Term Two Physical Science Worksheet Packet - Lps.org

Physical Science Worksheet Packet

Mr. Geist

Unit One Worksheet – Motion and Forces WS – PS – U1 Section 1.1 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 1.

Why is a control important in an experiment?

2.

Why is gravity an example of a scientific law?

3.

You water your houseplant every Saturday. On Wednesday, you notice its leaves are drooping. You give it some water, and the leaves perk up. You conclude that you need to water twice a week. Was this a valid experiment? Explain.

4.

What is the dependent variable in an experiment that shows how the volume of gas changes with changes in temperature?

Place the following in logical order by writing the numbers 1 (for the first step) through 6 (the last step) for the numbered step. ________5. analyze the data

________8. gather information

________6. test the hypothesis

________9. state the problem

________7. form a hypothesis

________10. draw conclusions

page 1 – WS – PS – BOOK

Section 1.2 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. ________11. Density

A) B) C) D) E)

________12. Mass ________13. SI

Amount of space a substance occupies Mass divided by volume An exact quantity used for comparison Amount of matter in a substance International System of Units that uses multiples of ten in its units

________14. Standard ________15. Volume Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the equation that expresses an equal value. ________16.

A) 1 L = 1 dm3

B) 1 L = 1 cm3

________17.

A) 1 mL = 1 cm3

B) 1 L = 1 cm3

________18.

A) 0C = – 273 K

B) 0 K = – 273C

________19.

A) 1 kg = 100 g

B) 1 kg = 1000 g

________20.

A) 400 cm = 4.0 m

B) 400 cm = 0.40 m

________21.

A) 1 dm = 10 m

B) 1 dm = 0.10 m

________22.

A) 1 Dm = 10 m

B) 1 Dm = 0.10 m

________23.

A) 100C = 373 K

B) 373 K = 10C

Circling. Circle the units that would most likely be used to express each kind of measurement. Only circle one set of units per question. 24.

volume of a solid:

mL

m3

g/mL

s

K

25.

volume of a liquid:

mL

m3

g/mL

s

K

26.

density of a material:

L

m2

27.

temperature:

mL

m3

g

28.

mass:

m3

g

29.

time:

30.

length:

mL m m

m3 m3

g

s

s s

g

g/mL

m3

C

K

K K

s

K


Table Completion.

Complete the table below by supplying the missing information of base SI units and symbols.

Measurement

Base unit

31.

Symbol 35.

meter 33.

36.

mass 32.

37. second 34.

38.

temperature

Problems. Solve the following problems. Show work or receive no credit. Include proper units. 39.

What is the volume of a box if its length is 15 cm, its width is 10 cm, and its height is 5 cm?

40.

A metal brick has a mass of 54 g. When submersed in water, it displaces 20 mL of water, meaning that the brick’s volume is 20 cm3. What is the density of the metal brick?

41.

What is the metal described in Problem 40? (HINT: Use the density table in your notes.)


Section 1.3 Short Answer. Answer the following information based on the graphs provided.

Graph A Graph of Temperature versus Time for the Heating of Water 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 1

3

5

7

Time (in minutes) 42.

What type of graph is Graph A?

43.

What information is shown in Graph A?

44.

What is the independent variable in Graph A?

45.

On what axis is the independent variable plotted?

46.

On what axis is the dependent variable plotted?


9

11

Graph B Height of Students In Mr. Geist's Class 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 156

158

160

162

164

166

168

170

172

174

176

Height (in cm)

47.

What type of graph is Graph B?

48.

What information is shown in Graph B?

49.

What is the most common height for students in Mr. Geist’s class?

Graph C Elements of Which Living Things Consist 0.30% 1.40% 2.30% 3% 10%

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen 18%

65%

50.

What type of graph is Graph C?


Nitrogen Other elements Phosphorus Sulfur

51.

What information is shown in Graph C?

52.

What element makes up the largest part of living things?

Section 2.1 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. ________53. Average speed

A)

________54. Displacement

B) C) D)

________55. Distance ________56. Instantaneous speed

E) ________57. Speed F)

Distance and direction of an object’s change in position from the starting point Distance an object travels per unit of time Speed of an object at a given point in time Total distance that an object travels divided by the total time it takes to travel that distance Describes the speed and direction of a moving object How far an object moves

________58. Velocity Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes or answers the statement or question. ________59. A sprinter runs 200 meters west and 100 meters east. Her displacement is ___. (A) 100 m (B) 100 m west (C) 100 m east (D) 300 m east ________60. Speed can be calculated by dividing distance by ___. (A) time (B) velocity (C) direction (D) displacement ________61. Earth’s plates move only a few ___ per year. (A) kilometers (B) meters (C) centimeters

(D) micrometers

________62. Two cars are each traveling at 72 km/h. One car is traveling northeast, and the other is traveling south. The two cards have different ___. (A) speeds (B) velocities


Graph Identification. Match the letters in the graph to the sentences that best correspond to them.

