The Caprellidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Western Australia and ...

Hydrobiologia 522: 1–74, 2004. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

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The Caprellidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia J. M. Guerra-Garc´ıa Laboratorio de Biolog´ıa Marina, Departamento de Fisiolog´ıa y Zoolog´ıa, Facultad de Biolog´ıa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain E-mail: [email protected] Received 13 May 2002; in revised form 3 September 2003; accepted 15 October 2003

Key words: Amphipoda, Caprellidea, taxonomy, new species, key, Western Australia, Northern Territory

Abstract The caprellidean fauna of Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia, is investigated here. The study reports 26 species in 19 genera. Six new species (Aciconula australiensis n. sp., Caprella traudlae n. sp., Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp., Orthoprotella nana n. sp., Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. and Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp.) are described as new for Science. Lateral view figures of all the species, together with a key to species level, are also provided.

Introduction Caprellid amphipods are small peracaridean crustaceans, important as secondary and tertiary producers in marine ecosystems. They are common and diverse on algae, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, seagrasses (McCain, 1968) and are important prey for many coastal fish species (Caine, 1987, 1989, 1991). Recently, caprellids have been found to be useful bioindicators of marine pollution and environmental stress (Takeuchi et al., 2001; Guerra-García & GarcíaGómez, 2001), adding interest to understand the taxonomy and systematics of this group of crustaceans. The Caprellidea of the Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia, have been scarcely studied. McCain & Steinberg (1970) in the ‘Crustaceorum Catalogus’ listed only 7 caprellid species recorded in Western Australia (Caprella equilibra Say, 1818, Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890, Liriarchus perplexus Mayer, 1912, Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882), M. sandalensis Mayer, 1898, Monoliropus agilis Mayer, 1903 and Orthoprotella australis (Haswell, 1880)), and no caprellids from Northern Territory were reported by these authors. After this revision of McCain & Steinberg (1970) no taxonomical studies on the Caprellidea have been carried out

along North-western Australia apart from the recent paper of Hirayama (1988) describing the genus Quadrisegmentum based on specimens of Q. triangulum Hirayama, 1988 collected from Ashmore Reef, Northwest Australia. Therefore, only 8 species have been recorded from Northwestern Australia before this study. Several collections of caprellid material from Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia, collected by the Australian Museum staff (see Fig. 1 and Appendix), have been comprehensively studied in the present work. The examined specimens for this study are deposited in the instituions listed below: AM Australian Museum, Sydney TM Tasmanian Museum, Hobart USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen GANM ‘Grigore Antipa’ National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest

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Figure 1. Map of Australia showing the sampling localities along Northern Territory and Western Australia.

Systematics account Taking into account that phylogeny and higher classification of the Caprellidea is still under debate, the genera have been grouped considering the smallest number of families, following Takeuchi (1993). Complete synonymies of the species can be found in McCain & Steinberg (1970). In this paper, we have only included the most relevant references. Figures of generalized caprellids including the morphological terms used in descriptive accounts are included (Figs 2– 5) to facilitate the understanding of the taxonomical description and the use of the key to species. List of species: Family Phtisicidae Vassilenko, 1968 Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet, 1849) (Fig. 6) Dodecas tasmaniensis Guiler, 1954 (Fig. 7) Hircella inermis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 8) Liriarchus perplexus Mayer, 1912 (Fig. 9) Metaproto novaehollandiae (Haswell, 1880) (Fig. 10)

Paraproto tasmaniensis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 11) Pseudocaprellina pambanensis Sundara Raj, 1927 (Fig. 12) Pseudoproto fallax Mayer, 1903 (Fig. 13) Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. (Figs 14–18) Family Caprellidae Leach, 1814 Aciconula australiensis n. sp. (Figs 19–23) Caprella danilevskii Czerniavksii, 1868 (Fig. 24) Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Fig. 25) Caprella penantis Leach, 1814 (Fig. 26) Caprella scaura Templenton, 1836 (Fig. 27) Caprella traudlae n. sp. (Figs 28–31) Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890 (Fig. 32) Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898 (Fig. 33) Noculacia australiensis Guerra-García, 2002 (Fig. 34) Ortoprotella australis (Haswell, 1880) (Fig. 35) Orthoprotella nana n. sp. (Figs 36–39) Orthoprotella tuberculata Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 40) Paradeutella sp (Fig. 41) Protella similis Mayer, 1903 (Fig. 42)

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Figure 2. Lateral view of a generalized caprellid.

