -6'V\HP.'[#D13270Br' %+*I\-02G/ B8'V\#D'T# -6:2.1XCYC>|0WF0B8@#V%>-02 @-02.@C>\.:-02-3Qj,.-4''c%>P79%(:2H=2HB#VaF-0/ ACY%>2HAH'JLlmo@-02H=0B8'V#V%>-02@-924# /-3C%('Sas%+2.:2.:wBCt%>*I%>#D'q# ;HBS2# # B8:5:H13#1HW# ;HBF'VB2.:2.@/ B819'VB8'%>#D'p# /D1E2.'V*I%(' 'c%>-025/D1E# BjP4|&%>2.@/ B*B24#V%>2H= ;HBz' %+wBk-3Q-02
DRAFT g
aF%>2.:-4' 'n%('j:#D'j@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02 aF%>2.:-4' 'JUF;HBSlmpo@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-02x@-02=0-0/V%># ;H*µ%('5Q$1X%>/VC>|M'V# /D1~%+=9;4#VQR-0/ a13/:J KL;HB21@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02'V#D1E/ #D'5\H,Wu%>#S13# # B*S,H#'#-6/D13*,\H,G%>#D'S'[B2.:9%+2H=?/D13# BN0\|xP2.@/ B810'c%>2H=I%>#D'k@-02H=0B8'V#[%+-92SaF%>2.:#D''[B2.:9%+2H=U/D13#B0W4B79B/ |S/ -0\H2.:,6#V%>*SB0Jj"c26-0/:-4' 'VB8'k:|2.@/ B810' %+2H=N'VB2.:9%>2H=I/D13# B0W3lmpo6'VB2.:# ;H* f 8gEh J}"$2v# ;wB5a;wB&Bd@BB8:H'k# ;2.@/ B810'VB8:M1E#)1*I\.@ ;'cC>-~aFB/&/D13# BT-3Q-02HBS'VB=0*B24#&,.B/5/ -9\H2.:,#V%>*SB0J KL;HB2# ;HB_'VB2.:9%>2H=6/13# B8'O-3Qz# ;HBS10@#[%+79Bq@-92H2HB8@#V%>-02.'5Bd.@BB8:# ;HBS2HB#VaF-0/ Aª'@1E,.10@%># |0W0\HB\HB8'&PH\|M,.19@ A0B#'513/ BS:| / B8:-4' '@1E2H2H-0#P`B %>22N'V\.@;_15*_1E2H2HB/8W0lmpo6/ BCY%>B8'k-02_15/B# /D132.'V*q%e''c%>-02S#V%>*SB-0\H#k*SB8@;.132-02.'-3Q5C>-4'V#U,.10@A0B#D'JvKL;HB2b1?# ;HB/ B# /D132.'[*I%(' 'c%>-02#[%+*B/S%('U# /V%>=0=9B/ B8:WFlmo{/ B8:2.:-4'[#z'VB=0*B24#8J-5,H/B70B24#F@-0224\.1XC./B# /D132.'V*q%e''c%>-02.' %>2_#[%+*B8'j-3Q'VB70B/BZ@-02H=0B8'V#[%+-92r132.:q2HB# aF-0/A-0\H#D1E=0B8'W3lmpo6B*S,-3|'k132SBdH,.-02HB2=0-0/[%+#;H*6J "$2,.13/#V%(@\-02x#[%+*B-0\H#I%>24#B/ 7~1XC$Jx£O,.-02x/ B8@B%>,H#U-3Q)132x10@A42H-3aFC>B8:-02N@-024#/ -3C 1XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*-370B/@\H/ / B2|aFB%>=0;B2H=0# ;?a;#T\.'VB8' -6:2-02N2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02%>26# ;HB&QR-0/ *¡-3Q1324mpÛM*_13/ AWH@\H#D'k%>#D'&@-02H=0B8'V#[%+-92NaF%>2.:# ;HB/ :*SBSBC(13,.'[B8: 'c%>2.@B5# ;HBOC(10'V#F,.10@A0B#Fas19':B2H=0# ;{Bd@BB8:H'&1I*_1Xd*I\H*# ;H/ B8'V;H-ECe:¬ ÖNÝ70BI0\HB\HBR*_1E2.13=0B*SB2-02S2H-9#V%Y @13#V%>-02N:,BdB8:q-~79B/# ;HBjCY%>2HAJj"$2I-0/D:|I:-02#-ZaF-0/ AO%>2I;HB81879%YC>|4$@-02H=9B8'V# B8:T2HB#Vaz-9/ A'W~@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02 2H-0#V%Y @13#[%+-92_*I\.'V#jP`BZ=3%>70B2U# -5B2H-0\H=9;_'V-0\H/D@B8'k'V-#;.13#j# ;HB&-3B/ B8:!C+-|U# -1X70-3%(: ,.10@A0B#FC>-4' 'O:-02N2H-9#V%Y. @13#V%>-02UQR/ -0*äP.B%>2H=U=3%>70B2N# -I# -26-0/:B2HB8@ AUCY%>2HA P.B8@-9*SB8'k\H2.:| 'V;.13/B8:M13*S-02H=-02.'JN´)''V\H*I%>2H=lnmpo6as%+2.:2H=.Wa;HB2 8î0î @-92H2HB8@#V%>-02.'S'V;.13/BS# ;HB CY%>2HA WH'VB2.:9%>2H=_@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02S2H-0#[%t @1E#V%>-02S# -T-02HBZ@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02U/ B8:2H=_@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-02U2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02N#--92HBZ-3Q# ;HB* / B8:79%+2H=S@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02S2H-0#[%t @1E#V%>-02_#-5-02HBZ@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02U/ B8:-022H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02.'5:=0-0/V%># ;H*ä# -P`B*S-0/ B&13=0=0/ B8''c%>70B0W3# ;HB5H0\HB\HB5:*S,B:-02I2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02.'Ë%>2.@/ B810'VB8'J "$2U# ;2H=S# ;HB5H1XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*# -TP.B&C>B8' 'F13=0=0/B8' 'c%>70B0W0\H2.:w813#[%+-92¬@1E2_-H@@\H/ 10'I#-4-M*U1324|x'V-0\H/@B8'SP.10@AG-3¤# ;HB%>/r'VB2.:9%>2H=x/D1E# B8'T%>2L/ B8'V,.-92.'VB6# -?# ;HBN-0P.'VB/ 79B8:@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02Jbs;-02{Bd1E*I%>2HB8' ;HB&%>*S,.10@# ;.13## /1Xr@OC>-410:;.10'-92610@#V%>70B9\HB\HBI*_132.13=9B*SB24#F# B8@;H2|N:-026*B8@ ;.132*I\70B2HB8' 'k-3Q# ;HB&B813/VC>|_:=0-0/[%+#;H* 132.:# ;HB5# -0#D1~C 2-02.'F*I\#V%>,B2HB8@ AUCY%>2HA JF®p%>=0\H/ B 'V;H-3aZ' # ;HBI2HB#VaF-0/ AN# -0,`-3C>-0=0|N\.'VB8:y%+2?# ;HBIBd,`B/V%>*SB24#'Jk10@;y@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02?-0/V%>=3%>2.13# B8'T13#Z-92HB-EQ# ;HBTC+BQR# *S-2.13#B8'13#FØ ÔW0*_13A9%>2H=I# ;HBFCY%>2HA_P`B# aFBB2NØ132.:UØ # ;HB&P.-0##VC>B2HB8@ AJ KMB./D'V#TBd13*q%+2HBN#;HB_,`B/VQ-9/ *_132.@BU-3Q5H\.'c%>2H=x4mpÛJ"!k|M\.'c%>2H=G H132.:?B2.:# ;G4mpÛW1~CtC,.19@ A0B#OC>-4' 'VB8')Q/-0* #;HB_H9\HB\HB_@132P.B_1E# # /V%>PH\H# B8:{# -NPH\# ;H*Ä%('*_10:70B P=0\H/ B g 1-022H-0#[%t @1E#V%>-02MP.10@A6# -U# ;HBS'VB2.:9%>2H=y'[-0\H/D@B8'513# 1/D1E# BNa;-410:G# -MP`By'c%>=02B2HB8@ A¬Ct%>2HAxP.132.:2HA6;.10'F2H-U,.10@A0B#D'F#-q'[B2.:J®p%+=9\H/ B g cPu'[;H-~a&'F# ;HB9\HB\HB,-0#&a;HB2{# ;HB2-02.'s%('F%>2.@/ B819'VB8:N# -S g J"c2y@-02/ B8:W '[B2.:9%+2H= @-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02_2H-9#V%Y @13#V%>-02613#F15/D13#BZa;-02J ®p%>=0\H/B6M'V;H-3aZ'I# ;HB' 13*SB6'[B#S-3Q5Bd,`B/V%>*SB24#'S\.'c%>2H=x@-02.'VB/ 7313#V%>70B{B813/VC>|:-02J^"$2L@-024#/D10'V# # -®p%>=0\H/B g 1DWz®p%>=0\H/By|:-02:-02M# -U# ;HBS'VB2.:9%>2H=M'V-0\H/D@B8'JF;B2HB8@ AM9\HB\HB_2HB70B/I:2.'5B79B2M# ;H-0\H=0;{%>#5%('T:=0=0B/'[\HP.'VB80\HB22'VB2.:9%>2H=ylmpoy'V-9\H/D@B8'JNF;-410:H'S132.:G#;HBUC+--4' '!/D13# B8' a;HB21:B2HB8@ A?CY%+2HAJx´5'T# ;HB6:B2HB8@ANCY%>2HA{%+2.@/B810'VBI,H/ -0,`-0/ #V%>-02.1XCYC>|# -S# ;HBI2-02.'