The Architecture of the DIVA Processing-In-Memory Chip - Information ...

18 downloads 0 Views 278KB Size Report
The DIVA (Data IntensiVe Architecture) system incorpo- rates a collection of Processing-In-Memory (PIM) chips as smart-memory co-processors to a ...
The Architecture of the DIVA Processing-In-Memory Chip Jeff Draper, Jacqueline Chame, Mary Hall, Craig Steele, Tim Barrett, Jeff LaCoss, John Granacki, Jaewook Shin, Chun Chen, Chang Woo Kang, Ihn Kim, Gokhan Daglikoca USC Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, CA 90292

          !" #"$%&'  ()!!*&+ ,-$ $."/)''0 , 1%&$#2 '3-$&'4."/),-0 , #*'&/)!*-, 0 !"#

ABSTRACT

 76189:8?$ $'9@ A:B-'3 , CDEF G'$!" !*H 5 % IJ!"3  '3!"$K!*LNM ! '$#"HO8?$HP !*EQ;MR8PSCT'-U SHO !"E!"HV-! !"T!AT!"$FW* $'3!"$%2'!*-! H !"0YXZ [\W] S  $FE^L-' _!"!*EF ^6189:`M 8aP0 5 -  [-'b   $U- Scb[%HV !*Ed WF' U- H '#"$ e!, !"TW'3,1- '$-#[$-A%- N!"L f ,-H '$-#AN,'  g!"Lh!"$F!"0J8?$4'g%  () - ' - )-!*!*E iM 8aPj%-' , 0+Xk @ -'l )  1,$'m, L ,- b!*Lb6@8?9:GMR8P 1$% EF 1- A !*Ed'3$ L\ S! - !"g! !* n- [o*p"qHO'g(T' %%gL!"r f!*'H '$-#B!"$HO-'g$-(T' $-N- B- %$'!*$N,$-'0RXZ -  $=- ' 4'J,-?%'!*$k ,i!*$[ '#"F= $[%&K%H -'3'!*$-0sXt- $U ,Ju'3$-#* UM 8aPj-'I'u,  ]() U' W* %$vW* #" A  -,K!"Lw"03w%xy!zW] !"HO!*$EZ f ,'!"$ ,- !>!z() = !*EA%' $A'3$- % [c$ HV#"'$eH  '[0 5 -  4{HM 8aP| ,r,#"#* N%ISMR8PHV }H '  , (T'~[%$E4,-4'gE' r'#*$-'3c-$E4'#*-   L!*S$ g$kDN,'! !*D!*LhD''u U%$K% DJ,-I ,- A-(g g !*0

;M 8aPSC -'3-)!U% ) u(1 3HO&$!z(T$b L!*[%$ D# %U H ?(1  $}-! !*K$Q !"EQ  -K€o* N¶* r·" J{"o* N{*p* N{*q" {*¶" o¸2 o*{* so"o* o*p" o*¶" o*·* w%¸*ˆ0PS%$EA WF'!",>%-' ,% !*,-'3!"$h!r- D-! !"HV !*E>#2b,Z1J,-3'- -H '$#2 - L '$-# n$I ,-?%'!*$   &U! -, g!"T!* %  !*Eb $-EF Rh- i f $ B!*L'$-  A !*Eb%$H (T'I m,'  $N€wˆ0uM 8aPu'$ %A%['%3EI'!zW]  !*E4$-(T' nEd{¸"H{¸*¸"x¹!zW] r!*$W] $F'!"$B6iº:>P E  T %, 4'3$ $i-! !"e$» ['  3EQ!*$-H $  7!Z- I !*EK$-&F04¼T $E~!4!*$-HO-'37!*#"'e' !S -,  2!z(T$~!I3 N$Z!*$ Lhi!"LrJ!"$W] $H '!*$i !*E^EF [ u ,- 4'$ $i !*E½   \W]!*'e- i ?\EJ!'% [(T'3I!*J,-$''$-#>!*¾[-'0 ¿ !"D- iDL!",uE] % - U,-!*u\W] =  $A- W] !"'$# !*$- B,-ZM 8aPHO% bE À Z6iT8?$ $-'39@ T:='  H , 4;6@8?9:C0 5 - b,'[ b#*!2h!"LT 46189:Á-!-  N'J!  '3#"$I$r-,'A-!*!*E @(1!*&'!"$HOE _(T  M 8aP) W] %)[%HO !"E!*HO-! !*TL!*r%$>!*- (T' !"$FW* $'3!"$%BE [0Q8$Q-'3b  1(1 [ ' S- e!"H !*E S6189:yMR8Py-' 2!z(T$k'$ ¿ '#*, S{* 2(T'k() J\W]   $FEbL%'% 0

Categories and Subject Descriptors

 03w"0oI€ e‚-ƒ„†…J‚-ƒ‡zˆ‰=P !*E~Š, , ‹+ŒT03{"0oU€ Ž~‘’‡ƒ “†”+• ’‡ •N– ƒz—2‚˜™›š*‚’™›Ž2˜ˆ?‰DM ! !*u:B-'3 , œžeŸ ¢¡›£¥¤ ¦  ¢§¨=©*¡›©Iª-¡›«?§%©]¬®­T«?¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a±A²¥eŸ ¢¡›£ ¦ «³a¯§a±%±%³]«±¥´

Memory

General Terms

6@ '#*$ +M L!"[$-

PIM Memory Bus

Keywords

-! '$#"HO'3$-HO !"EF F !*Eb%$(T'- n' ,-

1.

Processing and other logic

INTRODUCTION

:   $+ $-r'3$r!",- )' ,- )!"J-'3$- †-! H 7 '$-#S3!"#*'U(T'3K !*E4'$K'$F 3'#* $FN! '$#*HO'$HO !*E

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICS’02, June 22-26, 2002, New York, New York, USA. Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-483-5/02/0006 ... µ 5.00.

 ™›—‘ƒz‡SÃ2ÄŽ™›Æ]ƒzŽ2†ÇŽ2’Ž2—ƒ‚-Ç»Ž2ÈD‚ZÉIÊ ËDÌÎÍgÊÅ½Ï 6189:}#" h?(1!r'3 !*$1 T!"L+$-(T'HO''   -''!"$‰J,-'3 '%$b' #*,-N-''!"$ '3$-,-H  '$#K HO[%'3f½$-t !*'$ b!*,%'!*$0ÁP,' ' -''!"$N L!"Î   k!*-,%'3!"$N!*$~ N!*L %* †!"L $K(T'K'3 b  !*) , 0b:=N! !" f!"'3U'$  »% '[ BN,' '7-''!"$A H !" B !*EJ !*,-$4€o*w%ˆ?0uM L!*[%$ D!*L)-''!"$)(T' ' #*,-r%I%  r'U!I!*'3$ ZEe !"ES

'$- S,Ð%'%'3!"$b,,E7\W] e$- ' >  !*D$!" ' , @!*L%†$  - g!u[&* @ ¾ 'W] s, @!*L%- =€p%ˆ?0 6@8?9:Y%  % h !"> h!"L1-'3'!*$-)E L!*'$-#  !*-,'!"$t' E7'$Q !*EF s m,''$#k$-!zW] u,$- EH '$-#N-(g B,,-  "- ' b'$U-')% 0hŠz '$-# N,' -'e-''!*$-J!"%'3$k'#*~$-(T'Z!e!*$-HV'  !*' A!*,-#*ÑKo"p*qHO-'3I(T' 4%% h(T' k' #",H %~%'%'3!"$U $ c>L!"`W] EK!z(y $Ež  A!  !*EF0i:Bbr , RN,[!*L1 %Ò ()  $Z- !" -! !"%$e !*Eb'B 3''$ 0 Ó ,-r f ' $ >(T'~- 4618?9†:|M 8aPÔ-'~%J' !"$ '-'3'!*$-gL!*=L,,- e%-' , i%B  &S!USf''l  !*EU%$-(T'3-0†XZ g !"$% gT'- N-,T !z(TH L,*-(g% 1 $'+$gE' g'#*$-'3c-$+ L!"[$- '-!zW]  $B!*$[%$(T'-HO'3'3 d-'3'!*$-0PS$Ee!"L -  (i >L ,-  n'$ 3,-'$#~- g%$'!*$ n-  !*E'3$ L\ $-> !"EFHO!"HV !*E'3$  !*$$-  2%  'c%3EU!*' $ I!(i-%-' , T,~%6@8?9: *'3$ (T-'vM 8aPS% ISHO !"Ek!"HO! !">!d!*$W] $-H '!"$D!"0vPS%$EK!* L %, Z% e,'- eL!">!*$W] $-H '!"$-! !"U$S J - SE HV!"$HHO' F,d - g '#"$e!*L- iXt' Xk!*A,$'0 8$7?()!4 WF'!",  () I  $ d k6189:ÕEF  %-' ,  " !"EJ! $J'J,-?% > L!*[%$ u'H -!zW]  $>-, e!~ !  HV#"'$}% 'Ö'$YM 8aPbL!"Zw -!*#"Q€×ˆ I%$½(1 K  '3 ½E Ø!*L?(g% 7 m,' H  $K$-} !"Et[%$#"  $eL,$-'!*$%'3EY€{¸"ˆ?0 5 '  =L!,- g!*$[ A6189:yMR8Py W' A$-4S&] = NL!*H !z(T'$#>,-$'m, i!"$'3-,'!*$-0 Ù

8?'3b- Ac>- ' ^ '-'3!"$t!*LB 76@8?9:ÚM 8aP '!2' ,- 0 Ù

8?>-'$ !*'$>!* S!*Lg A '#*$^', U%>J,-> !"$'  A'$AL,, >' ,- TL!"D fF-!*''$# H !*EU%$-(T'3-0 Ù

8?g-  $g'J,-'!*$~ ,r !"$%'3$-#7$t\W] H #" S  -,d!*Lbw"03w%xÛ!"$зU-!*#"Z> !* t! !"$FW* $'3!"$%h!"0 5  b  -,-e% I-, >!S,K! [×*p"ÜÕ -,'!"$K'3$K !*Ekh'  u$- †L!*Ý[!"L  D!"#*% +%$~\W] #* B  -,b!*L)×*0×Ý"xž-, D!J- Xt' Xk!*b,-$'g%T!* U!NNM 8aPÑ f ,'!"$0

5 -  S'$- =!"L) N% ='i!"# %$'l QiL!*!z(T0 5 - $- fi '!"$k,['l r- S6189:ÀE % U fF  ~L!*A618?9:|;!*$~- >!*  !*Lhw*oJMR8PÁ-'3-C ]'h!"J-'3$'!*$I!*L+ m,'  $hL\\W]!*N !*$- HO' $-'!*$%†$- ?(1!*&Z€{Ý*ˆ0 ¿ ,,- =#* $ %'3!"$D!*LD6189:=H '&] bEF Jr!"$F%'$K?%#* U$,N r!*LJMR8Põ'-N(T'  m,' N1!* T!" fN'$F !*$-$ '!"$$ ()!"&A%$[% T !*-'g!*LL,-, i  0 M  J%'%'3!"$v !  r$-}%A!*$'$»W',-H   0 5 !b$- -  A-  i(T'-!*,B N!zW]   !*L=['$'$'$-#k!"$FW* $'3!"$%D#" e-3 4> %^$!  @() 'LEj6189:| !*EÑ !*-'3$-#Q!d,%#* »€×ˆ‰v;{*CAöa ¢³*÷©*  ¬§a¬J³]«ßuW'' i!N =-!*N%$kMR8PÀ$!- ‹+;o"Chø]Ÿ¬÷r¬J§a¬¤ ³]«ße!% _N!*$W] $F'!"$s#* J'$»J-!*I-''!"$ù  W',+% e%$S,-$F!", IEKM 8aP¹$! r-! '$#2‹@%$ ;w*Cs ¢³a¯%©] -¬§a¬³*«ß1,-  fF 3,-'W] EJEIM 8aP½$!- T!*,'$- 0 5 ! !"$ $ >$-'!*$7'$L!*[%'3!"$ †% r%$~%#* b-  () >,-  #" $ n %Z!*Lh(T-'Z'3g- c$- 4FES #* $g #"H '  sB', 4'$^Š '!*$^w*0 Ý 0u8?$^-''!*$[!b! #"H  $ 2h$-! D['$'$1$-?%'!*$U'3$-L!"['!*$UL!"h') !"H '!*$U!*L+#*!*n !"EF0hºs !* -  N% i$-?% UWF'  )!*$- s!"Ls1!" T$!-  (T-''s#*,%$F !iW* h $-'!*$t€3o"qˆ0 5 ,  %4$!- ù i !*'!*$4!*L1#*!*s H !*E'3$-,- )!"+  hL!*)(T-'b')'h- D-!* D$!- 0 5  D[%H