________63. Ruth stops for 10 minutes to speak to a friend. ________64. Ruth walks at a constant speed of 80 meters per minute. ________65. Ruth jogs 600 meters in 5 minutes. Problem Solving.

Solve the following problems. Show work or receive no credit. Include proper units.

66.

If Ruth (from Question 65) runs 600 meters in 5 minutes, what is her speed?

67.

If Ruth was to run 60 meters per minute in 5 minutes, how far did she run?

68.

If Ruth was to run 600 meters at a speed of 60 meters per minute, how long did it take her to run?


Sections 2.2 and 2.3 Crossword Fill. Fill in the crossword with the correct words that correspond to the clues.

Across 4. The rate of change of velocity 7. The tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion 8. A push or pull that is exerted on an object 9. The distance and direction of an object from a starting point 10. Equal, but opposite, forces are said to result in a(n) ___ force of zero. 11. Type of force that can change the velocity of a body at rest or in motion

1. 2. 3. 5.

6. 7.

Down The distance an object travels per unit of time Forces on an object that are equal in strength but opposite in direction A measure of how far an object has moved from a starting point ___ speed is equal to the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel. Includes both the speed of an object and the direction it is moving The rate of change in position at a given point in time is ___ speed.

Short Answer/Problem Solving. Answer the following questions. Show work or receive no credit when mathematics are involved. Include proper units. 69.

How are velocity, time, and acceleration related mathematically? (In other words, what is the formula for acceleration that involves velocity and time?)


70.

What is meant by the term “negative acceleration”?

71.

A vehicle accelerates from 5 meters per second to 45 meters per second in 20 seconds. What is the vehicle’s acceleration during this time interval?

72.

Do forces always cause motion? Explain.

73.

While trying to explain a physics concept, a student said, “Stuff keeps doing what it’s doing unless something messes with it.” What law was this student summarizing? Explain your answer.

74.

If you were to skydive to Earth’s surface, would such a dive involve positive acceleration, negative acceleration, or no acceleration? Explain.

75.

How do velocity and acceleration change, if at all, when firing a cannonball at an angle?

Section 3.1 Problem Solving. Solve the following problems. Show work or receive no credit. Include proper units. 76.

How much force is needed to accelerate a 1000-kg car at a rate of 3 m/s2?

77.

If a 70-kg swimmer pushes off a pool wall with a force of 250 N, at what rate will the swimmer accelerate from the wall?


78.

A weightlifter raises a 200-kg barbell with an acceleration of 3 m/s2. How much force does the weightlifter use to raise the barbell?

79.

A dancer lifts his partner above his head with an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2. The dancer exerts a force of 200 N. What is the mass of the partner?

Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 80.

What does Newton’s second law of motion state?

What two factors affect the rate of acceleration of an object? 81.

______________________________________________________________

82.

______________________________________________________________

What are the three types of friction and when does each apply? 83.

Type: ________________________________________________________ When it applies: ________________________________________________

84.


85.


What three factors determine amount of air resistance? 86.

______________________________________________________________

87.

______________________________________________________________

88.

______________________________________________________________

Sections 3.2 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 89.

What does the law of gravitation state?


90.

If an object weighs 40 N on Earth, would it weigh more, less, or the same on the Moon? Explain.

91.

Why does Earth exert a stronger gravitational force than the Moon?

92.

What is gravity?

93.

Are weight and mass the same? Explain.

94.

What is the centripetal force that allows a car to move around a sharp curve in a roadway?

95.

The exit ramps on highways are sometimes sharp curves. Why are the exit ramps constructed at an angle so that the outside of the curve is higher up (or banked)?

What are the four basic forces of the universe? 96.

______________________________________________________________

97.

______________________________________________________________

98.

______________________________________________________________

99.

______________________________________________________________

What two motions contribute to the path of a projectile? 100.

______________________________________________________________

101.

______________________________________________________________ page 11 – WS – PS – BOOK

What three factors determine amount of air resistance? 102.

______________________________________________________________

103.

______________________________________________________________

104.

______________________________________________________________

Section 3.3 Short Answer. Answer the following questions.

105.

Draw an arrow on Figure A to show the direction the cannon will move when the cannonball is fired.

106

Draw arrows on Figure B to show the direction the oars must move to propel the boat forward.

107.

Does the arrow you drew on Figure A represent an action force or a reaction force?

108.

Does the arrow you drew on Figure B represent an action force or a reaction force?

109.

If the force that propels the cannonball forward is 500 N, how much force will move the cannon backward? Explain.

110.

