The DIVA (Data IntensiVe Architecture) system incorpo- rates a collection of Processing-In-Memory (PIM) chips as smart-memory co-processors to a ...
The Architecture of the DIVA Processing-In-Memory Chip Jeff Draper, Jacqueline Chame, Mary Hall, Craig Steele, Tim Barrett, Jeff LaCoss, John Granacki, Jaewook Shin, Chun Chen, Chang Woo Kang, Ihn Kim, Gokhan Daglikoca USC Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, CA 90292
!" #"$%&' ()!!*&+ ,-$ $."/)''0 , 1%&$#2 '3-$&'4."/),-0 , #*'&/)!*-, 0 !"#
ABSTRACT
76189:8?$ $'9@ A:B-'3 , CDEF G'$!" !*H 5 % IJ!"3 '3!"$K!*LNM ! '$#"HO8?$HP !*EQ;MR8PSCT'-U SHO !"E!"HV-! !"T!AT!"$FW* $'3!"$%2'!*-! H !"0YXZ [\W] S $FE^L-' _!"!*EF ^6189:`M 8aP0 5 - [-'b $U- Scb[%HV !*Ed WF' U- H '#"$ e!, !"TW'3,1- '$-#[$-A%- N!"L f ,-H '$-#AN,' g!"Lh!"$F!"0J8?$4'g% () - ' - )-!*!*E iM 8aPj%-' , 0+Xk @ -'l ) 1,$'m, L ,- b!*Lb6@8?9:GMR8P 1$% EF 1- A !*Ed'3$ L\ S! - !"g! !* n- [o*p"qHO'g(T' %%gL!"r f!*'H '$-#B!"$HO-'g$-(T' $-N- B- %$'!*$N,$-'0RXZ - $=- ' 4'J,-?%'!*$k ,i!*$[ '#"F= $[%&K%H -'3'!*$-0sXt- $U ,Ju'3$-#* UM 8aPj-'I'u, ]() U' W* %$vW* #" A -,K!"Lw"03w%xy!zW] !"HO!*$EZ f ,'!"$ ,- !>!z() = !*EA%' $A'3$- % [c$ HV#"'$eH '[0 5 - 4{HM 8aP| ,r,#"#* N%ISMR8PHV }H ' , (T'~[%$E4,-4'gE' r'#*$-'3c-$E4'#*- L!*S$ g$kDN,'! !*D!*LhD''u U%$K% DJ,-I ,- A-(g g!*0
;M 8aPSC -'3-)!U% ) u(1 3HO&$!z(T$b L!*[%$ D# %U H ?(1 $}-! !*K$Q !"EQ -Ko* N¶* r·" J{"o* N{*p* N{*q" {*¶" o¸2 o*{* so"o* o*p" o*¶" o*·* w%¸*0PS%$EA WF'!",>%-' ,% !*,-'3!"$h!r- D-! !"HV !*E>#2b,Z1J,-3'- -H '$#2 - L '$-# n$I ,-?%'!*$ &U! -, g!"T!* % !*Eb $-EF Rh- i f $ B!*L'$- A !*Eb%$H (T'I m,' $Nw0uM 8aPu'$ %A%['%3EI'!zW] !*E4$-(T' nEd{¸"H{¸*¸"x¹!zW] r!*$W] $F'!"$B6iº:>P E T %, 4'3$ $i-! !"e$» [' 3EQ!*$-H $ 7!Z- I !*EK$-&F04¼T $E~!4!*$-HO-'37!*#"'e' !S -, 2!z(T$~!I3 N$Z!*$ Lhi!"LrJ!"$W] $H '!*$i !*E^EF [ u ,- 4'$ $i !*E½ \W]!*'e- i ?\EJ!'% [(T'3I!*J,-$''$-#>!*¾[-'0 ¿ !"D- iDL!",uE] % - U,-!*u\W] = $A- W] !"'$# !*$- B,-ZM 8aPHO% bE À Z6iT8?$ $-'39@ T:=' H , 4;6@8?9:C0 5 - b,'[ b#*!2h!"LT 46189:Á-!- N'J! '3#"$I$r-,'A-!*!*E @(1!*&'!"$HOE _(T M 8aP) W] %)[%HO !"E!*HO-! !*TL!*r%$>!*- (T' !"$FW* $'3!"$%BE [0Q8$Q-'3b 1(1 [ ' S- e!"H !*E S6189:yMR8Py-' 2!z(T$k'$ ¿ '#*, S{* 2(T'k() J\W] $FEbL%'% 0
Categories and Subject Descriptors
03w"0oI e-
J-z=P !*E~,, +T03{"0oU ~ + N z2*2?DM ! !*u:B-'3 , e ¢¡£¥¤ ¦ ¢§¨=©*¡©Iª-¡«?§%©]¬®T«?¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a±A²¥e ¢¡£ ¦ «³a¯§a±%±%³]«±¥´
Memory
General Terms
6@ '#*$ +M L!"[$-
PIM Memory Bus
Keywords
-! '$#"HO'3$-HO !"EF F !*Eb%$(T'- n' ,-
1.
Processing and other logic
INTRODUCTION
: $+ $-r'3$r!",- )' ,- )!"J-'3$- -! H 7 '$-#S3!"#*'U(T'3K !*E4'$K'$F 3'#* $FN! '$#*HO'$HO !*E
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICS’02, June 22-26, 2002, New York, New York, USA. Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-483-5/02/0006 ... µ 5.00.
 zSÃ2ÄŽÆ]z2Ç22-Ç»2ÈDZÉIÊËDÌÎÍgÊÅ½Ï 6189:}#" h?(1!r'3 !*$1 T!"L+$-(T'HO'' -''!"$J,-'3 '%$b' #*,-N-''!"$ '3$-,-H '$#K HO[%'3f½$-t !*'$ b!*,%'!*$0ÁP,' ' -''!"$N L!"Î k!*-,%'3!"$N!*$~ N!*L %* !"L $K(T'K'3 b !*) , 0b:=N! !" f!"'3U'$ »% '[ BN,' '7-''!"$A H !" B !*EJ !*,-$4o*w%?0uM L!*[%$ D!*L)-''!"$)(T' ' #*,-r%I% r'U!I!*'3$ ZEe !"ES
'$- S,Ð%'%'3!"$b,,E7\W] e$- ' > !*D$!" ' , @!*L%$ - g!u[&* @ ¾ 'W] s, @!*L%- =p%?0 6@8?9:Y% % h !"> h!"L1-'3'!*$-)E L!*'$-# !*-,'!"$t' E7'$Q !*EF s m,''$#k$-!zW] u,$- EH '$-#N-(g B,,- "- ' b'$U-')% 0hz '$-# N,' -'e-''!*$-J!"%'3$k'#*~$-(T'Z!e!*$-HV' !*' A!*,-#*ÑKo"p*qHO-'3I(T' 4%% h(T' k' #",H %~%'%'3!"$U $ c>L!"`W] EK!z(y $E A! !*EF0i:Bbr , RN,[!*L1 %Ò () $Z- !" -! !"%$e !*Eb'B 3''$ 0 Ó ,-r f ' $ >(T'~- 4618?9:|M 8aPÔ-'~%J' !"$ '-'3'!*$-gL!*=L,,- e%-' , i%B &S!USf''l !*EU%$-(T'3-0XZ g !"$% gT'- N-,T !z(TH L,*-(g% 1 $'+$gE' g'#*$-'3c-$+ L!"[$- '-!zW] $B!*$[%$(T'-HO'3'3 d-'3'!*$-0PS$Ee!"L - (i >L ,- n'$3,-'$#~- g%$'!*$ n- !*E'3$ L\ $-> !"EFHO!"HV !*E'3$ !*$$- 2% 'c%3EU!*' $ I!(i-%-' , T,~%6@8?9: *'3$ (T-'vM 8aPS% ISHO !"Ek!"HO! !">!d!*$W] $-H '!"$D!"0vPS%$EK!* L %, Z% e,'- eL!">!*$W] $-H '!"$-! !"U$S J - SE HV!"$HHO' F,d - g '#"$e!*L- iXt' Xk!*A,$'0 8$7?()!4 WF'!", () I $ d k6189:ÕEF %-' , " !"EJ! $J'J,-?% > L!*[%$ u'H -!zW] $>-, e!~! HV#"'$}% 'Ö'$YM 8aPbL!"Zw -!*#"Q× I%$½(1 K '3 ½E Ø!*L?(g% 7 m,' H $K$-} !"Et[%$#" $eL,$-'!*$%'3EY{¸"?0 5 ' =L!,- g!*$[ A6189:yMR8Py W' A$-4S&] = NL!*H !z(T'$#>,-$'m, i!"$'3-,'!*$-0 Ù
8?'3b- Ac>- ' ^ '-'3!"$t!*LB 76@8?9:ÚM 8aP '!2' ,- 0 Ù
8?>-'$ !*'$>!* S!*Lg A '#*$^', U%>J,-> !"$' A'$AL,, >' ,- TL!"D fF-!*''$# H !*EU%$-(T'3-0 Ù
8?g- $g'J,-'!*$~ ,r !"$%'3$-#7$t\W] H #" S -,d!*Lbw"03w%xÛ!"$зU-!*#"Z>!* t! !"$FW* $'3!"$%h!"0 5 b -,-e% I-, >!S,K! [×*p"ÜÕ -,'!"$K'3$K !*Ekh' u$- L!*Ý[!"L D!"#*% +%$~\W] #* B -,b!*L)×*0×Ý"x-, D!J- Xt' Xk!*b,-$'g%T!* U!NNM 8aPÑ f ,'!"$0
5 - S'$- =!"L) N% ='i!"# %$'l QiL!*!z(T0 5 - $- fi '!"$k,['l r- S6189:ÀE % U fF ~L!*A618?9:|;!*$~- >!* !*Lhw*oJMR8PÁ-'3-C ]'h!"J-'3$'!*$I!*L+ m,' $hL\\W]!*N !*$- HO' $-'!*$%$- ?(1!*&Z{Ý*0 ¿ ,,- =#* $ %'3!"$D!*LD6189:=H '&] bEF Jr!"$F%'$K?%#* U$,N r!*LJMR8Põ'-N(T' m,' N1!* T!" fN'$F !*$-$ '!"$$ ()!"&A%$[% T !*-'g!*LL,-, i 0 M J%'%'3!"$v! r$-}%A!*$'$»W',-H 0 5 !b$- - A- i(T'-!*,B N!zW] !*L=['$'$'$-#k!"$FW* $'3!"$%D#" e-3 4> %^$! @() 'LEj6189:| !*EÑ!*-'3$-#Q!d,%#* »×v;{*CAöa ¢³*÷©* ¬§a¬J³]«ßuW'' i!N =-!*N%$kMR8PÀ$!- +;o"Chø]¬÷r¬J§a¬¤ ³]«ße!% _N!*$W] $F'!"$s#* J'$»J-!*I-''!"$ù W',+% e%$S,-$F!", IEKM 8aP¹$! r-! '$#2@%$ ;w*Cs ¢³a¯%©] -¬§a¬³*«ß1,- fF3,-'W] EJEIM 8aP½$!- T!*,'$- 0 5 ! !"$ $ >$-'!*$7'$L!*[%'3!"$ % r%$~%#* b- () >,- #" $ n %Z!*Lh(T-'Z'3g- c$- 4FES #* $g #"H ' sB', 4'$^ '!*$^w*0 Ý 0u8?$^-''!*$[!b! #"H $ 2h$-! D['$'$1$-?%'!*$U'3$-L!"['!*$UL!"h') !"H '!*$U!*L+#*!*n !"EF0hºs !* - N% i$-?% UWF' )!*$- s!"Ls1!" T$!- (T-''s#*,%$F !iW* h $-'!*$t3o"q0 5 , %4$!- ù i !*'!*$4!*L1#*!*s H !*E'3$-,- )!"+ hL!*)(T-'b')'h- D-!* D$!- 0 5 D[%H
!"N-W2%$F%#* )!*L-'r-! %k =)$%'3!"$A[\E> !*-'3- 7-'3-EF h$-~$-?%'!*$7'$L!"['!"$d!"$~ % M 8aPj D() 30 P !"E[[$#* $rL,$-'!*$'?E4'3g-''3-, t!"$# =!*ù T%$%A!" '$#EF [ +%,#" $ U(T'3I,-H !*L!*BM 8aP F$J,$-HV' 1&] $- !*$AMR8P! !"0ú=$H '&] i$-%AN,'! !"BE - i!" (T-'3AN E HO W] )WF' (N [%'$S> $%hc#", U'3$7E HO W] -,'$# '&b8aû Ó !* %'!*$ +$-A !*EU[$#* $0 5 M 8aPÀ,-$HO' u&] $ 2J,-1!* !*% i(T'I- u!*)!*$ E HO W] R!" '!*$- ,-~T! %'$#SMR8PÁ!*#"J%$ %* T !"Et[%$#" $U!*LAMR8PHOWF'' 4 #* $ J%$ M 8aPÑ!*$ f1(T' 1 ?(1 $>-'3¾ $1,- )-!*#*%0 5
%3 $#* ['$Q-'U!* !*%'!*$»'U>()!~W' (Tb!*Li H !"EAN,D r['$'$ 0 ¿ !*D,-JA#" >%$SL!*=-'&A8aû Ó !"LDMR8PHOWF'' r #" $ F- g!*u B !*EkD$- Ý"ügEF B%#* >M 8aPÁ,-$HO' i&] $ '$ AW' (TJM 8aPH W'' r !"EZDW2%'?% HO'l e #* $J{¸"?0
3.