!"N-W2%$F%#* )!*L†-'r-! %k =)$%'3!"$A[\E>  !*-'3- 7-'3-EF h$-~$-?%'!*$7'$L!"['!"$d!"$~ % M 8aPj D() 30 P !"E[[$#*  $rL,$-'!*$'?E4'3g-''3-, t!"$#  =!*ù T%$%A!" '$#EF [ +%,#" $ U(T'3I,-H  !*L!*BM 8aP F$J,$-HV' 1&] $- !*$AMR8Pž! !"0ú=$H '&] i$-%AN,'! !"BE  - i!" (T-'3AN E HO W] )WF' (N  [%'$S> $%hc#", U'3$7E HO W]   -,'$# '&b8aû Ó !* %'!*$ +$-A !*EU[$#*  $0 5  M 8aPÀ,-$HO' u&] $ 2J,-1 !* !*% i(T'I- u!*)!*$ E HO W] R!" '!*$- ,-~T! %'$#SMR8PÁ!*#"J%$ %* T !"Et[%$#"  $U!*LAMR8PHOWF'' 4 #* $ J%$ M 8aPÑ !*$ f1(T' 1 ?(1  $>-'3¾  $1,- )-!*#*%0 5 

%3 $#* ['$Q-'U !* !*%'!*$»'U>()!~W' (Tb!*Li H !"EAN,D r['$'$ 0 ¿ !*D,-JA#" >%$SL!*=-'&A8aû Ó !"LDMR8PHOWF'' r #" $ F- g!*u  B !*EkD$- Ý"ügEF B%#* ‹ >M 8aPÁ,-$HO' i&] $  '$ AW' (TJM 8aPH W'' r !"EZDW2%'?% HO'l e #* $J€{¸"ˆ?0

3.

DIVA PIM MICROARCHITECTURE

ý I618?9†:_MR8Pv-'g'3T9B¼TŠz8  !"Ei W' =,-#* $  (T'Z#* $- HO,- !* >!",-'3$-#K%$4!*N,$-''!*$Z%H (i 0@:=!",#*dMR8PÕ[\EI!*$-'3D!*LsN,' g$!-  - % !"L-(T-'U% 1-'3S'Ei!*' r!*L+L (Z #2E †!"LF H !"Eb$-I$-! @! !* ¿ '3#", =w!z(TuuMR8P_(T'A'$-#* $-!  (T-'S þ- B rL!,-i!*Ls- N'$-'3'%  [%B'

'3$-#B !*$-, 0 ÿ=! †!*$IDMR8P_'r% i!"†'$ L% %$Zh'$#* MR8PÔºs!",'$#UŒ†!" !*$- $r;M '?ºTŒTC0 5  D!*1'$H  L '  $= ý 6 ý Œ^$-%dŠ6iº:>Pj!"!!* !bD !"EK   =(1 uB% T%'W'3EA'$''  E4 b!"e% %e%!"$W] $'!*$%) !*Et  L!" - h!"s  'W] 0 5  NM '?ºTŒA's  !"$' uL!"@ !"!",H '$-#k% >!*¾}'dW'?> ~MR8PHO!*HMR8PG'$F !*$-$ S$ -' '$# 3D!*$A-'30



         

                                    !                                             

         

            " ÄÉIÊ ËDÌÎÍgÊÅ ÆÇ™›Q‚-ƒÆÇ™›’‡Æ]’ ‘ƒz‡FÏ Â ™›—2‘ƒz‡#2 ¿ ' #", kw4%!k!z(TJ?()!['$ !"$$ $_[M 8aP 'IL!*u'$L!*[%'!*$eþ-!(} ?() $A$-!   B!*T'$ L\  %$» ^M 'ºTŒT0 ý %»'$ !"$$ A'A-''3$-#*,-'3- »E^- E D!"L '$L!"['!"$I'@' 0 5  JM 8aPY !"E,-s'31,  L!*r!"$FW* $'3!"$%@ !*E^%  NL!"| -!*g-! !*0 5 - ) '$ !"$$- T%3!z(T !u%$' ()  $r- -!*u'$ L%  F- g$!-  +%$I UM '?ºTŒT0 5  g-!*u'$ L% %!Z!"$'$e h,-¾ A;M  ú ¿ CuL!*J h!"J,-$'H '!*$d ?(1  $K-!*S%$vM 8aPS0 ý vMR8PÎ$!- Z!Ze M  ú ¿ +L!"$!- HO!*HO$!- b h!"J,-$'%'3!"$ uN(T'T -', A'3$KŠ '!"$7w*0w*0 ¿ '#", AÝ4!z(T>- I[a !">!*$!"N$7>!*$-$ '!"$ (T'-'3$tJ$!- 0 5  [6189:ÛMR8PÛ$! ! '$-#e!*#*'b,-H  !"b'3$-#* HO',  h'$HO!" b f ,-'!*$ @(T'3Ðw*oHO-'3b'$,-H '!"$$dw"oHO'-  0 5   I r()!>%D(T!" %'!*$-e% >!!*-'3$ kFE^J'$-#* > f ,-'3!"$~!"$F!"1,-$'‰ Nw*o%HO')%hb%) L!*)!* %'3!"$h''T! -!* N!*L@$-dw"oHO'B'3$ #" =,-$' %$dbo*p"qHO'=XQ'3- H XZ!*e%Su L!*Dc$- HO#*'$S !" '!"$ !"$4·H {*q%H "!*iw*oHO-'3@!* $-0  !*>%-1 fF , uL!" '$#" A'$,-'!*$7 Ú,$- r U'  '3!"$7!*L>'$-#* p%HO#* K61¼†xBHV'&] b' '$ ~€{*{ˆ s!*-  A(T'd #*' L!*H

(g%'$#Q3!"#*'K!Q !*W] ~4-  $- $- kl%0 5 -' ' '$ =L  u'$,-'!*$-TL!*ÎD[n'3$-,'!"$A%-  (T'Z'g'$ 3,- [!U'$''l  !*ES !*$ $'!*$4 ?(1  $ '$,-'!*$b -g%$b%N%  0 5 - B'$-,'!*$b 1%

 $>- '#*$- b!N !">%%1$ *L!*1 u!")% *,  U I!" ! S$7!"$-'3'!"$d !  #* $- '$-#t#" L,-$'!"$R!zW] %0 5  B%T%%I'ru$Zº8aŠŒ '  ,  R,-#* $F U(T'ZTL (Ñ6189:=HO  '3c-uL,$-'!*$- L!"!!"'$%'3$-#Z(T'7 U(T' I%%0 5  UXt' XZ!* %d   g- Ni #*' iL!*>%- '$#b!* %H '!*$- +%D(1 T%DL!*u!"$F!"3'$-#>, (1!*e!" '!*$-0 ý % %4g'g!z(T$k'$-  $- $B#* $- HO,- !*  #"'  c K(T'Õw"oZ #*' 0`Šz 'J'3$-,'!"$[ 'S'   $-L T ?() $b #*' Tc-3 h(T'!*,-)#"!*'$#J!*,-#*b H !*EF0s:=!",#"e$!"D,- !" e'$S g'$''T618?9:v!"!*?E !z(T$d'$ ¿ '#*,- K{" sþ-! '$-#*HO !*'$ f $-'3!"$!4 UXt' H Xk!"A,-$'T(T'3+ g!zW' I'3$AL,,- iE 0

Memory Port WideWord Datapath (Reg File, ALU, etc)

Node Memory

Memory Control & Arbiter

I-Cache

Pipelined Execution Control Unit

Scalar Datapath (Reg File, ALU, etc) PBUF

#$2ÄÉAÊ ËDÌõÍgÊ Å

 ™›—2‘ƒz‡

Address/Control Data ˜†Žn„†‡4Žƒ—‚˜™›š]‚-’™›Ž2˜Ï

5   f ,'!"$Z!"$!*s,$-'3=, !"i, WF'!"U$4,  !- 1!"L ! '3$-#I$S!g['$'$-g1$,N !"Ln 'H ,- !* »%$v!*  ž #*' 4L!*[,- !*S!"L f -'!*$ %$-3'$-# n- u$-?%'!*$ †$I#* $-  Ó ŠN W' 0 ý fH  -'!*$ B''$#ZL!*G f ,'!"$^!"LB$-! A'$-,'!*$- =%$ '$ ,- L!*Ô!" g!", g,t%U$k'$ $' g!" f $R'$F ,T'#"$ + g%$-3 IE4B!"!"$e %H $'[0 5 - i f -'!*$U$-'$#J-  =L!*N6189:_gD!-H -(g ) m,'  $  f !*'$-#BN,r!*LF ) !*-3 fF'E !g!*L?(i  ]!r['$'$4hþ fF'-3 T'-  $'!"$U-L!"[0 8?T-!zWF'- N$I'3$ #" I %$'¹L!"D$-'$#-(g $-A!"L?(i N f -'3!"$A!", 0 5  ZL!"3!z(T'$#t '!*$S-  $e- t6189:ÖMR8PÖ$!- k'$ !" Z- 'b%$t-'3#"'#*A!" 4!*Lr [,$-'mF,- SL %, I!*L  K618?9:®'!2' ,- 0 5  ec->,- '!*$^L!,-  !*$b- B!"h''$#",''$-#JL ,- =!*L)rMR8PÔ)!* b! g!*$W] $'!*$-! !* 'g !"ES,$-'3$-4 !*ES'$-H  L\ 0=Š,- m, $EF *() r- ' I618?9:ù DXQ'3- Xk!"e,$-' % n'$F !*$-$ J%$K%- u$%'3!"$S %$'[0

3.1 Host Memory Interface and Memory Unit

5  !*g'$ L\ 4%$4 !"E4,-$'i þ- Ur$F,-J i!*L  b%3 $-#* '3$K- '#*$-'3$-#^4M 8aP|%J W] S%S[%H