What does Newton’s third law of motion state?

111.

How can a rocket move through outer space where no matter exists for it to push on?


112.

Some ballet directors assign larger dancers to perform slow, graceful steps and smaller dancers to perform quick movements. Does this plan make sense? Explain. (HINT: Consider the aspects that are talked about in the problem.)

Problem Solving. Solve the following problems. Show work or receive no credit. Include proper units. 113.

What is the momentum of a 2-kg toy truck that moves at 10 m/s?

114.

What is the momentum of a 2000-kg truck that moves at 10 m/s?

115.

Compare the momentums of a 50-kg dolphin swimming 16 m/s and a 6300-kg elephant walking at 1 m/s. Which one has more momentum? Explain using calculations.


Unit Two Worksheet – Matter and Energy WS – PS – U2 Section 4.1 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. _______1. Chemical potential energy

_______4. Joule

_______2. Elastic potential energy

_______5. Kinetic energy

_______3. Gravitational potential energy

_______6. Potential energy

A) B) C) D) E) F)

The SI unit of energy Stored energy due to position Energy due to motion; depends on the mass and velocity of an object Energy stored by things that stretch or twist or compress Energy stored in chemical bonds Energy stored by things attracted to each other by the force of gravity

Problem Solving. Answer the following questions. Show work or receive no credit. Use proper units. 7.

What is the kinetic energy of a 100 kg cart moving at a velocity of 7 m/s?

8.

What is the gravitational potential energy of a 2-kg vase resting on a shelf 3 meters high?


A hammer falls off a roof top and strikes the ground with a certain kinetic energy. If it fell from a roof twice as tall, how would its kinetic energy compare? Explain.

10.

Two books with different masses fall off the same bookshelf. As they fall, which has more kinetic energy? Explain.


What three things does gravitational kinetic energy depend on? 11.

____________________________________________________________________

12.

____________________________________________________________________

13.

____________________________________________________________________

What two things does kinetic energy depend on? 14.

____________________________________________________________________

15.

____________________________________________________________________

Section 4.2 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 16.

What is the law of conservation of energy?

17.

Applying bicycle brakes as you ride down a long hill causes the brake pads and the wheel rims to feel warm. Explain.

18.

What is the source of the large amounts of energy released in nuclear power plants and in the Sun?

19.

Are the same energy releasing processes occurring in the Sun and in reactors? Explain.

20.

Suppose you drop a tennis ball out of a second-story window. The first bounce will be the highest. Each bounce after that will be lower until the ball stops bouncing. Write a description of the energy conversions that take place, starting with dropping the ball.


21.

Explain the role friction plays in the conservation of energy.

Section 6.1 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. _______22. Temperature

_______25. Specific heat

_______23. Heat

_______26. Thermal energy

_______24. Calorimeter A) B) C) D) E)

Device used to find specific heat of a substance Average kinetic energy of a substance Total amount of kinetic and potential energy for a substance Thermal energy that moves from objects of hot temperature to objects of cold temperature The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance 1 K


If you put a heated rock in a bucket of water, the temperature of the water will increase and the temperature of the rock will decrease until the temperature is equal for both substances. If you drop a heated rock in the ocean, will the same thing happen? Explain.

28.

Before the days of central heating, it was common to take a hot item to bed with you to keep you warm. Would you rather have a 10 kg heated brick or 10 kg jug of hot water that are the same temperature? Explain in such a way to clarify which would keep you warmer longer throughout the night.

29.

During the winter, after a hot bath, is it more efficient to drain the tub immediately or let it sit? Explain.



If you warm a 35-kg pile of sand from 300 K to 350 K, and the specific heat of sand is 664 [J/(kgK)], what is the change in thermal energy?

31.

If you warm a 35-kg substance from 300 K to 350 K and find the thermal energy change is 15750 J, what is the specific heat in J/(kgK)?

32.

If you cool the same pile of sand from problem #9 from a temperature of 350 K to 300 K, will you have the same thermal change? Explain showing work.

True/False.

Determine whether the italicized and underlined term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write “True” in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true. Not following these directions will result in no credit.

_____________________33.

Particles that make up matter are in constant motion.

_____________________34.

The faster particles move the less kinetic energy they have.

_____________________35.

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

_____________________36.

When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles decreases.

_____________________37.

The thermal energy of an object is the total energy of the particles in a material.

_____________________38.

A 5-kg chunk of aluminum and a 5-kg block of silver that are at the same temperature have the same thermal energy.

_____________________39.

Heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

_____________________40.

Heat is measured in newtons.

_____________________41.

Different materials need the same amounts of heat to have similar changes in temperature. page 17 – WS – PS – BOOK

_____________________42.

The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material 1 kelvin is the specific heat of the material.