DIVA PIM MICROARCHITECTURE
ý I618?9:_MR8Pv-'g'3T9B¼Tz8 !"Ei W' =,-#* $ (T'Z#* $- HO,- !* >!",-'3$-#K%$4!*N,$-''!*$Z%H (i 0@:=!",#*dMR8PÕ[\EI!*$-'3D!*LsN,' g$!- - % !"L-(T-'U% 1-'3S'Ei!*' r!*L+L (Z #2E !"LF H !"Eb$-I$-! @! !* ¿ '3#", =w!z(TuuMR8P_(T'A'$-#* $-! (T-'S þ- B rL!,-i!*Ls- N'$-'3'% [%B'
'3$-#B!*$-, 0 ÿ=! !*$IDMR8P_'r% i!"'$ L% %$Zh'$#* MR8PÔºs!",'$#U!" !*$- $r;M '?ºTTC0 5 D!*1'$H L ' $= ý 6 ý ^$-%d6iº:>Pj!"!!* !bD !"EK =(1 uB% T%'W'3EA'$'' E4 b!"e% %e%!"$W] $'!*$%) !*Et L!" - h!"s 'W] 0 5 NM '?ºTA's !"$' uL!"@ !"!",H '$-#k% >!*¾}'dW'?> ~MR8PHO!*HMR8PG'$F !*$-$ S$ -' '$# 3D!*$A-'30
!
" ÄÉIÊËDÌÎÍgÊÅ ÆÇQ-ÆÇÆ]zFÏ Â 2z#2 ¿ ' #", kw4%!k!z(TJ?()!['$ !"$$ $_[M 8aP 'IL!*u'$L!*[%'!*$eþ-!(} ?() $A$-! B!*T'$ L\ %$» ^M 'ºTT0 ý %»'$ !"$$ A'A-''3$-#*,-'3- »E^- E D!"L '$L!"['!"$I'@' 0 5 JM 8aPY !"E,-s'31, L!*r!"$FW* $'3!"$%@ !*E^% NL!"| -!*g-! !*0 5 - ) '$ !"$$- T%3!z(T !u%$' () $r- -!*u'$ L% F- g$!- +%$I UM '?ºTT0 5 g-!*u'$ L% %!Z!"$'$e h,-¾ A;M ú ¿ CuL!*J h!"J,-$'H '!*$d ?(1 $K-!*S%$vM 8aPS0 ý vMR8PÎ$!- Z!Ze M ú ¿ +L!"$!- HO!*HO$!- b h!"J,-$'%'3!"$ uN(T'T -', A'3$K '!"$7w*0w*0 ¿ '#", AÝ4!z(T>- I[a !">!*$!"N$7>!*$-$ '!"$ (T'-'3$tJ$!- 0 5 [6189:ÛMR8PÛ$! ! '$-#e!*#*'b,-H !"b'3$-#* HO', h'$HO!" b f ,-'!*$ @(T'3Ðw*oHO-'3b'$,-H '!"$$dw"oHO'- 0 5 I r()!>%D(T!" %'!*$-e% >!!*-'3$ kFE^J'$-#* > f ,-'3!"$~!"$F!"1,-$' Nw*o%HO')%hb%) L!*)!* %'3!"$h''T! -!* N!*L@$-dw"oHO'B'3$ #" =,-$' %$dbo*p"qHO'=XQ'3- H XZ!*e%Su L!*Dc$- HO#*'$S !" '!"$ !"$4·H {*q%H "!*iw*oHO-'3@!* $-0 !*>%-1 fF , uL!" '$#" A'$,-'!*$7 Ú,$- r U' '3!"$7!*L>'$-#* p%HO#* K61¼xBHV'&] b' '$ ~{*{ s!*- A(T'd #*' L!*H
(g%'$#Q3!"#*'K!Q !*W] ~4- $- $- kl%0 5 -' ' '$ =L u'$,-'!*$-TL!*ÎD[n'3$-,'!"$A%- (T'Z'g'$3,- [!U'$''l !*ES!*$ $'!*$4 ?(1 $ '$,-'!*$b -g%$b%N% 0 5 - B'$-,'!*$b 1%
$>- '#*$- b!N !">%%1$ *L!*1 u!")% *, U I!" ! S$7!"$-'3'!"$d! #* $- '$-#t#" L,-$'!"$R!zW] %0 5 B%T%%I'ru$Zº8a ' , R,-#* $F U(T'ZTL (Ñ6189:=HO '3c-uL,$-'!*$- L!"!!"'$%'3$-#Z(T'7 U(T' I%%0 5 UXt' XZ!* %d g- Ni #*' iL!*>%- '$#b!* %H '!*$- +%D(1 T%DL!*u!"$F!"3'$-#>, (1!*e!" '!*$-0 ý % %4g'g!z(T$k'$- $- $B#* $- HO,- !* #"' c K(T'Õw"oZ #*' 0`z 'J'3$-,'!"$[ 'S' $-L T ?() $b #*' Tc-3 h(T'!*,-)#"!*'$#J!*,-#*b H !*EF0s:=!",#"e$!"D,- !" e'$S g'$''T618?9:v!"!*?E !z(T$d'$ ¿ '#*,- K{" sþ-! '$-#*HO !*'$ f $-'3!"$!4 UXt' H Xk!"A,-$'T(T'3+ g!zW' I'3$AL,,- iE 0
Memory Port WideWord Datapath (Reg File, ALU, etc)
Node Memory
Memory Control & Arbiter
I-Cache
Pipelined Execution Control Unit
Scalar Datapath (Reg File, ALU, etc) PBUF
#$2ÄÉAÊËDÌõÍgÊÅ
 2z
Address/Control Data n4]-2Ï
5 f ,'!"$Z!"$!*s,$-'3=, !"i, WF'!"U$4, !- 1!"L ! '3$-#I$S!g['$'$-g1$,N !"Ln 'H ,- !* »%$v!* #*' 4L!*[,- !*S!"L f -'!*$ %$-3'$-# n- u$-?%'!*$ $I#* $- Ó N W' 0 ý fH -'!*$ B''$#ZL!*G f ,'!"$^!"LB$-! A'$-,'!*$- =%$ '$ ,- L!*Ô!" g!", g,t%U$k'$ $' g!" f $R'$F ,T'#"$ + g%$-3 IE4B!"!"$e %H $'[0 5 - i f -'!*$U$-'$#J- =L!*N6189:_gD!-H -(g ) m,' $ f !*'$-#BN,r!*LF )!*-3 fF'E !g!*L?(i ]!r['$'$4hþ fF'-3 T'- $'!"$U-L!"[0 8?T-!zWF'- N$I'3$ #" I %$'¹L!"D$-'$#-(g $-A!"L?(i N f -'3!"$A!", 0 5 ZL!"3!z(T'$#t '!*$S- $e- t6189:ÖMR8PÖ$!- k'$ !" Z- 'b%$t-'3#"'#*A!" 4!*Lr [,$-'mF,- SL %, I!*L K618?9:®'!2' ,- 0 5 ec->,- '!*$^L!,- !*$b- B!"h''$#",''$-#JL ,- =!*L)rMR8PÔ)!* b! g!*$W] $'!*$-! !* 'g !"ES,$-'3$-4 !*ES'$-H L\ 0=,- m, $EF *() r- ' I618?9:ù DXQ'3- Xk!"e,$-' % n'$F !*$-$ J%$K%- u$%'3!"$S %$'[0
3.1 Host Memory Interface and Memory Unit
5 !*g'$ L\ 4%$4 !"E4,-$'i þ- Ur$F,-J i!*L b%3 $-#* '3$K- '#*$-'3$-#^4M 8aP|%J W] S%S[%H
!*ES!*HO! !*g!kr!"$W] $'!*$%!"0 Ó ,B,$- EH '$-#g#*! %1(1 u!i'$''l u L!*[%$ u $' 1!=!*$W] $-H '!"$1 !"E^ S%NW' (1 kE[ -!* R(T' >[fH ''l'$-#e J !* $' $- c=!*LgM 8aPÛ!" '!"$0g:=!",#* - I!"'#*'$%B- '#*$d#* 7 J 6=ºs:PS + U!"!*H E A!z(T$^'3$ ¿ '#*, d{b'4$Ð-ºs:PHO ^- '#*$Q-, e! %3 $#* D'$I'3 E4 D!J N - ~6=ºs:PÑL%'%'3!"$ '$ 0XZ icT- ' g = ,'$#- '#*$e'- $ I'3$ -'!"!*?E U-'½%$7 $7- $$ EK!*$'- H '!"$uL!"6=ºs:PHV kM 8aPj '#"$0 :ÖM 8aPÖ'ù A!*A'3$ L\ k f $%3Et'- $e- ý 6 ý 76iº:>P_!*!!*!B% rM 8aP¹% %=%B@!"$H W* $'3!"$%h-6iºs:PÁ!> i-!*D! !*0 Ó $-HO-'3 ] g!" '$ L\ r!"J,-$'% B(T'd%$e'$F $n !*EA!*$!* !D$ #*!*'% g !D s N - r !"EF0n8?$g $ z- -!*h'$ L\ B'3Nh%$!"T ?(1 $U D$Z6=ºs:P -!*!!"r$-»$k'3$ $iMR8PHV 'c>!"!!*0 5 !S'LE - >-6iºs:PÀ''$#N m,' $F ]-'3)'3$ L\ gN,) $,- !*$' $T''$#JL!"T!*T !*E4% 0s:u)c-h#*%$ -'[\Eg v'Ò,-3!D $L!" h'$ ) iMR8Pv$!- 1-! H !"BSEb U% '$#b !*Eb(T $7B!"u !"EI m,- %'W] @- E~%,'$#Z I!*S U!4'$,-[$-'H '!"$s $EF0 B!z() W] r!",-3 J!*L@L%!*U%3!z(Ð AM 8aP !r !"$>(T'b -'-3 u $E[%) m,-'3 >FEN u%$H 0 ¿ '3 n N - tº:>Py[%!S!*L) -!*!*E 'IJw"0p$DE i' U%$Ko"p*q%HV-'BD-,0Tz !*$-EF - b'3$ $1!&~!"Lu 4M 8aPÎ'AJ3 (T' Ir!*Lu- -6iº:>P_-,h;Ý*x7L!"!* 1'3 $%'3!"$C a!B- g%''!*$ !"L@$e'%'3!"$E T's$ #"3'#"'3- D!= h!zW] %- !*ENH $EF0Tº L T! ¿ '#*, Up" (T-'e-!z(TD'3'3$-#'%#*ÕL!* IwHOE [:b $Ed-6iºs:P®-,i %k!" '!*$0 5 -
&%