 !*ES !*HO! !*g!kr!"$W] $'!*$%!"0 Ó ,B,$- EH '$-#g#*! %1(1  u!i'$''l u L!*[%$ u $' 1!=!*$W] $-H '!"$1 !"E^  S%NW' (1 kE[ -!* R(T' >[fH ''l'$-#e J !* $' $- c=!*LgM 8aPÛ!" '!"$0g:=!",#* - I!"'#*'$%B- '#*$d#*  7 J  ž6=ºs:PS + U!"!*H E A!z(T$^'3$ ¿ '#*, d{b'4$Њ-ºs:PHO ^- '#*$Q-, e! %3 $#* D'$I'3 E4 D!J N - ~6=ºs:PÑL%'%'3!"$ '$ 0XZ icT- ' g = ,'$#- '#*$e'-  $ I'3$ -'!"!*?E U-'½%$7 $7-  $$  EK !*$'- H '!"$uL!"6=ºs:PHV kM 8aPj '#"$0 :ÖM 8aPÖ'ù A!*A'3$ L\ k f $%3Et'-  $e- ý 6 ý Œ7Š6iº:>P_!*! !*!B% rM 8aP¹% %=%B@!"$H W* $'3!"$%hŠ-6iºs:PÁ!> i-!*D! !*0 Ó $-HO-'3 ] g!" '$ L\ r!"J,-$'% B(T'd%$e'$F $n !*EA !*$!*  !D$ #*!*'% g  !D s N - r !"EF0n8?$g  $  z- -!*h'$ L\ B'3Nh%$!"T ?(1  $U D$ZŠ6=ºs:P -!*!!"r$-»$k'3$ $iMR8PHV 'c>!"!!*0 5 !S'LE - >Š-6iºs:PÀ''$#N m,'  $F ]-'3)'3$ L\ gN,) $,-  !*$' $T''$#JL!"T!*T !*E4%  0s:u)c-h#*%$  -'[\Eg  v'Ò,-3†!D $L!" h'$ ) iMR8Pv$!- 1-! H !"BSEb U% '$#b !*Eb(T $7B!"u !"EI m,-  %'W]  @-  E~%,'$#Z I!*S U!4'$,-[$ž-'H '!"$s $EF0 B!z() W]  r!",-3 J!*L@L%!*U%3!z(Ð AM 8aP !r  !"$>(T'b -'-3 u $E[%) m,-'3 >FEN u%$H 0 ¿ '3 n  N - tŠº:>Py[%!S!*L) -!*!*E 'IJw"0p$DE i' U%$Ko"p*q%HV-'BD-,0TŠz !*$-EF - b'3$ $1!&~!"Lu 4M 8aPÎ'AJ3 (T' Ir!*Lu- Š-6iº:>P_-,h;Ý*x7L!"!* 1'3  $%'3!"$C a!B- g%''!*$ !"L@$e'%'3!"$E T's$ #"3'#"'3- D!= h!zW] %- !*ENH  $EF0Tº L T! ¿ '#*, Up" (T-'e-!z(TD'3'3$-#'%#*ÕL!* IwHOE [Œ†:Šb $EdŠ-6iºs:P®-,i %k!" '!*$0 5 -

&%

13254 687:9 1 7:9 7:;P® EF 3 C1L!"g  4 m, i!U L!*(i kL!" - b!*N'$ L% I!S- >'$F $)$! > !*EZ!*$!"3   WF'  g$-Q ,-$ ^L!"I!",,-!*$!~- 7Š6=ºs:PG -,0 5 '4%3!z(Tb ~MR8PÚ!Z!",-,- Ic-[qÝ"HV-'> (1!*Z'3$4E Sq" R%'LE'$#e- eŠ-6iºs:P®-!*!!"?0IŠ'$ S %  i!> g N - e !*EU'$W]!*W] Uo"p*qi'D!*L%* - ),-  -'$#>q%Ý*HO'()!"D ) -'3EU\W' hL!*- -!*D'$F L N!>!",-,T ¹'3$AE ¶" ·* +$-7×*0BŠ'' ''$-#4-'3 DL!*u(T' I  0 5 - g'$F $+$!- g !"EI!"$!*  -!z(T$e'$ ¿ '#", rÝ  !*$'>!"LB()![%'3I!* !*$ $F‰[%$ž©*«÷a£¥¡›§a«b%$vZ¬J§a¬¤ ³*«ßt¯%³]Þ-¡›«?³] JŸÞ£¥¡›0 5 - _' [ L!*4%$-&'$#^ H ()  $} m,  U!*Lr !*E½  7$-}  '$ U'H !"'?E_!*L!" '$#Q m, 0 º m, SL!*^    U£ ¥§  h$-g(T'3  z[\EB!*'#*'$% )L!*_ s!"†'$ L% 1 H

PO 3OPQ

!*EI !* M 8aPÕ! !*='$-,'!*$[%-  %$û%!*B !"E #" >!*Lh- [M 8aPÛ! !*r' '$ 0J:=-'3%'!*$k-'!*''   gL!*N, 7DL!"3!z(T‰D{*C!"D'$ L\  +o*CTM 8aPj! H !*D !*EA%#*  †$Kw*CDMR8P¹-! !"='$,-'!*$S%- 0 5  D!")'$ L% D1 u'#" 1'!*'?E'3$- D'$'[?%H  $-EJ'@ m,' L!*@ NM 8aP½'!U- =s!"$W] $'!*$% Š6=ºs:PÀL!"B-!*T! !*  0 5  U-' u!*N,$-'H % )!" E(T'> T !*E !*$!*-,$' "(T-''1  !*$-H ' gL!"u#* $- '$#4%+!"$!*n'3#"$%3D!- i !"EZ\EF ,Qr[ !A   R(T'  $%  R!*,-,B $%  )%$Q-H  '0 Ó $- Z> mF,-  N%  $K#"$ _%    m, '3$-#A!", -'W] i- %N-,b%$Q!' KFE H (T' HO $% @'3#"$%3†L!*+(T' i%  †(T' )  !*E=!*$-H !*1,$-'3r-'3W* r b!*$!")'#*$0 ¿ !*r %_     m,  T'Eb u%D ,-$ IL!"¹ = !*EZ%  >-!*-'?% r'3 0 ¿ !"iL,-, S6=ºs:PHV ['-3  $'!*$- n- eM 8aPÛ'  !*EeE yJ,-= A,#" $ [!b,- !*= L 4!*-H %'3!"$~$Q#" HO! ^%  0 ¿ !*U L }!" '!"$  B!"h'$F L iJ,-)  B!$- iE À !"E !"$F!"3 @ L !" '!"$s'$F!D'$ $%F L !" '!"$ (T'Z'bgL%'3E[%'3#"L!*(iZ f ' 0 5 !U f!*'=#" H !- %   - u$! T !*EJ!*$!"3 1!",>['$'$ A¯aŸ««?§aÞ-¡ ¦ ©]öa§U©]ø]ø]«§a±±«?§%öa£¥±%¡›§a«0 ¿ !"g$!"[s %û(T' Z H    R- S- =  $ [(T'4 N m, i'i !*  #2'$U S !*$ $b!*Li- S, $>#* ^% U #*'  ,-'$#4%e>%#* U'3J, $FEZ!* $0[8LD- I !"'!*$7!*L  S mF,- '$#»%- I(T-'t- '#*$ I d6iº:>PG#* [%- i rW, N!*L@ N,- $B#* e- i #*'  2   )'@ L!" Z=)%#* HO!- J 0†8?L  T()!rW,   B,$- m, 2h%$!"Ô% )J,-) D L!"  *(T-'b $-H 'r !*'$-#A J, $FES!" $Z#" [$-k!*-'$#A'$4 $ (À#* b!"  !*$-'$#S!A 4   mF,- 04Š'J,-$ H !*,-EI(T'e-'3   F- g$ (»#* I% D'D e'$!  I, $F#" 7-  #*' 07:=! s A , $#* - @ #"'3 )'1'$W' >, !*$ L >!" '!"$ *'$  L b!* %'3!"$1!*,-@ TW, @ %'3$- >'$> N6iº:>P  $- U- F(T'A -  $u i , $Eb!* $e#" 0 :=!2 6iºs:PHO 7MR8P®'-3  $'!*$-=N,B L,E !"$' = SŠ-6iº:>P¹'3$ L\  m,'  $0=:B>$4 f+H   !*$-'3- =$'-3  $'!*$> >!"$ N6=ºs:PÐS! !zW' kFE[- >8  PôŒ†,H{*{-! e€3{"wˆ0I¼+'3&* > 4Šº:>P [%!B,- r'$J- 1c-T6189:K!"!*?E @-' '†S!D,-H  !*e[o*p*q%HO',-J(T'7EF HV(T' HO $-3 b'#*$! ,- !*h(T' u!"L†%D[%3 T$ko*p"qB' ](T  i$   0 5  u[%!g%#* u'l u'io%¸*Ý ·h-'30 5  u%#* HO!- D EF 3 T' 'Jp$ (T' g i%$-!*HO!- gE g'3 g'3J{"p$0 8?L TE Ð !*EN!*$!* =(g\E@'3$-''?% @L,-,  m,  "'3&* T T!*$- T!z(T$>'$ ¿ '#*,- p" "[%3-!'c-'!*$- %$J 1[- )!D )'$ $nM 8aPv!*#"'h!B%'LEr iŠ6iº:>P ''$#D m,'  $F0 :=+!!*$AhE _ !*Ei!"$!*  º:>ŠD EF 3 u'@     z T!"1'$ L\ u!",4 @ T'$-H  $R !"E>!*$!"3 T!Nc$-'I'h,- $h !*E>!* H '!"$[$- [%'$' T'$S%$F'''!*$!"Ls@-!*s m, 0 ý W] $ (T'I- =,- $)-'3#" HO  ~Š-6iºs:PÑ%$% {"w*w*P Bl   1'Tuw"·$+ $-Ei ()  $r- =º:>Š@E i%$r(T $g '1 mF,-' L!"1 >!* '!*$-)L!"igw%HOE NŒ†:>ŠB $EJ'3H   $'!*$0   !*$N h%$-!*HO!- hE h' !"L2 8  PÎ6=ºs:PÁ[!> $'3!"$ ~ !zW]  'u'J mF, i' L!"h u'$ $%2$!- B !*E!*$!* h!r!"  B'),-H  $u !"EI EF 3 I%$e  !"$e!S=!*HO'$'' S !"E E 0 ¿ !*uE u(T'S'$F 3'#* $FD !*EU!*$!* B  L!* #"'  "(T  D '$H - fe   g(T'4,-c [!*L@ N!*,- i'g!zW] ['$F! - '$%'3!"$^c- 0 ) $ %D J,-'!*$-S A 'c  ,-K F (T-    '3c- =- g '   J,-'!*$»W]  !*U!K t%' }!7'$-,  u(T'}- !",-,U'3$ 0 k'A '3- U!*$-, }-!*,-#*Ñe H ' >!"L='$,-'!*$->!*'>! % dL!"'$- fJ'$!b)% u!*LR%HO(T'  N,%'3!"$ ",- %B-'L !*  F,   #2  F% %$I ,-'!*$0 ¿ '#", dqI', I- e, e!"Li N, e!" '!"$U(T'3 %$[ f+-3 J!*LBg ,-'!*$[,®!*L@ r   $F=!*L=$^\E ;!2 '$! {"C0 5 - ) -,'!*$N,_' L!" N'$ R; @C   h(T  »'I- S$F,-J >!*Lr   $b'$ -{~;'$t- f†%  jÝ 1L!*b'''?E+C0 Ó $^ %^  @ Ac-  J,-'!*$r(g% N W] $HO$,N  =c Uo 2(T'r'†!-H $,-J  K$ '#* !"c 3vo v{" ¸ "o* !*'$-#Z-  ,)'$ o"0 5  $>- u!*$ $s!*L {g%$ og% %   ,'$#7'$} S,`!"LN }'U!*Lr W] $Hû!-HO$,N   3  $>'$^ %d W] $HO$,N  Kc 37!"L {"0 ¿ '$EF = W] $HO$,N  Q'%i,~ 4 N, }'$!7 [!(1  LD!*L -{*  -,'$#4 b-!* Î'l AEZL\0Z:=L - %B  - i,¹!"Lu+   $u'D'$ec- Al !!*L {"0

TS VUXWCY:Z[U\Y^]`_aU@Y^bc_aU@Y I, U!*LB$L '$,-'!*$->'3$v 'f »' #*,-?%HO #*,-?%[!*-,%'3!"$v(T-  k'I'3d%W$H #* !*,)!g L!"Á u #",1!*,%'!*$b'$U- uXt' XZ!* ,$-'h%$g s' #",'$r s%:B¼†ú>0%8?$g-'3n f+   N,'''!*$N!*L € ˆ‰ € rw%ˆ]E Y$r s L!* r'$r Xt' Xk!*Z,$-'3 R'$ 4%E Ñ'3I%  K(T'Z'3- >!*$- 0 5 !I!z(} uW]  !*HO%hJ,-'3-'3'!*$U!r B L!* I'$ %  Û'T -'3 I'3$!eDXt' Xk!*U #"'3 08T'T$!* !"c% !I L!"Ô e-''3!"$Z!"L I€ >€ aˆˆB$- € ˆ '$[ rXt' XZ!*S,-$' -'$ N'=(1!*,[ r$  Ee!b& I€ € ˆˆ†! I€ >€ Qwˆˆ+'3$!4=Xt'- Xk!"e #*' $-e- & (T   >€ ˆ‰ >€ Iw%ˆ% T''$sW, 0+ÿ= W*    z !",-'!*$>!"Ln- J-  =;% % 1!"L _,@!*¾   >€ ˆs‰ >€ dwˆC$A'3 g L!* e'$e%  u!z(T$ '$k-  f+- 0 ¿ '$%3EF R !" $-U% !zW] Z!A%?%  #"'3 N$b- %''!*$-r B L!" U'$I- B%T,$-'0