Pseudaeginella biscaynensis (McCain, 1968) (Fig. 43) Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. (Figs 44–47) Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. (Figs 48–51) Family Phtisicidae Vassilenko, 1968 Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet, 1849) (Fig. 6) Caprella longicollis Nicolet, 1849: 251-252, pl. 4, Fig. 3. Caprella brevicollis Nicolet, 1849: 252-253, pl. 4, Fig. 4. Caprellina longicollis Mayer, 1882: 27-28, Figs 4– 5; Mayer, 1890: 15–16, pl. 6, Fig. 4; McCain, 1969: 289–290, Fig. 2.

Material examined. 1 male, 1 female AM P48787 (TA1). Remarks. Caprellina longicollis has been recently redescribed in detail by Guerra-García (2002a) based on specimens from Chile. The specimens from Western Australia are in agreement with the redescription. In the material found in Western Australia (only two specimens in poor condition) pereopods were lacking so the illustrations included here are based on Tasmanian specimens recently collected (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). Habitat. Although McCain & Steinberg (1970) reported for the species a deep range between 0 and

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Figure 3. Mouthparts of a generalized caprellid.

29 m, McCain (1969) examined some material from 123 m deep. Caprellina longicollis have been recorded from algae, under rocks and attached to buoys (Guerra-García, 2002a).

Distribution. Type locality: Chile (Nicolet, 1849). Other records: South Africa, New Zealand (North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Brother Islands, The Snares, off Antipodes Islands, off Auckland Islands) (McCain & Steinberg, 1970), Tasmania (Guerra-

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Figure 4. Antennae, gnathopods and pereopod of a generalized caprellid.

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Figure 5. Types of abdomen of generalized caprellids.

García & Takeuchi, 2004). New record for Western Australia. Dodecas tasmaniensis Guiler, 1954 (Fig. 7) Dodecas tasmaniensis Guiler, Figs 10–14.

1954:

542–546,

Material examined. 1 premature female AM P62059 (WA-137); 1 premature female AM P62060 (WA-193). Type material (deposited in the Tasmanian Museum): holotype female TM 13007/G53 and allotype male TM 13008/G54, Mt Creek Gordon, Tasmania, 1954.

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Figure 6. Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet, 1849). Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Remarks. The genus Dodecas comprised seven species of doubtful validity (Laubitz, 1991a): D. decacentrum Stebbing, 1910, D. elongata Stebbing, 1883, D. eltaninae McCain and Gray, 1971, D. grandimana Guiler, 1954, D. hexacentrum Mayer, 1903, D.

reducta Barnard, 1932 and D. tasmaniensis Guiler, 1954. Guiler (1954) synonymised D. decacentrum with D. hexacentrum. McCain & Steinberg (1970) and Laubitz (1991) remarked that D. grandimana and D. tasmaniensis appeared to be variants of D. hexa-

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Figure 7. Dodecas tasmaniensis Guiler, 1954. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

centrum. Laubitz (1991a) considered that D. eltaninae and D. reducta are synonymous with D. elongata. Taking into consideration all these synonymies, the genus would be only composed of two species, D. elongata and D. hexacentrum. Nevertheless, recently, Takeuchi (in prep.) considered D. hexacentrum and D. decacentrum as valid species on the basis of material collected from New South Wales. After examination of the types of D. tasmaniensis this species seems to be also a valid species. The material collected from Western Australia is very scarce (only two premature females) but the body spination and the gnathopod 2 are in agreement with the material described by Guiler (1954).

