Testing protocol and guideline

0 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Water quality standards to be followed by WAB partners and a guideline for water ...... remedial measure and conduct laboratory test if situation dictates. ..... would also prepare a list of equipment, supplies and transport required to carry out the.
Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015 A Guideline for Water Quality Monitoring January 2015

WaterAid Bangladesh

Water Quality Testing Protocol

Prepared by:

Abdullah Al-Muyeed

Reviewed by:

Arjen Naafs

Endorsed by:

Tom Palakudiyil

Revised in January 2015

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015 Water quality standards to be followed by WAB partners and a guideline for water quality monitoring

Revised: January 2015

WaterAid Bangladesh House-97/A, Road-25 Banani, Dhaka-1213 Bangladesh

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Acknowledgement WaterAid Bangladesh acknowledges and thanks the persons who participated during the review of this Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015. Without their hard work and dedication, this document would not have been possible. The original draft was prepared by Mr Shamsul Gafur Mahmud/National Professional Officer/Water, Sanitation and Environment/World Health Organisation while significant inputs were provided by the technical professionals of WaterAid and its partner NGOs during the revision. Therefore WaterAid Bangladesh very much appreciates the efforts that went into compiling and reviewing these technical inputs from all concerns.

Dr Md Khairul Islam Country Representative WaterAid Bangladesh

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol, 2015

Foreword WaterAid’s vision is of a world where everyone has access to safe water and sanitation, so that health benefits are maximized. WaterAid implements various projects in the communities through its partners that integrates water, sanitation and hygiene promotion interventions. Recognizing the importance of safe water, WaterAid introduced testing protocol for water quality in the countries where it operates. WaterAid Bangladesh (WAB) has been working for improving quality of lives of the poor and marginalized people through ensuring access to safe water by providing feasible technologies. Sustainability of these technologies is ensured through community engagement which creates ownership amongst the people. The foremost aims are that the quality of drinking-water delivered to the consumers by various projects of WaterAid ensures acceptable standards conforming water safety plan approach that avoids health risks. Keeping in view the importance of safe water, WAB developed a comprehensive protocol for monitoring the quality of water while its staff and partners are committed to evolve and follow the protocol. The first protocol had been developed in 2007 and revised in 2010. As a part of continuous and systematic review and development, the water quality protocol has been updated in January 2015. This water quality protocol has been developed reflecting the recent Water Supply Surveillance Field Guide of DPHE/Bangladesh, Drinking Water Quality Standards by Department of Environment/Bangladesh along with WHO Guideline for Drinking Water Quality. Most importantly, this version of Water Quality Protocol has accommodated the feedback from the technical personnel of WAB and its partners respecting the local contexts. This protocol applies for all WAB funded programmes in Bangladesh. Giving the due consideration to the WaterAid’s commitment, this Water Quality Protocol 2015 has been updated with the expectation to strengthen and reinforce its initiatives to ensure access to safe water as well as sustainability of water supply facilities.

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol, 2015

Table of Contents Part l: Water Safety and Water Quality Standards CHAPTER – 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Drinking water supply sources ....................................................................................... 2 1.2. Water supply technologies.............................................................................................. 3 Rural........................................................................................................................................ 3 Urban ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. WaterAid’s Principles and Objectives ............................................................................ 5 1.4. Policies and water quality testing protocols .................................................................. 5 1.5. Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015 ............................................................................. 6 1.6. Scope of Water Quality Testing Protocol........................................................................ 7 1.7. Organisation of the Protocol ........................................................................................... 8 1.8. Responsibilities of staff members of WaterAid Bangladesh ........................................ 8 CHAPTER -2 Framework Concept for Safety of Drinking Water ....................................................................... 9 2.1. Water and Health ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Water Safety Framework ................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1.

Health Based Targets ................................................................................................ 10

2.2.2.

Water Safety Plan ...................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3.

Surveillance................................................................................................................ 11

2.3. Water Safety Framework and WAB .............................................................................. 11 CHAPTER - 3 Water Quality Parameters ........................................................................................................... 13 3.1. General........................................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Microbiological quality .................................................................................................. 15 3.3. Physical quality .............................................................................................................. 15 Colour .................................................................................................................................... 15 Odour and taste ................................................................................................................... 16 Turbidity ................................................................................................................................ 16 pH .......................................................................................................................................... 16 3.4. Chemical quality ............................................................................................................ 17 Iron ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Manganese ........................................................................................................................... 18 Hardness .............................................................................................................................. 19 Chloride................................................................................................................................. 19 Nitrate ................................................................................................................................... 19

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Fluoride ................................................................................................................................. 20 Boron .................................................................................................................................... 20 Uranium ................................................................................................................................ 20 Phosphates........................................................................................................................... 21 Chromium ............................................................................................................................. 21 Chlorine................................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER - 4 ................................................................................................................................. 23 Water Quality Standards.............................................................................................................. 23 4.1. General........................................................................................................................... 23 4.2. Microbiological Parameter ............................................................................................ 23 4.3. Physical Parameter ....................................................................................................... 24 4.4. Chemical Parameter ..................................................................................................... 25 Part II: Operational Guideline for Field Staff CHAPTER - 5 Sampling Approach and Frequency ............................................................................................ 28 5.1. Sample site and sample size........................................................................................ 28 Point Source ......................................................................................................................... 28 Piped water supply system .................................................................................................. 29 Sample sites ......................................................................................................................... 29 Household water .................................................................................................................. 29 5.2. Sample Volume ............................................................................................................. 30 5.3. Parameters for technologies ........................................................................................ 30 5.4. Sample frequency ......................................................................................................... 31 Number of test during installation .......................................................................................... 33 during monitoring .................................................................. 35 5.5. Sample Storage ............................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER-6 Arsenic Detection and Monitoring Protocol................................................................................ 41 6.1. Arsenic detection and testing ....................................................................................... 41 6.1.1.

Pre-installation protocol: new installation ................................................................ 41

6.1.2.

Installation protocol: new installation ...................................................................... 42

6.1.3.

Installation Protocol: renovation/upgradation......................................................... 43

6.1.4.

Monitoring protocol ................................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER-7 Preparation for Water Quality Testing......................................................................................... 45 7.1. Preparations for field work ........................................................................................... 45 7.2. Preparation .................................................................................................................... 45

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

7.3. Equipment check........................................................................................................... 46 7.4. Supply check.................................................................................................................. 46 7.5. Sterilizing equipment .................................................................................................... 46 7.6. Prepare culture media .................................................................................................. 46 7.7. Prepare incubation plates ............................................................................................ 47 CHAPTER-8 Bacteriological tests .................................................................................................................... 49 8.1. Bacteriological tests ...................................................................................................... 49 Principle ................................................................................................................................ 49 Apparatus ............................................................................................................................. 49 Procedure (Field test method) ............................................................................................ 50 Reading the membrane filters ............................................................................................ 53 CHAPTER-9 Physical and Chemical Tests ....................................................................................................... 54 9.1. Physical Tests ................................................................................................................ 54 9.1.1.

Measurement of turbidity.......................................................................................... 54

9.1.2.

Measurement of pH................................................................................................... 55

9.1.3.

Colour and Odour....................................................................................................... 55

9.2. Chemical Tests .............................................................................................................. 55 9.2.1.

Arsenic Field Testing.................................................................................................. 55

9.2.2.

Residual chlorine, chloride, iron, etc. using visual comparator ............................. 56

pH, Chlorine .......................................................................................................................... 56 Iron and others ..................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER-10 Conducting a Sanitary Survey ..................................................................................................... 58 10.1.

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 58

10.2.

Survey Work ............................................................................................................... 58

Example ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Type of installation: Tubewell .............................................................................................. 59 Part lll: Data Interpretation and Record Keeping CHAPTER - 11 Interpreting Monitoring Data ....................................................................................................... 62 11.1.

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 62

11.2.

Assessment of Risk ................................................................................................... 62

11.3.

Use of the combined grading .................................................................................... 64

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 12 Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................................ 65 12.1.

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 65

12.2.

General Precautions .................................................................................................. 65

12.3.

Performing quality tests: microbial ........................................................................... 66

12.3.1.

Crosscheck with sanitary survey results .............................................................. 66

12.3.2.

Prepare multiple plates for each source .............................................................. 66

12.4.

Performing quality tests: chemical ........................................................................... 67

Analyse duplicate samples .................................................................................................. 67 Preserve samples for laboratory tests ................................................................................ 67 12.5.

Laboratory test for confirmation ............................................................................... 67

12.6.

Following up test result ............................................................................................. 68

CHAPTER - 13 Reporting and Information Data Base ........................................................................................ 69 13.1.

WQ monitoring in MS Access and mobile phone application based system ......... 71

13.2.

Reporting formats ...................................................................................................... 72

New Installations.................................................................................................................. 72 Monitoring Existing Water Points ........................................................................................ 72 13.3.

Information Database ............................................................................................... 72

Reference: .................................................................................................................................... 73 Part lV: Annexes Annex-1 ......................................................................................................................................... 77 Annex-2A ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Annex-2B ...................................................................................................................................... 81 Annex-2C....................................................................................................................................... 82 Annex-2D ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Annex-2E ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Annex-2F ....................................................................................................................................... 86 Annex-2G ...................................................................................................................................... 88 Annex-2H ...................................................................................................................................... 89 Annex-2I ........................................................................................................................................ 90 Annex-2J ....................................................................................................................................... 93 Annex-2K ...................................................................................................................................... 96 Annex-3 ......................................................................................................................................... 97 Annex-4 ......................................................................................................................................... 98

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Abbreviations and Acronyms AAS APSU BAMWSP BDS BUET BSTI BGS CBO cfu DPHE DOE FE GFS ICDDR,B IFG mg/L mL MLS MFC NGO NTU ppb PNGO Ppm PSF RAAMO RW RWHS SI SOP TCU TTC Unicef WAB WHO WSP WASA

Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer Arsenic Policy Support Unit of Local Government Division Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project Bangladesh Standard Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute British Geological Survey Community Based Organisation Colony Forming Unit Department of Public Health Engineering Department of Environment Field Engineer Gravity Flow System International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh Infiltration Gallery Miligram per Litre Mililitre Membrane Lauryl Sulphate Membrane Feacal Coliform Non-Government Organisation Nephelometric Turbidity unit Parts per billion Partner NGO Parts per million Pond Sand Filter Risk Assessment of Arsenic Mitigation Options Ring Well Rainwater Harvesting System Sanitary Inspection Standard Operating Procedure True Colour Unit Thermotolerant coliform United Nations Children Fund WaterAid Bangladesh World Health Organisation Water Safety Plan Water and Sewerage Authority

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Part l: Water Safety and Water Quality Standards Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Framework concept for safety of drinking water Chapter 3: Water quality parameters Chapter 4: Water quality standards

1

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER – 1 Introduction 1.1.

Drinking water supply sources

Bangladesh has a total area of around 144,000 square kilometres and lies within the Bengal Basin of South Asia. About 80% of the land is flat, intersected by numerous rivers and their tributaries. The land area has a general slope of 1-2degree from north to south. The hilly areas of the country include Chittagong Hill Tracts, north-eastern Sylhet and adjacent areas. Bangladesh is predominantly rural, only 20% areas is urban. Drinking water supply in Bangladesh is based on groundwater source as this is free from pathogens and generally requires no treatment for domestic purposes. Considering cost, quality and availability, ground water has been the preferred source for drinking water. Because of the easy drilling of wells in the soft alluvial soils, hand pump tube-well technology had been dominant option for abstraction of groundwater in rural areas. Similarly, in urban areas abstraction of ground water by boreholes and motor driven pumps are done in majority of the places. Usually no treatment is required. Although groundwater is bacteriologically safe (if not contaminated externally), yet it is not chemically safe everywhere. Presence of arsenic in groundwater particularly in shallow aquifer is a problem now a day. A number of tubewells are found to be contaminated with arsenic beyond the Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l. Other common impurities are iron, manganese and salinity. The surface water source, although abundant in many places, is used in a limited scale, only in places where suitable groundwater is not available. Surface water is bacteriologically contaminated. The thermo tolerant (faecal) coliform concentration in most surface water sources lies in the range of 500 to several thousand per 100 ml (ref 1). Surface water may also contain physical and chemical impurities. Examples of surface water use in rural areas are pond sand filter in saline areas. To address the arsenic problem in groundwater some small-scale rural piped water supply with river water source is being tried out. The use of rainwater for drinking purpose is being piloted in some areas. Some urban areas use river or lake water where surface water treatment plants installed. Due to the contamination of groundwater by arsenic or other pollutants in many places it is likely that the use of surface water would increase.

2

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

1.2.

Water supply technologies

Rural In rural areas people mostly rely on the traditional hand pump tubewells for their drinking water supply. A large variety of hand pump tubewells are used depending on the hydrogeological conditions. They are of two categories based on mode of pumping: − Suction mode: such as shallow tubewells, deep tubewells, half cylinder − Force mode: Deep Set Pump, Tara Pump, Tara Dev etc. There are some areas where the conventional tubewell technologies are not suitable. These areas are in the coastal belt areas where in many places both the surface water and groundwater are saline, the hilly areas in Chittagong Hill Tracts Districts where tubewell installation is difficult due to stony layers. In northwest part of the country (e.g. barind area) the water goes down far beyond suction limit of hand pump. These areas are also known as low water table area. Alternative technologies like deep set pump technologies are to apply to abstract groundwater. The recent discovery of arsenic in mainly shallow tubewells is another great concern. Various alternative technologies are used for drinking water supply in those problem areas. The common alternative technologies are: − − − − − − −

Dug Wells/ Ring well (RW) Pond Sand Filter(PSF) Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) Infiltration Gallery (IFG), Gravity Flow System (GFS) Arsenic/ Iron Removal Technologies Rural piped water supply (using ground or surface and with or without treatment unit)

Urban The core urban areas are usually served by piped water supply system and the fringe areas by hand pump tubewells. With a piped network house connection and public stand posts are used. The operations and maintenance of the piped water supply system including water quality of the supply water is with the respective municipalities. WaterAid Bangladesh (WAB) gives priority to the slums and low income communities. The technologies used there are mostly − − − − − −

Urban Water Points (connected with the WASA piped network and with a ground reservoir) Urban stand post (few households sharing a tap) Mini piped water supply Submergible pumps with reservoir Hand pump tubewells Production well with submersible pump

3

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015



Sanitation blocks (community managed latrines with water supply facilities)

4

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

1.3.

WaterAid’s Principles and Objectives

WaterAid’s vision is of a world in which all people have access to safe water and effective sanitation so that health benefits are maximized. WaterAid and its partners work with communities through project, which integrate domestic water provision, sanitation and hygiene promotion. WaterAid has recognized the need to develop a consistent approach to problems of water quality in the countries where it operates and to develop a water quality policy in the context of each country that it works. Organisational Guidelines for Water Quality Testing was revised in August 2008 which state that WaterAid’s aim are that the quality of drinking water delivered to consumers by the project that it support: − −



should be such that no significant health risk arises from its use should conform to at least the broadly accepted quality standards of the region or the country where the installation is located (or to better, if this can be achieved at reasonable cost and effort) should be acceptable in appearance, taste and Odour

WaterAid Bangladesh’s strategy is to focus on the poor and vulnerable population by concentrating project work in ‘hard to reach areas’ where access to safe water is a major problem. These include coastal areas affected by saline intrusion, vulnerable areas such as the river islands (chars) that are affected by annual flooding and areas where the aquifer is affected by arsenic. In such areas, a clear policy for water quality is required together with hygiene promotion, sanitation and water supply. 1.4.