VZ^½qs3U@YTU\YŽ_5stY zu¾f djf ^Z^½qs8UTU@YŽ_5s3YŽ_5b Ru¾f `d&f ¿ZC½XUysTstY›_aU@YŽ_5b uwf Ài ›djf ^Á ˜Â :Á ÃÂq„



Å Ç ˜Â ŒÅ Ç Ã„ •Ç à:Ç ÃÂ`„ Ç Ã ,-½> u-,¾  s#* $-  ^EK3!2 !*g!" '$,-'!*$0 )'W] $k- '-3''E4!"L)-  #* $H % ¹%- [$%'3!"$½  k', ½'$¹Š '!*$¹o" W] ED'3 @%(i @, !"+'n$   g!T ¾ † Ò' $+%$H '!*$0 5 - I$-  %E~ '!*L!*e3!u !"Ek #"H  $I kE'1% k%- J #*'  !*¾  N''J #"H '  )%$Q r'W'3 #" >!*$!"@-'0 ¿ !"i#*!*1 !"E  #" $ +%$K%''!*$+WF',R% b- u #"'3 D'u, H L,-h!4 ¾ J Ò' $%$'!"$ D- ' 7 !z(N0 5  '$''b6@8?9:!"L  T%$H %'3!"$7-(g% U!S'3$-''l ~%- JL\,-30A¼+'&] >%#* J'3$ A !*$W] $'!*$=E S T #* $~$Q 'k!' _- H  '3-!*[% A#" $ 'U'$d$,- 0[8'!"$E~-!*,#"7EF  -!*#"'$-#%iT #" $) W* gT 'cD,- !*  *,- %B   $'$#, T!- g!*u%B #" $0 5 !>''$#*,-'S ?(1  $e!%u$-e#*!* #* $ -(1 IH -''EF +,-i(T'~'3 b!*N!*Lh#" $ '?EF +  '3LEZg- ,- Upr'r!*LrrW'3,=- g#" $ % ~EdeM 8aPÛ-!*H  !*J'3$-'% I- 4±¯%³ ¦ §N!*LT Z% 0 5  bW2%, >!*Lu-  !* Sc 3d  '$ >(T>EF I!*LB$%'3!"$ )'L>%$EF s' ,- ^;  ¿ '3#", A×*C0 ¿ !*B!%$'!*$ 2'>pi!",#"d¶ % =,- Zr%$U'$- fJW2%3,- B!N  )!*$ D!*Ln '#*1 h!*Ln!  #* $1 '-!*)L!*@$-?%'!*$k$!* '!*$b- &F'$-# 0 5 - = )!*L†- BW',%@- T -  $g%$I!"¾  TL!"Á-  #* $s% N- 0+úB$'&] )- h- T3!!"&HV,-EF h!"L2! %$'!"$ L!*=#*!*$-'!*$Z'3B'i!* J Ò' $B!U- H  '$ T'L2 )WF',+- s's!*$'$- (T''$- h%$!"L g#*!"s #" $0 5 , 'L@ N!* JW2%, N'3$-'% i#*!" %$'!"$ sL,-3EH!'%'3W* T3!!"&,' L!* ,'$-#B- #"!*%s #* $F= '-!*0=:=!2 @%g!z(T$['$Z- Jc-#*,   ,- W'!*HO W] u,$%$ d #"'3!"$t%%$>- A f -H '!"$Q%$-3 [-  > $^  W] 0 5 -'>L %, e' ,- L,-1L!*N&] $- s! !A,$k-'#*$-!*' +,-tNW] 'LE'$# - >!* %'!*$K!*LT- 4- N$-?%'!*$K%(i b(T'!*,-

'3$-#'$%%' SEb  A-(g% g !*0 WF',)-  ¸

ÝQp

w*{

!"

¸*¸*¸"¸*¸

3! ¸

2ÄÌI„„†ƒ‡

 ™›—2‘ƒz‡

4.

,-$F%$ 

#"3!"%



-EF'%h%-  •a•



¸*¸"¸*¸ {

Ê

¸*¸*¸"¸ {

’ƒz‚-˜ • ›‚’™›Ž˜t™›˜QÉIÊ ËDÌÎÍgÊÅ

w*{

• Ï

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1 Applications

5 !J , B u L!*[%$ i !" $' !*Ln 6189:Ñ'H  ,  ](1 = f+'3$- B'$U %' '#*h $--[&[%-3'%'!*$ ,-[%'3l Q'$ 5 -3 K{*0 5   ~-'3'!*$-U$žU-!  %$#" !*L@!"['$g'$-,'$-#I' $'cJ!*,'$-# 2%%  %$N'[#" T! '$-# 0 5  Eg f''† !"J !  HV#"'$H  'Û;(T'4%3!z(Th !*-,'!"$>!g T %4!"gM 8aPC %$ ='3$ž!* K%  gc$ HV#"'$ž%3 ' ;(T'v$ž fF-!*' 7!",#*K fF ,'!*$K'$K- IXt'- Xk!"K,$'C0KŒ g ÿB '#* !*-!! -M!*'$  ÓgÓ ¶D$-ÿ>%,% !*'$ f-'3-'' #*H ,-g!*g'3f Q; #",U%$4'3 #*,%C)I r $  ,'$#U'3$S-'#*[ !"E7  i!zW] - -=!"$4 !*$W] $'!*$ %-' , 0TŒ†!*$ ,$ 5 $-'3'W] NŒ†!", $ 5 -?% PS%-'$#Q A- $ U[%'3fk!*-,%'3!"$J(T'3d #",[%H  >% $ s,J !"EK%$(T'-^  !* 4b'3'3'$-# L\!"'$~ f-3!"''3$-#d\W2%'3% b%3 3'[0 5   b 4$ Œ Ð Ek!"$~ >XQ'3- Xk!"~,$-'N!S fF-!*'r%3 3' $

`

…S

…S

‘%

M 8aP¹$-(T'-0 =  !*$ () N, I- W''!"$=L!*B S!*L  1!"#*v$%  a(T'3A,ÒfgH 7L!"!"u$-JHML!"DMR8PS0

%

4.2 Simulation Environment and Parameters

5 !D W,% 1- g6189:_' ,-  a() @ W] 3!" AE  'J,-!*J v6iŠz8aPS n(T-'K,- SºDŠ8Pô%SL (1!*&+ (T't'#*$-'3c-$b f $-'3!"$Z€oÝ"ˆ?0YºDŠ8PG'3Z%$t W] $HO'W] $ 'J,-!*)1! 31% HO !*EN,'! !*T,-'3 (T'> HO!"LHO H%@N,' u',  !*,HO!"LHO!*- 1,- %?% ! !*0À6iŠ8PG f $'!*$-b'3$-,- 7I' kM 8aP(T'ž>Xt' Xk!*7,-$'  k618?9:¹ !*EkEF [  g +!"N,$'%'!*$S %$'Î$-e >MR8PHV!"HMR8P '$ !*$-$  0T6iŠ8P¹,- !"T iL,T6189:ÁMR8P¹8Š:0 5  g6iŠ8Pž!*-! !"1's&] $J-'3 ENL!*®ºDŠ8PS a'$-H ,-'$#=- hcD%$N !"$HO W] -%- 0 5 - h!"! !" '  , D'31% b!*$> P8aM@Š>ºD{¸*¸"¸*¸A$-U'1!*$-c#*,-  >gL!*,-HV',- ! !*g(T'[?(1!I'$ #* b' 'J,-$' ?(1!~þ!2'$#"HO !*'$>,$'4%$Q!"$ 7%- b,$'07¼†! %Z $!"$HO!&'3$-# 0†8TJw"oügE i¼T{J$-K{"PFE i¼hoB%- 

!*I?(1!*HO(g\EZ!'%'3W*  -(T'7  u' u!*Lu{$k{¸EH     'W] EF0  !"e¼T{$I¼ToB J g-' '3$- 7%$ ,- !*TN,' g!*,-$-'$# mF,- 0 5  =!*u'u!*$-$   A!- b6189:v !*EbE ¹W' 'HO$-'!*$ hqÝ"HO'r,0 5   !*E4E Ô!"$' !*LB k#"#* #2'!*$t!"L>%3NM 8aPÎ !"'3  1(T  I d3!  !*Et'AW'' 4L!*Ö !*}-!*K%$}!%UMR8Pô! H !*0u6iŠz8aPÁ[%'$F%'$u i , $T!* $A!z(»!*L %A !"E %$&N!i  '$ u T !*EA  )E N;#" u!*s$-!* !- CT$-A'J,- J-''!*$e ?() $A-!*N$-KM 8aPõ H    D%- ' K'$_Š  '3!"$_w*0{*0 5 - U !*EZ $-'    $FEr- T!*B% Np*o)E sL!"1#" HO! J   =$-[q¸ E hL!*T%$!"Á!-  $-I'$-, B D,-)$-L T- \EF  D !*E4-''!*$U' %$U 6iº:>P® T'3 ;Ý $-S{"o@E sL!"s#" r$-%$!"½!-    'W] E+C0 5   !*Er $-' s  $Eg 1!MR8Pž! !" "'$,-'$# -''!*$k$-k6=ºs:PÛ  h'  R% >pr$-k{"wu EF 3 hL!" %#* U%$e%$!"j!- U   -   '3W* EF0 :=$Q-''!"$~'3-E[,- !*UJ HO'$ þ-,4!A $-H L!" N!*-  $ J ()  $S r!"B%- >%$dM 8aPÕ !"EF [(1 e%SEF$--!*$-'3l'!*$Õ%$_!*J,-$''!"$½L,-$'!*$-0 5   IL,$ '3!"$A U'3$-&] ~(T'K- k%-3'%'!*$ u%$K '3 f ,-'!*$A'T'N, IE46iŠ8PÀ'$I- = g(g\E4u -H '%'3!"$!- 0h6iŠz8aPÁ%!i! 3s- )%  %$'Õ%$  MR8PHO!*HMR8PÀ'$ !*$-$  h'$U- ' ,1() B!*'TL,-   ''!*$e'$- g'u% uL!,- B!"$7{HM 8aPj L!*[%$ 0 ¿ !"1-  B fF '3 $ "() D[&* B- D !*$ W2%'3W* %,-H '!*$KN ZMR8Põ-! !",$-e%JLu >  K!*Lu !"=-! !*0D:=!",#*S- J'$-  $D  [!*L@ N!*#"'3J' $!S!z() [€{*wˆ () b[%&] I-'e%,-'3!"$7 ,- I- >,-H !" !*$- $h!*Ln MR8PÀ! '$#!"#*'i,$b'$U3!&HO  *!  N ,-3'$-#I!&e  ['i!z() g$S=!"L1,- %?%   0

4.3 Performance Compared Against Host

¿ '#*,- d{¸~,-['l ~{%H M 8aP{HOügEF B -?% 

% '[ -  'W]   , g'$A #*'  %#* g!-

Œ†!*$- ,$ ;Œ 5 C

{*¶*¶>;ŒTC

['fU$- !*

:u$' :B !*

w*o%H PE g[%'3f

%3 '[  J,-'!*$

·*p*¶ º 5 ºs:Bÿ>C o¸ o>;ŒTC

 r!"$ ,-# % #*-' $ ¿ !Eù J%3+%'3 -!* u

ÿ=:Š

o*Pj!",  ''3!"$S   $ o*p*q=ügE 

 '[ -þ-! '$-#  !"'3$ %#* g!- %3 '[   'W]   , g'$e #"' 