_____________________43.

Water has a relatively low specific heat.

_____________________44.

Materials with a high specific heat can absorb a lot of energy and show little change in temperature.

Section 6.2 Crossword Puzzle. Complete the crossword puzzle with the words that best fit the descriptions.

Across: 2. Transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves 7. A measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object Down: 1. Transfer of energy through matter by colliding particles; takes place because the particles are in constant motion 3. Materials, such as fleece and fiberglass, that do not allow heat to move easily through them 4. Type of energy that is a combination of kinetic and potential energy and is the total energy that makes up a material 5. Transfer of energy by the motion of heated particles in a fluid 6. Thermal energy that flows from a warmer substance to a cooler substance and is measured in joules Multiple Choice.

_______45.

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Wind and ocean currents are formed by ___. (A) radiation (B) convection (C) conduction


(D) condensation

_______46.

The transfer of energy that does not require matter is ___. (A) radiation (B) convection (C) conduction (D) condensation

_______47.

Through which of the following will convection most likely occur? (A) solids and liquids (C) solids (B) solids and gases (D) liquids and gases

_______48.

Of the following, the best insulator would be ___. (A) silver (B) copper (C) air (D) iron

_______49.

Fluids expand as the temperature of the fluid ___. (A) increases (B) decreases (C) stays the same

_______50.

The density of a fluids increases as the fluid ___. (A) expands (B) contracts (C) stays the same

True/False.


_____________________51.

Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.

_____________________52.

The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its particles is convection.

_____________________53.

The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.

_____________________54.

Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.

_____________________55.

Air is a poor heat conductor.

_____________________56.

Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.

_____________________57.

As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.

_____________________58.

Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-colored materials.

_____________________59.

Only radiant energy that is reflected is changed to thermal energy.



Across: 1. Kind of electricity generated when more of one type of charge is on an object 5. Material, such as copper wire, through which an excess of electrons can move easily Down: 2. Charging by ___: one transfers charge between objects by bringing a charged object near a neutral object 3. Law of conservation of ___: states that charge can be transferred from one object to another but cannot be created or destroyed 4. Material that does not allow an excess of electrons to move through it easily 6. Charging by ___: one transfers charge between objects by touching or rubbing them Multiple Choice.

_______60.


When a positively-charged object is brought near a positively-charged object, the two objects with charge will ___ each other. (A) attract (B) repel (C) stay the same distance from page 20 – WS – PS – BOOK

_______61.

When a positively-charged object is brought near a negatively-charged object, the two objects with charge will ___ each other. (A) attract (B) repel (C) stay the same distance from

_______62.

When a negatively-charged object is brought near a negatively-charged object, the two objects with charge will ___ each other. (A) attract (B) repel (C) stay the same distance from


What is an electroscope, and how does it work?

What are the three parts of an atom? 64.

______________________________________________________________________

65.

______________________________________________________________________

66.

______________________________________________________________________

67.

How is lightning produced?

Section 7.2 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. _______68. Circuit

_______71. Ohm’s law

_______69. Electric current

_______72. Voltage difference

_______70. Resistance A) B) C) D) E)

Measured in amperes and is the flow of electric charge through a wire or any conductor States that the current in circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance Closed conducting loop through which an electric current can flow Measured in volts and is a push that causes electric charges to flow through a conductor Measured in ohms and is the tendency of a material to oppose electron flow


Short Answer. Answer the following questions. What are three factors that affect the resistance of a copper wire? 73.

______________________________________________________________________

74.

______________________________________________________________________

75.

______________________________________________________________________

76.

How does a current traveling through a circuit differ from a static discharge?

77.

Briefly explain how a dry cell battery supplies electric current for a device.


What is the voltage difference across a 30- resistor if a 0.5 amp current is flowing through it.

79.

What is the current flowing through a 20- resistor if the voltage current across the resistor is 40 V?

80.

What is the resistance of a resistor that has a voltage difference across it of 50 V and a current of 25 amps traveling through it?


Section 8.1 Multiple Choice.


_______81.

The location of the strongest magnetic forces on a magnet are the ___. (A) magnetic fields (C) magnetic poles (B) magnetic domains (D) electromagnets

_______82.

The region around a magnet where the magnetic forces act is the ___. (A) magnetic field (C) magnetic pole (B) magnetic domain (D) electromagnet

_______83.

Objects that keep their magnetic properties for a long time are called ___. (A) permanent magnets (C) electromagnets (B) magnetic domains (D) temporary magnets

_______84.

The atoms in a magnet are ___. (A) arranged randomly (B) aligned according to their magnetic poles (C) positively charged (D) negatively charged

_______85.

Groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles are called ___. (A) magnetic currents (C) magnetic domains (B) magnetic poles (D) magnetic fields

_______86.

In the United States, power lines can carry power voltages as high as 750,000 V, but the voltage that is delivered to most homes for use is ___. (A) 60 V (B) 90 V (C) 120 V (D) 150 V


What happens to the magnetic domains of a temporary magnet as its magnetic field weakens?