13254 687:9 1 7:9 7:;P®EF3 C1L!"g 4 m, i!U L!*(i kL!" - b!*N'$ L% I!S- >'$F $)$! > !*EZ!*$!"3 WF' g$-Q ,-$ ^L!"I!",,-!*$!~- 76=ºs:PG -,0 5 '4%3!z(Tb ~MR8PÚ!Z!",-,- Ic-[qÝ"HV-'> (1!*Z'3$4E Sq" R%'LE'$#e- e-6iºs:P®-!*!!"?0I'$ S % i!> g N - e !*EU'$W]!*W] Uo"p*qi'D!*L%* - ),- -'$#>q%Ý*HO'()!"D ) -'3EU\W' hL!*- -!*D'$F L N!>!",-,T ¹'3$AE ¶" ·* +$-7×*0B'' ''$-#4-'3 DL!*u(T' I 0 5 - g'$F $+$!- g !"EI!"$!* -!z(T$e'$ ¿ '#", rÝ !*$'>!"LB()![%'3I!* !*$ $F[%$©*«÷a£¥¡§a«b%$vZ¬J§a¬¤ ³*«ßt¯%³]Þ-¡«?³] JÞ£¥¡0 5 - _' [ L!*4%$-&'$#^ H () $} m, U!*Lr !*E½ 7$-} '$ U'H !"'?E_!*L!" '$#Q m, 0 º m, SL!*^ U£ ¥§ h$-g(T'3 z[\EB!*'#*'$% )L!*_ s!"'$ L% 1 H
PO 3OPQ
!*EI !* M 8aPÕ! !*='$-,'!*$[%- %$û%!*B !"E #" >!*Lh- [M 8aPÛ! !*r' '$ 0J:=-'3%'!*$k-'!*'' gL!*N, 7DL!"3!z(TD{*C!"D'$ L\ +o*CTM 8aPj! H !*D !*EA%#* $Kw*CDMR8P¹-! !"='$,-'!*$S%- 0 5 D!")'$ L% D1 u'#" 1'!*'?E'3$- D'$'[?%H $-EJ'@ m,' L!*@ NM 8aP½'!U- =s!"$W] $'!*$% 6=ºs:PÀL!"B-!*T! !* 0 5 U-' u!*N,$-'H % )!" E(T'> T !*E!*$!*-,$' "(T-''1 !*$-H ' gL!"u#* $- '$#4%+!"$!*n'3#"$%3D!- i !"EZ\EF ,Qr[!A R(T' $% R!*,-,B $% )%$Q-H '0 Ó $- Z> mF,- N% $K#"$ _% m, '3$-#A!", -'W] i- %N-,b%$Q!' KFE H (T' HO $% @'3#"$%3L!*+(T' i% (T' ) !*E=!*$-H !*1,$-'3r-'3W* r b!*$!")'#*$0 ¿ !*r %_ m, T'Eb u%D ,-$ IL!"¹ = !*EZ% >-!*-'?% r'3 0 ¿ !"iL,-, S6=ºs:PHV ['-3 $'!*$- n- eM 8aPÛ' !*EeE yJ,-= A,#" $ [!b,- !*= L 4!*-H %'3!"$~$Q#" HO! ^% 0 ¿ !*U L }!" '!"$ B!"h'$F L iJ,-) B!$- iE À !"E !"$F!"3 @ L !" '!"$s'$F!D'$ $%F L !" '!"$ (T'Z'bgL%'3E[%'3#"L!*(iZ f ' 0 5 !U f!*'=#" H !- % - u$! T !*EJ!*$!"3 1!",>['$'$ A¯a««?§aÞ-¡ ¦ ©]öa§U©]ø]ø]«§a±±«?§%öa£¥±%¡§a«0 ¿ !"g$!"[s %û(T' ZH R- S- = $ [(T'4 N m, i'i!* #2'$U S!*$ $b!*Li- S, $>#* ^% U #*' ,-'$#4%e>%#* U'3J, $FEZ!* $0[8LD- I !"'!*$7!*L S mF,- '$#»%- I(T-'t- '#*$ I d6iº:>PG#* [%- i rW, N!*L@ N,- $B#* e- i #*' 2 )'@ L!" Z=)%#* HO!- J 08?L T()!rW, B,$- m, 2h%$!"Ô% )J,-) D L!" *(T-'b $-H 'r !*'$-#A J, $FES!" $Z#" [$-k!*-'$#A'$4 $ (À#* b!" !*$-'$#S!A 4 mF,- 04'J,-$ H !*,-EI(T'e-'3 F- g$ (»#* I% D'D e'$! I, $F#" 7- #*' 07:=! s A, $#* - @ #"'3 )'1'$W' >, !*$ L >!" '!"$ *'$ L b!* %'3!"$1!*,-@ TW, @ %'3$- >'$> N6iº:>P $- U- F(T'A - $u i, $Eb!* $e#" 0 :=!2 6iºs:PHO 7MR8P®'-3 $'!*$-=N,B L,E !"$' = S-6iº:>P¹'3$ L\ m,' $0=:B>$4 f+H !*$-'3- =$'-3 $'!*$> >!"$ N6=ºs:PÐS! !zW' kFE[- >8 Pô,H{*{-! e3{"w0I¼+'3&* > 4º:>P [%!B,- r'$J- 1c-T6189:K!"!*?E @-' 'S!D,-H !*e[o*p*q%HO',-J(T'7EF HV(T' HO $-3 b'#*$! ,- !*h(T' u!"L%D[%3 T$ko*p"qB' ](T i$ 0 5 u[%!g%#* u'l u'io%¸*Ý ·h-'30 5 u%#* HO!- DEF3 T' 'Jp$ (T' g i%$-!*HO!- gE g'3 g'3J{"p$0 8?L TE Ð !*EN!*$!* =(g\E@'3$-''?% @L,-, m, "'3&* T T!*$- T!z(T$>'$ ¿ '#*,- p" "[%3-!'c-'!*$- %$J 1[- )!D )'$ $nM 8aPv!*#"'h!B%'LEr i6iº:>P ''$#D m,' $F0 :=+!!*$AhE _ !*Ei!"$!* º:>DEF3 u'@ z T!"1'$ L\ u!",4 @ T'$-H $R !"E>!*$!"3 T!Nc$-'I'h,- $h !*E>!* H '!"$[$- [%'$' T'$S%$F'''!*$!"Ls@-!*s m, 0 ý W] $ (T'I- =,- $)-'3#" HO ~-6iºs:PÑ%$% {"w*w*P Bl 1'Tuw"·$+ $-Ei () $r- =º:>@E i%$r(T $g '1 mF,-' L!"1 >!* '!*$-)L!"igw%HOE N:>B $EJ'3H $'!*$0 !*$N h%$-!*HO!- hE h' !"L2 8 PÎ6=ºs:PÁ[!> $'3!"$ ~ !zW] 'u'J mF, i' L!"h u'$ $%2$!- B !*E!*$!* h!r!" B'),-H $u !"EIEF3 I%$e !"$e!S=!*HO'$'' S !"E E 0 ¿ !*uE u(T'S'$F 3'#* $FD !*EU!*$!* B L!* #"' "(T D '$H - fe g(T'4,-c [!*L@ N!*,- i'g!zW] ['$F! - '$%'3!"$^c- 0 ) $ %D J,-'!*$-S A 'c ,-K F (T- '3c- =- g ' J,-'!*$»W] !*U!K t%' }!7'$-, u(T'}- !",-,U'3$ 0 k'A '3- U!*$-, }-!*,-#*Ñe H ' >!"L='$,-'!*$->!*'>! % dL!"'$- fJ'$!b)% u!*LR%HO(T' N,%'3!"$ ",- %B-'L !* F, #2 F% %$I ,-'!*$0 ¿ '#", dqI', I- e, e!"Li N, e!" '!"$U(T'3 %$[ f+-3 J!*LBg ,-'!*$[,®!*L@ r $F=!*L=$^\E ;!2 '$! {"C0 5 - ) -,'!*$N,_' L!" N'$ R; @C h(T »'I- S$F,-J >!*Lr $b'$ -{~;'$t- f% jÝ 1L!*b'''?E+C0 Ó $^ %^ @ Ac- J,-'!*$r(g% N W] $HO$,N =c Uo 2(T'r'!-H $,-J K$ '#* !"c 3vo v{" ¸ "o* !*'$-#Z- ,)'$ o"0 5 $>- u!*$ $s!*L {g%$ og% % ,'$#7'$} S,`!"LN }'U!*Lr W] $Hû!-HO$,N 3 $>'$^ %d W] $HO$,N Kc 37!"L {"0 ¿ '$EF = W] $HO$,N Q'%i,~ 4 N, }'$!7 [!(1 LD!*L -{* -,'$#4 b-!* Î'l AEZL\0Z:=L - %B - i,¹!"Lu+ $u'D'$ec- Al !!*L {"0
TS VUXWCY:Z[U\Y^]`_aU@Y^bc_aU@Y I, U!*LB$L '$,-'!*$->'3$v 'f »' #*,-?%HO #*,-?%[!*-,%'3!"$v(T- k'I'3d%W$H #* !*,)!g L!"Á u #",1!*,%'!*$b'$U- uXt' XZ!* ,$-'h%$g s' #",'$r s%:B¼ú>0%8?$g-'3n f+ N,'''!*$N!*L rw%]E Y$r s L!* r'$r Xt' Xk!*Z,$-'3 R'$ 4%E Ñ'3I% K(T'Z'3- >!*$- 0 5 !I!z(} uW] !*HO%hJ,-'3-'3'!*$U!r B L!* I'$ % Û'T -'3 I'3$!eDXt' Xk!*U #"'3 08T'T$!* !"c% !I L!"Ô e-''3!"$Z!"L I > aB$- '$[ rXt' XZ!*S,-$' -'$ N'=(1!*,[ r$ Ee!b& I ! I > Qw+'3$!4=Xt'- Xk!"e #*' $-e- & (T > > Iw%% T''$sW, 0+ÿ= W* z !",-'!*$>!"Ln- J- =;% % 1!"L _,@!*¾ > s > dwC$A'3 g L!* e'$e% u!z(T$ '$k- f+- 0 ¿ '$%3EF R !" $-U% !zW] Z!A%?% #"'3 N$b- %''!*$-r B L!" U'$I- B%T,$-'0
VZ^½qs3U@YTU\Y_5stY zu¾f djf ^Z^½qs8UTU@Y_5s3Y_5b Ru¾f `d&f ¿ZC½XUysTstY_aU@Y_5b uwf Ài djf ^Á Â :Á ÃÂq
qÄ