…S Œ

;¿ Ó

 $-''3W* 5  Π!*, I; 5

ŒTC

‘ ¼ ÿ= '#"F !"!! ;ÿz % C ÿ>%, !"'3$ ;ÿ ]C

M!*'$ J;M1C ÓgÓ

Œ

{"w*{%Ý*ÝZ;ŒTC

 '!*$†%

!*'$

:B% 

¶*o=ügE 

o%¸ ×"·>;ŒTC

'3S#* r-! '$#  $' $-!*¹(i&

:u$' :B !* :u$' :B !*

p%¸*¸ ¸"¸*¸bEF 

!"+  HO!*' $  %% gm, E

úB$'W] 'EU!"L Xt'!"$'$

·*·*·=ügE 

o*p*o>;ŒTC

…„ž„gC



:u$' :B !*

·%¸*¸"¸4;Œ

»T‚yMÛʛ‡IÃ2ÄÌUÛʛ™›Æ]‚-’™›Ž2˜t„‡ %$[&'$#Z%W$#" J!"L@#" HO! J !"E7  0 5 -  ['$- u!*L-'3u  '3!"$e f+'3$- u  gL\!"B'$e- '0 14.0

Speedup over host−only

12.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

 ™›—2‘ƒz‡SÃ2Ä

0.0

Â

• Æ]ƒz™›’ ™›Ž2˜Ï

 g(1!*&'$#b D!*L %S!!"4c-u'3$S- g¼T{=%- ‹--  L!"   s , @ f'-'3 iE 5 P_'+ ¾ 'W] EB f!*' 0 ý W] $ !",#" 5 PH Q-! $!",¾ L!*½%#* T !*ErF'3   U{%HMR8P¹W* '!*$7; 5 PHM@Cu W] $A[%3 B†' D-, !=- h'#"%@$-(T'A iMR8P½$! 0 5  ), h!"L2 Xt' Xk!*N,$-'†L!"! -'$# û%!*'$#U%$N!* %'$#=!"$eo"p*q%HV-' !*n   z-,n s , s!"LF'$gXt' XZ!*g #"'  -,   = !"EI%3+' g![o¸2ܞ!*LT!*L 5 PH 0 Œ†!*$- ,$U%rT !"E>R'3 =!*L)׸20{*¶*ܞ(T- $U,$H $'$-#Z!"$d- A-!*0 5 -'34%-3'%'!*$QW* Ek' e  !"H @ ,-  n'$ > k[%'f4 3  $r'3U%  K!*$E[?(T' ;!*$- u [%$>!"$ T(T' Cn-,'$#= T[%'3fJ$- !* 0 5 , '[%'3E['s ,- 'i f!*' Z'$Z%-  s$-Z %4$ ( %- '3$- >'g!*$E[ ,- }JL (Y' 0J8$Z- [MR8PÛW] '!*$  >XQ'3- Xk!"k-A%!4 fF-!*'r [\W' b%'  ,- 0 ¿ ,- !"  ] DXt' XZ!*U3!2-û!* %$b!* %H '!*$-1!"$[·)['fJ   $=B)' J!g ,- u T$,N  !*L1%  )!g !"EF0 ¿ '$EF * u $EJ  $>EJ- JMR8P ! !*i;W* #" T!*L@{*{"0p*¶hE  "'$ D!*s!*L - N    U'$~$-!"Î! CT'N,~!(1 $~N,¾  KFE  u-!*0 5 - D !*N'$%'3!"$b!*LR  uL\!") -, u JŒ 5 HM  !*EU†' g!JÝ 0w*o"ÜY!"L%T!*LDŒ 5 H >0 Œ Y!b $ cTL!"Õ i!z() D !*EU?% $ '3 B!"$e M 8aPÛ$!- 0AŠz'$ J N g'3l ! r$-!*ic-i'$k J!" %- T%$g ' #",T †% $n%, @!*$-þ'n'  Œ )H Û $-4·"p*0o*{"ÜÛ!*Li'> f ,-'!*$Q' A t,- A! %- ' 0J:B3-!*,-#*k!*g!*L1 '3 A% 'c- }%  ¼ToN [;p"{*0w*o"ÜC +Ý q"ÜÁ!*Lh- @' 'r, J!7 H   i!> I6iº:>PS0 Ó $S IMR8PS ¶*·"ÜY!"Ls r !"E7 H   N D#" HO!    n$b- \W] %#* B?% $ E  $ Eb i-! !*D'u!*$Ekp*0×*{= EF 3 0 5 %$''W] SŒ†!*,- !"$Z- J-!* 5 Œ†H >  $-¶¸ ÜY!*L@' f ,-'!*$[' %3 Z,- N!U%- '  (T'4Ý2¶*0{Ý2ÜÁ!*L  I' >'c- ½% U¼T{4$-½p"o*0·*{"ÜÛ'c ½% ¼To"  ,'$#b'$d$d\W] #* J'= $EI!*LBq*0o*wgE 0 ¿ !" 5 Œ†HMR @ d\W] #* [ !*Ed $-E^'kp*0p*¶eE  h-, e! q*¶"ÜÕ!"Lu#" HO! k   0S8?$_%''!*$7!S!z()  !"E  $-'  5 Œ†H MÐ%!ZSS $,N N!*Lu !"E» H   D'$- g BXt' XZ!*A,-$'h'T, A!%$L u = ! û%L!"y !*Ek$-e L!"Õ g!",-'!*$0 5 - N,- g!*L

%

a%

10.0



Ý[PE 

TM−P



CT−P



CG−P

“ @‡‡„‘ •



TC−P



NJ−P



NH−P



P−P

OO7−P

“ð ÛÊ ” C‡ Í+‡Æ]‘†’™›Ž2˜Ï

Ž ‡ƒÇŽ • ’ zŽ2˜

…S %

4.4 Reduction in Memory Stall Time

¿ '#", k{*{*;"CB!z(TJ U !"E~h' !*Lu!"HV!"$E fF ,'!*$0¹MR8PA -, [ !*E^i' 4'3$}()!K(iE‰ ;{"CN!z() I $-EQ!7 !*E+‹$- N;o*Cg'#*- U$-(T' !b !*Ee-!*,-#*[(T' N3!2-b$-S!* 0J;:Ð'[ ,-H '!"$A!,-NNT ,T!"L†!2 HO#*%'$e% '3Î%!*u- M 8aP z(T''$!"',- '$-'% 0CDXk 1  hL!*½- c-#*,- i%TcW] B!*L†- i '#*T-!*#*%u $U!" g$UÝ*¸2Ü !"Lh '3='3  k'$4 !"E^  0A6189:Û' W] >  , '3!"$'$ !*EN' TL!*s  TcW] h-!*#"@$-#*H '$-#JL!*õ{"w*0·*×"ÜvL!"Tÿ>,- !"'$I!A×*p"Ü_L!"NŒ†!*$- ,$  -!z(T$e'$ ¿ '#*, U{"{*;C0 5 - Z-!*UW] '!*$»!"L 5 % tPS%-'3$-#½; 5 PH Crk  !*EK%T'3 A!*LD!*$-E_w*Ü®!"LB'!"T f  ,'!*$7' 0 5 - u@ s'3l D!"L 'B-''!*$bc-'3$ T¼To)  -$

•

%

…S

%

%

100.0



60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0

 CT−H CG−H  TC−H NJ−H NH−H  P−H OO7−H   "!$#&%(')+*-,/.102.1354('6%(78+9:97(;:.102%=354=?&3 %((7 @A3 *&9:'B0DCE0DFD#-7(;G3 *H TM−H

L1 STALL L2 STALL MEM STALL

120.0

Host and PIM memory stall times

100.0

80.0

J

60.0

40.0

20.0

O 7 O −H O 7− P

H P− P

I

O

I

P−

H − N H H −P

I

N

J− N H J− P

I

N

− TC H −P

I

TC

G − C H G −P

I

C

− TM H −P

I

T− C H T− P

I

0.0

TM

…S

70.0

0.0

%

5 !'!* g- i $ ch!"L iXQ'3- Xk!"A,-$' ]() i!"% rW] '!"$b%# '$-gW] '!*$-i,$- [!I%&] e%W$#" !"L - TXt' XZ!*,-$'B$-%#* HO!- u !"Ee%  1L!"1- L!*,-@-!*#",''l h- h(T' h-0 5   ) , % b!z(T$K'$ ¿ '3#", Z{*o"0~Š ,-I b'#*$-'3c-$ †%$#*'$-# L!*ô{"03{"×xjL!*IŒ ½,4!K{"¶*0×*q%x¹L!* 5 PS (T'}$t\W] #" '-!zW]  $N!*LJ×*0×"wx>0 5 - IL ,- !"Lu b'$, '3!"$7  Z S fF-!*' Ð% S,S'l t'$t- ec$u!"3,-$t!"L 5  I{* n$-A- ' 7%DL!*!z(T0 5 P®!*-, B  r!" '!*$ZW2%, B ?(1  $^$['[#" %$U A!"LTw"oD -   U!* %'3!"$e!"  !*$-'$#! =!!"4$- 0 5 - I618?9:ž'3  $%'3!"$ -(T-'e'B '  '$d %'D'$v€qˆ 1%&] [%W$#" A!*LD I'$  $c$- HO#*%'3$ %3 ' E7!* '$#7!*$Ðw*oK·HO-'3U'[#" ['f ~%$Yw"o ·%HO'B  N   $F=' 0rŠ'$ A=  N'B H   $ v[[w*o%HOFEHw*o[%'f~!*L·HO'J   $ D$7 $'   b!z(Ycr'$!e!*$- >Xt' XZ!*k #*' 0>:=! +'$- - I'$-$ !"!!*d\W]  J!*$ U - A!z(N  U $' '$-$ >!!*Q!*-,%'3!"$Q'>$-L!" t'$!tU m, $- A!"L XQ'3- Xk!"Q!" '!*$-b!*$Q!"$ S  e!z(Ú$-Ðw"oI'f  !"Lu$I'[#" g!(N ] ¾ 'W] Eb '3'3$'$# i'$$- !"T3!!"0 5 - g%,N,%'3!"$r!*LF @'f ]W, +'u' W] NE%3   , '3!"$>,[ z,'$#g J,-'!*$!" '!"$g%1'$ ¿ '#", Jq* %$I = ,u!*L†- i -,'!*$I,À'3J% I!J i!" H '!"$NW,- 1,-'3$-#u  'W] ) fF ,'!*$U%'$ ¿ '3#", =·*0 5 !B fF-!*'   !*%† ,- N'$eXQ'3- Xk!"e #"'3  -() I-' e!"!"$ !!"$-L!*S'!*$- *',-Er,$!"3H%$HO \Հ Ý*ˆ0†8$e%H -''3!"$ -(1 r f!*' e'† , rEI-'L'$#4%$S'3S#* N,-H !z(v e'$d=Xt' Xk!*A #*' BFEU!*$- r'f  F!>!zW] g- (T'$-!z(ž!"L r'[#" J!> g!"% ^#2'$B g - 0 ¿ ,  L!"[$- T'!zW]  $D h!"'$- Eg !*- H '$-#i !"Ee%  g$-#"!*,-'$#i %'$#U%  @!i- - $ J%E1!U' W] u%#* HO!- u !"ES  )% $' 0 5 - SŒ 5 '-  $'!"$k L!*bg' %-'@'$HO S'f}$- !* ~(T-  ~ 4[%3 [,-[%'3  B!*LJ'l ·%f+·* s J$ !" 4'3$[Xt'- Xk!"4 #*' 0 ý t·%f†·g,-H

80.0

10.0

›

4.5 Benefits from WideWord and Page Mode

90.0

20.0

KLMON5P(Q(RSN5T-U:VXWYT&Z\[YR^]`_DacbedDb1N5f(V6P(Q8W+U:UgQ(h:b1dDP8i jlknmoqpsr ttu1vwryx)zps{}| ~2&€n€~Dknx)ry| ‚ 20.0