88.

Why would a permanent magnet that was dropped lose some of its magnetic properties?

89.

Is it possible to break a magnet into two pieces so one of the pieces has just one pole? Explain.


90.

Why aren’t all materials magnetic?

91.

If a compass is placed in a magnetic field, how does the compass needle move? Be specific.

Sections 11.1 and 11.2 Identification. Identify each component of a wave by filling in the blanks below. 92.

________________________________________________________________

93.

________________________________________________________________

94.

________________________________________________________________

95.

________________________________________________________________

Short Answer. Answer the following questions. List three characteristics of a wave that you can measure. 96.

________________________________________________________________

97.

________________________________________________________________

98.

________________________________________________________________

What are the two types of waves? 99.

________________________________________________________________

100.

________________________________________________________________

101.

If the frequency of a given wave increases, what happens to the wavelength?


What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 6 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m?


103.

What is the frequency of a wave with a velocity of 10 m/s and a wavelength of 2 m?

104.

What is the wavelength of a wave with a frequency of 50 Hz and a velocity of 250 m/s?

True/False.


_____________________105.

Waves transfer matter as they travel.

_____________________106.

A wave will travel only as long as it has energy to carry.

_____________________107.

Anything that moves up and down or back and forth in a rhythmic way is vibrating.

_____________________108.

All waves need a medium in order to travel.

_____________________109.

Transverse and congressional waves are the two types of mechanical waves.

_____________________110.

In a compressional wave, the matter in the medium moves back and forth at right angles to the direction that the wave travels.

_____________________111.

In a transverse wave, the matter in the medium moves back and forth in the same direction that the wave travels.

_____________________112.

In a transverse wave, the peak of the wave is the crest and the lowest spot is the trough.

_____________________113.

The refraction of a wave is how many wavelengths pass a fixed point each second.

_____________________114.

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.

_____________________115.

In a compressional wave, the denser the medium is at the compressions, the smaller its amplitude.

_____________________116.

In a transverse wave, the higher the amplitude, the more energy it carries. page 25 – WS – PS – BOOK

Unit Three Worksheet WS – PS – U3 Section 9.1 Short Answer.

Refer to the following part of the periodic table of elements to answer questions 1 to 4. NOTE: The upper most, centered number in each box of each element is the atomic number for that element.

1.

How many radioactive elements are shown above? __________

2.

Of the radioactive elements shown above, how many are found in nature? __________

3.

How many radioactive elements shown above are made only in the laboratory? __________

4.

What statement can be made about the relationship between atomic numbers and radioactivity?

Identify the following parts of the atom. 5.

Negatively-charged subatomic particle

6.

Positively-charged subatomic particle

7.

Neutrally-charged subatomic particle

8.

When is an atom neutral?


The atomic number of uranium is 92. The most stable isotope of uranium is uranium-238, meaning that the mass number for that isotope is 238. The radioactive isotope of uranium is uranium-235. In the XX spaces provided, write the symbols for the nucleus of each isotope of uranium in the form XX U . NOTE: The symbol for uranium is U. Uranium-235 9.

Uranium-238 10.

11.

How many neutrons does uranium-238 contain? __________

12.

How many neutrons does uranium-235 contain? __________

13.

How many protons does uranium-238 contain? __________

14.

How many protons does uranium-235 contain? __________

15.

How many electrons does a neutral atom of uranium-238 contain? __________

16.

How many electrons does a neutral atom of uranium-235 contain? __________

Section 16.1 Crossword Puzzle.

Complete the crossword puzzle with the words that best fit the descriptions.


Across: 7. Heat of ___: amount of energy required for liquid particles to escape attractive forces within the liquid or the energy required to change from a liquid to a gas 8. Heat of ___: amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase Down: 1. Spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed 2. Type of energy associated with heat that increases as kinetic energy increases 3. High-temperature gas with an overall neutral charge that is the most common state of matter in the universe 4. ___ point: temperature at which a solid begin to turn into a liquid 5. ___ point: temperature at which the pressure of the atmosphere is equal to the pressure of the liquid’s vapor, and gas molecules can escape the attractive force between the molecules; also the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas 6. ___ theory: explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all matter is made of constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy Fill In The Blanks.

Look carefully at the graph. It was drawn from the data collected when a substance was heated at a constant rate. To heat at a constant rate means to add heat evenly as time passes. Use the graph to complete the sentences that follow.