Policies and water quality testing protocols

Bangladesh developed its first water quality standards in 1976, which were revised in 1989 by the Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI). The Ministry of Environment and Forest adopted comprehensive water quality standard for drinking water by Gazette notification in 1997 as Environmental Conservation Rules under the Environmental Conservation Act 1995. There are 55 parameters included as the drinking water quality standard (physical, chemical and microbial). In 1983-1984 and in 1993-1997, WHO published the 1st and 2nd editions of the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The 3rd edition of WHO Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality was published in 2004. The 3rd edition offer a risk management based approach to ensuring safe drinking water. The guidelines describe 4 physical, 125 chemical and 45 microbial parameters. The Bangladesh Government’s commitment to safe water supply is set out in general terms in National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998. After the detection of

5

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

widespread arsenic contamination and to supplement the 1998 National Policy, the National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and Implementation Plan for Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh was adopted in March, 2004 with the objectives to provide a guideline for mitigating the effect of arsenic on people and environment on a holistic and sustainable way. Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) is responsible for water supply and sanitation throughout Bangladesh except for the areas where WASAs are operating. At present WASAs are working in Dhaka, Narayanganj, Chittagong and Khulna cities. In other urban centres, DPHE is responsible to implement water supply and sanitation programme with municipalities. DPHE follows the Bangladesh Standard for Drinking Water Quality adopted in1997. However, a compromise is made to minimize the testing of parameters depending on the options used and its importance. Under the framework of the National policies some Organisations and projects (including WaterAid Bangladesh) developed their own protocol to suit their specific suppose. Some important developments are mentioned below. In 1999-2000 DPHE with the support of DoE, BUET, ICDDRB, WHO, UNICEF to review the present status of drinking water quality in Bangladesh and developed a “Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Protocol for Rural Water Supply System in Bangladesh”. The protocol was, however, finalized only in August 2005. The protocol recommended 26 parameters for testing for a rural setting. Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project (BAMWSP) funded by World Bank (WB) also developed a protocol for Water Quality Testing and Monitoring of Drinking Water Supply System in 2004. WaterAid Bangladesh adopted its own Water Quality Standards and Testing Policy in 2002 and substantiated with a separate Arsenic Testing Protocol in 2002 in the light of the BAMWSP protocol and their specific needs. Later WAB revised and updated its testing policy and protocol in 2004 and kept on continuous updating at certain intervals. 1.5.

Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

WAB developed a comprehensive Water Quality Testing Protocol in 2007 addressing a number of the developments in the sector including National Policy on Arsenic Mitigation, 2004 of the Government of Bangladesh and the 3rd edition of ‘Guideline for Drinking Water quality’ of WHO in 2004. The 3rd edition included new guideline values for water quality parameters based on health impact along with inclusion of new Water Safety Plan (WSP) approach. These new information and understanding has considerable implication on prevailing safety concept and testing paradigm. The Protocol contained a detailed section on operational guideline for monitoring staff and was prepared based on the new information collected from local context and international experience.

6

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

The WAB updated its protocol in 2010 in line with the revised Organisational Guidelines for Water Quality Testing of WA-UK and considering the practical aspects of carrying out the surveillance and its associated activities relevant to the country context. In 2010 WHO has published the fourth edition of Guideline for Drinking water quality immediately after publication of WAB’s 2010 version where new information on some important WQ parameters were available. The Drinking water quality standards-1997 has been revised in 2012 and now being awaited for final approval. The revised standard-2012 is shifted from being standard to guideline and from being quality focused to being health based. In line with the health based water quality targets this water quality protocol 2015 has adjusted few water quality parameters that are required to be tested during installation and as a part of monitoring activities. In addition, some feedback from the field staff on the some of the sanitary survey with regard to their practical implication was also fosters to revise the guideline. Therefore it is expected that this protocol will be more acceptable guideline to the managers and field level monitoring staffs for its simplicity in its application and for realistic approach in terms of local context. 1.6.

Scope of Water Quality Testing Protocol

This testing protocol applies to all WaterAid funded projects/programmes areas in Bangladesh. Typically this will cover household and community based water supply for domestic drinking water including Handpumps, Dugwells, Pond Sand Filters, RWHS, Infiltration Galleries, Water Points from Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) supplies, Alternative water supply options, Gravity flow schemes, Small piped water supply schemes and other appropriate technologies approved by WAB. It is not intended to cover larger water supply schemes such as town supplies. WAB’s implementing Partner Organisations required to adhere to the standards and testing procedures defined within the testing protocol. This WAB protocol will be reviewed and updated periodically. WAB will endeavor to remain current on the new developments in the sector and will update the protocol as the situation demands. As mentioned in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (Volume 3), in countries where economic and human resources are limited, short and medium term target should be set in establishing standards so that the most significant risk to human health are controlled first. The issue of water quality should be kept throughout in a context of environmental health and the disease burden on the poor, and an integrated approach is required. Overall sanitation and hygiene improvement can greatly improve the well-being of the poor of Bangladesh.

7

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

1.7.

Organisation of the Protocol

This protocol is divided into 4 parts containing various chapters. Part I (Water Safety and Water Quality Standards) describes the background and framework concept of safety of drinking water and the major water quality parameters and their standards. Part II (Operational Guideline for Field Staff) is meant for the WAB and its partner Organisation. It describes in detail the activities and analysis to be carried out during field testing. Part III (Data Interpretation and Record Keeping) narrates who to monitor and interpret data, how to ensure quality and to prepare an effective reporting and information database. This part also narrates follow-up test result in the community for next course of action. Part IV (Annexes) contains different checklists and formats testing and recording. 1.8.

Responsibilities of staff members of WaterAid Bangladesh Activity

Updating and communicating protocol

Implementation of the policy

Requirement

Person(s) Responsible

Determine whether there are particular statutory requirements, and updates to these, regarding water quality issues that should be incorporated or addressed by the protocol

Country Representative/ Director Programmes and Policy Advocacy

The final version of the protocol is uploaded into the source

Director Programmes and Policy Advocacy

Update the water quality protocol for WaterAid funded projects at least every three years

Director Programmes and Policy Advocacy/ Technical Adviser

Make the protocol available to Partner NGOs, orient the relevant staff for ensuring proper implementation of the same

Technical Adviser

Ensure implementation of the protocol

Respective engineers

Water quality testing, sharing and reporting Respective engineers

8

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER -2 Framework Concept for Safety of Drinking Water (Water quality and health, Water safety plan, Surveillance) 2.1.

Water and Health

Water is an essential element for life. Without water life cannot survive. However, the water which is to be consumed by human body must be safe. If the water is contaminated by pathogens (diseases producing agents) or toxic chemicals the consumption of such water may lead to adverse impact on health. This may be mild to severe diarrhoea or chronic diseases like arsenicosis. Similarly, use of inadequate amount of water may lead to poor hygiene and thus may lead to skin or eye diseases. Further, poor hygiene resulting from lack of adequate water is also a key factor in the transmission of many diarrhoeal diseases. Detection of the microbial or chemical constituents present in raw water and water delivered to consumers is possible but is generally slow, complex and costly. In Bangladesh most of the water supplies in rural areas are managed by the community themselves. It is the reality that the ability in terms of knowledge and resource to interpret the water quality test results and to take necessary steps for ensuring safety of water is not available in the community. Further, the number of water quality tests currently conducted with respect to the number of water points is very low. The time required for the test results to be available is few hours to few days. All these factors undermine the integrity of public health protection at an operational level. 2.2.

Water Safety Framework

The water supply providers or the community should not completely rely just on few water quality testing rather taking some prevention against contamination and monitor if the preventive measures taken are working as planned. The 3rd edition of the WHO Guideline for drinking water Quality presents a preventive framework for safe drinking water. This framework is based on managing risk and has three major components: 1. Establishing health based targets; 2. Water Safety Plan; 3. Establishing surveillance system A schematic diagram of this framework for safe drinking water is given in Figure 2.1

9

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

2.2.1. Health Based Targets Health based targets refers to the outcome we are aiming for in water supply system. The outcome can be, for example, a specific water quality target or a reduction in a specific water related diseases. Health based targets are normally set at national level and as the name implies are based on consideration of public health. They should take into account the contribution of drinking water to the transmission of infectious disease and to the exposure to hazardous chemicals. In order for the targets to be effective, they need to be realistic and relevant to local conditions and resources. Different types of health based targets are: − − − −

Health outcome targets Water quality targets Performance targets Specified technology targets

In Bangladesh, the water quality targets are the most commonly used health based targets. The health based targets form the foundation for water safety plans.

Public Health Context and Health Outcomes

Health-based Targets

WATER SAFETY PLAN System Assessment

Operational Monitoring

System Management

Independent Surveillance Figure 2. 1 : Framework for Safe Drinking Water

2.2.2. Water Safety Plan Water Safety Plan, commonly known as WSP, is a management plan to securing safety of drinking water from water source to the point of consumption through continuous monitoring and preventive maintenance of water supply systems. It represents a quality assurance approach through process monitoring and assessing and managing risk meant to ensure safety of water. It is preventive rather than remedial and provides

10

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

more comprehensive approach to securing water safety (from source through system to the point of use). WSP consists of three major actions:

System Assessment: An assessment is conducted to i) characterize the water

supply system, ii) assess risks and iii) to determine whether the drinking water supply system (from source through treatment to the point of consumption) as a whole can deliver safe water i.e. the water that meets the health-based targets.

Operational Monitoring: It means, monitoring of the control measures in the

drinking-water supplies. Control measures are the barriers already in place or planned that stops the hazards to ingress into the system. Monitoring at multiple points within the system, rather than relying on end-product monitoring, provides the supplier with assurance that unsafe product does enter and not end up with the consumer.

Management Plans: They are a set of actions to ensure the functioning of the above aspects -

Documentation of the system assessment Monitoring plans including normal and incident operations, upgrades, improvements and communication

2.2.3. Surveillance The surveillance of drinking water supply system is the continuous and vigilant public health assessment and review of the safety and acceptability of drinking-water supplies to see WSP is operating effectively. It should be noted that the surveillance is separate from monitoring of control measures in the water supply system which assures or improve quality of water. In the context of household or community supplies quality control is the responsibility of users and caretakers. Generally surveillance is carried out independently and periodically by National agencies. In the case of Bangladesh, this can be performed by DPHE/DoE staffs or by other regulatory body as formally entrusted by the government in future. Surveillance activities identify and evaluate health risk and commonly include water quality testing, sanitary inspection and dissemination of the results. Results of surveillance are used to make improvements to water supplies themselves and also to update and improve WSP. 2.3.

Water Safety Framework and WAB

WAB is committed to provide safe water and sanitation in its programme areas. In order to maintain the safety of water and thus to protect the public health WAB has adopted a

11

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

drinking water quality standard which is basically based on Bangladesh standard for drinking water quality, 1997. Therefore, the first component of the framework, i.e. the health based target, for WAB is already in place. The second component of the safety framework, the WSP, is now being implemented across the programme areas. The third component of the safety framework is the surveillance. For small water supply system surveillance is the verification. As it is said surveillance includes key water quality parameter testing and sanitary inspection of the water supplies. WAB is conducting verification to assess the effectiveness of WSP through water quality testing and sanitary survey of the installed water points. Now it is important for the Organisation to use the verification results for maintaining and improving quality of water supply systems, update the WSP (if necessary) or bring, readjustment(s) in the water quality targets.

12

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 3 Water Quality Parameters 3.1.

General

The two major concerns to health related water quality in Bangladesh are microbiological contamination particularly in surface water and naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater. High iron content is also common in Bangladesh. Although ingestion of iron is not a potential health problem, the taste and colour are often unacceptable to users who then may turn to other polluted sources. In addition to arsenic, BGS country risk sheet (Ref 12) identifies, manganese, boron and uranium as chemicals of health significance that are present in groundwater above the acceptable limit in some parts of the country. The physical appearances like colour and turbidity sometimes indicate the presence of impurities, and even if not, it discourages the users to consume and turning them to other unsafe sources. The DPHE Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance protocol has included 26 parameters for monitoring in the rural and urban water supply systems in Bangladesh. However, based on health considerations, present water quality status and testing facilities the WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015 has included 15 parameters for monitoring. The common parameters, being monitored by different agencies of Bangladesh, are categorized in 3 groups: microbiological, physical and chemical. They are presented in Table 3.1. Table 3. 1: Common water quality parameters for monitoring

Microbiological Parameters Thermo tolerant coliform(TTC)

Physical Parameters

Chemical Parameters

Colour

Arsenic

Odour

Iron

Turbidity

Manganese

pH

Chloride Chlorine Boron Fluoride Nitrate Chromium Uranium

13

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

With reference to WA-UK guidelines for water quality testing and BGS’s Risk Assessment Sheet for Bangladesh these parameters are further clustered as essential testing parameters and secondary testing parameters. Essential testing parameters have been chosen on the basis of possible significant public health impacts due to ingestion and these parameters will be tested under routine water quality programme except for uranium and chromium. On the other hand, secondary testing parameters may not cause significant health impacts and thereby, are not taken as essential for routine testing. Furthermore, most of these parameters could be detected visually or aesthetically. Again, turbidity is the simplest index of further/probable contamination with microbes/bacteria/coliform and therefore it is hereby considered and included as essential testing parameter in this protocol. The Table 3.2 contains the list of essential and secondary testing parameters. Table 3. 2: Essential and Secondary Testing Parameters

Essential testing parameters

Secondary testing parameters

Thermo tolerant coliform(TTC)

Iron

Arsenic

Chloride

Turbidity

Nitrate Fluoride Colour Odour Manganese pH Boron Chlorine Uranium chromium

Among the essential testing parameters, TTC, Turbidity and Arsenic are suggested to test routinely for any water supply option considering the risk of significant health hazards. Testing of Boron, Manganese, Nitrate, Chromium and Uranium has been kept outside the routine test programme. WAB recommends performing the tests of these parameters in future if evidence of high pollution is noticed. A brief description of the health risks and other affects from some important parameters are narrated below.

14

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

3.2.

Microbiological quality

The microbiological quality of surface water sources in Bangladesh is extremely poor. The main concern for the country is the presence of pathogens (disease producing organism) in drinking water. As most pathogens are derived from faeces, the approach adopted by most surveillance agencies is to analyse the water for bacteria that show the occurrence of faecal contamination. These are called index organism. By doing tests for index organism, the number of microbial tests can be reduced which reduce the testing cost but retaining good means to assess health risk from water. Previously total coliform (TC) was used widely as an index of faecal contamination. But total coliform includes both faecal and environmental species. The bacteria that come from environmental sources can survive and grow in water. Therefore, their presence does not necessarily indicate faecal pollution. Hence they are not useful as an index of faecal pathogen. It is recommended to use thermo tolerant coliform (TTC) as index pathogen rather than to use total coliform (TC). WHO in its 3rd edition of Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality also suggests for using TTC instead of TC. The other common index organisms for assessing presence of faecal pollution are Escherichia coli (E.coli). It provides the closest match to the criteria for an ideal indicator however it has some limitations; it does not provide indication of presence of virus and protozoa. TTC and E. coli are now being widely used by most surveillance agencies. Any one of these two index organism provide reasonably reliable indication of health risk from water supply and their absence in drinking water may be considered as low risk rather than as safe. In WAB protocol TTC is taken as the index organism because it is easier to test.