Habitat. Dodecas tasmaniensis has been found living on Caulerpa, sponges, bryozoans, red and brown algae and sand (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). In the present study the specimens were collected from sponges and scrapings from rock overhang. Distribution. Type locality: Off Mountain Creck, Tasmania. The two specimens examined in the present study were found in the south part of Western Australia. This species is distributed along southern Australia (Guerra-García, unpublished data) and Tasmania (Guiler, 1954; Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). New record to Western Australia.

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Figure 8. Hircella inermis Guerra-Garc´ıa & Takeuchi, 2004. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Hircella inermis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 8) Hircella inermis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004: 975–982, Figs 4–8. Material examined. 2 males, 2 females AM P62052 (WA-117); 1 female AM P62053 (WA-220); 1 male AM P 62051 (WA-296). Type material (deposited in

the Australian Museum): holotype male (AM P48776) (Fig. 8a) collected from Whalers Cove, Tasmania, by G. Edgar, 30 June 1993, 5 m deep. Allotype female (AM P48815) (Fig. 8b) collected from Cementary Bluff, Tasmania, by I. Takeuchi & G. Edgar, 4 April 1996, 3 m deep. Paratypes (AM P61390): 4 males, 2 females collected together with the allotype.

10 Remarks. This species has been recently described based on material collected from Tasmania by GuerraGarcía & Takeuchi (2004) and the lateral view of the type specimens are included in the present paper (Fig. 8). Mayer (1882) established the genus Hircella mainly on the basis of the absence of pereopod 5. The genus Liriarchus Mayer, 1912 is also characterised by the absence of pereopod 5 in males or extremely reduced in females. However, Hircella and Liriarchus can be differentiated by the abdomen: there are two pairs of appendages in Hircella and only one pair in Liriarchus. The number of articles of antenna 2 varies among the adult specimens of Hircella inermis, being two or three. Habitat. Hircella inermis has been found in very shallow waters, clinging to the brown algae Sargassum spp and Acrocarpia sp and the red alga Plocamium angustum Agardh, 1863 (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). In the present study the specimens has been collected from red algae, weed mat from intertidal areas and Posidonia beds. Distribution. Type locality: Whalers Cove (43◦ 17 S 148◦ 00 E), Tasmania, Australia (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). Similarly to D. tasmaniensis, this species were only found in the south area of Western Australia during the present study, distributing along South Australia (Guerra-García, unpublished data) and Tasmania (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). New record to Western Australia. Liriarchus perplexus Mayer, 1912 (Fig. 9) Liriarchus perplexus Mayer, 1912: 6–8, Figs 1–2. Material examined. 1 female AM P62044 (WA181); >20 specimens AM P62043 (WA-202); 2 females AM P62045 (WA-220); 1 male and two females AM P62042 (WA-260). Remarks. This is the first record of this species after the original description of Mayer (1912) based on specimens collected from Champion Bay and Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. The species resembles superficially Hircella inermis but can be easily distinguished by the abdomen (see remarks for Hircella inermis). Habitat. The species has been found clinging on green and brown algae, red algae with epiphitic