!\.'c%>2H=N# ;HB5CY%>2HA JTF;HB/ B 13/ BI#VaF-N*_1X%>2M/ B819'V-02.'&a;B/8Wp%('5#;.13#5aF%># ;x1Ce1E/ =0B 2-02.'Ws%+#U#D13A9B8'_1{C(13/=0B/r1E*S-0\H2=02.1XCF# ;HBSB2.:?;H-4'V#D'!# -6P.19@ AM-E]# ;HB%>/S'VB2.:9%>2H=M/D1E# B8'JNF;HBS-0#;HB// B810'[-02%('I:-4''5/D13#B8'5\.'c%>2H=xH 04mpÛx-~79B/1N/132H=0BU-3QZÖNÝ4Þß7~1XC>\HB8'JF;HBN@-0/ / B8'V,`-02.:9%>2H=P.-0# #[C+B2HB8@A CY%>2HA¤\H#V%YCY%+w81E#V%>-02¤QR-0/UB810@;bBdH,.B/[%+*B24#%e'{'V;H-3a2^%>2Ü®p%>=0\H/BM©H$PDJ}F;HB¬.=0\H/ B8'N'V;H-3aÅ# ;.13#UQR-0/r'[*_1XCYC 2-4' 'F/D1E# B8'k/ B*_1X%>2UC>-3a10@/ -4''z1~CtC7~1XC>\HB8'O-3QËÖNÝB2HB8@ A¢Ct%>2HA^\H#V%YCt%>w813#[%+-92.'N/ B*_1~%+2^;=0;¤10@/ -4' '1XCYC!ÖNÝ\HB8'Ua;wBf& g ©
4.0
r ît"u'w
Time (s)
6.0
8.0
q
10.0
ÖNÝ|L:-021XC>=0-0/V%># ;H* Q$1X%YCe'W.,.10@A0B#FC>-4''-H@@\H/D'Q J !k|6'VB# #[%+2H=NÖNÝwB0W# ;HB H]1XC>=0-9/V%># ;H*@132S1X70-3%(:T,.10@ A9B#C>-4' '[B8'a;HB2IB813/VC>|S:-02TQ¦1~%tC('uP4|I:22H=# ;HB' 1E*SBFBd,`B/V%>*SB24#10'p%>2_®p%>=0\H/BZ# ;M1qCe1E/ =0B/&P.-0# #[C+B2HB8@AM0\HB\HBS'c%>wB_1E2.:61qHdB8:MÖNÝ# ;y1Q$1X%>/VC>|y' %+=92-02.1~CPH\*I%>2.13# B8:JFF;HB,-0#F1XC('V-'V;H-3aZ'# ;.1E#j# ;HBZ@-0*IP2HB8:SBB8@#k-3Q \.'c%>2H=4mÛx132.:T,.10@A0B# :-:H's-3Q#V%>*SB&a;HB/ B&lmoU%('13PB -T%>*S,.10@#F# ;HB 'VB2.:9%>2H=S/D1E# B8'k-3Q# ;HB)'[-0\H/D@B8'Js;26@-0226®p%>=0\H/ B52H=N%('S:B2H=0# ;.'F-EQpÔ ît"u WB2H=0# ;N@132U*S-0/ B ;.132U:B2H=0# ;G@-024#[%+2|M@/ -4' 'VB8'&P.19@ AM132.:QR-0/ # ;-370B/5ÖN×$Ø`Ù(Ú|y:2.1XCF%>*S,.10@#I-02x# ;HBU,.10@A0B#TC>-4' 'T/D13# B8'T-0P.'[B/ 70B8:JM®H-9/q'[*_1XCYC 7~1~C+\HB8'&-EQzÖNÝ4Þß4WHB813/VC>|y:-02N%('O%>2HBB8@#V%>70BS132.:N# ;HBTC>-4' 'O/D13#B8'132.:N,`B/VQR-0/ *_132.@BI13,H,H/ -419@ ;{# ;.13#-3Q 16:2.@/ B819'VB8:WC>-4' '!/D13# B8'T'cCY%+=9;4#VC>|:2.@B_# ;HB Hx0\HB\HBU%('T13PB # -'VB2.:x@-02H=0B8'V#[%+-92x2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02GP.10@AM# -# ;HBN'V-0\H/D@B8'!%>2x#V%>*SBU# -,H/ B70B22|0W.10'ÖNÝ2_,.10@A0B#uC+-26P`-0# ;U.=0\H/B8'WH# ;HB5731XC>\HB-3QÖNÝ4Þ ß a;2*I%>wB8' ;HB&C>-4' 'O/D13# B8' 3 %('Z:9%YB/ B2\HBI-3QËÖNÝ2.@/ B810'VB8'J ;HB/ B810'[-02Na;70B9\HB\HB*U132.13=0B*SB22H=,.19@ A0B#:-022H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02IQR\H2.:H13*SB2|TCY%+*q%+#',.19@ A0B#C>-4''j/D13#B8'J´5' *S-0/B@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02.'OP.B8@-9*SBS10@#V%>70B0W`# ;HB/D1E# B5-3Qz@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-0262H-0#[%t @1E#V%>-02W 1E2.:6#;4\.'W# ;HB5C>-4' 'O/D13#B8'*I\.'V# %>2.@/ B810'VB0J?0# B810:-02x1X70-3%(:H132.@BN1XC>=0-0/V%># ;H* fYô4W HW ô4W ÔHW g0î3h =3%>70B8' 'V-0*B&%+2.' %+=9;4#510'F# -Ia;-02.'