Cyanobacteria (sometimes called blue-green algae) Some cyanobacteria produce toxins when the algae cells break down and have adverse effects on human health. It also cause taste problems. In Bangladesh presence of cyanobacteria have been found in some pond used for PSF where there are high nutrient loads. Therefore, risk from cyanobacteria remains a concern for widespread use of surface water. The testing facility for direct measurement of cyanobacteria is very limited in the country. Therefore, WAB will not conduct any routine test for cyanobacteria, however, WAB will inform DPHE of any occurrence of cyanobacterial pollution for possible remedial measure and conduct laboratory test if situation dictates. 3.3.

Physical quality

Colour Colour, cloudiness, particulate matter and visible organisms may be noticed by consumers and may create concerns about the quality and acceptability of a drinkingwater supply. WHO does not have a Guideline Value for colour, but notes that water

15

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

should have no visible colour and that consumer can detect colour in water above 15 true colour units (TCU). The Bangladesh Standard for colour is 15 TCU.

Odour and taste Odour and taste problems are derived from a variety of sources, including natural inorganic and organic chemicals, biological sources or processes (for instance, actions by aquatic microorganisms or bio-film formation during storage in piped distribution systems.), contamination by synthetic chemicals, corrosion or as a result of water treatment (for instance chlorination). Odour and taste problems may lead to rejection of the water source by the users and may result in them using other sources that have greater contamination by arsenic or pathogens. Controlling the aesthetic quality of water is therefore critical. Odour and taste problems may also indicate that there has been pollution of the water supply or source or in surface water systems where treatment has malfunctioned. The cause of odour and taste problems should be investigated and be taken remedial actions.

Turbidity Turbidity in drinking water is caused by suspended matter. It causes cloudiness in the water and reduces the aesthetic value of water. However, more importantly in high level of turbidity disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria can easily be attached to the suspended particles in the water. Raised turbidity may also reduce the effectiveness of disinfection. No health-based guideline value for turbidity has been proposed. Ideally, however, turbidity should remain below 1.0 NTU for effective disinfections. In Bangladesh, chlorine (bleaching powder) is used to treat surface water during flood and in treatment plants. Therefore, for effective disinfections the turbidity should remain within tolerable limit.

pH According to the WHO guidelines, “no health-based guideline value is proposed for pH, although eye irritation and exacerbation of skin disorders have been associated with pH values greater than 11. Although pH usually has no direct impact on consumers, it is one of the most important operational water quality parameters”. Whenever water treatment or storage is taking place (arsenic removal, clarification, disinfections, rainwater harvesting), careful attention to the level of pH is necessary and the optimum pH required is generally within the range 6.5–8.5.

16

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

3.4.

Chemical quality

Arsenic Arsenic occurs naturally in certain rock types, soils, the atmosphere and water bodies. It can be released into groundwater sources at elevated concentrations following weathering reactions, biological activity, volcanic emissions as well as through human activities such as mining and the application of fertilizers containing arsenic compounds. It is endemic in groundwater from certain areas and causes adverse human health effects after prolonged exposure. This is overwhelming evidence from epidemiological studies that ingestion of elevated levels of arsenic develops cancer. Arsenic is thus a high priority chemical parameter that requires monitoring in water sources deemed to be at risk from contamination. Arsenic was first detected in 1993 and is now known to be a major problem in Bangladesh. The screening that has been done in 270 arsenic affected upazilas of the country by BAMWSP, UNICEF and other agency and tested about 5.1 million tubewell water sample which indicated 29 % contamination. In 8540 villages the contamination level lies between 80 to 100 %. The contamination level varies widely even from less than 1% to 100% at village level. Therefore, the magnitude of arsenic problem in context of the whole country may lies within 20%. Since arsenic is toxic and carcinogenic, ingestion of any amount of arsenic poses a risk. The symptoms of chronic arsenic exposures include melanosis (hyperpigmentation, depigmentation etc.), keratosis, gangrene, peripheral vascular disorder, skin cancer, a number of internal cancers, neurological effects, pulmonary vascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. It is thought that it may take 2-20 years to develop the symptoms. Experiences from observations stated that at least some stages of arsenicosis are reversible if the contaminated water consumption is stopped. Therefore a priority is to provide safe drinking water. The “WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality" generally calculate the guideline value based on the concentration associated with an excess lifetime cancer risk of 10-5 which for arsenic and skin cancer was calculated to be 0.17 µg/ litre (0.17 ppb). However, for arsenic this below the practical quantification limit and WHO established a provisional guideline value for arsenic in drinking-water of 0.01 mg/litre (10 ppb). The estimated excess lifetime skin cancer risk associated with exposure to this concentration is about 6 per 10,000 populations. The Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l is associated with a higher risk of about 30 per 10,000 populations. Using the EPA model and distribution of population exposed to different levels of arsenic, the number of excess skin cancers is estimated as 415,100 during the lifetime of the present population of Bangladesh if the present arsenic contamination level is maintained, reducing to 55,200 if the Bangladesh standard is satisfied and 15,200 if the WHO guideline value is satisfied.

17

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Over 38 thousand cases of arsenicosis have been identified in the screening of water points that was carried out by BAMWSP and other agencies. Different sources indicate new cases of arsenicosis in the hot spot upazilas and therefore, are a concern to address.

Iron Iron is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust. On exposure to the atmosphere, the ferrous iron oxidizes to ferric iron, giving an objectionable reddish-brown colour to the water. Iron is an essential element in human nutrition and in drinking water iron is not considered a health risk. The WHO guideline for iron in water, 0.3 mg/l, is based on taste and appearance rather than on any detrimental health effect. The BGS sample survey in Bangladesh found iron present at an average concentration of 3 mg/l (median 1 mg/l) and a maximum concentration of 25 mg/l. The high value is related to the anaerobic condition dominant in the aquifers. At such high concentrations iron has an objectionable taste, odour and colour and therefore, often becomes unacceptable to users for drinking and often household uses. Iron may also be present in drinking-water as a result of the corrosion of steel or cast iron parts used in the supply such as the tubewell screen material. The taste and appearance of drinking-water is affected by iron at a level which is not hazardous to health. Therefore, visual inspection and consumer acceptability can form a good test for iron. Bangladesh standard for iron in drinking water is 0.3-1.0 mg/l. In some rural areas, where there are no alternative water sources, up to 5.0 mg/l iron is considered acceptable by DPHE.

Manganese Manganese is also abundant element in the earth's crust and usually occurs together with iron. Concentration ranges of manganese in groundwater span several orders of magnitude, from 4 mg/l). Dental flourosis is by far the most common manifestation of chronic us of high-fluoride water. As it has greatest impact on growing teeth, children under age 7 are particularly vulnerable. The observed range of fluoride in groundwater analyzed by BGS and DPHE (2001) was 0.01- 0.73 mg/l. None of the samples exceeded the WHO guideline value for fluoride (1.5 mg/l) in drinking water. Actually many are in a range where fluoride deficiency, and consequently development of dental caries, may become a problem.

Boron Short and long-term oral exposures to boric acid or borax in laboratory animals have demonstrated that the male reproductive tract is a consistent target of toxicity. Testicular lesions have been observed in rats and dogs given boric acid or borax in food or drinkingwater. Developmental toxicity has been demonstrated experimentally with 13 mg of boron per kg of body weight per day in rats, causing a decrease in foetal body weight. Using an uncertainty factor of 60, the WHO guideline value in drinking water is 0.5 mg/litre. This guideline value (0.5 mg/litre) is designated as provisional because, with the treatment technology available, it will be difficult to achieve in areas with high natural boron levels. Conventional water treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration) does not adequately remove boron and requires special methods to remove boron with high concentrations. In the BGS national survey 2.8% of shallow ground waters and 29% of deep ground waters sampled exceeded the WHO guideline value for boron. This occurred in the saline ground waters in the coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Uranium The WHO guidelines state that there are insufficient data regarding the carcinogenicity of uranium in humans and experimental animals. The WHO guideline value of 2 µg/litre for

20

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

the chemical toxicity of uranium was derived in a 91-day study in rats. It also suggest that in areas with high natural uranium levels, a value of 2 µg/litre may be difficult to achieve with the treatment technology available (Ref 6). As discussed in the BGS fact sheet (Ref 12), limited data is available on uranium in the groundwater of Bangladesh. The fact sheet revealed that 30% of samples (n=270) exceeded the WHO provisional guideline value of 2µg/litre. The highest values being 47µg/litre were generally found in more aerated groundwater, especially dug wells (C.Nawabganj) which are shallow and open to air. Since, testing facilities is limited in the country, uranium will be tested in coastal areas at pre-installation step of deep wells, if deemed necessary.

Phosphates According to the BGS Technical Report WC/00/19, phosphorus concentrations are relatively high compared to average groundwater compositions. The highest concentrations are mainly found in south-eastern and north-eastern Bangladesh and along the Jamuna. The distribution shows many similarities with that of arsenic. The WHO guidelines provide no health-based limit for phosphorus, however, dissolved phosphate competes with dissolved arsenic for adsorption on iron and other oxides, thereby influencing the effectiveness of many arsenic removal technologies. For this reason, testing for phosphorus is considered as a part of any arsenic mitigation activity involving filter systems, however as WAB routine test it has been excluded.

Chromium Whilst chromium is widely distributed throughout the earth’s crust, there are no significant concentrations identified in Bangladesh, other than in urban surface waters as a result of industrial process, eg. tanneries, which therefore present some risk of it leaching into the groundwater. According to the WHO Guidelines, hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) is a carcinogen via the inhalation route, although the limited data available do not show evidence for carcinogenicity via the oral route. There are no adequate toxicity studies available to provide a basis for a guideline value, although one was originally proposed for hexavalent chromium, based on health concerns.

Chlorine Free (or residual) chlorine in drinking water is only relevant where supplies are chlorinated, such as piped supplies, or where routine or emergency chlorination is carried out. The presence of free (residual) chlorine is an indication that removal of bacterial contamination is continuing within the supply, however, its absence in the supply indicates that there is an increased risk to health from microbiological contamination.

21

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

WHO recommends a minimum of 0.2mg/litre free chlorine to ensure and maintain effective chlorination of drinking water supplies. The guideline value for chlorine is 5mg/litre (health-based).

22

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 4 Water Quality Standards (WQ standards for physical, microbial and chemical parameters) 4.1.

General

This chapter describes the water quality standards to be followed by WaterAid Bangladesh and its partner Organisations. The standards were adapted from the WHO guidelines 3rd edition, Bangladesh water quality standards, 1997 (BDS, 1997) and DPHE guideline. Table 4.1, Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 give the WAB water quality standards for the physical, microbiological and chemical parameters of WAB and the Bangladesh Standard and WHO Guideline Value, 2004. The rationale and reasons for deviation from national government standards are given briefly in the last column of the Tables. The units of the parameters which have same numerical value but sometimes expressed differently in different standards are shown in the tables as common unit only (e.g. TCU and Hazen Unit being numerically same, only TCU is used in the table. Similarly NTU and JTU are numerically same, only NTU is used here.) 4.2.

Microbiological Parameter Table 4. 1: Water Quality Standards for Microbiological Parameters

WHO Bangladesh Parameters Guideline Standard value, 2004

Standard to be adopted by WAB

0.5mg/l

Rationale for deviation from BDS/ Remarks

>0.2mg/l

26

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Part II: Operational Guideline for Field Staff Chapter 5: Sampling Approach and Frequency Chapter 6: Arsenic Detection & Monitoring Protocol Chapter 7: Water Quality Testing: Preparation Chapter 8: Water Quality Testing Chapter 9: Chemical Tests Chapter 10: Conducting a Sanitary Survey

27

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 5 Sampling Approach and Frequency 5.1.

Sample site and sample size

In effective water quality monitoring programme, selection of sites where the sample will be taken from and how often the sample will be taken are very important considerations.

Point Source For point source, generally, all sources should be brought under monitoring programme. Ideally the monitoring staffs are required to make an advance periodic plan to ensure that all water points in the programme area would be covered (within the project period). They would also prepare a list of equipment, supplies and transport required to carry out the monitoring activities. Table 5.4 describes the sample size and frequency of testing for various WQ parameters adopted by WAB for monitoring. Sample site selection for point sources is simple, as there is usually one outlet to deliver water. In the case of tubewell, handpump fitted Dugwell and Urban Water Point the samples can be taken from the spout. In the case of a rain water system, GFS, Stand post or PSF, the sampling point will be the outlet tap(s). The frequency of sampling of point sources are determined by: i) the likelihood of variation in water quality, ii) the quality of infrastructure of the point sources and iii) the number of people using the source. Water quality should be tested during both wet and dry season. During wet season water quality deteriorates particularly immediately after heavy rainfall (RAAMO, 2005). Therefore, to assess the maximum risk to public health that can take place water quality tests are performed. It is also useful to test water quality during dry season as the results can be used to assess whether there is significant improvement in the water quality from wet seasons or the sources are subject to year round pollution. The former case indicates to a localized problem. In such cases control of pathways may reduce the risk of contamination. The later indicates to a widespread problem and improvement will be difficult. In case of rehabilitation/platform construction of point source of tubewell, the area of the platform and the tubewell should be chlorinated prior and immediate after the construction to confirm no further bacterial contamination in the aquifer/source. Sampling should increase where condition of infrastructure is poor. The number of samples may be increased where the point source are located in high density areas.

28

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Piped water supply system Water quality in piped supplies may vary significantly within a short period of time and over a short distance. This variation is usually caused due to poor operation or maintenance of the system or due to leakage and recontamination within the distribution network. As the variation is often less easy to predict more samples are required from piped water supplies than from points sources. The number of samples to be taken is usually based on the population that is served by piped water. The table below gives the recommended minimum number of samples to be taken from piped water supplies (WHO small community water supply surveillance, 1997). Table 5. 1: Sample number by population for piped water supply

Population

Number of samples

< 5,000

3 samples per month (source/treatment, plus 2 from distribution network)

5,000-100,000

3 samples plus 1 extra sample per 5,000 additional population

>100,000

1 sample per 10,000 population plus 10 samples

Sample sites Samples should be taken regularly from sample point of the production well, overhead tank (if there is any), distribution network and service reservoirs. When sampling from the distribution network, a random approach to sample site location should be used. This means that each time an area is visited samples are taken from different tap. This increases the chances of identifying contamination events. Fixed sampling points are not appropriate and often give misleading results.

Household water Many studies revealed that safe water do not remain safe when it reaches at home. Water is contaminated due to poor water handling and storage. Routine testing of household water is thus important to ensure that water consumed is of good quality. The result of household water quality tests can be used in health education on safe water handling. Sterilize the sampling site Sterilize the water outlet (e.g. taps in the case of PSF, RWHs, piped system and spout in the case of hand tubewell) by a flame before sample collection. Taps (metal) can be flamed with a gas lighter straightway. But to flame a spout you need to soak the spout with cotton swab soaked with methanol and light it. To sterilize plastic tap pour boil water on to the tap. Photo: courtesy of WHO

29

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

The number of household and their location included in the monitoring programme is likely to vary depending on the objective of the monitoring. If a routine programme of households water quality testing is undertaken the number of samples taken each month will usually be defined based on the number of people likely to store drinking water in the home and the resources available for surveillance. Please remember −

After collection of sample water, leave a small air space



This is important for the analyser to make shaking before analysis easier.