Å Ç Â Å Ç ÃÂ Ç Ã :Ç ÃÂ` Ç Ã ,-½> u-,¾ s#* $- ^EK3!2 !*g!" '$,-'!*$0 )'W] $k- '-3''E4!"L)- #* $H % ¹%- [$%'3!"$½ k', ½'$¹ '!*$¹o" W] ED'3 @%(i @, !"+'n$ g!T ¾ Ò' $+%$H '!*$0 5 - I$- %E~ '!*L!*e3!u !"Ek #"H $I kE'1% k%- J #*' !*¾ N''J #"H ' )%$Q r'W'3 #" >!*$!"@-'0 ¿ !"i#*!*1 !"E #" $ +%$K%''!*$+WF',R% b- u #"'3 D'u, H L,-h!4 ¾ J Ò' $%$'!"$ D- ' 7 !z(N0 5 '$''b6@8?9:!"L T%$H %'3!"$7-(g% U!S'3$-''l ~%- JL\,-30A¼+'&] >%#* J'3$ A!*$W] $'!*$=E S T #* $~$Q 'k!' _- H '3-!*[% A#" $ 'U'$d$,- 0[8'!"$E~-!*,#"7EF -!*#"'$-#%iT #" $) W* gT 'cD,- !* *,- %B $'$#, T!- g!*u%B #" $0 5 !>''$#*,-'S ?(1 $e!%u$-e#*!* #* $ -(1 IH -''EF +,-i(T'~'3 b!*N!*Lh#" $ '?EF + '3LEZg- ,- Upr'r!*LrrW'3,=- g#" $ % ~EdeM 8aPÛ-!*H !*J'3$-'% I- 4±¯%³ ¦ §N!*LT Z% 0 5 bW2%, >!*Lu- !* Sc 3d '$ >(T>EF I!*LB$%'3!"$ )'L>%$EF s' ,- ^; ¿ '3#", A×*C0 ¿ !*B!%$'!*$ 2'>pi!",#"d¶ % =,- Zr%$U'$- fJW2%3,- B!N )!*$ D!*Ln '#*1 h!*Ln! #* $1 '-!*)L!*@$-?%'!*$k$!* '!*$b- &F'$-# 0 5 - = )!*L- BW',%@- T - $g%$I!"¾ TL!"Á- #* $s% N- 0+úB$'&] )- h- T3!!"&HV,-EF h!"L2! %$'!"$ L!*=#*!*$-'!*$Z'3B'i!* J Ò' $B!U- H '$ T'L2 )WF',+- s's!*$'$- (T''$- h%$!"L g#*!"s #" $0 5 , 'L@ N!* JW2%, N'3$-'% i#*!" %$'!"$ sL,-3EH!'%'3W* T3!!"&,' L!* ,'$-#B- #"!*%s #* $F= '-!*0=:=!2 @%g!z(T$['$Z- Jc-#*, ,- W'!*HO W] u,$%$ d #"'3!"$t%%$>- A f -H '!"$Q%$-3 [- > $^ W] 0 5 -'>L %, e' ,- L,-1L!*N&] $- s! !A,$k-'#*$-!*' +,-tNW] 'LE'$# - >!* %'!*$K!*LT- 4- N$-?%'!*$K%(i b(T'!*,-
'3$-#'$%%' SEb A-(g% g !*0 WF',)- ¸
ÝQp
w*{
!"
¸*¸*¸"¸*¸
3! ¸
2ÄÌI
 2z
4.
,-$F%$
#"3!"%
-EF'%h%- a
¸*¸"¸*¸ {
Ê
¸*¸*¸"¸ {
z- tQÉIÊËDÌÎÍgÊÅ
w*{
Ï
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Applications
5 !J , B u L!*[%$ i !" $' !*Ln 6189:Ñ'H , ](1 = f+'3$- B'$U %' '#*h $--[&[%-3'%'!*$ ,-[%'3l Q'$ 5 -3 K{*0 5 ~-'3'!*$-U$U-! %$#" !*L@!"['$g'$-,'$-#I' $'cJ!*,'$-# 2%% %$N'[#" T! '$-# 0 5 Eg f'' !"J! HV#"'$H 'Û;(T'4%3!z(Th!*-,'!"$>!g T %4!"gM 8aPC %$ ='3$!* K% gc$ HV#"'$%3 ' ;(T'v$ fF-!*' 7!",#*K fF ,'!*$K'$K- IXt'- Xk!"K,$'C0K g ÿB '#* !*-!! -M!*'$ ÓgÓ ¶D$-ÿ>%,% !*'$ f-'3-'' #*H ,-g!*g'3f Q; #",U%$4'3 #*,%C)I r $ ,'$#U'3$S-'#*[ !"E7 i!zW] - -=!"$4!*$W] $'!*$ %-' , 0T!*$ ,$ 5 $-'3'W] N!", $ 5 -?% PS%-'$#Q A- $ U[%'3fk!*-,%'3!"$J(T'3d #",[%H >% $ s,J !"EK%$(T'-^ !* 4b'3'3'$-# L\!"'$~ f-3!"''3$-#d\W2%'3% b%3 3'[0 5 b 4$ Ð Ek!"$~ >XQ'3- Xk!"~,$-'N!S fF-!*'r%3 3' $
`
S
S
%
M 8aP¹$-(T'-0 = !*$ () N, I- W''!"$=L!*B S!*L 1!"#*v$% a(T'3A,ÒfgH 7L!"!"u$-JHML!"DMR8PS0
%
4.2 Simulation Environment and Parameters
5 !D W,% 1- g6189:_' ,- a() @ W] 3!" AE 'J,-!*J v6iz8aPS n(T-'K,- SºD8Pô%SL (1!*&+ (T't'#*$-'3c-$b f $-'3!"$ZoÝ"?0YºD8PG'3Z%$t W] $HO'W] $ 'J,-!*)1! 31% HO !*EN,'! !*T,-'3 (T'> HO!"LHO H%@N,' u', !*,HO!"LHO!*- 1,- %?% ! !*0À6i8PG f $'!*$-b'3$-,- 7I' kM 8aP(T'>Xt' Xk!*7,-$' k618?9:¹ !*EkEF [ g +!"N,$'%'!*$S %$'Î$-e >MR8PHV!"HMR8P '$ !*$-$ 0T6i8P¹,- !"T iL,T6189:ÁMR8P¹8:0 5 g6i8P!*-! !"1's&] $J-'3 ENL!*®ºD8PS a'$-H ,-'$#=- hcD%$N !"$HO W] -%- 0 5 - h!"! !" ' , D'31% b!*$> P8aM@>ºD{¸*¸"¸*¸A$-U'1!*$-c#*,- >gL!*,-HV',- ! !*g(T'[?(1!I'$ #* b' 'J,-$' ?(1!~þ!2'$#"HO !*'$>,$'4%$Q!"$ 7%- b,$'07¼! %Z $!"$HO!&'3$-# 08TJw"oügE i¼T{J$-K{"PFE i¼hoB%-
!*I?(1!*HO(g\EZ!'%'3W* -(T'7 u' u!*Lu{$k{¸EH 'W] EF0 !"e¼T{$I¼ToB J g-' '3$- 7%$ ,- !*TN,' g!*,-$-'$# mF,- 0 5 =!*u'u!*$-$ A!- b6189:v !*EbE ¹W' 'HO$-'!*$ hqÝ"HO'r,0 5 !*E4E Ô!"$' !*LB k#"#* #2'!*$t!"L>%3NM 8aPÎ !"'3 1(T I d3! !*Et'AW'' 4L!*Ö !*}-!*K%$}!%UMR8Pô! H !*0u6iz8aPÁ[%'$F%'$u i, $T!* $A!z(»!*L %A !"E %$&N!i '$ u T !*EA )E N;#" u!*s$-!* !- CT$-A'J,- J-''!*$e ?() $A-!*N$-KM 8aPõH D%- ' K'$_ '3!"$_w*0{*0 5 - U !*EZ $-' $FEr- T!*B% Np*o)E sL!"1#" HO! J =$-[q¸ E hL!*T%$!"Á!- $-I'$-, B D,-)$-L T- \EF D !*E4-''!*$U' %$U 6iº:>P® T'3 ;Ý $-S{"o@E sL!"s#" r$-%$!"½!- 'W] E+C0 5 !*Er $-' s $Eg 1!MR8P! !" "'$,-'$# -''!*$k$-k6=ºs:PÛ h' R% >pr$-k{"wuEF3 hL!" %#* U%$e%$!"j!- U - '3W* EF0 :=$Q-''!"$~'3-E[,- !*UJ HO'$ þ-,4!A $-H L!" N!*- $ J () $S r!"B%- >%$dM 8aPÕ !"EF [(1 e%SEF$--!*$-'3l'!*$Õ%$_!*J,-$''!"$½L,-$'!*$-0 5 IL,$'3!"$A U'3$-&] ~(T'K- k%-3'%'!*$ u%$K '3 f ,-'!*$A'T'N, IE46i8PÀ'$I- = g(g\E4u -H '%'3!"$!- 0h6iz8aPÁ%!i! 3s- )% %$'Õ%$ MR8PHO!*HMR8PÀ'$ !*$-$ h'$U- ' ,1() B!*'TL,- ''!*$e'$- g'u% uL!,- B!"$7{HM 8aPj L!*[%$ 0 ¿ !"1- B fF '3 $ "() D[&* B- D!*$ W2%'3W* %,-H '!*$KN ZMR8Põ-! !",$-e%JLu > K!*Lu !"=-! !*0D:=!",#*S- J'$- $D [!*L@ N!*#"'3J' $!S!z() [{*w () b[%&] I-'e%,-'3!"$7 ,- I- >,-H !" !*$- $h!*Ln MR8PÀ! '$#!"#*'i,$b'$U3!&HO *! N ,-3'$-#I!&e ['i!z() g$S=!"L1,- %?% 0
4.3 Performance Compared Against Host
¿ '#*,- d{¸~,-['l ~{%HM 8aP{HOügEF B -?%
% '[ - 'W] , g'$A #*' %#* g!-
!*$- ,$ ; 5 C
{*¶*¶>;TC
['fU$- !*
:u$' :B !*
w*o%HPE g[%'3f
%3 '[ J,-'!*$
·*p*¶ º 5 ºs:Bÿ>C o¸ o>;TC
r!"$ ,-# % #*-' $ ¿ !Eù J%3+%'3 -!* u
ÿ=:
o*Pj!", ''3!"$S $ o*p*q=ügE
'[ -þ-! '$-# !"'3$ %#* g!- %3 '[ 'W] , g'$e #"'
S
;¿ Ó
$-''3W* 5 !*, I; 5
TC
¼ ÿ= '#"F !"!! ;ÿz % C ÿ>%, !"'3$ ;ÿ ]C
M!*'$ J;M1C ÓgÓ
{"w*{%Ý*ÝZ;TC
'!*$%
!*'$
:B%
¶*o=ügE
o%¸ ×"·>;TC
'3S#* r-! '$# $' $-!*¹(i&
:u$' :B !* :u$' :B !*
p%¸*¸ ¸"¸*¸bEF
!"+ HO!*' $ %% gm, E
úB$'W] 'EU!"L Xt'!"$'$
·*·*·=ügE
o*p*o>;TC
gC
¶
:u$' :B !*
·%¸*¸"¸4;
»TyMÛÊIÃ2ÄÌUÛÊÆ]-2t %$[&'$#Z%W$#" J!"L@#" HO! J !"E7 0 5 - ['$- u!*L-'3u '3!"$e f+'3$- u gL\!"B'$e- '0 14.0
Speedup over host−only
12.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
2zSÃ2Ä
0.0
Â
Æ]z2Ï