hydroids and bryozoans and along Posidonia beds (present study). Distribution. Type locality: Champion Bay and Cockburn Sound, Australia, 3.5–8 m. Only known from Western Australia so far (Mayer, 1912). Metaproto novaehollandiae (Haswell, 1880) (Fig. 10) Proto novae-hollandiae Haswell, 1880: 275-276, pl. 2, Fig. 3; Mayer, 1882: 26; Stebbing, 1888: 1230– 1232; Mayer 1890: 14–15. Metaproto novaehollandiae Mayer, 1903: 26–27, pl. 1, Figs 11–12, pl. 6, Figs 24–28, pl. 9, Figs 3, 50; Stebbing, 1910: 651–652; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 56; Laubitz 1991b: 103–104, Fig. 1. Material examined. 1 female AM P61940 (NT-22); 2 males AM P61941 (NT-30); 1 female AM P62061 (04 B12). Remarks. The specimens examined in the present study are in agreement with those described by Haswell (1880) and redescribed by Mayer (1903) and Laubitz (1991b) and with specimens collected from Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Queensland, examined by the author. This species is fully redescribed based on specimens collected from New South Wales, close to the type locality (Takeuchi, in prep.). Taking into account that the specimens from Northern Territory were not complete and pereopods were lacking we have included here lateral view figures based on specimens collected from Queensland, Australia, which were in better condition and can be more useful for readers when using the key. Habitat. Metaproto novaehollandiae has been found from intertidal areas to 790 m deep (Laubitz, 1991b). This species shows a clear preference by soft bottoms (fine sediments and sand) (Guerra-García, in rev.). In the present study, the species has been found in sand but also on hydroids and small tunicates. Distribution. Type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia (Haswell, 1880). Other records: Banda Sea, Indonesia, South Africa (McCain & Steinberg, 1970), New Caledonia and Philippines (Laubitz, 1991b), Papua New Guinea and Queensland (Guerra-García, in rev.). New record for Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia.

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Figure 9. Liriarchus perplexus Mayer, 1912. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Paraproto tasmaniensis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 11) Paraproto tasmaniensis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004: 982–989, Figs 9–14. Material examined. 1 male AM P62050 (WA-144); 1 male AM P62049 (WA-172); 13 males, 1 female and 6 juveniles AM P62047 (WA-175); 1 males, 2 fe-

males and 4 juveniles AM P62048 (WA-183); 1 male AM P62046 (WA-225). Type material (deposited in the Australian Museum): holotype male (AM P61281) (Fig. 11a) collected from Armstrong Channel, Cape Barren Island, Tasmania, by G. Edgar, 16 June 1993, 5 m deep. Allotype female (AM P61282) (Fig. 11b) collected from Cementary Bluff, Tasmania, by I. Takeuchi & G. Edgar, 4 April 1996, 5 m deep. Para-

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Figure 10. Metaproto novaehollandiae (Haswell, 1880). Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

13 types (AM P61283): 2 females, 5 juveniles collected together with the holotype. Remarks. The genus Paraproto, restricted so far to Australian waters, is composed of four species: Paraproto condylata (Haswell, 1885), Paraproto gabrieli Stebbing, 1914 Paraproto spinosa (Haswell, 1885) and Paraproto tasmaniensis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004. Paraproto tasmaniensis is close to Paraproto condylata. The type material of P. condylata described by Haswell (1885) as Proto condylata is missing (Springthorpe & Lowry, 1994) but a detailed redescription of specimens of Paraproto from Antarctica is included in Guerra-García & Coleman (2001). Habitat. Paraproto tasmaniensis has been found clinging to brown algae (such as Acrocarpia sp., Perithalia sp. and Sargassum sp.) and red algae (Plocamium angustum J. Agardh, 1863, P. dilatatum J. Agardh, 1863, and Zonaria sp.) between 3–30 m deep (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). The species has also been found in Caulerpa, sea grass and tunicates (present study). Distribution. Type locality: Armstrong Channel, Cape Barren Island (40◦ 30 S 148◦ 08 E), Tasmania, Australia (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). New record to Western Australia. Similarly to Dodecas tasmaniensis and Hircella inermis, this species has been found only in the stations of southern Western Australia, being biogeographically restricted, so far endemic, to waters of southern Australia and Tasmania.