®p%+=9\H/ Bò à "c*S,.10@#&-3QËB81E/VC>|r:70B2HB8' 's-02H @-02.'V#1324#k,H/ -0P.13P#V|p»W*SB0Wz1E2.:
Á
%('_1@-02.'[#D1322H=3C>B5P.-0##VC>B2HB8@ AICY%>2HAU-3QhÃ
ï ðñ QR-0/F1&HdHB8: Ä 2-02.'OõJ"c2_# ;# \.13#[%+-92WH# ;HB&P.132.:79%e:# \H#[%+2H= # ;-02y1E2.:N'V-3C>70%>2H=Q-9//»W2 ø õ ï¾½/½§È Á »§ÇÆ g
Ã
¿oÀQÀ
É
´5'I# ;HBNB89\.13#V%>-02'[;H-~a&'Wja;HB21XCYCZ-EQ)# ;HB6@-92H2HB8@#V%>-02.'_1E/ BN\.'c%>2H=M# ;HBNlmpoy@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-021X70-3%(:H132.@B 1XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*6W#;HBN\H,H,.B/UP.-0\H2.:¢-02x# ;HBN,.10@A0B#TC>-4' 'I/D1E# B60\.19:|G%>2.@/ B810'VB8'aF%># ;x# ;HBN2-02.'!,H/ B8'VB270B2M,.1X%>/T-3QzB2.:,`-3%>24#'J "$2-02HBI2HB#VaF-0/ AW.aFBI;.1X70B©U%(:2H=19@/ -4' 'T# ;HBN2HB#VaF-0/ A J ¥%>70B2GQ$1X%>/_'V;.13/[%+2H=G13*S-02H=4'[##;HBr@-02H2HB8@#[%+-92.'WF# ;HB6@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02xaF%>2.:-02xaF%YCYCZ;.1X70Br@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-02xaF%>2.:2.:9%+79%(:-02^%>2#;70BI@-02H=0B8'V#V%>-02{2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02%>26# ;HB&QR-0/ *¡-3Q1TC>-4'V#,.19@ A0B#XWHP.10@A_-3{%>#D'as%+2.:-~asC+|{PH\-02aF%>2.:*SB0J ¥%>70B2^# ;2^# ;*SB8'&-9/ î J S,.10@A0B#DÊ ' 8/ -0\H2.:*SB0JI3%>*I%YC(13/VC>|0W \.'c%>2H=U# ;HB' 13*SB&%(:wB8:{*S-H:#Z@132NP`B'V;H-3a2U# ;.13#aO;HB26ÔS@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02.'&13/ B5,H/ B8'[B24#8W9C>-4' '[B8'-H@@\H/ 13#Z1T/D1E# B5-3Q g J î ,.10@A0B#D[ ' 8/-0\H2.:,N#V%>*SB0W.10\.10:2.@/ B810'[B0J
!kB8@13\.'[BS# ;HB_:7313#V%>-02G-3Qsk0\.13#[%+-92 g %('5P.19'VB8:-02%(:wB8:'@B2.13/V%>-4'Wp# ;HB_10@# \.1~CjC+-=0\H/ B
0.0 0.0
60.0
40.0
20.0 Actual Length Average Length
10.0
Actual Length Average Length
80.0 Queue Length (KB)
Í
80.0 Queue Length (KB)
Queue Length (KB)
80.0
ÎÎ
100.0
2.0
4.0
Ì
6.0
Time (s)
$PÖNÝB2H=0# ;{,B2.@BU/ B# /D132.'[*I%(' 'c%>-02#V%>*SB-0\H#D'&@13\.'c%>2H={# ;HB*
#-r'VB2.:yC+B8''&,.10@ A9B#D'#;.132# ;HBB89\.13#V%>-02,H/ B8:9%(@#D'J