18.0

Speedup of wide over scalar



BUSY MEM STALL

110.0

C

%

120.0

Busy and memory stall times

- hXt' Xk!*N,$-' ,'$- g- N $- c!"L f!"'3'$-# 'R ,-  ]'$ B =S'f>'r  A(T'U' =!"$ B'3$ - g!z(_-' $'!"$0 ÿB '#* !*-!!b!z(Ti%$>'$ % B'$> !*EJ2' u H , >- %Nc-g'3$Z  )$-k,=  !*E[ $-E %> kMR8PG'>?%#* >$d%!*LD I!*0 5 - e'$ % '$4 !"ESs' ,-= JL%g%= eMR8Py! !* ,-$r%T%3L+ D  I!*L†- B-!*T ,-h'$~u3!z(T-!(T$A(T'3   u!!"HO!*$EU f ,-'3!"$0 M!"'$F @s$!='% ,- %$J3' u  !" ,  -$ '$- u u%) s'3l B'@?%#* 1%$ T¼ho)  MRH t%3 L!* !*EgL!*Ý2×*0·*Ü7!*LF' f ,-'3!"$r'3  (T'3N!"†'  %'c ti- S6iº:>PS0M HM~=!*,#"ES J $F,-J  !"LJ!2K$}!"  D-,U ^\W] %#* k% $E^  $»EQ- M 8aPÛ'iN,[[ g$4 N !"ES?% $ ES,¾  4E - =-!* ] W] $U!",#"U!*T!*L+ MR8PÔ  J i%$!"H ! U   0 ÿ,- !*'$b f''s'3 D  !"2 ,- J$>-'#*%- '3@   W] $!",#" )@ 'l uc'$- h¼To1 0 ÿ HMA!z(TrT ,-'!*$b!*L){*w"0·*Ü_'$b !*E%3R' 1,- !7- Z!z() KW* #" Z $Et $»FE^ QMR8Pô-! !*0 ÓgÓ ¶>%!U!*B$!>  !*† , I$- ÓgÓ ¶H ½,-¾  L!*ôr?%#* 4%!*,-$F=!*Lh%- ' 0 Ó $Z- [MR8PÛW] '!*$ - T !"E%3-' u'3@ -, JEeq"o*0·*Ü %# %'3$4%i@ , !"L iS B!"$HO'A $EF0

16.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0 CT−P CG−P TC−P ƒ „ … jlknmoqpsr t†u1‡ˆ‰rErEŠqoqˆ‹zŒlŽknŠrywzpsА$| ‚‘| ’“&€n-ps‚

0.0

TM−P

S'fr'3s! % J'$F!B hXQ'3- Xk!" #"' sc r;$e·f+·@SH 'f[(T'tw"oHO'g   $g m,''$#K·rXt' XZ!*4 #*' C %$7$- !* 7W'Z m,- $ b!"LB N,%'!*$7!* %'!*$0 5 - b$ !" ~,-[%'3f4'J- $k!" K%&4'$~ !*EF0 5 -'g'3  $%'3!"$k%&] b%W$#" !*L1 J?%#* >%%'?E !"L)- JXt'- Xk!"Z #"' gc  s\W]!*'-'3$-#I!2U%$4!* g!  !*EU,-'$#- g$- !* g!*L K·f+·B,-[%'f†0 Œ gù T&] E!*,%'!*$A'ru% i['fHOW] !")N,'EF0 6@, i!- i'f A #*,%û' #*,-=$,- g!*L%   (1 =!"$E f!"'3)c$ HV#"'$b% '3¹'$b DXt' Xk!*b,-$' L!*[ Z #*,-[ !*'!*$-[!*L- ~!",-'!*$0 5  k $- W* !*^%  Q K!2 ½'$F!QXt' XZ!*ž #*'  U$ - =- $ iW* !*)J,-3'-3' N% i L!* I'$I- =Xt' Xk!* þ-! %'3$-#*HO !*'$h,-$'0 5  ,-J,- h'$!N D =['f % e L!* d m, $F'%3EF0tŠz  'W] I f ,'!"$^',- ^!  3 g Nc [!*L@ NXt' Xk!*[!" $-Z=''%  '$S- N!" '!"$0h:=D'$ 5 PS -() A!b !*-  [ !*EK%H   D![' W] g#" HO! g $' D!*$e- i $ b%E0 5 Œd, bg $ N['fS!b   $= J'$- N#*-0 8r f!*'Nc$ HV#"'$~ 'GE4 L!"'$#SXt' Xk!* %' 'D!* %'!*$1!*$> '#"Fiw*o%HV-'1   $1!"Ln- u['f 4% S t'$QXQ'3- Xk!"Q #"' 0YŠ  'W] S fF ,'!*$ ,-'$#[Xt' XZ!*K!" '!*$  #*  b!"$ $J!"L ()!~XQ'3- Xk!"Q #"' ~%!"'$#~!k!*$-''!*$HO!- e' %3!z(T'$#d%$Z Ò' $g!*,%'!*$4!*Lh- '$'N,yW2%3,- !"L ~%'3g!"Lh   $Fr!"Lh?(1!AXt' Xk!*Z!* %$-0SŠ'' ! 5 PS R(1 , ,$!"3H%$HO \Ô!I!*%'$k  !"@ , '3$ - gXt' XZ!*I #*' Dc 0

…S

‡U6189:®M 8aP®-!*!"?E  !z(T$['$ ¿ '3#", e{* 'b$ Š-ºs:PHO U'$-#* HO$!- i'  $F%'!*$U!*L†- >6189:ÑM 8aP 'd%-'3 , A$-e'=,- $3EI'$S 0 5 !b'$''l N'3'H  !*$Z T!*Ln'iŠº:>PHO% >!"!*?E  () D, Zr{HPE  !*EN[%! 0 ¿ !"!*'!"$ =6=ºs:PHV J'  $H %'!*$U(T'3ZroHPE BS!N!*,-U DL%'% I'$Z-!zfH '[% E~%LD- Z !*LD 4Š-ºs:PHO K!*!"?E 0 5 -  , $h-!*!*E i-'I'-3  $NnL %, u!*L+ b6@8?9: M 8aP %-'3 , [ f -4- b$-'!*$Ñ%$tþ-! '$-#*H  !"'$Fr%%''3' 0U:j !"$~W] '3!"$~!*LNSM 8aPÔ' n(T' $-!*+!*$EB'3$ #" +  sL,$ '3!"$+,)' W* hL\ +!& %  F'u,- i!% g!*,T'$e- i !"$eL!"LDo¸*¸2o*0 5 - ),- $'J(iL\'% -!*,-#*AP Ó Š8aŠh'$ 5 ŠPSŒ ¸20{*· Ñ $!"!*#*EF F$-- T'3'!"$' T %, B×"03·%Y!*$e '- 0†8?@!*$%'3$-r-!zf'[ Eeou''!*$U3!"#*'=%$'!*)'3$ %-'3'!"$N!u- =p"w'3'!*$r%$'!*n'  $Fh·TP' !"LDŠº:>PS0 5  g'7%3!b!"$'$w*p"o=- †o%Ý*¸>'#*$8û Ó %$J'3s&2%#* J'3$eiw*p%  ):0-P,-J!*L2- h!*#*'u(g%sEF$-H - 'l (T'eŠE$!"Eu61 '#"$:=$El  -$N ) $'3 )-'3 (ih- 4%$b!*,- >(T'4ŒT- $ Š''!*$ ý $ N 0 5 - 8MU-,''$#i-!&@, J'3$ T''$,- T:='%$$-  3N%$> #"' Tc  *9B'3%#* B¼†!*#"'>Šº:>PS $Zhÿ=,-¼†!"#*' M ¼†¼k!&UJ,-'3-'3 0 5 - >-'k'r, $E[ '$#e  kL!*NL,$-'!*$'?E4(T'3 - h, T!"L2% $#" $ !* (T'S-EN W] !"@!B'$H -,B'$ %$[!*#*'[%$%3El i!,-  2(T'[ $- - J!",H -,0[:=!",#*7 f,'W] U '$#4%$!"E]   $7!"H -   )- S-'Q'I !* Ed f ,-'3$-#»Z{"q¸ P Bl[!*$t- Œ†!"$ ,-$[['fA%$ !" J&] $ - ' S'$^Š  '3!"$SÝ fF ''3$-#K%3Sz !*g!"$F!"D$-4%-=(T''$4 IM 8aP -! '$#r!*#"' *'$,-'$#i- hXt' XZ!* J,-'!*$,-$'0 Ó M1Š ý W] $r'$N'†'' N  ,-  @'r L!"D{*0o*· (T-'3 b-'3''$#S!"$Et·%¸*¸"XY0n8$}%''!*$k!e -! H



S

R%

&S

'$#D!*#*'hL,$-'!*$%'3EF !*  !* %'3!"$J!"L- 3%$''$# !",#"A UM 'ºTŒ~J%3!> $AW] '3c- 0 Xk =(T'3+!!*$e #"'$e'$F #*'$-#[MR8PHO 7618aPSPu'$!S ()!"&'!*$-HV ?%b W] 3!" $FJE [ '3$-!* !"'$#Z!*H ' u%$NE ž!"L?(i h -$!*!"#*EF0 ¿ !*- )!"!* '$# E [ +(1 b\W] 4,-#* $F ~¼†'$,f[!S'$,- 4M 8aPHO 'c ,- !* ,dD3!2-'3$-#ZMR8P®!- A%$S*  !!*'$#2 !"H  N[%$#"  $ h%$Z > !*E4[$#*  $rL,$-'!*$- !*,-'3$- >'$Ԁ{%¸*ˆ0Xk u\W] N%3!N W] !* > !* !"$ $@!*LR M 8aP¹,$HO' i&* $  n$d%,#* $ eW] '!"$e!*L- Uº 5 ý PSŠ !* $HO!*,- T HO' T N - !" '$-#iE [0+XZ h\W]  W] !* ^i!"!*EF r!"' iL!*i- I618?9:®M 8aP 2(T-'3 &* Ur'$-,i m,- $'?% ¿ !*%$k!*UŒQ !  1$4!-,  6189:¹ f ,- J f!*' !"7 U4%$7Xt' H Xk!"~,$-'0IXk > W] #* U 4Šzú=8 ¿  !*-'3  †'$-,'$-#S fH  $-'3!"$r ' k'$ €{*·%ˆi%$Z!*,g!z(T$~'-  $'!"$~!*L $-L!"['!*$- ' K'$ €qˆ T%$_ gŒTŒ_&] $-~L!"  M!z() M@Œk:='9@ 0+:»E HO W]   !*-'3 )'3g$Z u!*L L,-, g(1!*&+0