At the start of observations, Point A, the substance exists in the 17. __________________ state. The temperature at this point is 18. __________________. As energy is absorbed, the temperature of the substance rises at a constant rate for two minutes. At Point B, the temperature is 19. ____________, and the solid begins to turn into a 20. __________________. The temperature


remains constant until the change from solid to 21. __________________ is complete. It has taken three minutes to add enough energy to melt the solid completely. From Point C to Point D, the substance is in the 22. _________________ state. Its temperature rises at a constant rate to 23. _________________. The temperature remains constant while the liquid changes to a 24. __________________. At Point E, the substance exists as a 25. __________________. Its temperature rises evenly as energy is added. When the gaseous substance is allowed to cool, it releases energy. The cooling curve will be the reverse of the warming curve. Energy will be released as the substance changes from a 26. _________________ to a 27. _________________and also from a 28. _____________________ to a 29. __________________. The amount of energy released during condensation will be the same as the amount absorbed during vaporization.

Section 16.3 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 30.

What does Boyle’s Law state?

31.

What does Charles’s Law state?

32.

What is pressure?

33.

What is absolute zero?


34.

If the temperature remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas if you decrease the volume of the container that holds it?

35.

If the volume of a container of gas remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas if you increase the temperature?

Problem Solving. Answer the following questions. Show work and formulas or receive no credit. Use proper units. 36.

If a 5-L balloon at 25C was gently heated to 30C, what new volume would the balloon have?

37.

If a 5-L balloon had 20 kPa of pressure acting on it, what would its new volume be if it only had 5 kPa of pressure acting on it?

38.

The gas in a closed container has a pressure of 300 kPa at 30C. What will the pressure be if the temperature is lowered to –172C?



Across: 5. ___ mixture: mixture, such as concrete or a dry soup mix, in which different materials are unevenly distributed and are easily identified 8. Heterogeneous mixture whose particles never settle Down: 1. Element or compound that cannot be broken down into simpler components and maintain the properties of the original substance 2. Heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle 3. Mixture that appears to have the same composition, color, density, and taste throughout and is mixed at the atomic or molecular level 4. Substance formed from two or more elements in which the exact combination and proportion of elements is always the same 5. ___ mixture: solid, liquid, or gas that contains two or more substances blended evenly throughout 6. ___ effect: scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid 7. An example of this would be iron, helium, zinc, sulfur, etc. page 31 – WS – PS – BOOK


What is the difference between a suspension and a colloid?

40.

Why do the words “Shake well before using” on a bottle of orange juice indicate that the fruit juice is a suspension?

41.

Why is vinegar considered a solution?

Section 17.2 Mutiple Choice. Use one of the choices listed below to show what each example is. You may only use one choice per blank, but choices can be used in other blanks. (A) chemical change

(B) chemical property

(C) physical change

(D) physical property

_______42.

flammability

_______50.

color

_______43.

boiling point

_______51.

water boiling to steam

_______44.

magnetism

_______52.

an acid and a base reacting to create a salt and water

_______45.

ability for a chemical to change its composition when exposed to light

_______53.

foaming of an antacid tablet when in water

_______46.

smashing a rock into pieces

_______54.

_______47.

melting point

changing the state of matter of a substance into a different state of matter for the same substance

_______48.

iron turning into rust when exposed to the air

_______55.

melting iron into a liquid

_______56.

ability to flow

_______57.

evaporating water from salt water

_______49.

ability of a substance to chemically change into another substance

Short Answer. Answer the following questions based on the information provided. 58.

How does distillation work?

59.

What does the law of conservation of mass state, and how can it be used? page 32 – WS – PS – BOOK

Unit Four Worksheet – Atoms, Bonding, and Chemical Reactions WS – PS – U4 Section 18.1 Matching.

Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once.

_____1. Atom _____2. Electron _____3. Electron cloud _____4. Neutron _____5. Nucleus _____6. Proton

A) Small particles of matter that, in combinations of three, make protons and neutrons B) Area around the nucleus of an atom where one will be most likely to find the electrons of the atom C) Atomic particle found in the nucleus that has a 1+ charge D) Atomic particle found in the nucleus that has no charge E) Atomic particle found around the nucleus that has a 1– charge F) Smallest particle of matter that has all the properties of the element to which it belongs G) Center of the atom

_____7. Quark Identification. Identify the symbols of each of the following elements. 8.

Sodium: ____________________

14.

Iodine: ____________________

9.

Oxygen: ____________________

15.

Mercury: ___________________

10.

Silver: ______________________

16.

Helium: ____________________

11.

Potassium: __________________

17.

Iron: ______________________

12.

Fluorine: ____________________

18.

Hydrogen: _________________

13.

Phosphorus: _________________

19.

Carbon: ___________________


How were quarks discovered?

21.

Describe the electron cloud model of the atom.