Cap the bottle



Store it in an ice-box

Photo: courtesy of WHO

5.2.

Sample Volume

Now it is important to decide how much water should be collected for obtaining best results from microbial tests. The sample volume depends on source type and the usual concentration of pollutants that may present in the source water. Table 5.2 shows usual sample volume for various types of sources. Table 5. 2: Typical Sample volume for different source waters

Source type

Sample volume

Surface water (pond, river, canal)

10 ml

Dug well/Ring well

50 ml

Shallow/deep well

100 ml

Rainwater tank

100 ml

Treated water

100 ml

Distribution network

100 ml

Where the quality of water is totally unknown, it may be advisable to test two or more volumes in order to ensure that the number of colonies on the membrane is in the optimal range for counting (20-80 colonies per membrane). 5.3.

Parameters for technologies

Different types of water sources will have different degrees of health risk associated with the various water quality parameters and the proposed sampling and analysis regime will therefore, differ according to water source. This is summarised in the Table 5.3.

30

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Table 5. 3: List of parameters to be tested for different water sources

Ground water sources

Possible Options

-Hand Tubewell -Dug/Ring well -Iron/Arsenic removal units -Rural piped water supplies -Infiltration Galleries (spring)

- Sanitary Inspection** -Thermotolerant coliforms(TTC) -Colour -Odour -Turbidity Routine -pH parameters -Arsenic* -Iron* -Manganese -Chloride --Residual chlorine(if chlorinated) -Pesticide/Insecticides -Hardness in hardness prone areas Additional -Boron (in coastal belt)* parameter -Phosphate for ARTS -Chromium (if surface source is at risk)

Surface water sources

Rainwater Harvesting

-Pond Sand Filter -River Sand Filter -Spring Development(GFS) -Infiltration Galleries (river, pond) -rural piped water system

- Household RWHS - Community RWHS

- Sanitary Inspection** -Thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) -Colour -Odour -Turbidity -pH -Chloride -Residual chlorine(if chlorinated) -Cyanobacteria*

-Sanitary Inspection** -Thermotolerant coliform(TTC) -Colour -Odour -Turbidity -pH

-Arsenic* -Iron* -Manganese* -Pesticides/Insecticides (if problem identified)

-Iron*

* Parameters that should be tested on installation ** Detailed of sanitary survey is provided in chapter-10

5.4.

Sample frequency

The assigned staffs need to know at what frequency the water quality parameter should be tested as mentioned in the Table 5.3 for different water supply systems. The Table 5.4 describes the testing requirements for each technology and their frequencies of testing in WAB programmes. Depending on the nature of testing the water quality parameters can be classified broadly into three categories: i) the parameters that need to be tested on commissioning of the water system ii) the parameters that needs to be tested during routine monitoring and iii) the parameters that are required to be tested additionally when there is a special purpose or when equipment and funds are available. The Table 5.4 also describes

31

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

the monitoring parameters that need to be tested on commissioning of the water system (during installation).

32

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Table 5. 4: Testing/Inspection requirements during installation of technologies

Number of test during installation Parameter

Standard

TW

Dugwell/ Ringwell

PSF

IFG

GFS

Water Point Stand Post

RWH

Microbiological Parameters Sanitary Prescribed SI form Once inspection (SI)

Once

Once

Once

Once

Once

Once

TTC

Once

Once

Once

Once

Once

Once

0.2mg/l

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

∗Subjected to considering local judgment of the site. For any unsure/indecision, consultation/approval must be availed from Technical Adviser and/or Director Programmes. ** In case of no alternative source, upto 5 mg/l may be allowed. *** In case of no alternative source, upto 1000 mg/l may be allowed. 33

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Number of test during installation Parameter Zinc Boron

Standard

TW

Dugwell/ Ringwell

PSF

IFG

GFS

Water Point Stand Post

RWH

5mg/l

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

1mg/l

Once for Deep TW in coastal areas, if Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required necessary*

Physical Parameters Colour

15 TCU

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

Odour

Not objectionable Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

Turbidity

10NTU

Not required

Once

Once

Once

Once

Not required Not required

pH

6.5-8.5

Once

Once

Once

Once

Once

Not required Once

Electrical Conductivity

1500 micro/cm

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

Many water quality parameters give rise to some effect in appearance, taste or smell in drinking water which is detectable and likely to cause concern amongst the consumers. Few examples of those water quality parameters are turbidity, colour, odour, chloride, iron, manganese, zinc, and nitrate. Routine community based monitoring is effective to detect water quality problems of the community concerned. (As a part of WSP) Bacteria and other micro-organisms are not visible and can be detected and counted by microbial quality test either in the field by portable incubator or in the laboratory. However, the risks of drinking water getting contaminated can be assessed through sanitary survey by using standard SI forms.

34

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Arsenic, a toxic element, occurs naturally in the aquifers of much of Bangladesh. It is invisible and has no taste or smell in water. Many non-affected ground water sources have the potential to be contaminated with arsenic over time. Systematic water quality monitoring for arsenic is therefore an obligation of the government and the service providers to ensure the safety of public health. The Table 5.5 describes the monitoring parameters that need to be tested during routine monitoring. However, regarding additional parameters as they are described in the Table 5.3 will be considered in special purpose or when equipment and funds are available in WAB programmes. Table 5. 5: Testing/Inspection requirements during monitoring of technologies

during monitoring Parameter

Standard TW

Dugwell/ Ringwell

PSF

IFG

GFS

Water Point Stand Post

RWH

Microbiological Parameters Rural: Minimum 3% of TW from 5% CBO Minimum 5% of DW Urban: Minimum Sanitary Prescribed SI form 10% of total TWs inspection (SI) Annually

TTC

0.2mg/l

Randomly/to be decided, if the problem is identified Not required

Not required

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required

Once, if Once, if chlorinated chlorinated

Once, if Once, if Once, if chlorinated chlorinated chlorinated

Monthly

Monthly

Monthly

Monthly

Not required

Monthly Once, if bitter taste is detected

Zinc

5mg/l

Not required

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

37

Randomly/t o be decided, if the problem is identified

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

during monitoring Parameter

Standard TW

Dugwell/ Ringwell

PSF

IFG

GFS

Water Point Stand Post

RWH

If necessary* Boron

1mg/l

Randomly/to be decided, if the problem is identified

Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required

Physical Parameters

Colour

Odour

Turbidity

15 TCU

Not objectionable

10NTU

Not required

Not required

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Randomly

Randomly

Randomly

Randomly

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Randomly

Randomly

Randomly

Randomly

Minimum 5% of DW

Minimum 5% 10% of total of PSF All GFS IFG

Not required Semiannually

pH

6.5-8.5

Semiannually

Once, if arsenic Once, if Once, if removal system is chlorination chlorination associated with TW is done is done

38

Annually

Not required Not required

Not required Not required

Not required Not required

Semiannually

Once, if Once, if chlorination chlorination Not required Once is done is done

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

during monitoring Parameter

Standard TW

Electrical Conductivity

1500 micro/cm (WHO standard)

Dugwell/ Ringwell

PSF

IFG

Randomly/t o be Randomly/to be decided as decided as situation demands situation demands

Randomly/t Randomly/to o be be decided decided as as situation situation demands demands

Once, if Once, if decided by decided by the CBO the CBO

Once, if decided by the CBO

Randomly

Randomly

Randomly

GFS Randomly/t o be decided as situation demands

Water Point Stand Post

RWH Randomly/t o be decided as situation demands

Not required Not required Not required Not required

* Subjected to considering local judgment of the site. For any unsure/indecision, consultation/approval must be availed from Technical Adviser and/or Director Programmes.For any unsureness/indecision, consultation/approval must be availed from Technical Adviser and/or Director Programmes ** In case of no alternative source, upto 5 mg/l may be allowed. *** In case of no alternative source, upto 1000 mg/l may be allowed.

39

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

5.5.

Sample Storage

The WHO guideline for drinking water quality in second edition (volume 3) recommends that, generally, the time between sample collection and analysis for microbial test should not exceed 6 hours. For practical reasons, the WAB protocol, 2007 set a norm that the analysis should be commenced within 14-16 hours after the sample is collected which is also followed in this protocol. However, a 24 hours period will be considered as the maximum time to accept for analysis.

Figure 5. 1: An ice box

After collection, the samples should immediately be transferred to an ice box. The ice box should be a lightproof insulated box containing ice or ice-packs to ensure rapid cooling. If ice is not available the time between collection and analysis should not exceed 2 hours. Discard the samples that are not kept in dark rapid cooling container.

40

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER-6 Arsenic Detection and Monitoring Protocol 6.1.

Arsenic detection and testing

Arsenic is a toxic and carcinogen. It occurs naturally in the many aquifers of Bangladesh. Arsenic in water is invisible and has no taste or smell. Systematic water quality testing or in other words following a arsenic testing protocol is essential in Bangladesh. This will help the water providers (a government agency, NGO or a private company who provides water supply system for the community) to take necessary steps in order to protect public health and to ensure safe water access to the users. The arsenic testing protocols are of four types 1. Pre-installation protocol: prior to making a decision on new installation to determine whether arsenic is present in the groundwater or not 2. Installation protocol: to verify that the arsenic concentration is within the permissible limits prior to making decision to construct platform. 3. Installation protocol-Renovation: to renovate selected water options for WAB and non-WAB tubewells and ring wells with particular focus on water point owned by very poor community. 4. Monitoring protocol: to detect any arsenic contamination in the existing water sources or to detect any increase or decrease in the concentration level of arsenic. The following sections describe the above protocol for shallow tubewell, deep tubewell and ring-wells. 6.1.1. Pre-installation protocol: new installation Pre-installation testing is aimed at confirming whether existing water sources are safe in relation to arsenic contamination and informing local people accordingly, and making a decision on whether a new tube-well/ring-well would be installed. The required steps are described below: 1. Before installing any new tube-well in the shallow aquifer at least three to five existing tubewells with depths closer to proposed depth should be tested for arsenic. Those existing tubewells should be located either around a radius of 500 meters of the proposed site or within or nearby the geographical boundary of related CBO. The tests may be done using field kits. The nearest tubewells (private, public, NGOs/ others) should be tested first. Flexibility may be introduced considering availability of tubewells .

41

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

2. If even one of these tests shows arsenic higher than BDS allowable limit (≤0.05 mg/l) then the new tubewell cannot be installed. Another location either in that village/locality or in another village/locality has to be chosen. For this, another set of pre-installation tests (step 1 above) shall be carried out. 3. Before installing deep hand tubewells, step 1 has to be followed. The new deep hand tubewell cannot be installed if the test result for arsenic exceeds allowable limit of BDS (≤0.05 mg/l) in the existing deep hand tubewells. If the shallow tubewells arsenic test result exceeds allowable limit (≤0.05 mg/l), the installation of the deep hand tubewell may continue but in such case a strict retesting programme will be necessary. 4. Before installing ringwells, 3-5 pre-installation tests within 500 meters radius of the proposed site or within or nearby geographical boundary of related CBO shall have to be done, including any ringwell and shallow tubewell with a similar screen depth. If the existing ringwells or shallow tubewells with the similar screen depth are found with arsenic exceeding the allowable limit of BDS (≤0.05 mg/l) the new ringwell cannot be installed and this needs to be informed WAB immediately. If tubewells with a deeper screen depth test arsenic positive, the installation of the ringwell may continue but a strict retesting programme will be necessary. 5. Static water level of all the tested tubewells/ ringwells should also be recorded to have an idea of water level in that area. 6. Exceptional case: In both cases (shallow/deep and ring well) if at least three tubewells/ ringwells are not available then pre testing shall have to be continued for the maximum number available within 750m radius. If no tubewell/ ringwell is available for the pre-installation testing then the tubewell/ ringwell can be installed, and testing will take place during installation. In this case three water samples must be taken from each of the individual installed tubewell/ ringwell and be tested for arsenic. The result showing the highest level of arsenic should be considered. Note: [Till now there is no record of arsenic contamination in Dhaka City and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Therefore, these areas are considered as low risk, have the option of omitting the pre-installation testing but must carry out installation testing. Pre-installation testing is required in all other areas including Narayanganj, Chittagong and Khulna cities. This instruction will be subjected to regular review by WAB.]

6.1.2. Installation protocol: new installation 1. Having completed the pre-installation testing, if a decision is made to go ahead with installing a new tubewell or ringwell it must be tested for arsenic with a recommended field kit, before the concrete platform is constructed. 2. If this test indicates arsenic exceeding allowable limit of BDS (≤0.05 mg/l) then the tubewell/ ringwell should be closed, the hand tubewell removed and the

42

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

tubewell/ ringwell should be installed elsewhere (where pre-installation tests will again be required). 3. If this test does not register any arsenic, the installation of the tubewell/ ringwell and painting the hand tubewell spout green shall have to be completed. 4. Each installed tubewell/ ringwell should be given a unique identification number. Static water level of all installed tube-wells/ ring-wells should be measured and recorded. 5. Whenever a tubewell/ ringwell is not installed, alternative safe water supply

options should be explored with the community. Note: [The installation testing should be applied in all WAB program intervention areas of the country, even if arsenic is not considered to be a problem in a particular area.]

6.1.3. Installation Protocol: renovation/upgradation (for non WAB-funded tube-wells, Dug-wells) WAB wish to ensure that all installed tubewells and ringwells in communities are functioning, have appropriate platforms and well-motivated management structure. It is encouraged that tube-wells and ring-wells installed by others are also functioning properly. Issues relating to the construction of tubewells and ringwells’ platforms are summarized below: - The majority of tubewells in the working areas are non WAB funded well; - The majority of tubewells have no platform; - There is a lack of consciousness about the need for and the importance of a platform; and - The poor and hardcore poor have no ability to pay for the platform, - Even there is consciousness and community demand, in some areas the platform cost is high compared to the cost of total installation. Based on the above rationale WAB construct platform/ renovate the existing tubewells (and ringwells) with particular attention to those owned by poor and hard core poor in WAB’s programme intervention areas. Please follow the following steps before constructing the platform/ renovating any non-WAB funded tubewell/ ringwell: 1. In this case pre-installation testing is not required. 2. If a decision is made to go ahead with making the platform or renovating an existing tubewell or ringwell it must be tested for arsenic with a recommended field test kit before construction begins.

43

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

3. If this test indicates arsenic at or above Bangladesh standard permissible limit then platform construction or renovation work should not be carried out. Instead paint the spout or barrel with “Red Colour”. 4. If this test reveals that Arsenic level remains below BDS permissible limit (≤0.05 mg/l), then the platform construction or renovation work of the tubewell/ ringwell can be taken up. Paint the hand pump spout green. 5. Each platform constructed or renovated tubewell/ringwell should be given a

unique identification number. Static water level of all platforms constructed/ renovated tubewells/ ringwells should be measured and recorded in the register book. The Installation Protocol: Renovation is applicable to all WAB programme intervention areas of the country, even if arsenic is not thought to be a problem in a particular area. 6.1.4. Monitoring protocol All tubewells and ringwells already installed (by WAB, public, private, and others) in WAB programme areas must conform to the Bangladesh standard for arsenic in drinking water (0.05 mg/l). All installed tubewells must be tested at a frequency delineated in Table 5.5 in the programme areas. Any existing well which shows an arsenic level of 0.01-0.05 mg/l should be brought under monitoring programme. The WAB partners are to test for arsenic with the Hach EZ field test kit. An electronic copy of the tubewell/ ringwell Register forms, a summary form and a monitoring test summary form, for each quarter must be submitted with the Partners Quarterly reports to WAB [Annex-4]. WAB may send the data on the arsenic testing of each tubewell/ ringwell, including its location, to the national Arsenic Information Management system which is under establishment.