#S

6. RELATED WORK

5  N6@8?9:dE ®' ,- T'1L!, !*$[%-'3 WF'$-#i L!"3!z(T'$#UL!",D#*!2‰i;{*C- W] !*-'$#4M 8aPDu%$S W] U%  r!"$Ee !*EA'$[ rE [ †,'3$-#I- r,%†!"3 i!*L S !*'  >%$r!"$FW* $'3!"$% !"E†‹F;o*CF, !"'$# )(T' u$-#* u!*L L\''1!*#"'3$-#r%'#* "!* E H  [!> !",-'$# ‹;w"Cs%#* '$-#k%-3'%'!*$=  = W]  Eb'% UE> =-! !"HV !*EU !* $- &F '$t!"$FW* $'3!"$%BE ‰e HO[%'3fž$-t !*'$ HO%  -''!"$)(T'' #",1 !"Ee% 1% $ -$'3H #" b$-bWF'- !e%-3'%'!*$T(T'U#* =()!*&'$#N ‹R$- R;Ý C  W] !*-'3$-#^9=¼TŠz8g W' b![ f!*'N !"E»$-K!*J,-H $'%'!*$A$-(T'}'$ÀM 8aPHO% »EF A(T-'3 Z[&'$# Ò '3 $Fu,- g!*L!"$HO-'A !", DL!"u#* %'%'3!"$0 5   iL!",h#"! u''$#",'k618?9:»L!*j!" rM 8aPHO  '  , 0+8$ #*%'3!"$'$!>s!*$W] $'!*$E Õ%¾ !*-  D'J,-$ !*,) $ c-)!"LhM 8aPY -$!"3!"#*E4%$4T HO!*LH  H %†-!* E'3 3-'$#D'#*r L!*[%$ 1L!*†'fF N(1!*&! %0 Š'$- 4MR8PÔ! !"S% >,,%3E4 N!*-''3 K-, ! !*$-HO-'3^% S!*$-'$ hEF b,'$#»M 8aPZ%3!"$ ['$Ð N,'! !"e[\EQ%'c Z L!"[$- 4!*$},$-'! !" !",-'!*$-U€3{"o* @{*q" 1o"p* )o"¶ˆ (T' E HO!*$-H %HO-'3[!"3,-H '!*$-i; 0 #203  T8aº:>PՀo*o%ˆ%$- NP'3,-''PSw*o"ºBû"6_€o%¸*ˆC ''N- 4-''!*$k!*S'$0[6189:>ù g,- !*gL!*AN!2 $-#* h!"L2L%''?%s%3 --!*#*%'$#=%'#* '$,-'$# &I% '3®L!"=' #",D!*,%'!*$ F''$#*,-' D' L!"ÁE 1(T'I ' k%-3'%''?E4;,4)!AŠz8aPS6 % 'õ€¶* ·* o*oˆC R1() s%)-!* D m,''$#Uh$!zW] -!"H #*%'$#J -!!*!"#*E>!*)!*-'3 h $!"!*#*E>!N!"$c#", !*#"'3€{ˆ *!*@!g[$#" )!" fJ !"EF "!",-'!*$4%$ !"J,-$'%'3!"$^-' E}€{*p%ˆ?0^618?9†:>ù eM 8aPHO!"H M 8aPõ'$F H !"$$ A'-!W* A,- !*$À-! %- eA '?%'3l ~!*J,-H $'%'!*$t-!*,#"Q- e!" 1(T'Q   U$-(T'^FE -'$#Òg!- i! !*HO !*EA-,N€·* +o*{%ˆ?0 Xt't  b!»618?9†:>ù bXt' XZ!*Q,-$' 5 % doA!*H % - UL ,- - ' d'3$_Šz '!*$žw*0o>(T'd()!4!*H   '?%+N,' -'u f $-'!*$Th,- !"), ()!*I%H  '[ †M!z(1 M1Œ~:B3'9@ >%$I8?$ @ŠŠ ý o" RT() 31%ND H W'!*,g  ~ '3#"$k%3 ~:>Šz:>M»€oˆ0S;P!*r!*- gN,'H  -'U f $-'3!"$>,- !*4±%Ÿ÷ s³]«?øA%3 '[ )(T-'3Q H L!"%3 )!* %'3!"$J!*$~,-c 3-r!*LJJ[%-'3$- b()!*0C 5  U:>Šz:>M^ !*N'$ JXt' XZ!*_%$K%?%%-'3'' >'$ g'3$-#* ,-$'0 5 'b-!2Z ''$% i- J$-  [L!"i$-H

–



˜

Ü ¯‚Üÿ ±³²n´oÜ ¥ž¥ž¦¨§ ©ª¡ £“  «­¬8® ° ¡3’3¦ ¬ å~¢ ­ –5匜3’ ­  X¤\¢£š“ µ µ ¶ µ ÿі5’™Ÿj \ša¡3š“¢£œ3¤ £¢ ŸŸ– ­ ¢£¡3ša– Ð3–5¤\–5’™¡ ¬ 3Ð –5¤\–5’“¡ ¬ Ð3–ƒ¤X–ƒ’“¡ ¬ ¦ ¢£¤ ­ ¢£’™–5â5š ٕ–5Ð3¢£™ša–5’ ša’™¡3¤X™—Öƒ’“ µ ¶ o¤ ™¡ µ ¯ƒ– ¬ –5â5ša¢£ç3– –Y·:–5⃠Xš“¢£œ3¤ µ µ ¬ £¢ Ÿ¢£ša– ­ ¬ ¢£Ÿ¢£š“– ­ »T‚qMÛ›Ê ‡Ñó2Ä Ž2~†‚ƒz™ • Ž2˜Î…™›’ÇõŽ2’LJƒ • ‘†@‡ƒz…NŽ2ƒz„qðtʛ‡CË ‡CÊ †‚ƒz‚yÊÌ›Ê ‡C›Ê ™ • ô‚ƒzŽ2‚-Æ"dž‡ • Ï ™›šœžšŸž ¢¡¢  £(¤ ¯ƒ–ƒX¡3’™¡3ša–j“â5¡

L  ()  $K #*' Jc  ,-J(T'K #"'3 L!"(g-'$# ' $~!"'% U- >' '$ 4%$k!z(Á-!z(T$k > 3!&4 0 :B1!" r'  $'!*$-JW*  % b%?%S%$kXQ'3- H XZ!*d,$-'3S$d #"'3 Uc-  =%$d!* %$½6189:> †!"$E Š-Š ý o='$,- =%$L = ()  $S #*' Bc 0 5  I% $- !"L,A%''?Eb(g%D  !* I! bB L!*S$ g !* H $- &Z'$k- >:='91 [€{*·ˆ0b:='91 4%$Z:>Š:M7,- !"N!"$E #" $ T N,%'3!"$ †(T-  b J,-'!*$7W] !*A U  L!*  !*E7!*> !*$,- ^FEK'$-,'!*$-0  !"ЊŠ ý o %$Q618?9†:À%$t\W]!"'k  !"g!*Lh- 'WF'$-#~r J,-'!*$ W* !*!*,-#*7%(T' d N,'!"$d!" '!"$0k8?$7-  D!*L1ŠŠ ý o" * J,-'!*$>!" '!"$)$b!*$-3EJ u f   -!*,-#*e' '  !> g N,%'!*$eN,T g&$!z(T$7%  !*-'3 b' 0Z618?9:ù N-(T'3 ~ N,'!"$ +(T-'3~'N'3$ %-'3'!"$~!A#" $ %1 J,-'!*$ n'g'$'  N ,- 'N LH  $ ANN #"'3 0 >-(T' ~'$-'3 r J,-'!*$- % Z!* 4 !(1 L,-i%$}' -'?% Z J,-'!*$- u'$}% (1 A%$7, U$ %FEk J,-'!*$-L!*-'3¾  $' '!"$!"L !!"K(T'3-!*,-N mF,-''3$-#e,$-!*'$#d;§ ¥ö †!A!7%3'#"$ $C0 6@8?9:_!zW' Nu %'3 I L  $ = '#*$~$-A'  $H '!"$S!*L  'W] r f  ,'!*$ F  S!> g!"$ -u',  '$[€o%ˆ? z%, !"s  'W] T f ,-'!*$'$e!*@ W] Eg(T'3- '$-,'!*$0  ES!"%'3!"$ '$ J N:='91 N! g$!*B'$H  !* !*% T  'W] h fF ,'!*$N!*L†'- 'h!* '!*$- !>%H  !*-3'J )% T ,-3T'$ ¿ '#*,- r·!*$- ):B3'9@ @()!*,-  mF,-' N$4-''!*$'$-,'!*$!i!*'1!"$EJ-!* uc 3- !"L i ,u!*L- UIL!"B(T-'3A- g!*$-''!*$e ! g'u 0 XZ >L,- g!"$' eJ L!*S$ U !*'!*$K(T'~- M!z(1 M1ŒA:B'39@ B¶Ý"x=x0 ý W* $r(T'3IW] E#"#* 'W] r6=ºs:P  -$!*!"#*EF i _¶%Ý*x=xG$Õ%-' W] _Z %&vS'$½ !*E $-(T'U(T'I'h!"$E>!*$- ='U%h!*Ln MR8PÔ6iº:>PS0 XQ'  e¶Ý*xBxÀi  i%$-(T'3-ZL!*g-!* g(T' c->'$F!Z 7o"p*q%ü  !*$HO'd¼ToU  1L!*b!*,-> $S& (T'b'#"U !*E '  h'$#* 618?9:ÐMR8PÑ! !* (T'†!", L!*¹- =:='9@ i ' bBN,IS u$'H !"!",$r!*$_S6189:õM 8aPS0 ¿ ,  +'$ b %_6189:jEH  ½(T'3-'$,- )[%$EN'$ !"$$-  AMR8P½-'3- z- ) L!*H S$ UW$%#* =(T'† g(T'A'$ '$# !*Eb'l gL!* -!*-3 J $-3 r! !  HV#"'$S% † !*-,'!"$0

R%

'$e !*EA%†'  +$ L!*DL!",D!*L g-!*#" %$7\WH %#*  ,-4!"Li×"0×*wxÑ,- r!Ic-$ HO#*%'$4%3 'Ô'$[ Xt' Xk!*U,$-'gT !* U!%NM 8aPÁ f ,-'!*$0n:=r  ,-31!*Ln  u ¾  *'f!*LR D!"#*%h!z(^L'E>'#*$-'3LH '$T  ,-h!zW] T-!*HO!*$-3E> fF ,'!*$I(T'A ,-T!*$- bMR8PS W] $k!",#"~ 4M 8aPÔ! !*J'3I%$K'3$-HO!*  n'$#"3 HV',- ! !*U,$-$'$#tb%3L= S  ^!*Lg- e!" 1(T't' $Q!*,HO!"LHO!*- bÝ*HO', [! !*0 5 -  ^{HM 8aP0]üU#"'0†P !"E $-(T'I'3'3%'!*$D!*LL,,- i'!*-! !"08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡›°]§ *«?øA­TÞ-ÞŸ©]  Þ¡›§a«Þ©]¡›£³]Þ©]  ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ ŸF¡›§a«g­T«¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a #* ¶"· ·"×* PSEk{*×"×*q"0



¸

Â

eϮ





€ Ý"ˆUŠ0nŒTJ$-AüU0üg $$- EF0*8!zW'$#- g'!!"L  !"EI!" '!*$-B!Jþ!2'$#"HV !"'$Fu!" '!*$-B'$ 3!!"0+­  F«?©]Þ-±©*¯a¡›£¥³]Þ±r³]Þ «?³aöa«©]¬¬J£¥Þö 2©]ÞöaŸ©]öa§a± ©]ÞøUªß±%¡›§a¬±% †{"p*;w*C‰ Ý"¸*¸ "Ý q"o* ,Ek{*×"×Ý 0

 ÈÇ

Ž



h]0+ŒT% D N0F8,- ‰

€p%ˆ

‘É

¸

 ,''$-#4B[ D !*E !*$!* 08?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ =¡›°*§ £ %¡›° Þ¡›§a«Þ©*¡›£¥³]Þ©*  ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬Õ³]Þ B£öa° §a« %³]«¬©]Þ-¯§ ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a« ­T«?¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a #" J¶¸ 2¶*×" ]$0†{"×*×*×"0

¸ ¿Ê



¸ n¹ 5Ä

e¾ ¹ 6º Â

Û h]0+Œ†  †PS0@%> †%$v]0†Šz'$0RŒ†! g%$L!*[%'3!"$ L!*u f-3!"''3$-#>%$(T'-A'$KM 8aPHO% eE 08?$ ¸ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³^¹B¡›°]§eºª  ­Ë¼[³*«‚aÎ ±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ[ª³] ÍÌa£Þö¡›°*§ e§a¬³]«ßμS©] ¥  ¸ «³]÷a ¢§a¬ c,$- bo¸"¸*¸20

€q%ˆ

€¶%ˆU6i0 ý '3!"u J0†Œ†!",-'!*$Tº:>PS‰]8  $F'$-# ! !"B'$e !*EF0 t¨B§a±%£¥öaÞ[©]Þø -§a±%¡)³ ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a«±% -%#* Jw*o *Ý2{* ]%$,E [PS%7{"×*×"×*0

Â

5 -'e% e%e  $ À[- ' _ '-'3!"$ž!"LJ- 6@8?9:½MR8PÐ'3 ! '  , 0†XZ T',s!" u!*L2- T'3,-  DJ,-B r!"$'  S'$SL,,- I' ,- BL!*B f!*'H '$-#e !"EZ$-(T' n%',E4  !*E4'$ L% %$4!*$!"3  R'$, '3!"$Z iL %, gL!*gc-$ HO#*%'$ZH  +!* %'!*$ †$I %$'DL!*- u%$'!*$0@XZ -  $'N,'!"$^ ,-!*$7 '#"F!*#"  !*$-H '$-#d$_\W] %#* U  ,-~!*LNw"0wxÚN!* K!d!*$W] $-H '!"$s-!*0 5  J  ,- -, N!I,-4!k×*p"ÜÀ -,'!*$

 A J0+M% 'l'$#k-'3'!*$-B'$!''3 !*$08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡›°]§ [³]« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ ­D± %³*« ŸF±%¡›³]¬ ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›£¥ÞöJe©]¯a°]£Þ§a±% F:B0R{*×"×*×*0

 !&[%$e J0†P'!" W] ‰:ž$- (» !"E  [$'DL!"DS'W] EU%3 !*,'$-# 08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡›°]§­  Þ¡›§a«Þ©*¡›£¥³]Þ©*  ³]Þ §a«?§aÞ¯%§³*Þ ªŸ ¦ §a«?¯%³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›£¥Þöa -#" BÝ2pÝ *Ý q"w* ,$ U{"×*×"×*0

3O 3OPQ

7.