22.

Explain how a rotating electric fan might be used to model the atom. Also explain how the rotating fan is unlike an atom.

23.

Why has the atomic model changed over time?

Section 18.2 Matching.


_____24. Atomic number

A) B)

_____25. Atomic mass unit C) _____26. Average atomic mass _____27. Isotope _____28. Mass number

D) E)

Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus Atom of the same element as another atom but with a different number of neutrons in its nucleus Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Weighted average mass all the isotopes of an element Unit of measurement for the mass of each proton and neutron in an atom; also one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom


Short Answer. Answer the following questions. Refer to the following two isotopes to fill in the table that follows and answer the questions that follow. Iridium-185

Iridium-192

185 77

192 77

Ir

Ir

Isotopes of Iridium Characteristics

Iridium-185

Iridium-192

Number of protons (p+) / Atomic number

29.

33.

Number of electrons (e-) in a neutral atom of the element

30.

34.

31.

35.

Number of protons and neutrons / 32. Mass number

36.

Number of neutrons

37.

How do iridium-185 and iridium-192 differ at the atomic level? Be specific.

Section 18.3 Multiple Choice. Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that answer in the space provided. _______38.

Each energy level of an atom has a maximum number of ___ it can hold. (A) electrons (B) neutrons (C) quarks (D) protons

_______39.

Dot diagrams are used to represent ___. (A) atomic numbers (C) isotopes (B) atomic mass (D) outer level electrons

_______40.

Horizontal rows of the periodic table are called ___.. (A) clusters (B) families (C) periods (D) groups

_______41.

Elements that are gases, are brittle, and are poor conductors at room temperature are ___. (A) metals (B) nonmetals (C) metalloids (D) isotopes page 35 – WS – PS – BOOK

_______42.

The current periodic table of elements arranges elements in order of increasing ___. (A) atomic mass (C) number of neutrons (B) atomic number (D) alphabetical order

_______43.

When Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements, he arranged them in order of increasing ___. (A) atomic mass (C) number of neutrons (B) atomic number (D) alphabetical order

_______44.

Elements that are semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, and can be found along the “zig-zag” line of the periodic table of elements are ___ (A) metals (B) nonmetals (C) metalloids (D) isotopes

_______45.

Elements that are almost entirely solids, are generally shiny, and are good conductors at room temperature are ___ (A) metals (B) nonmetals (C) metalloids (D) isotopes

Table Completion.

Complete the following table with the information provided and using your periodic table of elements.

Symbols of Elements Characteristics

Sr

Cl

O

46.

51.

56.

47.

52.

57.

48.

53.

58.

49.

54.

59.

50.

55.

60.

Number of protons (p+) / Atomic number Number of electrons (e-) in a neutral atom of the element

Average atomic mass

Number of electrons in outer most shell of neutral atom of element Electron dot diagram of neutral atom of element


Short Answer. Answer the following question. 61.

Why do noble gases rarely combine with atoms of any other element?

Section 19.1 Matching.


_____62.

Chemical formula

_____63.

Chemical bond

_____64.

Chemically stable

Identification.

A) B) C)

H2O, NaCl, and C6H12O6 are examples of this To have a complete outer shell of electrons The sharing or transfer of electrons creates this

Identify the number of atoms of each element as specified in the formula shown.

NaCl (sodium chloride)

MgBr2 (magnesium bromide)

65.

Sodium: ____________________

67.

Magnesium: ________________

66.

Chlorine: ___________________

68.

Bromine: ___________________

C12H22O11 (sucrose)

Cr(SO4)3 (chromium (VI) sulfate)

69.

Carbon: ___________________

72.

Chromium: _________________

70.

Hydrogen: _________________

73.

Sulfur: ____________________

71.

Oxygen: ___________________

74.

Oxygen: __________________


Why are some elements stable on their own while others are more stable in compounds?


76.

Describe what happens to the properties of elements when atoms form compounds.

77.

In what ways can a chemical bond form?

Section 19.2 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. Study the diagram for questions 78 – 83. Assume atom A will lose some of its electrons to atom B.

78.

How many electrons will atom A lose to atom B? _________

79.

How many electrons will atom B gain from atom A? _________

80.

What will be the new charge and amount of charge on atom A when it becomes ion A? _________

81.

What will be the new charge and amount of charge on atom B when it becomes ion B? _________

82.

What will be the total charge of the compound formed? _________

83.

What type of bond will form? ___________________________ page 38 – WS – PS – BOOK

84.

Explain why an element’s number of valence electrons is related to the A groups on the periodic table of elements.

85.

Why do some covalent compounds have polar molecules while others have nonpolar molecules?

Table Completion. Fill in the table based on the information provided.

Characteristic

Ionic compounds

Covalent compounds

86.