44

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER-7 Preparation for Water Quality Testing 7.1.

Preparations for field work

A well planned and good preparation is the key to successful field work. Preparation means to ensure that all the items needed to carry out the field work are available and kits with chemicals are prepared properly. Making a work plan well ahead of field visit is equally important. Unless you are properly prepared and have a good planning, field work will become difficult, less effective and sometimes useless. Before going out for field work, please check that the following steps have been completed. 7.2.

Preparation

Make sure you have set a programme for the day so that it is clear which sources you are visiting and how much time you need to travel between sites. When taking bacteriological samples there are specific time limits on how long the sample can be left before analysis which may then have implication for how much time you can spend in the field. If the sample is collected in a bottle and transported back to a laboratory or office then the sample should be stored at ice cool temperature (below 40C) and analysed within 14-16 hours. If analysis is performed in the field using a portable test kit then the filter should be left for at least one hour before switching on the incubator to allow time for the bacteria to resuscitate. However the filter should not left more than four hours as otherwise there may be interference in the growth of the bacteria. This Please remember: means that you should take the last sample no • Sample should be stored in ice cool 0 later than three hours after you take the first temperature (below 4 C) and analysed one. This will ensure that the first one is left for within 14-16 hours. no more than four hours, while the last sample • The filter should be left for at least one hour (but not more than 4 hours) gets the minimum time of one hour to recover. before switching on the incubator to allow time for the bacteria to resuscitate

Most water testing kits also have a maximum number of samples that can be incubated at one • Taking more than one sample from the time, for instances, it is10 for the Wagtech same site is a good quality control measure. Potatest kit. Bear in mind that it may be difficult to take 10 samples within 3 hours as this equal to 5 samples per hour including travel between sites. Do not try and rush the sampling point on order to collect many samples within the available time. This may lead you to make mistakes. It is better to take fewer samples whose results are reliable than many that are not. Taking more than one sample from the same site is a good quality control measure.

45

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

7.3.

Equipment check

Make sure that you have: -

7.4.

Check all components of the test kits are in the box; Make sure all equipment are functional; Switch on battery operated equipment and make sure that it works; Check that incubator battery are fully charged; Supply check

Make sure that you have: 7.5.

Adequate quantity of reagents for use of photometer and arsenator; Adequate quantity of media (broth) for incubation; A gas lighter, a bottle of methanol; Adequate number of filter, pads etc.; pH buffer for calibration of pH meter; SI forms; Recording forms and A Pen, pieces of white papers, cotton balls, spare batteries. Sterilizing equipment

The apparatus which are used to carryout bacteriological analysis need to be sterilized before leaving for field work. They are Petri disc, the funnel, and sampling cup. The filtrate flask does not have to be sterilized but needs to be clean. Sterilization is generally done by using methanol. To sterilize the apparatus carefully follow the procedure mentioned below (for more see the apparatus manual): 7.6.

Attach the filter funnel loosely to the filtration base; Add up to 16 drops of methanol into the bottom of the sampling cup; Tilt the cup toward you and let the methanol slowly run down the side of the cup. Place the cup on a firm surface and light the methanol; Once about half the methanol has burnt away, place the filtration apparatus onto to the sampling cup upside down and allow the equipment five minutes to sterilise. Repeat the procedure for each test. Prepare culture media

Various culture media are available as powder in the market. These dehydrated media should be prepared in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. To prepare MLS broth for 10 tests, follow the instruction below*: - Dissolve the ten spoonful (supplied with the powder can) of dehydrated medium in 100 ml distilled water to obtain single strength;

46

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

- The sterilized medium may be stored at room temperature or ideally in a fridge. Media should in any case be warmed to room temperature before use to ensure that all components have re-dissolved. - The solution should be protected from exposure to light. * [for more see manufacturer’s instruction or section 1.2 of WAB’s Users guidelines on WQ test kits & testing procedure]

Please remember: - Do not leave the filter funnel unattached to the base as it will fall into the sampling cup, during sterilization and may be damaged. Also do not leave the filter funnel in a tightly attached position as this will prevent sterilization. - The filtration apparatus must remain in the sampling cup until it is to be used, do not put the filtration apparatus into the filtrate flask as this will make it un-sterile. - Do not place the hot sample cup on the incubator lid as this may cause damage. - Remember you need to sterile the equipment before each sample and not simply before you leave for the field. 7.7.

Prepare incubation plates

It is better to prepare the incubation plates (Petri dish) before the sampling team starts for field work. It is often a good idea to prepare the plates used for incubating the samples before leaving for the field sites, as it is time consuming to do in the field. It also means that the pads do not have to be taken into the field. If the plates are prepared before departure prepare one or two more than the number of sample that you plan to take. This will allow for any mishaps in the field. Make sure the plates are sterile before placing the adsorbent pad inside. Plates can be sterilized by: -

-

-

Putting them into a steam sterile for 15 minutes. Make sure to let the plates air dry before putting in the pads (do not use a towel or cloth to dry them); Lighting a few drops of methanol on the bottom plate and putting the top over it once half the methanol has burnt off (a disadvantage of those method is that if traces of methanol remain on the plate bacterial will not grow); Flaming them with the blue flame from lighter. Do not use an orange flame as this will form soot and will prevent you from obtaining an accurate result.

When adding the media to the pads make sure that the media is still good. If the media looks orange or yellow or if it has yellow strands or limps in the bottle, then it has become contaminated and should not be used. If the media is cold it may have clear crystal at the bottom of the bottle. These are precipitated media and not contaminants. These crystals can be re-dissolved by holding the bottle in your hand for some minutes and gently shaking it.

47

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

If the media is good then add this to the plates holding the adsorbent pads. The pad should become fully saturated with the media and there should be a slight excess liquid in the plate to prevent the pad from drying sampling and incubation. The media should be stored in a cool, dark place and preferably inside a fridge. If the media is stored in a fridge it should last for up to one year. However, if it is not stored in fridge do not use media that is more than 6 months old. Note: [some of the guidelines have been taken from ‘Water Supply Surveillance’ published by APSU, 2005.]

48

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER-8 Bacteriological tests 8.1.

Bacteriological tests

Principle The method is based on the filtration of a known volume of water through a membrane filter consisting of a cellulose compound with a uniform pore diameter of 0.45 or 0.2micro meter. The bacteria are retained on the surface of the membrane filter. When the membrane containing the bacteria is incubated in a sterile container at an appropriate temperature with a selective differential culture medium, characteristic colonies of thermotolerant coliforms will develop and can be counted directly.

Apparatus - Filtration apparatus: including a hand-powered vacuum pump, a vacuum flask, and a filter support. - Reusable Petri dishes. - Blunt-ended forceps (for picking up membrane filters) - Reusable bottles (for culture media, e.g. 25-ml polypropylene bottles); - A magnifying lens (for examining and counting colonies on the membrane filters); - A boiling bath/pan: if filtration apparatus is to be disinfected in boiling water; - Sterile pipettes: 1ml and 10ml. - Membrane filters: 47–50mm in diameter, with a pore diameter of 0.45µm. - Nutrient absorbent pads; - Culture media; - Wax pencils (for labelling Petri dishes), Tissue papers; - Polythene bags: for wrapping Petri dishes if a dry incubator is used, to prevent drying of the sample and media.

49

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Procedure (Field test method) The field test method for thermotolerant coliform involes the following: A. Flame-sterilize the tips of blunt ended forceps and allow to cool between successive manipulation of the filters. If you have dispenser for absorbent pad, you may not need to use forceps.

B. Place a sterile absorbent pad in a sterile Petri dish.

C. Add broth medium to saturate the pad and remove the excess broth.

D. Sterilize the filter apparatus and assemble by placing a sterile filter membrane on the membrane support.

50

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

E. Mix the sample thoroughly by inverting the sample bottle several times, and put the volume to be tested into the previously sterilized filtration apparatus. The appropriate volume of sample should be selected in accordance with the type of water being tested.

F. Apply a vacuum to the filter apparatus to draw the sample through the filter membrane. Disconnect the vacuum and dismantle the apparatus.

51

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

G. Using sterile forceps, remove the membrane filter from the filter apparatus and transfer it to the nutrient pad in the Petri dish. Lower the membrane, grid side uppermost, carefully onto the nutrient pad, making sure that no air bubbles are trapped between the pad and the filter.

H. Replace the lid on the Petri dish.

I.

Label with the sample identification code using a wax pencil or waterproof pen.

52

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

J. Incubate the Petri dish at ambient temperature for a maximum of 4 hours to allow stressed bacteria to resuscitate.

K. Incubate the Petri dish at the selected temperature for 14–16 hours.

L. Following incubation, count all colonies with a mor-phology typical of the bacterium and the medium used. Calculate and express the result in colony-forming units (CFU) per 100ml of sample. Photo: courtesy of WHO

Reading the membrane filters When the incubator is switched off, read the results carefully. Only count the yellow/blue counts that are at least 2mm in diameter. Do not count any colonies that are clear red or any other colour as these are not TTC. Please remember, - If you use MFC 1 broth, count blue colonies. - If you use MLS 2 broth count yellow colonies on the membrane filter to get right type and number of coliforms developed.

1 2

MFC: Membrane feacal coliform MLS: Membrane lauryl sulfate

53

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER-9 Physical and Chemical Tests 9.1.

Physical Tests 9.1.1. Measurement of turbidity High levels of turbidity can protect microorganisms from the effects of disinfection, stimulate the growth of bacteria, and exert a significant chlorine demand. Where disinfection is practiced, the turbidity must always be low, e.g. below 5 NTU and ideally below 1 NTU for effective disinfection. Measurement of turbidities lower than 5 NTU will generally require electronic meters. However, turbidities of 5 NTU upwards can be measured by simple extinction methods, which are far cheaper and require no consumables. In the monitoring of small-community supplies in developing countries, such methods may be preferable. The sequence of steps involved in turbidity determination by an extinction method is shown below.

A. Add water slowly to the turbidity tube, taking care not to form bubbles. Fill until the mark at the bottom of the tube just disappears.

B. Read the turbidity from the scale marked on the side of the tube. The value is that corresponding to the line nearest to the level of the water in the tube. The scale is not linear, and extrapolation of values between the lines is therefore not recommended.

Photo: courtesy of WHO

54

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

9.1.2. Measurement of pH The common pH meters is a marker shaped electronic device with a probe attached to it. The measurement of pH is simple and straightforward. pH meter need to be calibrated on a regular basis by pH buffer solutions at pH 4.0, and 7.0. The method of calibration is as follows: -

-

-

Switch on the pH meter; Using ready-prepared pH buffer solutions (according to the manufacturer’s instructions), place the pH electrode in a pH 7.0 buffer and adjust the meter if necessary. Rinse the electrode in distilled water and transfer it to pH 4.0 buffer; adjust the meter if necessary.

Check the meter in all two buffer solutions. If it reads true, the meter is now ready for use in testing the water sample. If it does not, repeat the above process.

pH can also be measured by visual comparator (mentioned below) 9.1.3. Colour and Odour Colour and odour will be detected trough visual inspection in the field. 9.2.

Chemical Tests

Among the chemical parameters only arsenic, iron and chlorine are described because of their importance. For other parameters, which are not frequently tested, the field staff may consult Standard Methods (current version) and testing procedure provided by various equipment suppliers. 9.2.1. Arsenic Field Testing A number of test kits are available to measure arsenic in the field. Basically they can be classified into two types based of their result processing i.e. analogue test kit (Hach or Mark test kit etc.) and digital arsenator (Wagtech, arsenator etc). They use same method of testing, however, differs in performance. To perform an arsenic test with one of the kits please follow the instructions provided with the kit carefully. -

Make sure to use the correct units.

-

In carrying out the test pay attention to the following points:

-

For the Hach kit makes sure the impregnated part of the test strip of the test strip faces the opening in the cap (the test strip for the arsenator can be used in either direction).

55

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

-

Close the reaction vessel immediately after adding the last reagent;

-

Make sure the test solution does not wet the test strip as this will invalidates the results;

-

It is normally not necessary to use the sulphide removal step. In the Hach kit using this step greatly increase the risk of an invalid result, since it is easy for the cotton wool with lead acetate to wet the test strip;

-

After completion of the reaction immediately read the result. Do not hold the test strip in bright sunlight as this may darken the colour and give a false result.

-

Use hydrochloric acid sample preservation. Do not use nitric acid as this will cause low results. Table 9. 1: Basic characteristic of two types of kit

Parameters

Digital Arsenator

Hach EZ kit

Sample Volume

50 ml

50 ml (or 9.6ml)

Reaction time

20 min.

30 min

Sulphide removal

Yes

Yes

Test range

0-0.10 mg/l

0-0.50 mg/l in 7 steps for 50ml 0-4.00 mg/l in 6 steps for 9.6ml

9.2.2. Residual chlorine, chloride, iron, etc. using visual comparator

pH, Chlorine A number of parameters can be tested by visual comparators, however, to test pH and residual chlorine visual comparators are most commonly used. The basic principle of their measurement is same except the type of reagent tablets to be used. Measurements are made by comparing the colour of water to which a reagent has been added to a set of colours printed on a disc. The colour which matches the water colour closest represents the value of the parameters being measured. Phenol red tablets and DPD1 tablets are used to test pH and residual chlorine test respectively. The common procedures are:

1. Rinse the sample cells and then fill them up to the mark with sample water. 2. Place the cells in the comparator chamber; 3. Add reagent relevant to the test to be performed to the second cell;

56

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

4. Shake the cell to dissolve the reagent fully. Compare sample colour to the reference colour and record the closest match. 5. While holding the comparator, facing good natural light for better vision. Photo: courtesy of WHO

Iron and others Iron and a number of parameters can be tested using a photometer. However, WAB uses visual comparator to test for iron and chloride in the fields. Follow the procedures below: 1. Rinse the sample cells and then fill them up to the mark with sample water. 2. Place the cells in the comparator chamber; 3. Add reagent relevant to the test to be performed to the second cell; 4. Shake the cell to dissolve the reagent fully. Compare sample colour to the reference colour and record the closest match. 5. While holding the comparator, facing good natural light for better vision.

57

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER-10 Conducting a Sanitary Survey 10.1. Introduction A sanitary inspection is an on-site inspection and evaluation by qualified individuals of all conditions, devices, and practices in the water supply system that poses an actual or potential danger to the health and well-being of the consumer. It is a fact finding activity that should identify system deficiencies not only sources of actual contamination but also inadequacies and lack of integrity in the system that could lead to contamination. Sanitary inspection data can act as a predictive tool. This means that they allow an assessment of whether contamination may occur in the future even when it is not found in the sample taken. This then allows preventive action to be taken. Sanitary inspection also acts as a good measure of operation and maintenance, health education training and support to communities managing water supply. Every time a sample is taken for the analysis of water quality it is essential that a sanitary inspection be carried out as well. By doing a sanitary inspection we will be able to identify immediate actions required to stop contamination and to put in preventive measure to prevent future problems. 10.2. Survey Work Sanitary surveys are built around the completion of a simple list of questions based on observations. Each type of water supplies has its own specific list of questions. Each question only has two answers: yes or no. By adding up all the “yes” the total sanitary risk score is obtained which is used for assessing sanitary integrity of the water point. It is crucial to fully understand what each question is asking when completing a sanitary inspection form for a water supply. Bear in mind that the question are phrased so that a yes answer means that a risk is present. Therefore study the forms and question carefully. The forms are usually reasonably simple to use and training should be provided in conducting a sanitary inspection before starting surveillance activities. Examples of all sanitary survey forms are included in Annex - 2. One example tubewell installation is given below on how to fill in a sanitary inspection form.