ä

 >,-!*u(T'e!$-&4M  uüg!*#"#* U$- ]\E  !&[$ 5  g- úB$'W] '?ES!"L)ÿB!* [6i% L!*g '3g !*$','!"$i!  ) '#*$!*L2- r618?9†:½M 8aP½'!2' ,-  %$ 5 -!*[% Š 3'$-#IL!*i-'3B ES!"$'3-,'!*$-=!U r!F  0 5  A,-H !"D!g(T'!>%&$-!(T -#* T- h()!"&N!"L2!*- s W'!*,-E !*$J r6@8?9:d ®%ú>Š-ŒTû8aŠz8+(T-!i!"$F'-, N'$!* T(i\E !S b(1!*&k- ' 7'$K'N  †'3$-,-'3$-#  ¾düg!*  P'  )!*[%$Q%$7º,!"'$#4M%$# 0 5 - I618?9:ž!F  B'  !*$-!* AFEZ6:>ºDM]:v!"$ ¿ w¸2q¸2oH×*·%H o%HO¸ {*·%¸ 0

cS

C%



gº(»‰»¨»

Û







€·%ˆUPS0 )!"&F   0 B!*  +$-AüU08?!*-0+M ! '$-#>'3$  !"E†‰†- 5 %EFu[%'W] EI%3 TMR8PÎ%\EF0 ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a« #" o*w 2w*{" -:=-0n{"×*×"p*0

º(»¨»‰» Â



@%

€×%ˆUPS0 R r%?0RPS%'$-#' #*,-N-''!"$u!e6@8?9: MR8PHO 76i%HO8?$ $'W] B:=' ,- 08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ BªŸ ¦ §a«?¯%³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›£¥Þöa -ÿB!zW†0R{"×*×*×"0

¸

C%



€{¸"ˆUPS0 h%$7ŒT0nŠ  0+P !*EI[$#*  $u'3$~ MR8PHV K' ,- 08$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ ­Bª 1ª [³]« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ Þ¡›§a ¥ ¢£öa§aÞ¡)A§a¬³]«ß>ªß±%¡›§a¬±% ÿ=!zW+0no%¸*¸"¸ 0

¸ ÉÏ Ð¼

ƒÎ

¿º

¸



h]0C%= $-$ E4%$76i0RM% !*$0

€{"{ˆ

cÒ@ŸF©*Þ¡›£¥¡›©]¡›£¢Ìa§­ ­

{*×"×*q"0

Ñ

Â

³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a«N­T«¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§ ¦]¦ «?³a©*¯a°]0†P!"# $IüU,-L[%$ RoD -''3!"$

€{"oˆg8  PS0F‰û*û%  %() 0 (g%!*$0 'S0  !*[û%, #" $ û*0 €{"wˆg8  PÎP'! 3 !*$-'3 0F‰û*û(T(T(N0 '0 'S0  !*[û !-,û"'û%!,-û S0

v

€{%Ý*ˆUŒT0FXÐ0üU%$#[%$ ]0†61% 0:žL% F'-3 g!", uL!*  >6i%HV8$ $'W] i:B-' , >;618?9:C+E [08?$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ te£¥ø s§a±%¡)ª-ß"¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬¹³]Þ £¥«¯aŸF£¡›±i©]ÞøUªß±%¡›§a¬±% -:B,# 0Ro%¸*¸*¸20

¸



Â

1º(»‰»‰»

“˜

°Ó>0üU$-# J%?0

€{"pˆ

¿  f+ºs:PS‰ 5 !(id%$K-W2%$  '$ 3'#" $D !*EbE [0]8$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±g³ D¡›°*§ Þ¡›§a«Þ©*¡›£¥³]Þ©*  ³]Þ §a«?§aÞ¯%§³*Þ ³*¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a«g¨=§a±%£¥öaÞ- Ó 0 {*×"×*×"0

º

 8¹

Â



¸

eº(»‰»¨»

€{"qˆUMR0üg!"#*#" 0 5 - ý x ý Œ†ú +  ý %!2e![%'W] E % †-! '$#20-8?$ « ³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ Þ-¡›§a«Þ-©]¡›£¥³]Þ-©]  ³]Þ %§a«?§aÞ-¯§³]Þ ©]«©] ¥ ¢§a  « ³a¯%§a±±%£¥Þ-öa -:=,-# 0n{*×"×Ý 0

 s¹

¸

¸

rS

¸





¿%

€{"¶ˆUMR0üg!"#*#"  5 0 )'N* +$- >0RŠ%$!z(T'l0†º 5 :B8aŠ-‰*:=$ N - A%3 +! !*DL!*D %3HO' g- ''!*$ '-'3$-# 08?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ D­ D RPS0+{*×*×"p*0

+¹›Ô =»  ϨÔ

¸

€{"·ˆUŠ0¼T% $7%$KŠ-0:B[%'$#*- 0 ý f!*''$# , ()!*-HO3 W] n%3 3'®(T'eJ,-'3 ' '$,-'!*$e 08?$ «³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§­  ³]Þ %§a«?§aÞ-¯§³]Þ «³aöa«?©]¬J¬£¥Þ-ö 2©]Þ-öaŸ©]öa§a±r¨=§a±%£¥öaÞ[©]Þø ¬ ¦  ¢§a¬§aÞ¡›©*¡›£¥³]Þ +o¸"¸*¸ 0

º

 s¹

¸

¸





Â

€o*o%ˆU6i0+M% !*$A J0:v rL!*u'$F 3'#* $F6iº:>PS‰ 8aº:>PS0 te£¯a«?³] :=-0+{"×*×*¶"0

`º(»¨»‰»

€o"{ˆUPS0 Ó &F'$ ¿ 0 5 0+Œ†-!*$-# †%$ 5 0†Š- ()!!0:B'W] %#* ‰:»!-  !*L+!*-,%'3!"$IL!*h'$ '#* $T !*EF0 8?$ «³a¯%§§%ø]£Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ ]¡›°A­TÞ-ÞŸ©]  Þ-¡›§a«Þ-©]¡›£¥³]Þ-©]  ªß¬ ¦ ³*±£ŸF¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a«g­T«?¯a°]£¡›§¯a¡›Ÿ«§a ,$- U{*×*×"·*0

¸

^¹ Â

eÅ5Õ



›

eυ



€oÝ"ˆUºs' gúB$'W] '?E+0]‰û*û%(T(T(THO  0 ' 0 -,ûi'[0

€o*p%ˆg:>0RŠ%,,-EF ¿ 0nM!*$-# +$I:>0ÿ=!z(g%lE&+0nP''$#>-  !"EI(i‰ 5 - g rL!*u! !*û !*E '3$ #"'!*$0F8$ «?³a¯%§%§ø*£¥Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ ]«?øI­TÞÞ-ŸF©*  Þ¡›§a«Þ©]¡›£¥³*Þ©] ª-ß"¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬¹³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ ŸF¡›§a«r­T«¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a PSEk{*×"×*q"0



¸

º

ԁҮ

Â

r

€o*q%ˆg:>0RŠ%,,-EF 5 0Xt'&F'$-!*$ ]0nŒT  +$-e:>0]¼T%$-'3$0 :=$K%#*,- $TL!"B'-3 UŒ Ó P:08$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þöa±r³ B¡›°]§ ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬Õ³]Þ B£öa°]¤ §a« %³]«¬©]Þ-¯§ ³]¬ ¦ Ÿ¡›§a« ­T«?¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a 6@ 0n{*×*×"p*0

¿Ê

€o*¶%ˆ 5

€o*·%ˆ 5

¸ n¹

Â



¸

ŒS

0+Šz '3$-# 0:=$A'$!,-'!*$I! )'# % ^M 8aP ' ,- 08$ @Ÿ«?³]¤ ©*« -#" J{*q 2w*" o -:=,-# 0no¸*¸2{*0





¸

0 Šz,$%# B %0:½-! !"B'$A !*EU'AL!* + ['W] EU% † N - ~-'3'!*$-0 ³]Ÿ«Þ-©] †³ Bª-³] ¢£¥øUª¡›©]¡›§ £«?¯aŸ£¥¡›±% #" {"p*p"q {"p*p"×* Ó 0 {*×*×"q*0



×

€o*×%ˆ

qº(»¨»‰» +Ä

Â

cS

0W]!"$ ý '&] $ n6i0+Œ†,-3  †Š0RŒT0 )!* '$ +%$ üU0+Šz, 0:B'W] i #* ‰=B $'¹L!* '3$ #" A!*N,$-''!*$K$A!*-,%'3!"$08?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡›°]§ *¡›°A­TÞÞ-Ÿ©]  Þ-¡›§a«Þ-©]¡›£¥³]Þ-©]  ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ ŸF¡›§a«g­T«¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a PS\Ek{*×*×"o*0 5

gº(»‰»‰»

€o%¸*ˆUP',-'3-'0F‰û*û%(T(T(N0 ','-'3H '0 !"[û*û%% û ,ûSw*o-#*0 0

+¹ Â

¸

€{"׈UºD0¼+  0nŠ,(1!*A%3 '®(T'3KP:=x=Ho"0 e£¥¯a«³] n{*q*;Ý2C‰p*{ 2p*×" :=,#20+{"×*×"q*0



c

€o*w%ˆUMn0nºD$#2$%$ nŠ0]:=-W]  R$-Aÿ0 !",-'0 M L!"[$- r!*L'[#" U$-eW'3- !-! '$#b(T' #* $- HO,- !* g! !*$I -'?D8aŠ:v f $'!"$0 8?$ «?³a¯%§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±N³ =¡›°*§ ]¡›°I­TÞÞ-ŸF©*  Þ¡›§a«Þ©*¡›£¥³]Þ©*  ªß¬ ¦ ³]±%£¥Ÿ¬Õ³]Þ ³]¬ ¦ ŸF¡›§a«g­T«¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a PS\Ek{*×*×"×*0



¸

Â

eؓÙ

h]0$Ún\()!-$FEF nMR0]üg!*#*#"  `*0

€w¸"ˆ



c

¸

 !&[$ +%$ ý 0 !*$-!*$0 ŒT HO'$HO !*E+‰†:½!z() u !z() J%3 $'W] 0F8?$ «³a¯§%§%ø]£¥Þ-öa±r³ B¡›°]§ ª ­ [³*« a±%°]³ ¦ ³]Þ ³ @§a«¤V¨=«£ a§aÞ e£¥¯a«?³a©*«?¯a°]£¥¡›§%¯a¡›Ÿ«?§a ,$ U{"×*×"·*0



eº  ˼

›

‚Î

¸ 5˜

ÛÌ

Suggest Documents