g(1!*&'$#b D!*L %S!!"4c-u'3$S- g¼T{=%- -- L!" s , @ f'-'3 iE 5 P_'+ ¾ 'W] EB f!*' 0 ý W] $ !",#" 5 PH Q-! $!",¾ L!*½%#* T !*ErF'3 U{%HMR8P¹W* '!*$7; 5 PHM@Cu W] $A[%3 B' D-, !=- h'#"%@$-(T'A iMR8P½$! 0 5 ), h!"L2 Xt' Xk!*N,$-'L!"! -'$# û%!*'$#U%$N!* %'$#=!"$eo"p*q%HV-' !*n z-,n s , s!"LF'$gXt' XZ!*g #"' -, = !"EI%3+' g![o¸2Ü!*LT!*L 5 PH 0 !*$- ,$U%rT !"E>R'3 =!*L)׸20{*¶*Ü(T- $U,$H $'$-#Z!"$d- A-!*0 5 -'34%-3'%'!*$QW* Ek' e !"H @ ,- n'$ > k[%'f4 3 $r'3U% K!*$E[?(T' ;!*$- u [%$>!"$ T(T' Cn-,'$#= T[%'3fJ$- !* 0 5 , '[%'3E['s ,- 'i f!*' Z'$Z%- s$-Z %4$ ( %- '3$- >'g!*$E[ ,- }JL (Y' 0J8$Z- [MR8PÛW] '!*$ >XQ'3- Xk!"k-A%!4 fF-!*'r [\W' b%' ,- 0 ¿ ,- !" ] DXt' XZ!*U3!2-û!* %$b!* %H '!*$-1!"$[·)['fJ $=B)' J!g ,- u T$,N !*L1% )!g !"EF0 ¿ '$EF * u $EJ $>EJ- JMR8P ! !*i;W* #" T!*L@{*{"0p*¶hE "'$ D!*s!*L - N U'$~$-!"Î! CT'N,~!(1 $~N,¾ KFE u-!*0 5 - D!*N'$%'3!"$b!*LR uL\!") -, u J 5 HM !*EU' g!JÝ 0w*o"ÜY!"L%T!*LD 5 H >0 Y!b $ cTL!"Õ i!z() D !*EU?% $'3 B!"$e M 8aPÛ$!- 0Az'$ J N g'3l ! r$-!*ic-i'$k J!" %- T%$g ' #",T % $n%, @!*$-þ'n' )H Û $-4·"p*0o*{"ÜÛ!*Li'> f ,-'!*$Q' A t,- A! %- ' 0J:B3-!*,-#*k!*g!*L1 '3 A% 'c- }% ¼ToN [;p"{*0w*o"ÜC +Ý q"ÜÁ!*Lh- @' 'r, J!7H i!> I6iº:>PS0 Ó $S IMR8PS ¶*·"ÜY!"Ls r !"E7H N D#" HO! n$b- \W] %#* B?% $E $ Eb i-! !*D'u!*$Ekp*0×*{=EF3 0 5 %$''W] S!*,- !"$Z- J-!* 5 H > $-¶¸ ÜY!*L@' f ,-'!*$[' %3 Z,- N!U%- ' (T'4Ý2¶*0{Ý2ÜÁ!*L I' >'c- ½% U¼T{4$-½p"o*0·*{"ÜÛ'c ½% ¼To" ,'$#b'$d$d\W] #* J'= $EI!*LBq*0o*wgE 0 ¿ !" 5 HMR @ d\W] #* [ !*Ed $-E^'kp*0p*¶eE h-, e! q*¶"ÜÕ!"Lu#" HO! k 0S8?$_%''!*$7!S!z() !"E $-' 5 HMÐ%!ZSS $,N N!*Lu !"E»H D'$- g BXt' XZ!*A,-$'h'T, A!%$L u = ! û%L!"y !*Ek$-e L!"Õ g!",-'!*$0 5 - N,- g!*L
%
a%
10.0
Ý[PE
TM−P
CT−P
CG−P
@
TC−P
qË
NJ−P
NH−P
P−P
OO7−P
ð ÛÊ C Í+Æ]2Ï
Ç z2
S %
4.4 Reduction in Memory Stall Time
¿ '#", k{*{*;"CB!z(TJ U !"E~h' !*Lu!"HV!"$E fF ,'!*$0¹MR8PA -, [ !*E^i' 4'3$}()!K(iE ;{"CN!z() I $-EQ!7 !*E+$- N;o*Cg'#*- U$-(T' !b !*Ee-!*,-#*[(T' N3!2-b$-S!* 0J;:Ð'[ ,-H '!"$A!,-NNT ,T!"L!2 HO#*%'$e% '3Î%!*u- M 8aP z(T''$!"',- '$-'% 0CDXk 1 hL!*½- c-#*,- i%TcW] B!*L- i '#*T-!*#*%u $U!" g$UÝ*¸2Ü !"Lh '3='3 k'$4 !"E^ 0A6189:Û' W] > ,'3!"$'$ !*EN' TL!*s TcW] h-!*#"@$-#*H '$-#JL!*õ{"w*0·*×"ÜvL!"Tÿ>,- !"'$I!A×*p"Ü_L!"N!*$- ,$ -!z(T$e'$ ¿ '#*, U{"{*;C0 5 - Z-!*UW] '!*$»!"L 5 % tPS%-'3$-#½; 5 PH Crk !*EK%T'3 A!*LD!*$-E_w*Ü®!"LB'!"T f ,'!*$7' 0 5 - u@ s'3l D!"L 'B-''!*$bc-'3$ T¼To) -$
%
S
%
%
100.0
60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
CT−H CG−H TC−H NJ−H NH−H P−H OO7−H "!$#&%(')+*-,/.102.1354('6%(78+9:97(;:.102%=354=?&3 %((7 @A3 *&9:'B0DCE0DFD#-7(;G3 *H TM−H
L1 STALL L2 STALL MEM STALL
120.0
Host and PIM memory stall times
100.0
80.0
J
60.0
40.0
20.0
O 7 O −H O 7− P
H P− P
I
O
I
P−
H − N H H −P
I
N
J− N H J− P
I
N
− TC H −P
I
TC
G − C H G −P
I
C
− TM H −P
I
T− C H T− P
I
0.0
TM
S
70.0
0.0
%
5 !'!* g- i $ ch!"L iXQ'3- Xk!"A,-$' ]() i!"% rW] '!"$b%# '$-gW] '!*$-i,$- [!I%&] e%W$#" !"L - TXt' XZ!*,-$'B$-%#* HO!- u !"Ee% 1L!"1- L!*,-@-!*#",''l h- h(T' h-0 5 ) , % b!z(T$K'$ ¿ '3#", Z{*o"0~ ,-I b'#*$-'3c-$ %$#*'$-# L!*ô{"03{"×xjL!*I ½,4!K{"¶*0×*q%x¹L!* 5 PS (T'}$t\W] #" '-!zW] $N!*LJ×*0×"wx>0 5 - IL ,- !"Lu b'$,'3!"$7 Z S fF-!*' Ð% S,S'l t'$t- ec$u!"3,-$t!"L 5 I{* n$-A- ' 7%DL!*!z(T0 5 P®!*-, B r!" '!*$ZW2%, B ?(1 $^$['[#" %$U A!"LTw"oD - U!* %'3!"$e!" !*$-'$#! =!!"4$- 0 5 - I618?9:'3 $%'3!"$ -(T-'e'B ' '$d %'D'$vq 1%&] [%W$#" A!*LD I'$ $c$- HO#*%'3$ %3 ' E7!* '$#7!*$Ðw*oK·HO-'3U'[#" ['f ~%$Yw"o ·%HO'B N $F=' 0r'$ A= N'B H $ v[[w*o%HOFEHw*o[%'f~!*L·HO'J $ D$7 $' b!z(Ycr'$!e!*$- >Xt' XZ!*k #*' 0>:=! +'$- - I'$-$ !"!!*d\W] J!*$ U - A!z(N U $' '$-$ >!!*Q!*-,%'3!"$Q'>$-L!" t'$!tU m, $- A!"L XQ'3- Xk!"Q!" '!*$-b!*$Q!"$ S e!z(Ú$-Ðw"oI'f !"Lu$I'[#" g!(N ] ¾ 'W] Eb '3'3$'$# i'$$- !"T3!!"0 5 - g%,N,%'3!"$r!*LF @'f ]W, +'u' W] NE%3 ,'3!"$>,[ z,'$#g J,-'!*$!" '!"$g%1'$ ¿ '#", Jq* %$I = ,u!*L- i -,'!*$I,À'3J% I!J i!" H '!"$NW,- 1,-'3$-#u 'W] ) fF ,'!*$U%'$ ¿ '3#", =·*0 5 !B fF-!*' !*% ,- N'$eXQ'3- Xk!"e #"'3 -() I-' e!"!"$ !!"$-L!*S'!*$- *',-Er,$!"3H%$HO \Õ Ý*08$e%H -''3!"$ -(1 r f!*' e' , rEI-'L'$#4%$S'3S#* N,-H !z(v e'$d=Xt' Xk!*A #*' BFEU!*$- r'f F!>!zW] g- (T'$-!z(!"L r'[#" J!> g!"% ^#2'$B g - 0 ¿ , L!"[$- T'!zW] $D h!"'$- Eg !*- H '$-#i !"Ee% g$-#"!*,-'$#i %'$#U% @!i- - $ J%E1!U' W] u%#* HO!- u !"ES )% $' 0 5 - S 5 '- $'!"$k L!*bg' %-'@'$HO S'f}$- !* ~(T- ~ 4[%3 [,-[%'3 B!*LJ'l ·%f+·* s J$ !" 4'3$[Xt'- Xk!"4 #*' 0 ý t·%f·g,-H
80.0
10.0
4.5 Benefits from WideWord and Page Mode
90.0
20.0
KLMON5P(Q(RSN5T-U:VXWYT&Z\[YR^]`_DacbedDb1N5f(V6P(Q8W+U:UgQ(h:b1dDP8i jlknmoqpsr ttu1vwryx)zps{}| ~2&n~Dknx)ry| 20.0
18.0
Speedup of wide over scalar
¶
BUSY MEM STALL
110.0
C
%
120.0
Busy and memory stall times
- hXt' Xk!*N,$-' ,'$- g- N $- c!"L f!"'3'$-# 'R ,- ]'$ B =S'f>'r A(T'U' =!"$ B'3$ - g!z(_-' $'!"$0 ÿB '#* !*-!!b!z(Ti%$>'$ % B'$> !*EJ2' u H , >- %Nc-g'3$Z )$-k,= !*E[ $-E %> kMR8PG'>?%#* >$d%!*LD I!*0 5 - e'$ % '$4 !"ESs' ,-= JL%g%= eMR8Py! !* ,-$r%T%3L+ D I!*L- B-!*T ,-h'$~u3!z(T-!(T$A(T'3 u!!"HO!*$EU f ,-'3!"$0 M!"'$F @s$!='% ,- %$J3' u !" , -$ '$- u u%) s'3l B'@?%#* 1%$ T¼ho) MRH t%3 L!* !*EgL!*Ý2×*0·*Ü7!*LF' f ,-'3!"$r'3 (T'3N!"' %'c ti- S6iº:>PS0M HM~=!*,#"ES J $F,-J !"LJ!2K$}!" D-,U ^\W] %#* k% $E^ $»EQ- M 8aPÛ'iN,[[ g$4 N !"ES?% $ES,¾ 4E - =-!* ] W] $U!",#"U!*T!*L+ MR8PÔ J i%$!"H ! U 0 ÿ,- !*'$b f''s'3 D !"2 ,- J$>-'#*%- '3@ W] $!",#" )@ 'l uc'$- h¼To1 0 ÿ HMA!z(TrT ,-'!*$b!*L){*w"0·*Ü_'$b !*E%3R' 1,- !7- Z!z() KW* #" Z $Et $»FE^ QMR8Pô-! !*0 ÓgÓ ¶>%!U!*B$!> !* , I$- ÓgÓ ¶H ½,-¾ L!*ôr?%#* 4%!*,-$F=!*Lh%- ' 0 Ó $Z- [MR8PÛW] '!*$ - T !"E%3-' u'3@ -, JEeq"o*0·*Ü %# %'3$4%i@ , !"L iS B!"$HO'A $EF0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0 CT−P CG−P TC−P