58

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Example

Type of installation: Tubewell Besides some general information there are 10 questions i this form related to the identification of sanitary risk these are listed below with explanatory notes. Q1: Is there a latrine within 30ft of the tubewell? Latrine close to ground water supplies may affect water quality. Latrines downhill from the well are unlikely to affect it however and the answer to this question should be based on the position of the latrine as well as travel time for any bacteria. If you find this contamination risk present, answer Yes. Q2: Are there excreta (human or animal) on the ground within 30 of the tubewell? Feaces on the ground close to the well create a serious hazard to the water source especially when surface water diversion ditches are not present. If you find this the answer is Yes. Q3: Are there any other sources of pollution within 30ft of the tubewell? Where environmental sanitation is poor, any people may dispose of garbage or other waste around the well creating a serious water quality hazard. If you find any of these the answer is Yes. Q4: Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 6ft of the tubewell? Look to see if spilt water floods the well area. Or cause ponds to form. If you find any of these the answer is Yes. Q5: is the drainage channel cracked broken or in need of cleaning? If the drainage channel does not work well because it is cracked broken or obstructed this may cause flooding, ponding or backflow towards the well. If you find this, answer Yes. Q6: is the concrete platform less than 3 ft in width/radius? The platform prevents water flowing back into the borehole. If it is too small it may not perform this function adequately if so answer is Yes. Q7: Is the platform cracked or damaged? Cracks in the platforms may allow contaminated water from the surface to flow down into the borehole, contaminating the supply. If you see cracks answer Yes. Q8: Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to platform? A loose handpump may allow water to spill back down into the borehole. Leading to contamination if the pump is not securely attached to the pump base set in the platform, answer Yes.

59

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Q9: Is the concrete seal/lip to the base of the hand pump damaged or missing? A damaged seal at the base of the hand pump may allow pollutant inside the tubewell leading to contamination. If the concrete seal/leap is damaged or missing, answer Yes. Q10: Is there a risk of entering fecal material (Birds dropping etc) from the top of tubewell? Birds dropping may lead to contaminate inside the wall of tubewell and therefore there is a possibility that the water might be contaminated at the end, usually occurred to the unshed tubewells. If the tubewll is unshed, answer Yes. Total sanitary risk score = the sum of all the questions with a Yes answer.

60

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Part lll: Data Interpretation and Record Keeping Chapter 11: Interpreting Monitoring Data Chapter 12: Quality Assurances Chapter 13: Reporting and Information Database

61

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 11 Interpreting Monitoring Data 11.1. Introduction The assigned staff carries out water quality testing and sanitary survey. The purpose is to assess what risk the community people are exposed to by the present condition of water supply system. Now it is likely that a number of risk events may occur at a single point or at a single point of time in the whole system. Therefore, it is important to make categories of the risks identified based on their significance or potential to make harm to public health. Only risk analysis is not useful, unless the risks are addressed and translated to action. The following section describes how the data generated from water quality monitoring and sanitary survey can be interpreted for taking action. 11.2. Assessment of Risk

Sanitary risk: Sanitary inspection through SI forms provides risk score for each type of water source. These scores are arbitrarily divided into different relative risk categories. Example of such risk category is presented in Table-11.1. Sanitary Inspection also helps identifying the component(s) of the water supply system where repairing or improvements are necessary. Table 11. 1: Sanitary risk category

Risk score 0 1–3 4–6 7–10

Risk No observed risk Low risk Intermediate risk High risk

Microbial risk: Like the sanitary inspection, data on microbiological water quality may usefully be divided into a number of categories; the levels of contamination associated with each category should be selected in the light of local circumstances. A typical classification scheme is presented in Table 11.2 which is based on increasing orders of magnitude of faecal contamination in terms of TTC count. Where community water supplies are not chlorinated, it is recommended that the bacteriological classification scheme should be based on TTC (or E. coli).

62

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Table 11. 2: Microbial risk category

TCC count per 100 ml

Category (colour code)

0

A (blue)

1-10

B (yellow)

11-100

C (orange)

101-1000

D (red)

>1000

E (red)

Remarks Very low risk, it is unlikely that water will cause any disease in the community Low risk, but attempt should be taken to improve the water quality Intermediate risk, water can not be considered as safe. High risk, water is unsafe. At the higher side water is primary contributor to disease in the community Very high risk, extremely hazardous, water is likely to be primary source of infectious disease

Now based on the risk grading identified through sanitary and microbial tests, a combined evaluation using the chart shown in Figure 11.1 can be made. This combined grading makes it possible to assess relative priorities for remedial action. The chart is made with sanitary score in the X-axis and microbial grading in the Y-axis. Now, locate the point on the chart for each water points which represents sanitary at X-axis and microbial risk scores at the Y axis. Table 11. 3: Combined grading of sanitary and microbial risk from water supply system

E

Microbial Grading

D C B A Sanitary Score

No risk

Low risk

Intermediate to high risk

Very high score

Actions

No action

Low priority

Immediate action

Urgent action

Now all water points fall within red zone suggest for taking remedial action on urgent basis. All points fall within orange zone demands higher action priority for repairing works. Similarly water points fall within yellow zone are at low risk therefore improvement action will be taken at low priority. No actions will be required to be taken for the water points fall within blue zone.

63

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

11.3. Use of the combined grading The use of combined grading will also help identifying water sources where re-sampling are needed. The water points that fall at top left corner of the chart (circle mark) represent low sanitary score with high bacterial contamination. Re-sampling is required from those water sources. Any point within the bottom right of the chart, represents (star mark) high sanitary risk but no contamination yet. Urgent repairs are suggested for those water points. When combined grading suggests for remedial action on repair, the caretaker or person responsible for looking after the water point need to know what specific action required to be taken at what point of water supply system. The caretaker or Partner of WAB will consult with the completed SI form which was used in combined grading. The question with yes answer will indicate the point what and where remedial measure need to be taken. For example, in the case of sanitary survey of RWH if question “is the tap damaged?” is answered yes, it suggests that the tap should be replaced and actions should be taken soon.

64

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 12 Quality Assurance 12.1. Introduction Monitoring programme generates data for analysis and interpretation so that remedial actions plan can be taken to improve water quality. The soundness of the evidence which is constituted by the monitoring data depends on data quality and their reliability. Therefore Quality assurance (or Quality control) should be the integral part of monitoring programme. Quality assurance means carrying out a task diligently at its every stage to limit the inclusion of errors. Quality control touches all aspects of surveillance work form planning to implementation and follow up. The table below lists some of the steps that can be taken for quality control. Work stage Planning

Activities −

Establish standard operating procedure for all tests that will be done



training of staff Use of standard forms Implementation of standard numbering system for samples and water sources Careful and detailed record keeping Following standard operating procedure (SOP) while in the field Analysis of duplicate samples Equipment calibration Analysis of reference materials Cross check analysis Laboratory confirmation of field test results



Data collection

− − −

Field work

− − −

Data quality

− −

Training and SOP development is not included in this guide. Suggestion for standard data collection forms can be found in Annex 4. The following sections outline some practical steps that can be taken to improve the quality of monitoring data. 12.2. General Precautions - Make sure you are familiar with the equipment you will be using and the steps required to complete any test when in doubt double check by reading the manual; - Keep detailed records of your location sources tested results and any other observations;

65

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

- Take good care of your equipment. Keep sample containers clean, ensure that batteries are fresh and carefully pack equipment before transporting it into the next site. - Check the condition of any reagents you will be using. Especially check the MLS broth for discolouration, mould or lumps. Make new broth if the quality is suspect/ check the expiration date on any reagent pack you will use in chemical testing. - Regularly calibrate any equipment that needs this (pH meters, conductivity meters, thermometers of incubator) - Take your time, do not rush any of the tests. Better to complete half your planned work for the day to a high standard than to do everything you planned to a low standard. 12.3. Performing quality tests: microbial Testing for bacteria is the most difficult part of all the surveillance work. Error in procedure can easily lead to wrong results but there is nothing to tell you that the results are in error. In addition to paying adequate attention to field work the following approaches can increase the confidence in test results 12.3.1.

Crosscheck with sanitary survey results

After counting the bacterial colonies from the water sample look at the sanitary survey results of the water source. You would generally trust your results if there is agreement between bacterial count and sanitary risk. This mean low risk score =low bacterial count; high risk = high bacterial count etc. Finding a high risk score but low bacterial count is not impossible but should make you wonder. Finding a low risk but a high bacterial count is unusual and should be investigated further. A retest may be necessary. 12.3.2.

Prepare multiple plates for each source

Each incubator generally has space for more samples than you can take in four hours. This opens the possibilities of doing quality checks by preparing multiple plates per source. If you can sample eight sources per day one approach would be to take two samples for each source. If both results for the same source are similar then this would increases your confidence in the results. If e.g. one shows 5cfu/100ml and the other shows 100cfu/100ml you know one of the two results is incorrect but you don’t know which one. In that case you should resample the source. An adaptation of third approach is to prepare three plates for some of the source you sample. In this case you record the two closest matching results or the middle of the three if all of them match if all three results are very different you would still need to retest.

66

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

12.4. Performing quality tests: chemical Calibration of equipment is important to perform quality tests. Besides this, following two measures can increase credibility of field test results.

Analyse duplicate samples Analysis of duplicate samples says something about the precision of the method used for analysis. The most accurate method in the field would be to use a sample splitter. When sample splitter is not available the best approach would be to fill the sample cup and to use this water to run two tests. In chemical testing it is generally expected that the results of duplicate samples will remain within 10% of each other. If there is a large difference there will be a need to investigate what caused this.

Preserve samples for laboratory tests Agreement with a good laboratory helps a lot in carrying out field work. Access to a good laboratory for sample analysis provides necessary equipment support to preserve and test water samples. For example, sample bottle, sample splitter of the proper material and size, sample carrier, and preservative (an acid) can be obtained for preservation and smooth transfer of samples to the laboratory. 12.5. Laboratory test for confirmation A certain percentage of the samples tested by field kits needs to be tested in laboratory to see that the results obtained from test kits remain within a reasonable difference from laboratory results. Generally the difference should not be more than 10%. In the case of arsenic test the precision level of the field kits are lower than AAS used in laboratory. Therefore, the results of arsenic test by field kits and by AAS vary; sometimes to a large extent. However, the cost of test by AAS is very high (about Tk.800-1500 per test), on the other hand the cost of a test by field kits is low and currently is only Tk. 50.00. So, in a routine programme where one does not require a higher level of precision, it is cost effective to use a field kit (may require only ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ or ‘below or above’ BDS limit) properly validated by competent authority. Sometimes management of huge number of laboratory samples (viz. collection, transportation) demands additional manpower and logistics to facilitate the process. Access to laboratories having AAS for arsenic test is another problem. The government agency DPHE and DOE have limited number of laboratories which remain busy with their own testing activities. Sometimes, getting access to those facilities is rather difficult. So if lab tests will not be feasible, tests using field kits are recommended.

67

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

12.6. Following up test result All test results will be shared with the community people. In case of arsenic testing, tubewells will be painted red or green according to test results. In addition, awareness raising activities on arsenic contamination and its health impacts and capacity building for mitigation or ensuring safety of water will be carried out in the communities. On the other hand, SI risk score and TTC test results will be shared with the community so that they can understand the need of safe drinking water and how to keep it safe. Methods of reducing bacterial contamination through Water Safety Plan will be discussed with the community people, so that they can prevent or reduce the contamination level through continuous monitoring and preventive maintenance and practice safe water handling, disinfection techniques at household and community level.

68

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

CHAPTER - 13 Reporting and Information Data Base WAB has been maintaining an MS Access (a software of Microsoft Corp.) based Programme Management Information System (PMIS) to manage, analyse and report water quality data of the facilities installed in its intervention areas. Recently Mobile application based PMIS (mPMIS) has been introduced in the project to serve the purpose. The mPMIS in the process of rolling out in the new projects. WaterAid initiated to introduce mPMIS for all its upcoming projects. Figure 13.1 and 13.2 in the following show data collection, data flow and reporting mechanism in both of the systems. Engineer/Union Facilitator locates water points, take preparations, and collect samples At WP site Engineer/Union Facilitator conducts WQ tests for chemical and microbial and other essential parameters Engineer/Union Facilitator fills-up the prescribed form manually with information obtained through different tests Engineer enters data into the database from the forms

At PNGO Office

The project manager reviews, verifies and approves the data. The database is exported to WAB on quarterly basis.

Data processing

Ensure that all PNGOs have exported database by maintaining a checklist. Database at WAB is updated with all the export files of PNGOs. Data are reviewed by WAB M&E staff and if any inconsistency is found the PNGOs are asked for clarification

Data are analysed by WAB M&E staff and a quarterly report is prepared and circulated to programme staff members.

Based on report the programme engineers provide necessary information and feedbacks to the PNGOs.

WAB Country Office

The Union Facilitators of PNGOs share necessary information to the CBOs and user groups.

Figure 13. 1: Flowchart for WQ monitoring and reporting through Access based system

69

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Figure 13. 2: Flowchart for WQ monitoring and reporting through mobile phone application based system

70

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

13.1. WQ monitoring in MS Access and mobile phone application based system At field level the Engineer or Union Facilitator (UF) of the Partner Organisations is responsible to carryout WQ tests. The engineers/UFs collect water sample from the identified water facilities and examines the sample with the field test kit they have. They survey’ water All the results form Annex is used as data in filing given in 4.

Engineer/Union Facilitator locates water points, take preparations, and collect samples Engineer/Union Facilitator conducts WQ tests for chemical and microbial other parameters

Engineer/Union Facilitator fills-up the prescribed form with information obtained through different tests

Enter data into smart phone from the filled-up form in front of the facility. Collect GPS data and photo of the facility. Send data to server.

Data are reviewed and verified by the engineer

Unioncode.

prescribed reporting format Annex At PNGO office

Data are approved by Manager.

for include number

also carry out ‘sanitary of the At WP site points. test are recorded carefully by the engineers in the prescribed given in At PNGO office 2. This later on primary sources At WP site by Field Facilitator up the

From approved data various reports and graphs can be produced in the system.

The M&E staff extracts data from the database, analyse and produce report. The report is circulated to programme staff members.

Based on report the programme engineers provide necessary information and feedbacks to the PNGOs.

Records each of the options should its unique identification that WAB Country Office

includes District-UpazilaWard The Union The Facilitators PNGOs share necessary information to the CBOs and user groups.

information also include village and caretaker’s name, date of installation, monitoring etc. Upon his return at project office the engineer incubates the water samples collected on the same day for microbial test. After 12-14 hours incubation, the engineer will count the TTC colony and enters all records in a standard proforma. In the MS Access based system the engineer enters the data of all WQ test and SI results in the database. Then the project manager reviews and verifies data on sample basis and approves. The data are sent to WAB office once in a quarter through an export file.