0#V%YCYC$W'c%>2.@B_,.19@ A0B#!C>-4' '5/13# B8'O%>2.@/ B810'VBU/D13,|x10'&2HB#Vaz-9/ A'&P`B8@-0*SBU*S-0/ BS@-02H=9B8'V# B8:Wp%>#5%('T2HB8@B8' ' 13/ | # -M:-4' '!Q/-0*Ï@-02H=0B8'V#V%>-02G2H-0#V%Y @13#[%+-92x# ;H/ -0\H=0;G# ;HBU\.'VBN-3Q54mpÛM%>2x-0/D:2¬@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-021879-3%(:H132.@B0W %>2.@/ B810'c%>2H=# ;HBSP.1E2.:*SB8'!# ;H/ -0\H=9;M# ;HB \.'VBU-3Q)10:H:9%>#V%>-02.1~CZPH\-3a¡# ;HB_/13# BU-3Q)@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-022H-9#V%Y @13#V%>-02@-02.'c%(:|{%>2.@/ B810'VBI,.10@A0B#OC>-4' 'O/D13# B8'! 10'F-9P.'VB/ 70B8:%>2M®p%+=9\H/ Bò2HBI# ;2_# ;HB5 g @-02H2HB8@#V%>-02?Bd,`B/V%>*SB24#XJ5KL;HB2¬ÖNÝ2HBnB8@#[%+79B_132.: # ;HB9\HB\HB0ª'P.B;.1X79%+-9/13,H,H/ -410@;HB8'p# ;.13#-3Q 15:# ;PH\-02J ®p%>=0\H/ B 8î $P '[;H-~a&'# ;HBz9\HB\HBkC>B2H=0# ;I,-0#QR-0/#;HBzÖNÝ-4'VBU# -6# ;HBN'c%>wBU-3Q# ;HBr9\HB\HBN10'5,`-4' 'c%>PB0JM®p%>2.1XCYC+|0Wk10' ÖNÝ|MC(13/=0B/S10''V;H-3a2¬%+2x®p%>=0\H/ B 8î @XWjHP`B8@-0*SB8'T*S-0/ BU13=0=0/ B8''c%>70BI%>2G%>#D' B813/VC>|M:-02x@13\.'c%>2H=# ;HB_1X70B/13=0B9\HB\HBC+B2H=9# ;]1E2.:# ;HBS/ -9\H2.:,#[%+*B8'5-3QB810@;@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02G# -
:2.@/ B810'VB&aF%># ;N:*SB2-4''/D1E# B8'kB8'V,.B8@%(1XCYC>|Ma;HB2{# /D1Xr@ C>-410:{.\.@#\.13# B8'&aF%(:|0JS"c2.'V# B810:Wn%+2=0B24#S9\HB\HBS*_132.1E=0B*SB2B2HB8@ A^CY%>2HAP`BQ-9/ B@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02¤2H-0#V%Y @13#[%+-92@132¤P`B :70B/ B8:WjPH\-4' 'O%('&%>2HB79%>#D13PB0JNF;-02G:2lmpoy@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02@-022G# ;HBS,H/ B8'[B2.@BN-3QZ10@#V%>70B 9\HB\HB*U132.13=0B*SB270B2# ;# ;6,`-4' 'c%>PB_*-:9%Y @13#V%>-02.'
DRAFT 0
u@C>-4'[B8@a2.:` Öm× U ØAÙ& Ø Ú&i& Oñ Û`ð ñ ØÝÜS8& ñOÛ`ð ñ ØÝÜSÝ£ g w ØAÞ Û Ø ßUNà&¤%>2*SB/ %+2=0\H/ B
w
90ànèféê lnmpo61XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*
# -Slmpo.ª'kaF%>2.:2H=_*B8@ ;.132/# /D1E2.'V*I%(' 'c%>-02{/D13# B8'u%>26# ;2H=6# ;HBI7~1~C+\HB0JUF;2H=3C>B10@A*S,Br1~C+=9-0/V%># ;H*ÅQR-0/:2H=y'V-`J5"$2M#;2.'V# B819: -3QF/ B8'VB# #V%>2H=Ulmo. '&P.10@ A2#&%('5;.1XC>70B8:JT"$2# ;HBI/ B8'V#5-EQ# ;HBI,.13,.B/8Wp# ;2*\H*ä# /D132.'[*I%(' 'c%>-02I/D13# Bk%('j1XC('V-:9%>/ B8@#VC>|S:2*I\H*¥aF%>2.:B/S'VB=0*SB22H=M1N'V*_1XCYC>B/'[B=0*SB2=0\H/ B
2.0
8.0
q
10.0
$PQ¸\HB\HBT,# ;? H`V4mÛ
%+2*I\H*Ð'VB2.:9%>2H=_/D1E# B8'132.:U# ;HB5,`B/VQR-0/ *_132.@BT-3Qjlnmpo
*_13A9B8'kCY%+2HB81E/%>2.@/ B810'[B5C>B8' '&13=0=0/ B8''c%>70B132.:U# ;-4' 'VB8'J p-I\H2.:wB0W 1E2.:U# ;HB5*I%>2*\H*