jlknmoqpsr tu1rErEqoqzlknrywzps$| | &n-ps
0.0
TM−P
S'fr'3s! % J'$F!B hXQ'3- Xk!" #"' sc r;$e·f+·@SH 'f[(T'tw"oHO'g $g m,''$#K·rXt' XZ!*4 #*' C %$7$- !* 7W'Z m,- $ b!"LB N,%'!*$7!* %'!*$0 5 - b$ !" ~,-[%'3f4'J- $k!" K%&4'$~ !*EF0 5 -'g'3 $%'3!"$k%&] b%W$#" !*L1 J?%#* >%%'?E !"L)- JXt'- Xk!"Z #"' gc s\W]!*'-'3$-#I!2U%$4!* g! !*EU,-'$#- g$- !* g!*L K·f+·B,-[%'f0 gù T&] E!*,%'!*$A'ru% i['fHOW] !")N,'EF0 6@, i!- i'f A #*,%û' #*,-=$,- g!*L% (1 =!"$E f!"'3)c$ HV#"'$b% '3¹'$b DXt' Xk!*b,-$' L!*[ Z #*,-[ !*'!*$-[!*L- ~!",-'!*$0 5 k $- W* !*^% Q K!2 ½'$F!QXt' XZ!* #*' U$ - =- $ iW* !*)J,-3'-3' N% i L!* I'$I- =Xt' Xk!* þ-! %'3$-#*HO !*'$h,-$'0 5 ,-J,- h'$!N D =['f % e L!* d m, $F'%3EF0tz 'W] I f ,'!"$^',- ^! 3 g Nc [!*L@ NXt' Xk!*[!" $-Z=''% '$S- N!" '!"$0h:=D'$ 5 PS -() A!b !*- [ !*EK%H D![' W] g#" HO! g $' D!*$e- i $ b%E0 5 d, bg $ N['fS!b $= J'$- N#*-0 8r f!*'Nc$ HV#"'$~ 'GE4 L!"'$#SXt' Xk!* %' 'D!* %'!*$1!*$> '#"Fiw*o%HV-'1 $1!"Ln- u['f 4% S t'$QXQ'3- Xk!"Q #"' 0Y 'W] S fF ,'!*$ ,-'$#[Xt' XZ!*K!" '!*$ #* b!"$ $J!"L ()!~XQ'3- Xk!"Q #"' ~%!"'$#~!k!*$-''!*$HO!- e' %3!z(T'$#d%$Z Ò' $g!*,%'!*$4!*Lh- '$'N,yW2%3,- !"L ~%'3g!"Lh $Fr!"Lh?(1!AXt' Xk!*Z!* %$-0S'' ! 5 PS R(1 , ,$!"3H%$HO \Ô!I!*%'$k !"@ , '3$ - gXt' XZ!*I #*' Dc 0
S
U6189:®M 8aP®-!*!"?E !z(T$['$ ¿ '3#", e{* 'b$ -ºs:PHO U'$-#* HO$!- i' $F%'!*$U!*L- >6189:ÑM 8aP 'd%-'3 , A$-e'=,- $3EI'$S 0 5 !b'$''l N'3'H !*$Z T!*Ln'iº:>PHO% >!"!*?E () D, Zr{HPE !*EN[%! 0 ¿ !"!*'!"$ =6=ºs:PHV J' $H %'!*$U(T'3ZroHPE BS!N!*,-U DL%'% I'$Z-!zfH '[% E~%LD- Z !*LD 4-ºs:PHO K!*!"?E 0 5 - , $h-!*!*E i-'I'-3 $NnL %, u!*L+ b6@8?9: M 8aP %-'3 , [ f -4- b$-'!*$Ñ%$tþ-! '$-#*H !"'$Fr%%''3' 0U:j !"$~W] '3!"$~!*LNSM 8aPÔ' n(T' $-!*+!*$EB'3$ #" + sL,$'3!"$+,)' W* hL\ +!& % F'u,- i!% g!*,T'$e- i !"$eL!"LDo¸*¸2o*0 5 - ),- $'J(iL\'% -!*,-#*AP Ó 8ah'$ 5 PS ¸20{*· Ñ $!"!*#*EF F$-- T'3'!"$' T %, B×"03·%Y!*$e '- 08?@!*$%'3$-r-!zf'[ Eeou''!*$U3!"#*'=%$'!*)'3$ %-'3'!"$N!u- =p"w'3'!*$r%$'!*n' $Fh·TP' !"LDº:>PS0 5 g'7%3!b!"$'$w*p"o=- o%Ý*¸>'#*$8û Ó %$J'3s&2%#* J'3$eiw*p% ):0-P,-J!*L2- h!*#*'u(g%sEF$-H - 'l (T'eE$!"Eu61 '#"$:=$El -$N ) $'3 )-'3 (ih- 4%$b!*,- >(T'4T- $ ''!*$ ý $ N 0 5 - 8MU-,''$#i-!&@, J'3$ T''$,- T:='%$$- 3N%$> #"' Tc *9B'3%#* B¼!*#"'>º:>PS $Zhÿ=,-¼!"#*' M ¼¼k!&UJ,-'3-'3 0 5 - >-'k'r, $E[ '$#e kL!*NL,$-'!*$'?E4(T'3 - h, T!"L2% $#" $ !* (T'S-EN W] !"@!B'$H -,B'$ %$[!*#*'[%$%3El i!,- 2(T'[ $- - J!",H -,0[:=!",#*7 f,'W] U '$#4%$!"E] $7!"H - )- S-'Q'I!* Ed f ,-'3$-#»Z{"q¸ P Bl[!*$t- !"$ ,-$[['fA%$ !" J&] $ - ' S'$^ '3!"$SÝ fF ''3$-#K%3Sz !*g!"$F!"D$-4%-=(T''$4 IM 8aP -! '$#r!*#"' *'$,-'$#i- hXt' XZ!* J,-'!*$,-$'0 Ó M1 ý W] $r'$N''' N ,- @'r L!"D{*0o*· (T-'3 b-'3''$#S!"$Et·%¸*¸"XY0n8$}%''!*$k!e -! H
^
S
R%
&S
'$#D!*#*'hL,$-'!*$%'3EF !* !* %'3!"$J!"L- 3%$''$# !",#"A UM 'ºT~J%3!> $AW] '3c- 0 Xk =(T'3+!!*$e #"'$e'$F #*'$-#[MR8PHO 7618aPSPu'$!S ()!"&'!*$-HV?%b W] 3!" $FJE [ '3$-!* !"'$#Z!*H ' u%$NE !"L?(i h -$!*!"#*EF0 ¿ !*- )!"!* '$# E [ +(1 b\W] 4,-#* $F ~¼'$,f[!S'$,- 4M 8aPHO 'c ,- !* ,dD3!2-'3$-#ZMR8P®!- A%$S* !!*'$#2 !"H N[%$#" $ h%$Z > !*E4[$#* $rL,$-'!*$- !*,-'3$- >'$Ô{%¸*0Xk u\W] N%3!N W] !* >!* !"$ $@!*LR M 8aP¹,$HO' i&* $ n$d%,#* $ eW] '!"$e!*L- Uº 5 ý PS !* $HO!*,- T HO' T N - !" '$-#iE [0+XZ h\W] W] !* ^i!"!*EF r!"' iL!*i- I618?9:®M 8aP 2(T-'3 &* Ur'$-,i m,- $'?% ¿ !*%$k!*UQ! 1$4!-, 6189:¹ f ,- J f!*' !"7 U4%$7Xt' H Xk!"~,$-'0IXk > W] #* U 4zú=8 ¿ !*-'3 '$-,'$-#S fH $-'3!"$r ' k'$ {*·%i%$Z!*,g!z(T$~'- $'!"$~!*L $-L!"['!*$- ' K'$ q T%$_ gT_&] $-~L!" M!z() M@k:='9@ 0+:»E HO W] !*-'3 )'3g$Z u!*L L,-, g(1!*&+0
#S
6. RELATED WORK
5 N6@8?9:dE ®' ,- T'1L!, !*$[%-'3 WF'$-#i L!"3!z(T'$#UL!",D#*!2i;{*C- W] !*-'$#4M 8aPDu%$S W] U% r!"$Ee !*EA'$[ rE [ ,'3$-#I- r,%!"3 i!*L S !*' >%$r!"$FW* $'3!"$% !"EF;o*CF, !"'$# )(T' u$-#* u!*L L\''1!*#"'3$-#r%'#* "!* E H [!> !",-'$# ;w"Cs%#* '$-#k%-3'%'!*$= = W] Eb'% UE> =-! !"HV !*EU !* $- &F '$t!"$FW* $'3!"$%BE e HO[%'3f$-t !*'$ HO% -''!"$)(T'' #",1 !"Ee% 1% $ -$'3H #" b$-bWF'- !e%-3'%'!*$T(T'U#* =()!*&'$#N R$- R;Ý C W] !*-'3$-#^9=¼Tz8g W' b![ f!*'N !"E»$-K!*J,-H $'%'!*$A$-(T'}'$ÀM 8aPHO% »EF A(T-'3 Z[&'$# Ò'3 $Fu,- g!*L!"$HO-'A !", DL!"u#* %'%'3!"$0 5 iL!",h#"! u''$#",'k618?9:»L!*j!" rM 8aPHO ' , 0+8$ #*%'3!"$'$!>s!*$W] $'!*$E Õ%¾ !*- D'J,-$ !*,) $ c-)!"LhM 8aPY -$!"3!"#*E4%$4T HO!*LH H%-!* E'3 3-'$#D'#*r L!*[%$ 1L!*'fF N(1!*&! %0 '$- 4MR8PÔ! !"S% >,,%3E4 N!*-''3 K-, ! !*$-HO-'3^% S!*$-'$ hEF b,'$#»M 8aPZ%3!"$ ['$Ð N,'! !"e[\EQ%'c Z L!"[$- 4!*$},$-'! !" !",-'!*$-U3{"o* @{*q" 1o"p* )o"¶ (T' E HO!*$-H%HO-'3[!"3,-H '!*$-i; 0 #203 T8aº:>PÕo*o%%$- NP'3,-''PSw*o"ºBû"6_o%¸*C ''N- 4-''!*$k!*S'$0[6189:>ù g,- !*gL!*AN!2 $-#* h!"L2L%''?%s%3 --!*#*%'$#=%'#* '$,-'$# &I% '3®L!"=' #",D!*,%'!*$ F''$#*,-' D' L!"ÁE 1(T'I ' k%-3'%''?E4;,4)!Az8aPS6 % 'õ¶* ·* o*oC R1() s%)-!* D m,''$#Uh$!zW] -!"H #*%'$#J -!!*!"#*E>!*)!*-'3 h $!"!*#*E>!N!"$c#", !*#"'3{ *!*@!g[$#" )!" fJ !"EF "!",-'!*$4%$ !"J,-$'%'3!"$^-' E}{*p%?0^618?9:>ù eM 8aPHO!"HM 8aPõ'$F H !"$$ A'-!W* A,- !*$À-! %- eA '?%'3l ~!*J,-H $'%'!*$t-!*,#"Q- e!" 1(T'Q U$-(T'^FE -'$#Òg!- i! !*HO !*EA-,N·* +o*{%?0 Xt't b!»618?9:>ù bXt' XZ!*Q,-$' 5 % doA!*H % - UL ,- - ' d'3$_z '!*$w*0o>(T'd()!4!*H '?%+N,' -'u f $-'!*$Th,- !"), ()!*I%H '[ M!z(1 M1~:B3'9@ >%$I8?$ @ ý o" RT() 31%ND H W'!*,g ~ '3#"$k%3 ~:>z:>M»o0S;P!*r!*- gN,'H -'U f $-'3!"$>,- !*4±%÷ s³]«?øA%3 '[ )(T-'3Q H L!"%3 )!* %'3!"$J!*$~,-c 3-r!*LJJ[%-'3$- b()!*0C 5 U:>z:>M^!*N'$ JXt' XZ!*_%$K%?%%-'3'' >'$ g'3$-#* ,-$'0 5 'b-!2Z ''$% i- J$- [L!"i$-H