71

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

On the other hand in mobile phone application based system after completion of all the tests the UFs fill the form with all information. With the filled up forms they go to the sites where the water facilities are installed and enter data in smart phone, obtain GPS data, take photo and send data to the server. Data reviewed and verified by the engineer. Upon his/her endorsement the project manager approve the data. At WAB office in MS Access based system the M&E staff members update the database once in a quarter with the export files of the PNGOs. However in mobile phone application based system the data are obtained as soon as these are sent to the server. In both of the system the M&E staff members review the data to check the consistency. They also analyse the data and produce a report on quarterly basis. Various programmes communicated relevant information in the report to the PNGOs they work with. Through the Union facilitators informations are cascading to the CBOs and the user groups. 13.2. Reporting formats

New Installations Any new installations of water points like tubewells/ ring wells should follow arsenic testing protocol and record individual water point’s data in Annex 4. The installed tubewells/ringwells then include in regular monitoring programme.

Monitoring Existing Water Points In principle, all existing water points for drinking purpose in intervention areas should be monitored on regular basis by the partner organisations. However depending on resource availability there should be room for flexibility. The monitoring activities should be conducted as per guideline provided in Part-II. The sanitary inspection of the individual option should be done according to the procedure described in Chapter 10 and the results should be recorded in Proformas (Annex 2). 13.3. Information Database It is important to note that all forms contain water quality test data and the sanitary inspection reports should be preserved as hard copy as well as soft copy. It will help to validate data and also act as a backup system. Proformas given in Annex 4 should be used for entering data in the WQ Data Base.

72

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Reference: 1. Ahmed M F, Rahman M M, Water Supply & Sanitation: Rural and low income urban communities ITN Bangladesh, BUET, June 2000 Dhaka 2. Al-Muyeed, A., Rahman, M. H. (2010) and Ahmed, A., “Arsenic Catastrophe in Bangladesh: Mitigation Perspective and Implementation Challenges” Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, IOS press Amsterdam, 7(1), p. 45-54. 3. Al-Muyeed, A. and Rahman, M. H. (2009), “Arsenic crisis of Bangladesh and mitigation measures” Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – Aqua, 58 (3) 228-245. 4. Al-Muyeed, A., Rahman, M. H. (2012): “Water and Environmental Engineering” ITN-BUET. Bangladesh, ISBN: 978-984-33-4356-7. 5. Afrin, R. and Al-Muyeed, A. (2004), “Endangered Generation: Ground Water Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh—Research and Rhetoric”, Journal of Science and Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1(1), 13-21. 6. Arsenic 2000: An overview of the Arsenic Issue in Bangladesh, WaterAid Bangladesh, Dec 2000 7. Arsenic 2002: An overview of arsenic issues & mitigation activities in Bangladesh, NAISU & WAB, March 2003 8. BGS Technical Report WC/00/19, Arsenic Contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh: Volume 1: Summary, BGS/DFID/DPHE February 2001 9. BGS/WA Water quality fact sheet: Arsenic 2000 10. Country Paper on Arsenic Related Health Problems, Directorate General of Health Services, MoH&FW, January, 2002 11. Ahmed M. F, Country Paper: Alternative Water Supply options for Arsenic affected Areas of Bangladesh (A Theme paper for discussion LGD/ITN/WSP, Jan 2002 12. DFID Bangladesh Water Quality Testing Protocol for DFID-funded programmes in Bangladesh 13. DPHE Standard Design Criteria and Manual for Urban Water Supply & Sanitation in Bangladesh, January 2002 14. DPHE Water Quality Surveillance Protocol for Rural Alternative Water Supply Options in the Arsenic Affected Areas (November 2000, draft). 15. Environmental Conservation Rule 1997 (Bangladesh Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water by Gazette Notification in 1997) 16. Howard G, Ahmed F, Shamsuddin AJ, Mahmud SG, Deere.D Risk Assessment of Arsenic Mitigation option (RAAMO) in Bangladesh, J HPN 2007 24:346 17. Rahman, M. H. and Al-Muyeed, A. (2005), “Strategy to mitigate As exposure from drinking water”, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – Aqua, 54 (6) 397-401 18. National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation 2004 and Implementation Plan for Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh 19. WaterAid Bangladesh, Users Guideline on Water Quality test kits and testing procedure,

73

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

20. WaterAid Bangladesh Arsenic Testing Protocol: Instructions for Partner Organisations, Jan 2002, WAB, WA-UK, & Revised May, 2006 and WaterAid Bangladesh Water Quality Standard and Testing Policy Revised May, 2006. 21. WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality including Volume 3 Surveillance and control of community supplies 1997 22. WaterAid International Department Guidelines for Water Quality Testing and the development of country policies on water quality standards and testing 23. Howard G, Water Supply Surveillance Protocol, APSU, 2005 Dhaka 24. Water Quality Monitoring Surveillance Protocol for Rural Water Supply System in Bangladesh, DPHE (assisted by WHO-B, APSU), 2005 25. WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality, volume 1, 1993 26. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 3rd edition 2004 27. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 4th edition 2011 28. Zaher, A. and Al-Muyeed, A. (2004), “An Overview of Mitigation Process of Arsenic in Groundwater”, Journal of Science and Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1(1), 41-45.

74

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Part lV: Annexes Annex 1: Summary of Actions following testing of Arsenic Annex 2: SI forms Annex 3: Water Quality Parameter and Testing Tools Annex 4: WAB Water Quality Testing Field Record Form

75

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

76

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-1 Summary of Actions following testing of Arsenic

Type of test Range of Arsenic concentration (mg/l) Nil(i) (within WHO limits)

Pre-Installation Test OK, paint existing TW used for preinstallation test green and proceed with installing new TW Carry out second test to verify result and consider highest reading.

0.01 to 0.05 mg/l (within Bangladesh Standards)

Arsenic risk

Installation -Test OK, paint new TW green Proceed with platform construction If following step-1 new tubewell is installed & arsenic remains between 0.01-0.05 mg/l paint new tubewell green (see note ii) following Bangladesh standard.

Within Bangladesh standards therefore, paint existing TW used for pre-installation Community awareness raising test green. (see note ii)

Re-test OK, paint green. If arsenic changes with time report to WAB.

Carry out test to verify result and consider highest reading of the existing tubewells. Within Bangladesh standards therefore paint green. (see note ii)

Explore water supply alternatives with However strict retesting DO NOT proceed with installation of programme required for areas proposed TW if arsenic is detected at any community with detected arsenic risk TW used for pre-installation testing. Do not proceed with platform construction

77

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Contaminated, paint existing TW used for pre-installation test red (see note iii)

0.05 mg/l and above

Arsenic affected

DO NOT proceed with installation of proposed TW

Conduct community awareness raising program

Explore water supply alternatives with community -Close the TW used for pre-installation test > 0.20 mg/l

Highly contaminated

-Conduct community awareness raising program -Explore alternative water sources with community

If following 1) new tubewell is installed & arsenic is 0.05 mg/l and above:

Remove proposed TW and install elsewhere.

Conduct community awareness raising program

Contaminated, paint red

Conduct community awareness raising program

Explore water supply alternatives with community

Explore water supply alternatives with community -Remove proposed TW and install elsewhere. -Conduct community awareness raising program

-Close the TW -Conduct community awareness raising program

-Explore alternative water -Explore alternative water source with supply with community community

Notes i. The range from nil to 0.01 mg/l is virtually undetectable with the existing arsenic field test kits. ii. Discuss the requirement to revisit and retest the tube-well/ ring-well with their owners. iii. In any case where arsenic is above the permissible limit, discuss the implications with the tube-well/ ring-well owners and carry out awareness raising activities within the community.

78

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

79

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2A SI FORM: TW SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR TUBEWELL I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ….......................................….………………………………………….………………………

2.

District ……………….…………………………………………….......Upazila…….………………………..………………

3.

Union/Ward …………………….Village/Slum...…………....…Caretaker …………….…..………………………

4.

Tubewell code no ………………….…….Type …………………Depth (ft/m) ………………………………….…..

5.

Name of the staff ………………………………………………… Date of visit……………………………………….

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field

6.

Water sample taken from …………………………………..… Sample No.………………….……………………

7.

Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) ………………………..………

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

1.

Is there a latrine within 30ft of the tubewell?

Y/N

2.

Are there excreta (human or animal) on the ground within 30ft of the tubewell?

Y/N

3.

Are there any other sources of pollution within 30ft of the tubewell?

Y/N

4.

Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding or water-logging within 6ft of the

RISK

tubewell?

Y/N

5.

Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or in need of cleaning?

Y/N

6.

Is the concrete platform less than 3ft in width/radius?

Y/N

7.

Is the platform cracked or damaged?

Y/N

8.

Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to platform?

Y/N

9.

Is the concrete seal/lip to the base of the hand pump damaged or missing?

Y/N

10.

Is there a risk of entering fecal material (Birds dropping etc) from the top of tubewell?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 7-8 = High; 4-6 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

80

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2B SI FORM: RW SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR RING WELL WITH HAND PUMP I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: …………………………………………………….….......................................….……………

2.

District ……………….……………………………………………. ……Upazila ……… …………….….…………………

3.

Union/Ward ……………………. Village/Slum ……………….. Caretaker ……………….…..………..…………

4.

Well code no ……………………..……………………………………Type/depth (ft/m) ….……….………………..

5.

Name of Staff ………………………………..……………………….Date of Visit ……………………..………………

Note: Item # 1-5 should be filled in at office before leaving for field work

5.

Water sample taken? ……………………………………………….Sample No. …………………………….………

6.

Test Result ………………………………………………………….…..cfu/100ml

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

1.

Is there a latrine within 30ft of the Ringwell?

Y/N

2.

Are there excreta (human or animal) on higher ground than the ringwell?

Y/N

3.

Are there any other sources of pollution within 30ft of the ringwell?

Y/N

4.

Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 6ft of the ringwell?

Y/N

5.

Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or in need of cleaning?

Y/N

6.

Is the concrete platform less than 3ft in width/radius?

Y/N

7.

Does spilt water collect in the platform area?

Y/N

8.

Is the platform cracked, damaged or unsanitary?

Y/N

9.

Is the handpump loose at the point of attachment to platform?

Y/N

10.

Is the concrete seal/lip to the base of the handpump damaged or missing?

Y/N

11.

Is the Vent Pipe broken?

Y/N

12.

Is the Cover slab leak or cracked?

Y/N

RISK

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 12 Risk score: 10-12=very high; 7-9=high; 4-6=medium; 0-3=low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

81

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2C SI FORM: GFS SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR GRAVITY FLOW SCHEME I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: …………………….........................................….……………………………………………

2.

District ……………….…………………………………………..Upazila………………………….………………………

3.

Union ………………………….Village ………………………..Caretaker …..………………………..………………

4.

System code no ……………………..………………………..Supply Capacity .…..………….…………(m3/ft3)

5.

Name of staff ………………………………………………….Date of Visit ……………………..……………………

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field

5.

Water samples taken? Sample No ………………………

Where taken …………………..

TTC/100ml

……………….

Sample No ………………………

Where taken. …………………..

TTC/100ml

……………….

Sample No ………………………

Where taken. ………………..…

TTC/100ml

……………….

A.

SPRING SOURCE & INTAKE

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

1.

Is the source unprotected from animal/ human defecation,

RISK

household settlement etc?

Y/N

2.

Can animals come within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

3.

Is there a latrine uphill and within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

4.

Are human excreta on the ground within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

5.

Are there other sources of pollution uphill of the source?

Y/N

6.

Is the intake wall damaged or blocked?

Y/N

Risk Score for spring source & intake (no. of Y) …………… out of 6 Risk score: 5-6=Very high; 4=High; 2-3=Medium; 0-1=Low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

82

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

B.

GRAVITY FLOW PIPED WATER SYSTEM

IV Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Does the pipe between the source and Eco-filter tank leak?

Y/N

2.

Is the Eco-filter chamber or storage tank cracked, damaged, leaking?

Y/N

3.

Is the cover on the storage tank damaged or open?

Y/N

4.

Does the pipe between the Eco-filter and tap stand leak?

Y/N

5.

Are the supply pipes to the exposed?

Y/N

6.

Do the supply pipes remain unsupported while crossing a stream?

Y/N

7.

Do any control valves leak?

Y/N

8.

Does water exposed in any of the junction or valve chambers?

Y/N

9.

Do any taps leak?

Y/N

10.

Is the area around any of the tap stands eroded?

Y/N

Risk Score for piped water system (no. of Y) …………… out of 10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 7-8 = High; 4-6 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

V

Results and Recommendations

Other important points of risk: Other comments:

VI Overall results and general recommendations Total Risk Score for Gravity Flow Scheme (no. of Y) …………… out of 16 Risk score: 13-16=very high; 9-12=high; 5-8=medium; 0-4=low Comment:

83

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

11.

Annex-2D SI FORM: IFG SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR INFILTRATION GALLERY I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ….......................................…………………………..…………………………………………

2.

District ……………….………………………………..………….Upazila…………………………….………………………

3.

Union/Ward …………………….Village ……………………Caretaker …..…………………………………..………

4.

IFG code no ……………………..……………………….…….No. of handpumps …..….……..…………………....

5.

Name of staff …………………………………………………. Date of Visit...……………………..……………………

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field

8.

Water sample taken from ……………………………..….Sample No. ………………………….…………………

9.

Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) ……………….……………

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Is the filter bed exposed?

Y/N

2.

Is there a latrine or septic tank or soak well within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

3.

Are human excreta on the ground within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

4.

Does any polluted stream/waste water enter the source?

Y/N

5.

Are there any other sources of pollution within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

6.

Are the supply pipes to the hand pumps exposed?

Y/N

7.

Are the supply pipes to the hand pumps leaking?

Y/N

8.

Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to the platform?

Y/N

9.

Is the area around the platform eroded?

Y/N

10.

Is the platform cracked, damaged or unsanitary?

Y/N

11.

Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or in need of cleaning?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 11 Risk score: 10-11=very high; 7-9=high; 4-6=medium; 0-3=low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

84

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2E SI FORM: PSF SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR POND SAND FILTER I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ….......................................….……………………………….…………………………………

2.

District ………………………………….Upazila…………..…………… Union …………………………..………………

3.

Village/Slum ……………………………………………………………....Caretaker ….…………………………………

4.

PSF code no ……………………..………………………………….…….No. of HHs served…..……………………..

5.

Name of staff ……………………………………………………………. Date of Visit……………..……………………

Note: item # 1-5 should be filled in at office before leaving for field

4.

Water sample taken from….. ……………………………………… Sample No. …………………………….……

5.

Test results (TTC/100 ml) …………………………………………..

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Is the pond unprotected from pollution (no fence, washing, bathing etc.)?

Y/N

2.

Is the bank of pond damaged?

Y/N

3.

Is there a latrine or septic tank within 30ft of the pond?

Y/N

4.

Does any polluted water enter into the pond?

Y/N

5.

Are there any sources of pollution within 30ft of the pond?

Y/N

6.

Is the pond used for fish culture or washing/bathing purpose?

Y/N

7.

Is the filter chamber cracked?

Y/N

8.

Is the filter remaining dry?

Y/N

9.

Is the Microbial layer dried/absent?

Y/N

10.

Is the connection pipe exposed?

Y/N

11.