aF%>2.:2N@-02H=0B8'V#B8:S2HB#VaF-0/ AH'W3aFBBd.13*I%>2HB)1!24\H*IP`B/z' @B2.13/[%+-2M®p%>=0\H/ B Xg JF"$2# ;2x132x13# # B*S,H#T# -6*-0/ BIQ$1X%>/VC>|]@-9*S,.13/ B_:|:-02]@-92.'VB/ 7~1E#V%>70B_P2H=MÖNÝ2.:B/'VB=0*SB2-4' 'I/13# B8'T-370B/S# ;HBN\.'VBN-EQ)# ;HBUC(13/=0B/ 8î0î0î PwB0Jx"$219:H:9%+#[%+-92WF# ;HBU.=0\H/ B1XC('V-'V;H-3aZ' # ;.13#5#;HB èéê lmpo6*S-H:9%Y @13#V%>-02.'!;.1879Bq1U79B/ |6*S-H:2.1XCYC>|0WazBI-0P.'[B/ 70B # ;.13#&:2# ;HB1E*S-0\H22HBZ# ;HB&0\HB\HBOC>B2H=0# ;U,*SB22.:2H=lmpo6aF%># ; H`V4mÛ0\HB\HB8' ø JjF;HB5ÖNÝ*SB0J{&\H/V%>2H=y#[%+*B8'5-3QZ@-02H=0B8'[#V%>-02aO;HB2]1rCe1E/ =0BS2-02.'I13/ BU@-0*S,.B#[%+2H= QR-0/IP.132.:2.:2.:2HB813/ %>*S,.10@#T-02M# ;HB_@-92H2HB8@#V%>-02ª'T# /D132.'[*I%(' 'c%>-02M/D1E# B0J_®-0/5Bd1E*S,B0WaO;HB2]1N@-02H2HB8@#[%+-92;.10'T16@-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02 aF%>2.:#_:#D'Ias%+2.:# ;y'V*U1XCYCËaF%>2.:,2.@/ B819'c%>2H=_132.:U:-:H'
÷?ø =O7nùA]N7U]N7n^G7?5Oú[IS=i@A^GL[IgLR\K5NLMCSFQ9:^äûüNýiLRþ[7UCg5OL[CSFQ9?^ÿ'ùA]O7?]N7UPnPS=NLRVPCS7?PS] ^GISPhPEDGF Dj^_9# ;H*
-3QZ;=0;x\H#[%tCY%>w813#V%>-02L132.:?,.10@ A9B#5C>-4' 'TQR-3CYC>-3azB8:?P-H:H'I-3QZ\H2.:w813#[%+-92J0\.@;x# /D1~r@I,.13# #B/ 2.' 1XC('V-I:|_:*SB22.@/ B810'VBO%>2_#/D132.'V*I%(' ' %+-92S/D13# B8'ua;HB2S# ;HB&@-02H=0B8'V#V%>-02UaF%>2.:B8:&CY%>2HB813/%>2.@/ B810'VBF1XC>=0-0/V%># ;H*6WXaFB1XC('V-BdH,.B/V%>*SB2# ;1FP.1E2.:=0-0/V%># ;H*{JMF;HB_*-0#V%>7~13#[%+-92x-3QZ# ;HBUP.132.:24# \#V%>70B0J ´5' 'V\H*SBU# ;.13#T# ;HB_P`-0# #VC>B2HB8@A/-0\H# B/;.19'B2H-9\H=0;PH\#D'TP.-0# #[C+B2HB8@A P.132.:-02 2H-0#V%Y @13#[%+-92# -M/B.B8@#I%>#D'VBCYQP.10@A# -?# ;HBNP.-0##VC>B2HB8@ AGCY%>2HA J¤s;HB2Wj%YQB810@;b'V-9\H/D@BN-02|G%>2.@/ B810'VB8'q%>#D' # /D1E2.'V*I%(' 'c%>-02L/D13#BNP4 | ÕB70B/ |x/ -0\H2.:,b#[%+*B0WF# ;HB2HB# aF-0/A]@132^B2.'V\H/ BM1?*I%>2# ;H*_' ô à
@-02H2HB8@#V%>-02.'JF;B810'V#51I/ -0\H2.:*SB5QR-0/Z@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-02{2H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02{# -S;.1X70B
132T%>*S,.10@#j-02T# ;HBF-3B/ B8:!C>-410:I'VBB2IP4|T# ;HB/-0\H# B/8g J !z1E2.:2H;HB/ B2|S:70B2G# -61XCYCs'[-0\H/D@B8'5aO;HB2# ;HBP.-0# #[C+B2HB8@AM/ B8'[-0\H/D@BSP`B8@-0*SB8'I' 13# \H/13# B8:JSK^%># ;9\HB\HB%>2H=1XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*_' 'V\.@;_10'uH¢1E2.:SÒ#5*_1X|6P`BS,.-PBIQ-9/1Ce1E/ =0B/@C(10' '!-3Qj%>2.@/ B810'VBf~:/Z'V;.1E/V%>2H=.J