(
Ü ¯Üÿ ±³²n´oÜ ¥¥¦¨§ ©ª¡ £ «¬8® ° ¡33¦ ¬ å~¢ 5å3 X¤\¢£ µ µ ¶ µ ÿÑ5j \a¡3¢£3¤ £¢ ¢£¡3a Ð35¤\5¡ ¬ 3Ð 5¤\5¡ ¬ Ð3¤X¡ ¬ ¦ ¢£¤ ¢£5â5 Ù5Ð3¢£a5 a¡3¤Xà µ ¶ o¤ ¡ µ ¯ ¬ 5â5a¢£ç3 Y·:5â X¢£3¤ µ µ ¬ £¢ ¢£a ¬ ¢£¢£ »TqMÛÊ Ñó2Ä 2~z 2Î
Çõ2Ç @z
N2zqðtÊCË CÊ zyÊÌÊ CÊ ôz2-Æ"Ç Ï ¢¡¢ £(¤ ¯X¡3¡3ajâ5¡
L () $K #*' Jc ,-J(T'K #"'3 L!"(g-'$# ' $~!"'% U- >' '$ 4%$k!z(Á-!z(T$k >3!&4 0 :B1!" r' $'!*$-JW* % b%?%S%$kXQ'3- H XZ!*d,$-'3S$d #"'3 Uc- =%$d!* %$½6189:> !"$E - ý o='$,- =%$L = () $S #*' Bc 0 5 I% $- !"L,A%''?Eb(g%D !* I! bB L!*S$ g !* H $- &Z'$k- >:='91 [{*·0b:='91 4%$Z:>:M7,- !"N!"$E #" $ T N,%'3!"$ (T- b J,-'!*$7W] !*A U L!* !*E7!*>!*$,- ^FEK'$-,'!*$-0 !"Ð ý o %$Q618?9:À%$t\W]!"'k !"g!*Lh- 'WF'$-#~r J,-'!*$ W* !*!*,-#*7%(T' d N,'!"$d!" '!"$0k8?$7- D!*L1 ý o" * J,-'!*$>!" '!"$)$b!*$-3EJ u f -!*,-#*e' ' !> g N,%'!*$eN,T g&$!z(T$7% !*-'3 b' 0Z618?9:ù N-(T'3 ~ N,'!"$ +(T-'3~'N'3$ %-'3'!"$~!A#" $ %1 J,-'!*$ n'g'$' N ,- 'N LH $ ANN #"'3 0 >-(T' ~'$-'3 r J,-'!*$- % Z!* 4 !(1 L,-i%$}' -'?% Z J,-'!*$- u'$}% (1 A%$7, U$ %FEk J,-'!*$-L!*-'3¾ $' '!"$!"L !!"K(T'3-!*,-N mF,-''3$-#e,$-!*'$#d;§ ¥ö !A!7%3'#"$ $C0 6@8?9:_!zW' Nu %'3 I L $ = '#*$~$-A' $H '!"$S!*L 'W] r f ,'!*$ F S!> g!"$ -u', '$[o%? z%, !"s 'W] T f ,-'!*$'$e!*@ W] Eg(T'3- '$-,'!*$0 ES!"%'3!"$ '$ J N:='91 N! g$!*B'$H !* !*% T 'W] h fF ,'!*$N!*L'- 'h!* '!*$- !>%H !*-3'J )% T ,-3T'$ ¿ '#*,- r·!*$- ):B3'9@ @()!*,- mF,-' N$4-''!*$'$-,'!*$!i!*'1!"$EJ-!* uc 3- !"L i ,u!*L- UIL!"B(T-'3A- g!*$-''!*$e! g'u 0 XZ >L,- g!"$' eJ L!*S$ U!*'!*$K(T'~- M!z(1 M1A:B'39@ B¶Ý"x=x0 ý W* $r(T'3IW] E#"#* 'W] r6=ºs:P -$!*!"#*EF i _¶%Ý*x=xG$Õ%-' W] _Z %&vS'$½ !*E $-(T'U(T'I'h!"$E>!*$- ='U%h!*Ln MR8PÔ6iº:>PS0 XQ' e¶Ý*xBxÀi i%$-(T'3-ZL!*g-!* g(T' c->'$F!Z 7o"p*q%ü !*$HO'd¼ToU 1L!*b!*,-> $S& (T'b'#"U !*E ' h'$#* 618?9:ÐMR8PÑ! !* (T'!", L!*¹- =:='9@ i ' bBN,IS u$'H !"!",$r!*$_S6189:õM 8aPS0 ¿ , +'$ b %_6189:jEH ½(T'3-'$,- )[%$EN'$ !"$$- AMR8P½-'3- z- ) L!*H S$ UW$%#* =(T' g(T'A'$ '$# !*Eb'l gL!* -!*-3 J $-3 r!! HV#"'$S% !*-,'!"$0
R%
'$e !*EA%' +$ L!*DL!",D!*L g-!*#" %$7\WH %#* ,-4!"Li×"0×*wxÑ,- r!Ic-$ HO#*%'$4%3 'Ô'$[ Xt' Xk!*U,$-'gT!* U!%NM 8aPÁ f ,-'!*$0n:=r ,-31!*Ln u ¾ *'f!*LR D!"#*%h!z(^L'E>'#*$-'3LH '$T ,-h!zW] T-!*HO!*$-3E> fF ,'!*$I(T'A ,-T!*$- bMR8PS W] $k!",#"~ 4M 8aPÔ! !*J'3I%$K'3$-HO!* n'$#"3 HV',- ! !*U,$-$'$#tb%3L= S ^!*Lg- e!" 1(T't' $Q!*,HO!"LHO!*- bÝ*HO', [! !*0 5 - ^{HM 8aP0]üU#"'0P !"E $-(T'I'3'3%'!*$D!*LL,,- i'!*-! !"08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡°]§ *«?øATÞ-Þ©] Þ¡§a«Þ©]¡£³]Þ©] ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ F¡§a«gT«¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a #* ¶"· ·"×* PSEk{*×"×*q"0
^¹
¸
Â
eÅÆ
gº
+Ä
Ý"U0nTJ$-AüU0üg $$- EF0*8!zW'$#- g'!!"L !"EI!" '!*$-B!Jþ!2'$#"HV !"'$Fu!" '!*$-B'$ 3!!"0+ F«?©]Þ-±©*¯a¡£¥³]Þ±r³]Þ «?³aöa«©]¬¬J£¥Þö 2©]Þöa©]öa§a± ©]ÞøUªß±%¡§a¬±% {"p*;w*C Ý"¸*¸ "Ý q"o* ,Ek{*×"×Ý 0
 ÈÇ
5Ä
h]0+T% D N0F8,-
p%
É
¸
,''$-#4B[ D !*E !*$!* 08?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ =¡°*§ £ %¡° Þ¡§a«Þ©*¡£¥³]Þ©* ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬Õ³]Þ B£öa° §a« %³]«¬©]Þ-¯§ ³]¬ ¦ ¡§a« T«?¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a #" J¶¸ 2¶*×" ]$0{"×*×*×"0
¸ ¿Ê
+¹
¸ n¹ 5Ä
e¾ ¹ 6º Â
Û h]0+ PS0@%> %$v]0z'$0R! g%$L!*[%'3!"$ L!*u f-3!"''3$-#>%$(T'-A'$KM 8aPHO% eE 08?$ ¸ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³^¹B¡°]§eºª  ˼[³*«aÎ ±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ[ª³] ÍÌa£Þö¡°*§ e§a¬³]«ßμS©] ¥ ¸ «³]÷a ¢§a¬ c,$- bo¸"¸*¸20
q%
¶%U6i0 ý '3!"u J0!",-'!*$Tº:>PS]8 $F'$-# ! !"B'$e !*EF0 t¨B§a±%£¥öaÞ[©]Þø -§a±%¡)³ ³]¬ ¦ ¡§a«±% -%#* Jw*o *Ý2{* ]%$,E [PS%7{"×*×"×*0
Â
5 -'e% e%e $ À[- ' _ '-'3!"$!"LJ- 6@8?9:½MR8PÐ'3! ' , 0XZ T',s!" u!*L2- T'3,- DJ,-B r!"$' S'$SL,,- I' ,- BL!*B f!*'H '$-#e !"EZ$-(T' n%',E4 !*E4'$ L% %$4!*$!"3 R'$,'3!"$Z iL %, gL!*gc-$ HO#*%'$ZH +!* %'!*$ $I %$'DL!*- u%$'!*$0@XZ - $'N,'!"$^ ,-!*$7 '#"F!*#" !*$-H '$-#d$_\W] %#* U ,-~!*LNw"0wxÚN!* K!d!*$W] $-H '!"$s-!*0 5 J ,- -, N!I,-4!k×*p"ÜÀ -,'!*$
A J0+M% 'l'$#k-'3'!*$-B'$!''3!*$08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡°]§ [³]« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ D± %³*« F±%¡³]¬ ³]¬ ¦ ¡£¥ÞöJe©]¯a°]£Þ§a±% F:B0R{*×"×*×*0
!&[%$e J0P'!" W] :$- (» !"E [$'DL!"DS'W] EU%3 !*,'$-# 08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡°]§ Þ¡§a«Þ©*¡£¥³]Þ©* ³]Þ §a«?§aÞ¯%§³*Þ ª ¦ §a«?¯%³]¬ ¦ ¡£¥Þöa -#" BÝ2pÝ *Ý q"w* ,$ U{"×*×"×*0
3O 3OPQ
7.