Is the tap damaged?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 11 Risk score: 10-11=very high; 7-9=high; 4-6 =medium; 0-3=low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

85

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2F SI FORM: RWHS SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM I

General Information

(Community/Household)

1.

Organisation name: ......................................….…………………………………………………………………..…

2.

District ……………….………………………………………………………….Upazila…………….………………..………

3.

Union/Ward ……………………….Village/Slum.………………….…Caretaker……………….……………………

4.

RWHS code no …………………………………………………………….Tank capacity ………….….……(m3/ft3)

5.

Name of the staff …………………………………………………..….. Date of visit……….…………….……………

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field

5. 6.

II

Water sample taken from …………………………………..……… Sample No. ………………………………… Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) ………………………………….……

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Are there visible signs of contamination (debris, dirt, dust) on the roof catchment?

Y/N

2.

Is there a buildup of debris, dirt, dust in the gutter?

Y/N

3.

Is the ‘first flush’ pipe and valve damaged or leaking?

Y/N

4.

Is the drainage system for ‘first flush’/overflow water damaged or blocked?

Y/N

5.

Is water collected directly (without tap) from the tank?

Y/N

6.

Are the vents of collection tank damaged or open?

Y/N

7.

Is the rainwater tank cracked, damaged or leaking?

Y/N

8.

Is the tank unclean inside?

Y/N

9.

Is the cover of collection tank damaged or opened?

Y/N

If there any filter chamber embedded 3 10.

Is the filter chamber visibly unclean?

Y/N

11.

Is the filter chamber’s cover damaged or open?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 11 Risk score: 10-11=Very high; 7-9=High; 4-6=Medium; 0-3=Low

3

If there is no filter chamber then remove this part of questionnaires and reduce the number of total questions from 11 to 9 as appropriate

86

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

If an above ground system 1.

Is the tap damaged or leaking?

Y/N

Total Risk Score for above ground system (number of Y) …………… out of 12 4 Risk score: 10-12=Very high; 7-9=High; 4-6=Medium; 0-3=Low If an underground system 1.

Is the hand pump located directly above the reservoir?

Y/N

2.

Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to the platform?

Y/N

3.

Is the concrete seal/lip to the base of the hand pump damaged or missing?

Y/N

Total Risk Score for underground system (number of Y) …………… out of 14 5 Risk score: 12-14=Very high; 9-11=High; 5-8=Medium; 0-4=Low

III Overall Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk: Other comments:

4

If there is no filter chamber then don’t consider the questionnaires and reduce the number of total questions to 12/10 as appropriate

5

If there is no filter chamber then don’t consider the questionnaires and reduce the number of total questions to 14/12 as appropriate

87

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2G SI FORM: USP SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR URBAN STAND POST / TAP-STAND I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ….......................................….………………………………………………………………….

2.

District ……………….……………………………………Thana……………………………….…….………………………

3.

Ward ……………………….Slum ………………………Caretaker ………………………….…..………………………

4.

Main supply source …………………………………. Stand post code no……….………………………………..

5.

Name of staff …………………………………………. Date of Visit……….……………………..……………………

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field

6.

II

Water samples taken? Sample No ………………..…

Where taken …………………Test result: ………………..…cfu/100ml

Sample No …………………..

Where taken. …………………Test result……….................cfu/100ml

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Are the supply pipes to the tap stands exposed?

Y/N

2.

Do the supply pipes to the tap stands leak?

Y/N

3.

Do any taps leak?

Y/N

4.

Is the area around any of the tap stands damaged?

Y/N

5.

Is there a stagnant water body or ditch within 30ft of the tapstand?

Y/N

6.

Is the joint of the meter to the supply pipe damaged or leaking?

Y/N

7.

Does the top of the meter pit extend less than 1ft above ground level/HFL?

Y/N

8.

Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or in need of cleaning?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (no. of Y) …………… out of 8 Risk score: 7-8=very high; 5-6=high; 3-4=medium; 0-2=low

III

Results and Recommendations

Other important points of risk: Other comments:

88

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2H SI FORM: UWP SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR URBAN WATER POINT I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ….......................................….…………………………………………………………………..

2.

District ……………….…………. …………………………….Thana…….………………………………………………….

3.

Ward …………………………..Slum ………………..………Caretaker…..…………..………………….………………

4.

Main supply source …………………………………. ……Water point code/ref. no……..……………………..

5.

Name of staff ………………………. ……………………….Date of Visit……..……………………..…………………

Note: item # 1-5 should be filled in at office before leaving for field work

6.

Water sample(s) taken? ………………………………. ..Sample No. …………………………………………….…

7.

Test results ……………………………………………….…..cfu/100ml

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Does surface water collect around the water point (outside of the platform area)?

Y/N

2.

Is the reservoir cracked, damaged or leaking?

Y/N

3.

Is the handpump located directly above the reservoir?

Y/N

4.

Is the handpump loose at the point of attachment to the platform?

Y/N

5.

Is the meter pit remains dirty or filled up with water inside?

Y/N

6.

Does the top of the meter pit extend less than 1ft above ground level/HFL?

Y/N

7.

Does the top of the reservoir extend less than 1ft above ground level/HFL?

Y/N

8.

Are the reservoir vents and inspection cover damaged or missing?

Y/N

9.

Is the inspection cover set less than 2inches above the surface of the reservoir?

Y/N

10.

Does spilt water collect inside the reservoir platform area?

Y/N

11.

Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or in need of cleaning?

Y/N

12.

Is the main supply pipe to the reservoir damaged or leaking?

Y/N

13.

Has there been discontinuity of more than 24hrs in the last 10 days? 6

Y/N

Total Risk Score (no. of Y) …………… out of 13 Risk score: 11-13= Very high; 8-10= High; 5-7=Medium; 0-4=Low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk:

6

you will have to ask a local person if you cannot answer this by direct observation. Otherwise remove from the questionnaire and reduce the number of total questions to 12/13 as appropriate

89

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Other comments:

Annex-2I SI FORM: MPWSS SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR MINI PIPED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

I

General Information

1.

Organisation name: ......................................….……………………………………………………………………..

2.

District ……………….…………………………………………………Upazila…….………………………………………..

3.

Union ………………………….Village ………………………………Caretaker……………..…..………………………

4.

System code no ……………………..………………………………Supply Capacity..……………………(m3/ft3)

5.

Name of staff ………………………. ………………………………..Date of Visit……………………..………………

Note: Item #1-5 should be filled in before leaving for field 6.

Water samples taken? Sample No ………………………

Where taken …………………..

TTC/100ml ……………….

Sample No ………………………

Where taken. …………………..

TTC/100ml ……………….

Sample No ………………………

Where taken. ………………..…

TTC/100ml ……………….

A.

SOURCE & STORAGE TANK

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

1.

Is the source unprotected?

Y/N

2.

Is the cover of storage tank damaged or open?

Y/N

3.

Is the storage tank damaged or lick?

Y/N

4.

Does spilt water flood the source?

Y/N

5.

Is the fence absent/missing?

Y/N

6.

Can animals come within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

7.

Can children have access to the storage tank?

Y/N

8.

Is there a latrine within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

9.

Are there any sources (human or animal excreta) of pollution within

10.

RISK

30ft of the source?

Y/N

Does the pipe between the source and storage tank leak?

Y/N

Risk Score for spring source & intake (no. of Y) …………… out of 10 Risk score: 9-10=Very high; 7-8=High; 4-6=Medium; 0-3=Low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk:

90

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Other comments:

91

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

B.

PIPED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

IV Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Does the pipe between the tank and supply line leak?

Y/N

2.

Are the supply pipes to the exposed?

Y/N

3.

Do the supply pipes remain unsupported while crossing a road?

Y/N

4.

Do any control valves leak?

Y/N

5.

Does water collect in any of the junction or valve chambers?

Y/N

6.

Do any taps leak?

Y/N

7.

Does waste water stagnant around any tapstand?

Y/N

8.

Is any of the tapstand damaged?

Y/N

Risk Score for piped water system (no. of Y) …………… out of 8 Risk score: 7-8 = Very high; 5-6 = High; 3-4 = Medium; 0-2 = Low

V

Results and Recommendations

Other important points of risk: Other comments:

VI Overall results and general recommendations Total Risk Score for MPWSS (no. of Y) …………….. out of 18 Risk score: 15-18=very high; 11-14=high; 6-10=medium; 0-5=low Comment:

92

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2J SI FORM: MPWSS with Submergible Pump SANITARY INSPECTION FORM FOR MINI PIPED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH SUBMERGIBLE PUMP

I

General Information

1.

Organisation name.......................................….……………………………………………………………………..

2.

CBO Identification number……………….………………….Slum…….…………………………………….………..

3.

Ward ……………………. ………………………….....................City ………………………..………………….………..

4.

Well code no ……………………..……………………………….Depth (ft/m)..………..…………………….…………

5.

Name of Staff …………………………………………….……….Date of Visit…………………………………..………

6.

Name of Caretaker a)…………………………………….……. b) ………………………. ……………………..……....

Note: Item #1-6 should be filled in before leaving for field 7.

(a) Water sample taken from ………… Sample No. ……………Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) …………………… (b) Water sample taken from ………… Sample No. ……………Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) …………………… (c) Water sample taken from ………… Sample No. ……………Test results (TTC: cfu/100ml) ……………………

II

Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Is the ground around the water supply facilities swampy and wet?

Y/N

2.

Is their inadequate or no drainage away from the water point?

Y/N

3.

Is the reservoir or apron around the water point damaged or cracked?

Y/N

4.

Is the well unprotected?

Y/N

5.

Is the top slab cover of reservoir opened or damaged?

Y/N

6.

Is the tap or tap stand or any joint of water point broken or leaked?

Y/N

7.

Is the water point unfenced?

Y/N

8.

Does the pipe between the source and reservoir leak?

Y/N

9.

Is there any likelihood to enter materials through overflow pipe

Y/N

10.

Is there a latrine within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

11.

Are there any other sources (human or animal excreta) of pollution within 30ft of the source?

Y/N

Total Risk Score (number of Y) …………… out of 11 Risk score: 9-11=very high; 6-8=high; 4-5=medium; 0-3=low

III Results and Recommendations Other important points of risk:

93

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Other comments:

94

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

B. PIPED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

IV Specific Assessment Questionnaire

RISK

1.

Does the pipe between the source and storage tank leak?

Y/N

2.

Is the Storage tank cracked, damaged, leaking?

Y/N

3.

Are the covers on the tank damaged or open?

Y/N

4.

Does the pipe between the tank and supply line leak?

Y/N

5.

Are the supply pipes to the exposed?

Y/N

6.

Do the supply pipes remain unsupported while crossing a road?

Y/N

7.

Do any control valves leak?

Y/N

8.

Does water collect in any of the junction or valve chambers?

Y/N

9.

Do any taps leak?

Y/N

10.

Does waste water stagnant around any tapstand?

Y/N

11.

Is any of the tapstand damaged?

Y/N

Risk Score for piped water system (no. of Y) …………… out of 11 Risk score: 10-11 = Very high; 7-9 = High; 4-6 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

V

Results and Recommendations

Other important points of risk: Other comments:

VI Overall results and general recommendations Total Risk Score for MPWSS (no. of Y) …………….. out of 22 Risk score: 19-21=very high; 14-17=high; 8-12=medium; 0-6=low Comment:

95

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-2K ADDITIONAL SURVEY TO BE CONDUCTED FOR FOLLOWING ISSUES 1.

2.

3.

Functionality a)

Functional

b)

Partial Functional

c)

Non Functional

a)

Drinking Purpose

b)

Cooking purpose

c)

Other purpose

Use

Maintenance a)

Platform condition i)

Good

b)

Drainage condition

c)

ii) Good

d)

Is WP repaired i)

Yes

Broken

None

Broken

None

No

None

If yes, how many months ago? ii) 3month iii)

6months

Specify, what type of repair is done? …………………………

…………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………….

96

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND TESTING TOOLS Sl.No

Testing Tools

Parameters

Preliminary

Confirmatory

Microbial 1

Sanitary Inspection

Site Inspection

2

Thermotolerant coliform (TTC)

No method recommended

Sanitary Inspection with SI Forms. Portable incubator (Delagua/ PotaTest Kit) or laboratory test

Physical 3 4

Colour Odour

User’s complain User’s complain

Visual observation Smell by perception

5

Turbidity

Visual observation

Turbidity tube

Chemical 6

pH

No method recommended

7

Arsenic

No method recommended

8

Iron

9

Manganese

10

Chloride

11 12

Boron (preinstallation) Uranium (preinstallation)

User’s complain due to its colour & taste User’s complain due to its black colour Taste

Pocket pH meter (e.g. HANNA) Field Test Kit /digital Arsenator (HACH/Wag Tech) Field Test Kit (HACH/Wag Tech) Field Test Kit (HACH/Wag Tech) Field Test Kit (HACH/Wag Tech)

No method recommended

Laboratory Test

No method recommended

Laboratory Test

13

Free/Total chlorine

No method recommended

14

Chromium

No method recommended

15

Fluoride

No method recommended

Field Test Kit (HACH/WagTech) Avoid sources with chromium. Testing not recommended. Testing not recommended.

16

Nitrate

No method recommended

Laboratory Test

97

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

Annex-4 WATERAID WATER QUALITY (WQ) TESTING FIELD RECORD FORM (for particular water facility)

Form Sl #

A. General info: Programme name PNGO type

Month Rural/ Urban/Small Town

Union ID

PNGO name Project

WAB/

/

/P-

/

Domain ID

WAB/ /

/

/P-

/

Union name Slum/community name District Name

WAB FY

CBO ID

WAB FQ FQ1 / FQ2 / FQ3 / FQ4 B. Water option info: Test type 7 Type of water facility Provided by

Project quarter

PQ1 / PQ2 / PQ3 / PQ4

Installation year Depth (in meter) Static Water Level (in meter)

ID Code

Pump Depth (in meter)

Owner name Name of caretaker

Initial specific capacity 8

C. Water quality test info: Sample collection date: __ __ / __ __/ __ __ __ __ (dd/mm/yyyy); (dd/mm/yyyy)

Sample analysis date: __ __ / __ __/ __ __ __ __

Name of field test kit: (1= Pota Test, 2=DelAgua, 3= HACH EZ (As), 4= HACH (Fe), 5=Salinity meter, 6= Mn Test kit, 7= Lab test and 8=others) Type of WQ test & other information: TTC

SI

Cfu/100ml Test results:

As

Fe

Mn

Chloride

Turbidity

mg/l

mg/l

ppb

ppt

NTU

Chlorine

mg/l

Boron

pH mg/l

Phos

Color

mg/l

Odor

Nitrate

mg/l

Water option to be painted (in case of arsenic test for TW/DW): (0=NA, Green=1, Red=2)

D. Users and other info: Total HH

Female

Male

Girl (0-5 yrs)

Boy (0-5 yrs)

Girl (6-18 yrs)

Boy (618 yrs)

DAP (female)

DAP (male)

Poor (A)

Poor (B)

Poor (C)

User

7 8

Test type code: 1= Pre Installation, 2= Installation-New, 3= Installation-Renovation, 4= Monitoring, 5= Cross check Only applicable for Tube well and Rainwater

98

Poor (D)

Ethnic

WAB Water Quality Testing Protocol 2015

E. If arsenic level above permissible limit, do they have access to other safe water option? 1=Yes, 2=No If yes, what type of option (alternative option):

Distance:

Code: 1=