¥O%>70B2M# ;HB8'VB# aF-N*S-H:9%Y.B8:?%>2.@/ B810'VBN1XC>=0-0/V%># ;H*U'WaFBS/ B/132M# ;HBS,H/B70%>-0\.'TBdH,.B/V%>*SB22HAS\H#V%YCY%+w81E#V%>-02S-0P.'VB/70B8:Jj®H-0/# ;HB HdHB8:6' @1XC>B8:%>2.@/ B810'VB8'W.# ;HBT=0/D13,H;.'O'V;H-3a¤# ;HB/B8'V\#D'F\.'c%>2H=61S' @1~Ct%>2H=UQ$10@# -0/F-3Q ÷ JF®H-0/O# ;HBP.132.:=0-0/V%># ;H*6WaFBI'VB#Z#;HB,`B/D@B22®p%+=9\H/ B Xg aO;HB2N\.'c%>2H=_1 g tvu H]9\HB\HB5aF%># ;61IÖNÝ4ÞÙ(ÚT-3Q g0î t"u JF®p%>=0\H/ B ô0 12.@/ B810'VB8'T=0/B813#VC>|6/ B8:2NC>-4''F/D13# B8'u%('&10'F;=0;y19' ñ OOà3 Ý Ü-0/D:=0-0/V%># ;H*6WE%>2_,.13/#V%(@\w813#V%>-02?-0P.'VB/ 70B8:{10@/ -4''1XCYC ' @;HB*SB8'JjKL;B# ;HBI' @1XC>B8:CY%>2HB813/&%>2.@/ B810'VBI1XC>=0-0/V%># ;H*,H/-~79%(:=0-0/V%># ;H*{W3-02# ;HBj-9# ;HB/;.1E2.:W3*_1X%>24#1X%>2.';=0;TCY%>2HA\H#V%YCY%>w813#V%>-02.' 10@/ -2.@/ B810'VB8'T*_1EA0B8'513=0=0/B=413# BIlmpo_C>B8' ' 13=0=9/ B8' 'c%>70B0W# ;-4''&-0P.'VB/ 70B8:%>2M# ;HBI,H/ B79%>-0\.'5BdH,.B/[%+*B24#D'
'V;H-3a2U%>2y®p%>=0\H/B ©.Jj®p%>=0\H/ B Ô-022H-9#V%Y @13#V%>-02S@1325P.B:w813#V%>-02 'c%>2.@B5%>#O%>2HB70%>#D13P|@13\.'VB8'F# -=0=0B/B8:W4#;HBP.-0##VC>B2HB8@ ACY%+2HAN@132N'V\HP.'VB89\HB24#[C+|UP.B8@-9*SBZ\H2.:wB8:J&F;HB/ B 13/ B&1@-0\H,B&-3Qas1X|H'# -&HdS# ;2.@/ B810'VB8'kB70B2U'V*_1XCYC>B/'V# ;.13#'[#D13#V%(@kB813/VC>|S:-02U;.10'j15@;.132.@B# -'c%>=02.1~C # ;HBB2.:70BO%+2%>*S,H/ -379%+2H=I# ;HB&,.B/[Q-0/*_132.@B&-3Q' @1XC>B8:I%>2.@/ B819'VB8'Jj"c26@-024#/D10'V#j# -T# ;HBZ' @1~C+B8:CY%>2HB813/k%>2.@/ B810'VB0W ®p%>=0\H/ B ÔB2H=0# ;N,-0#ka;HB2_B819@ ;_'[-0\H/D@BF%('k\.'c%>2H=IP.132.:24#B2.:B2HB8@ A{CY%>2HAy\H#[%tCY%>w813#V%>-02.'T-370B/ 1U/D132H=9B-EQzaF-0/ A9C>-410:H'O\.'c%>2H=6# ;HBIP.132.:2 # ;HB&2HB#Vaz-9/ A J"c2N# ;HB8'VB&Bd,`B/V%>*SB24#'WHaFBZ\.'[B5# ;HB)'13*SB -0,.-EC+-9=0|_10'u%>26®p%>=0\H/ B 8g 132.:7~13/|S# ;HB52-02.'5=9-3%>2H=610@/ -4' 'O# ;HB
óª ïðñ CY%>2HAQ/-0* g U# -r î0î J5´5' ;HBT.=0\H/ BS'V;H-3aZ'W#;HB,.19@ A0B#¨C+-2U/ B*_13/ A313P|S;=0;N10@/ -4' 'k1XCYC BdH,.B/V%>*SB22.'V#F-0#;HB/s'@ ;HB*SB8'W4aFB&Bd1E*I%>2HB5# ;HB5,.10@A0B#jC>-4' 's/D13# B8' \.'c%>2H=M1N# /1Xr@TC>-410:?-3Q 8î0î @-02H2HB8@#V%>-02.'J®p%>=0\H/ B g9î 1-022H-0#V%Y @13#V%>-02QR/ -0*Å,.10@A0B#&C>-4' ' ;H/-0\H=0;# ;HB \.'VB&-3Q4mpÛ%>*S,H/ -370B8'uC>-4' 'k/D13#B8''c%>=02*SB2#D'Z'[B2.:9%+2H=N/13# B5*S-0/B9\-4''/D1E# B8''cC>-3aFC>|N/V%('VB19'# ;HBTPH\H/D'V#V%>2HB8' '&'VBB2M13#
DRAFT Ô
2.5
45.0 Normal TCP, Drop−tail Normal TCP, Normal RED Normal TCP, RED−ECN Normal TCP, Adaptive RED BW SubTCP, RED−ECN BW SubTCP, Adaptive RED
40.0
ñ
2.0 Percent Packet Loss