based on specimens collected from Tanzanian waters. The specimens studied from Western Australia are in agreement with those collected in previous studies. Guerra-García (2002a) pointed out that probably Pseudocaprellina pambanensis should be transferred to the genus Caprellina. Both genera can be differentiated by the number of articles of the flagellum of antenna 2 (two in Pseudocaprellina and three in Caprellina). Nevertheless, the number of articles of antenna 2 varies among the adult specimens of some species, as Hircella inermis, indicating that the number of articles in antenna 2 should not, consequently, be considered as an important morphological character to differentiate species or genera. In any case, the phylogenetic relations among the species of the close genera Caprellina, Pseudocaprellina, Hircella and Liriarchus should be studied. There is a continuous gradient of variation in the characters of the species belonging to these genera, which makes difficult the delimitation and diagnosis of valid genera. Habitat. The species has been collected previously from algae between corals (Guerra-García, 2002b). The specimens studied in the present work were clinging to intertidal algal mat and bottoms with Posidonia australis (Hooker, 1858). Distribution. Type locality: Gulf of Mannar, India (McCain & Steinberg, 1970). Other records: Tanzanian coasts (Guerra-García, 2002b). New record to Australia. The species, being found in India, Tanzania and Western Australia, is probably distributed throughout the Indian Ocean. Pseudoproto fallax Mayer, 1903 (Fig. 13)

Pseudocaprellina pambanensis Sundara Raj, 1927 (Fig. 12) Pseudocaprellina pambanensis Sundara Raj, 1927: 127, pl. 17; Sivaprakasam, 1977: 80–82, Figs 1,2; Guerra-García, 2002b: 221–223, Figs 1–4. Material examined. 2 juveniles AM P62001 (WA218): 1 female AM P62002 (WA-260); 1 male AM P62003 (WA-478); 1 female AM P62000 (WA-534) Remarks. Pseudocaprellina pambanensis was described by Sundara Raj (1927) based on a male from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Sivaprakasam (1977) described a mature female also from the Gulf of Mannar. Guerra-García (2002b) redescribed the species

Pseudoproto fallax Mayer, 1903: 27–28, pl. 6, Fig. 22; pl. 9, Figs 5, 52; Mayer, 1912: 8–9, Fig. 3; Utinomi, 1947: 69. Material examined. 1 juvenile AM P62160 (WA646). Type material (deposited in the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen): Syntypes (ZMUC CRU-6398): 4 females collected from Koh Kauv, 4 February 1900, Th. Mortensen; 1 female collected from Koh Chuen, 5 February 1900, Th. Mortensen. Remarks. Only a juvenil specimen have been collected, but it have been assigned to the species Pseudoproto fallax after consulting the type material of the species on the basis of the combination of the fol-

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Figure 11. Paraproto tasmaniensis Guerra-Garc´ıa & Takeuchi, 2004. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

lowing characters: three pairs of gills, flagellum of antenna 2 with two articles, pereopod 3 and 4 sixarticulate, pereopod 5 five-articulate with the distal article elongate without dactylus shape, and provided with setae distally.

Habitat. Collected from filamentous algal turf attached to dead thick branching hard coral (GuerraGarcía, in rev.) Distribution. Type locality: Koh Kauv and Koh Chuen, Thailand. Other records: Shark Bay, Western Australia (McCain & Steinberg, 1970) and Queensland (Guerra-García, in rev.).

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Figure 12. Pseudocaprellina pambanensis Sundara Rej, 1927. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

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Figure 13. Pseudoproto fallax Mayer, 1903. Juvenil lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Pseudoprotomima grandimana n.sp. (Figs. 14–18) Type material. Holotype male AM P62151 (WA281); Allotype female AM P62152 (WA-220). Paratypes: 1 female P62157 (WA-152); 2 males and 1 female AM P62156 (WA-167); 2 males, 2 females AM P62153 (WA-220); 8 males, 4 females AM P62154 (WA-281); 1 male, 4 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62155 (WA-283); 1 female AM P62158 (WA-453).

Etymology. The specific name ‘grandimana’ was chosen because of the large male gnathopod 2. Description Holotype male Body length. 4.3 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 14A). Body dorsally smooth. Head rounded. Pereonite 1 fused with head, suture not present; pereonites 2 and 5 subequal in length; pereonites 3 and 4 subequal; pereonite 7 the shortest.