ä
>,-!*u(T'e!$-&4M uüg!*#"#* U$- ]\E !&[$ 5 g- úB$'W] '?ES!"L)ÿB!* [6i% L!*g '3g!*$','!"$i! ) '#*$!*L2- r618?9:½M 8aP½'!2' ,- %$ 5 -!*[% 3'$-#IL!*i-'3B ES!"$'3-,'!*$-=!U r!F 0 5 A,-H !"D!g(T'!>%&$-!(T -#* T- h()!"&N!"L2!*- s W'!*,-E !*$J r6@8?9:d ®%ú>-Tû8az8+(T-!i!"$F'-, N'$!* T(i\E !S b(1!*&k- ' 7'$K'N '3$-,-'3$-# ¾düg!* P' )!*[%$Q%$7º,!"'$#4M%$# 0 5 - I618?9:!F B' !*$-!* AFEZ6:>ºDM]:v!"$ ¿ w¸2q¸2oH×*·%Ho%HO¸ {*·%¸ 0
cS
C%
YÄ
gº(»»¨»
Û
6Ä
)Ç
^¹
·%UPS0 )!"&F 0 B!* +$-AüU08?!*-0+M ! '$-#>'3$ !"E- 5 %EFu[%'W] EI%3 TMR8PÎ%\EF0 ³]¬ ¦ ¡§a« #" o*w 2w*{" -:=-0n{"×*×"p*0
º(»¨»» Â
+Ä
@%
×%UPS0 R r%?0RPS%'$-#' #*,-N-''!"$u!e6@8?9: MR8PHO 76i%HO8?$ $'W] B:=' ,- 08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ Bª ¦ §a«?¯%³]¬ ¦ ¡£¥Þöa -ÿB!zW0R{"×*×*×"0
¸
C%
^¹
{¸"UPS0 h%$7T0n 0+P !*EI[$#* $u'3$~ MR8PHV K' ,- 08$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ Bª 1ª [³]« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ Þ¡§a ¥ ¢£öa§aÞ¡)A§a¬³]«ß>ªß±%¡§a¬±% ÿ=!zW+0no%¸*¸"¸ 0
¸ ÉÏ Ð¼
Î
¿º
¸
^¹
h]0C%= $-$ E4%$76i0RM% !*$0
{"{
cÒ@F©*Þ¡£¥¡©]¡£¢Ìa§
{*×"×*q"0
Ñ
Â
³]¬ ¦ ¡§a«NT«¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§ ¦]¦ «?³a©*¯a°]0P!"# $IüU,-L[%$ RoD -''3!"$
{"og8 PS0Fû*û% %() 0 (g%!*$0 'S0 !*[û%, #" $ û*0 {"wg8 PÎP'! 3 !*$-'30Fû*û(T(T(N0 '0 'S0 !*[û !-,û"'û%!,-û S0
v
{%Ý*UT0FXÐ0üU%$#[%$ ]061% 0:L% F'-3 g!", uL!* >6i%HV8$ $'W] i:B-' , >;618?9:C+E [08?$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ te£¥ø s§a±%¡)ª-ß"¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬¹³]Þ £¥«¯aF£¡±i©]ÞøUªß±%¡§a¬±% -:B,# 0Ro%¸*¸*¸20
¸
^¹
Â
1º(»»»
°Ó>0üU$-# J%?0
{"p
¿ f+ºs:PS 5 !(id%$K-W2%$ '$ 3'#" $D !*EbE [0]8$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±g³ D¡°*§ Þ¡§a«Þ©*¡£¥³]Þ©* ³]Þ §a«?§aÞ¯%§³*Þ ³*¬ ¦ ¡§a«g¨=§a±%£¥öaÞ- Ó 0 {*×"×*×"0
º
 8¹
Â
^¹
¸
eº(»»¨»
{"qUMR0üg!"#*#" 0 5 - ý x ý ú + ý %!2e![%'W] E % -! '$#20-8?$ « ³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ Þ-¡§a«Þ-©]¡£¥³]Þ-©] ³]Þ %§a«?§aÞ-¯§³]Þ ©]«©] ¥ ¢§a « ³a¯%§a±±%£¥Þ-öa -:=,-# 0n{*×"×Ý 0
 s¹
¸
¸
rS
¸
^¹
eº
¿%
{"¶UMR0üg!"#*#" 5 0 )'N* +$- >0R%$!z(T'l0º 5 :B8a-*:=$ N - A%3 +! !*DL!*D %3HO' g- ''!*$ '-'3$-# 08?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ D D RPS0+{*×*×"p*0
+¹Ô =»  ϨÔ
¸
{"·U0¼T% $7%$K-0:B[%'$#*- 0 ý f!*''$# , ()!*-HO3 W] n%3 3'®(T'eJ,-'3 ' '$,-'!*$e 08?$ «³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ ³]Þ %§a«?§aÞ-¯§³]Þ «³aöa«?©]¬J¬£¥Þ-ö 2©]Þ-öa©]öa§a±r¨=§a±%£¥öaÞ[©]Þø ¬ ¦ ¢§a¬§aÞ¡©*¡£¥³]Þ +o¸"¸*¸ 0
º
 s¹
¸
¸
eÉ
^¹
Â
o*o%U6i0+M% !*$A J0:v rL!*u'$F 3'#* $F6iº:>PS 8aº:>PS0 te£¯a«?³] :=-0+{"×*×*¶"0
`º(»¨»»
o"{UPS0 Ó &F'$ ¿ 0 5 0+-!*$-# %$ 5 0- ()!!0:B'W] %#* :»!- !*L+!*-,%'3!"$IL!*h'$ '#* $T !*EF0 8?$ «³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ ]¡°ATÞ-Þ©] Þ-¡§a«Þ-©]¡£¥³]Þ-©] ªß¬ ¦ ³*±£F¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ ¡§a«gT«?¯a°]£¡§¯a¡«§a ,$- U{*×*×"·*0
¸
^¹ Â
eÅ5Õ
º
eÅÖ
º
oÝ"Uºs' gúB$'W] '?E+0]û*û%(T(T(THO 0 ' 0 -,ûi'[0
o*p%g:>0R%,,-EF ¿ 0nM!*$-# +$I:>0ÿ=!z(g%lE&+0nP''$#>- !"EI(i 5 - g rL!*u! !*û !*E '3$ #"'!*$0F8$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ ]«?øITÞÞ-F©* Þ¡§a«Þ©]¡£¥³*Þ©] ª-ß"¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬¹³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ F¡§a«rT«¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a PSEk{*×"×*q"0
^¹
¸
º
ÅÆ
Â
r
o*q%g:>0R%,,-EF 5 0Xt'&F'$-!*$ ]0nT +$-e:>0]¼T%$-'3$0 :=$K%#*,- $TL!"B'-3 U Ó P:08$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þöa±r³ B¡°]§ ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬Õ³]Þ B£öa°]¤ §a« %³]«¬©]Þ-¯§ ³]¬ ¦ ¡§a« T«?¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a 6@ 0n{*×*×"p*0
¿Ê
o*¶% 5
o*·% 5
¸ n¹
Â
^¹
¸
S
0+z '3$-# 0:=$A'$!,-'!*$I! )'# % ^M 8aP ' ,- 08$ @«?³]¤ ©*« -#" J{*q 2w*" o -:=,-# 0no¸*¸2{*0
\»
+Ä
¸
0 z,$%# B %0:½-! !"B'$A !*EU'AL!* + ['W] EU% N - ~-'3'!*$-0 ³]«Þ-©] ³ Bª-³] ¢£¥øUª¡©]¡§ £«?¯a£¥¡±% #" {"p*p"q {"p*p"×* Ó 0 {*×*×"q*0
^¹
×
o*×%
qº(»¨»» +Ä
Â
cS
0W]!"$ ý '&] $ n6i0+,-3 0RT0 )!* '$ +%$ üU0+z, 0:B'W] i #* =B $'¹L!* '3$ #" A!*N,$-''!*$K$A!*-,%'3!"$08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡°]§ *¡°ATÞÞ-©] Þ-¡§a«Þ-©]¡£¥³]Þ-©] ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ F¡§a«gT«¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a PS\Ek{*×*×"o*0 5
gº(»»»
o%¸*UP',-'3-'0Fû*û%(T(T(N0 ','-'3H '0 !"[û*û%% û,ûSw*o-#*0 0
+¹ Â
¸
{"×UºD0¼+ 0n,(1!*A%3 '®(T'3KP:=x=Ho"0 e£¥¯a«³] n{*q*;Ý2Cp*{ 2p*×" :=,#20+{"×*×"q*0
+Ä
c
o*w%UMn0nºD$#2$%$ n0]:=-W] R$-Aÿ0 !",-'0 M L!"[$- r!*L'[#" U$-eW'3- !-! '$#b(T' #* $- HO,- !* g! !*$I -'?D8a:v f $'!"$0 8?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ =¡°*§ ]¡°ITÞÞ-F©* Þ¡§a«Þ©*¡£¥³]Þ©* ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ F¡§a«gT«¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a PS\Ek{*×*×"×*0
^¹
¸
Â
eØÙ
h]0$Ún\()!-$FEF nMR0]üg!*#*#" `*0
w¸"
º
c
¸
!&[$ +%$ ý 0 !*$-!*$0 T HO'$HO !*E+:½!z() u !z() J%3 $'W] 0F8?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡°]§ ª [³*« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ ³ @§a«¤V¨=«£ a§aÞ e£¥¯a«?³a©*«?¯a°]£¥¡§%¯a¡«?§a ,$ U{"×*×"·*0
^¹
eº  ˼
Î
¸ 5
ÛÌ