Percent Packet Loss
35.0
10%, 10ms 10%, 50ms 30%, 10ms 30%, 50ms 50%, 10ms 50%, 50ms
30.0
1.5
25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0
1.0
0.5
5.0 0.0 0.0
ð
80.0
ð
ð
160.0 240.0 Buffer size (in KB)
0.0
ð
0.0
320.0
12.@/ B819'VB8:N/ -9\H2.:,N#V%>*SB;.19'kCY%+##VC>B %>*S,.10@#&-02N,.B/[Q-0/*_132.@B0WHaF%># ;UC>-4''/D1E# B8'k/ B*_1X%>22H=SC>-3a10'sazBCYC$J
$
ÔL!!nÕ¸ Ó !Ó±&&%I5p!æ('
&²
F;2HB813/&%>2.@/ B810'VB8'&P`-0# ;M@132{,H/ -370%(:2H=N,.10@A0B#OC+-2.@/ B810'c%>2H={2HB# aF-0/A_\H#V%YCY%>w813#V%>-02JIKMBI13/ BS@\H/ / B2|6aF-0/A0%>2H=U-02Bd# B2.:9%>2H=NP`-0# ;*SB8@;.1322.'V#B810:-3QZÖNÝ70BIH]1XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*# -S132 B2H;.132.@B8:{-H0RB2.1EP22H=a1X|H'N-3QS%>*S,H/-~79%>2H=¤B2.:-02}@-02=0-0/V%># ;H*U'JÏKL;B P.132.:2H=I/D13# B8'WE%>#j%('k-3Q#B2_:#D''VB2.:9%>2H=I/D13#B*S-0/ B&'cC>-~asC+| -0/2H-9#Z13#Z1XCYCaO;HB262HB813/V%>2H=U# ;HB@-92H=0B8'V#V%>-02N,`-3%>24#If g W g W g03h %>26-0/D:=413#[%+2H=q%+2.@-9/ ,.-0/13#V%>2H=r'[\.@ ;N# B8@;H2#V%>-02.1~C*SB8@;.132/ 2HB8' '&-3Q# ;HBIaF%>2.:2H=61XC>=0-0/[%+#;H*_'JTi2HBS-3Q# ;HBI10:-02M1X70-3%(:H132.@BT%(' ;.13# %>#T%+2H;HB/B24#VC>|G=3%>70B8'I132x10:|y®pC>-3|H:Q-0/F;HBC>,2W.J®pC>-~|H:W10J1.010@-0P.'[-02W ¥IJ ò %+2.'[;.1XCYC¦W!íZ/ J .j13/# /V%(:2J´Z2.1~C+|H'c%('F-3Q# ;HB&"$2.@/B810'VBf~&B8@/ B819'VB5´C>=0-9/V%># ;H*_'uQ-9/í-02H=9B8'V#V%>-02U´Z70-E%e:H1E2.@B %>2Mík-0*S,H\H# B/ á B#VaF-0/ AH'J+X¹?2H=SQR-0/i.j/ -379%e:9%>2H=6O%YB/ B22H=r&íH.x&|42.13*q%e@'s%>26132N"$2# ;
ò
ò
\#V%>,BSí-92H=0B8'V# B8:
1X|
ò0ò2H=&í.Oª'T"$2#V%(1XC5K%>2.:2.j10@A0B# V0aF%>#D@;HB8:"¥513# Ba1X|'J~7DÈ.¼RÇX¾DÈ`Ç8¼¨» ºj¹0n ¾ ]~ʨE È AVezǶ¸Ç½0¾V Ì N½0S È :c-FnZÇX¾DʨÇ8È`ÌDÇXW40 ó W-~|H:x132.:
0J.010@-0P.'[-02Jb
O132.:|x&B# B8@#V%>-02¥)13# Ba1X|H'5QR-0/Ník-02H=0B8'V#V%>-02^´Z79-3%(:H132.@B0J LONPW7^c+c-cd.¾ ½9ÈH¶½0Ì8¼Rʨ¹0ÈH¶&¹0H È \)ÇX¼Rºj¹0¾^]3Ê(ÈA0W $© à 0ò-H@13#V%>-02U%>2{0;.13/ B8:í-0*S,H\H# B/O0|'[# B*_'J18~c`NeFǶÇD½9¾ ÌOezÇ ZH¹0¾¼~dfe»>g6CEp3W`0B,H#8J ò0Ô3©.J f h 5J0IJ13AH'V;H*_1E2Ü1E2.:b£TJ ò 10:-02
´&70-3%(:H132.@B0JpƸ¼ZfyƸ¼ZDGÇ8·¨·t̹0¾VÇsDe̹0É~ Z[?W .¼ ¹9d-NIzºjʨÈS:0¹0º-D Z.¶WH´&\H=0\.'V# ò9ò J
f gHh 0IJ .j1~d'V-92Jj2.:-02?´Z70-E%e:H1E2.@BI%>2 í-9*S,H\H# B/ á B#Vaz-9/ A'J L¡N9P¢d.¾V½0ȶ¸½0ÌX¼RÊ(¹9ÈN¹0ÈN¹0ÉVZ[?w813/1E2.:íZJp0-02H=.JH1F%>=0;.B/VQR-0/ *U132.@B&í.]%+2´ á á !JON¹0ÉVZ[?=0-0/V%># ;H*6J£N¹0ÉVZ[?