91.

87.

92.

Usual state of matter at room temperature

88.

93.

Formed by metals, nonmetals, metalloids?

89.

94.

90.

95.

How the compound is formed with electrons

Smallest particle

Example

Section 24.1 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. Use the equation below to answer questions 96 – 97. 2AgNO3(aq) + Mg(s)  2Ag(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) 96.

97.

What is the physical state of each of the reactants and the product of the reaction? AgNO3: ______________________

Mg(NO3)2: ______________________

Mg: _________________________

Ag: ____________________________

According to the law of conservation of mass, if the total mass of the products in this chemical reaction is 14 g, what must the combined masses of the reactants be?


Write chemical equations for the following reactions in questions 98 – 100. 98.

One unit of methane gas, CH4, plus two units of oxygen gas, O2, produce one unit of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, and two units of liquid water, H2O.

99.

One unit of aqueous aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, plus three units of aqueous barium chloride, BaCl2, yield two units of aqueous aluminum chloride, AlCl3, plus three units of solid barium sulfate, BaSO4.

100.

Two units of solid sodium metal plus one unit of chlorine gas (Cl2) produce two units of solid sodium chloride, NaCl.

Section 24.2 Balancing.

Balance the following equations. If you need help, review the steps for balancing equations in your textbook and/or notes. If no coefficient is needed, write “1” in the blank.

101.

_______H2(g) + _______Cl2(g)  _______HCl(aq)

102.

_______N2(g) + _______H2(g)  _______NH3(g)

103.

_______Li(s) + _______FeBr2(aq)  _______LiBr(aq) + _______Fe(s)

104.

_______Al(s) + _______HCl(aq)  _______H2(g) + _______AlCl3(aq)

105.

_______Li(s) + _______N2(g)  _______Li3N(s)

106.

_______Fe(s) + _______O2(g)  _______FeO(s)

107.

_______N2O5 + _______H2O  _______HNO3

108.

_______P + _______O2  _______P2O5

109.

_______Fe(OH)3  _______Fe2O3 + _______H2O

110.

_______Al + _______H2SO4  _______Al2(SO4)3 + _______H2


Use the law of conservation of mass to explain why a chemical equation must be balanced.


112.

Why must one use coefficients to balance equations rather than simply change subscripts in a formula?

Section 24.3 Identification. Identify each of the following reactions as one of the following types of reactions: (A) synthesis, (B) decomposition, (C) single-displacement, or (D) doubledisplacement. ______113. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

______118. CdCO3(s)  CdO(s) + CO2(g)

______114. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

______119. NiCl2(s)  Ni(s) + Cl2(g)

______115. 4C(s) + O2(g) + 6H2(g)  2C2H6O(s) H2(g)

______120. 2Li(s) + H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) +

______116. LiCl(aq) + KOH(aq)  KCl(aq) + LiOH(aq)

______121. Mg(s) + O2(g)  MgO(s)



______117. MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Matching.


______122. Synthesis reaction

______125. Single-displacement reaction

______123. Decomposition reaction

______126. Double-displacement reaction

______124. Precipitate A) B) C) D) E)

Insoluble compound that comes out of solution during a double-displacement reaction Chemical reaction in which one substance breaks down into two or more substances Chemical reaction that produces a gas, water, precipitate, and/or compounds in solution when two aqueous ionic compounds are combined Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different substance Chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound

Short Answer. State whether each reaction will take place. Explain. 127.

Au(s) + KNO3(aq)  AuNO3(aq) + K(s)

128.

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)


Section 24.4 Identification I.

Identify each of the following reactions as involving the use of (C) a catalyst, (I) an inhibitor, or (N) neither.

_______129. Brushing the cut edges of fruits with lemon juice can prevent the darkening effect that contact with air can cause. _______130. In the human body, proteins called enzymes help to speed up chemical processes. _______131. Aluminum oxide, which forms on exposed aluminum, protects the aluminum from further reaction with air. _______132. Food preservatives called BHT and BHA slow down the spoilage of certain foods. _______133. Nickel is used to increase the rate of methane formation from the addition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Nickel does not permanently change. _______134. Electricity passed through water causes the water to separate into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Identification II. Identify each of the following reactions as being (A) an endergonic reaction or (B) an exergonic reaction. _______135. When a lit match is placed in alcohol, the alcohol ignites producing heat and light. _______136. Energy in the form of electricity can be added to water to break apart the water molecules into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. _______137. A piece of coal placed in a furnace gives off heat and light before turning into ash. _______138. When ammonium chloride mixes with water, the solution formed feels cold. _______139. When sulfuric acid mixes with ammonium hydroxide, the solution formed feels hot. Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 140.

What is the difference between an exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction?

141.

What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