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Figure 14. Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Gills (Fig. 14A). Present on pereonites 2–4, elongate, length about three times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 15B) symmetrically bilobed, lobes well-demarkated. Mandibles (Fig. 15D,E) with threearticulate palp; distal article of palp with three apical setae following the formula 1-x-1 being x = 1; second

article provided with three setae on left mandible (Fig. 15D) and four setae on right mandible (Fig. 15E); mandibular molar absent; left mandible with incisor six-toothed, lacinia mobilis four-toothed followed by three plates and four setae; incisor of right mandible six-toothed, lacinia mobilis transformed into a plate

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Figure 15. Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. Male. A, maxilliped; B, upper lip; C, lower lip; D, left mandible; E, right mandible; F, maxilla 1; G, maxilla 2. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

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Figure 16. Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. A–D, male. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. E, female gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,B,D: 0.5 mm; C, E: 0.3 mm.

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Figure 17. Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. A, male pereopod 3; B, male pereopod 4; C, female pereopod 3; D, female pereopod 4; E, female pereopod 5. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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Figure 18. Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. A, female pereopod 6; B, female pereopod 7; C, male abdomen (ventral view); D, female abdomen (ventral view). Scale bars: A, B: 0.5 mm; C,D: 0.05 mm.

minutely serrate, followed by a row of four plates and four setae; molar flake absent. Lower lip (Fig. 15C) with outer lobes carrying setulae, inner lobes smooth. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 15F) outer lobe carrying six robust setae, serrate laterally; distal article of the palp with three apical robust setae and a row of three setae distally. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 15G) inner lobe triangular and outer lobe rectangular, both carrying four setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 15A) inner plate rectangular carrying three robust setae serrated apically, margin serrate; outer plate oval, subequal in size to the inner plate; palp four-articulate, dactylus with rows of setulae.

Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 16A), about the half of the body length; flagellum five-articulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 16B) about the half of antenna 1 in length; swimming setae absent; flagellum two-articulate. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 16C) basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined; propodus triangular, palm with three grasping spines proximally and two rows of smaller spines along the palm; small setulae on merus, carpus and propodus. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 16D) inserted on the posterior half of pereonite 2; basis about 1.5 times as long as pereonite 2; ischium, merus and carpus rectangular, carpus elongate; propodus elongate, length about three times width;

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Figure 19. Aciconula australiensis n. sp. Lateral view. A, B, males; C, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

palm provided with three grasping spines medially, followed by a rectangular projection, U-notch and a triangular projection distally. Pereopods. Pereopod 3 and 4 six-articulate (Fig. 17A,B), propodus with two robust spines and two small setulae. Pereopod 5-7 missing in holotype,

described using the allotype: pereopod 5 (Fig. 17E) six-articulate, propodus without grasping spines, dactylus reduced to a short, triangular article. Pereopod 6 and 7 (Fig. 18A,B) carpus with two spines, propodus palm with a group of spines followin the formula 2-2-1-1.

23 Penes (Fig. 18C) situated laterally, small and triangular. Abdomen (Fig. 18C) with two pair of long appendages biarticulate (uropods) and a single dorsal lobe. Allotype female Body length 2.7 mm. Flagellum of antenna 1 with four articles (Fig. 14B). Gnathopod 2 inserted in the anterior half of pereonite 2; merus rounded; carpus not elongate; propodus without distal projections. Oosteguites not setose (Fig. 14B). Pereopods 3 and 4 propodus without grasping spines (Figs 17C, D). Abdominal appendages 1-articulate (Fig. 18D). Remarks. The genus Pseudoprotomima was originally established with hesitation, since it differs from Protomima Mayer, 1903 only in that the pereopod 5 is 6-articulate in Pseudoprotomima and 5-articulate in Protomima. The type species of the genus, P. hurleyi, was described by McCain (1969) based on specimens collected from New Zealand. McCain & Gray (1971) described P. hedgpethi from SubAntarctic waters. Therefore the genus Pseudoprotomima is constituted by three species so far, which are compared in the Table 1. Pseudoprotomima grandimana differs from the remaining two species in the genus mainly in the feature of the gnathopod 2 with a long basis and the propodus palm carrying large projections distally. The smaller size of the body and number of articles of the antenna 1 flagellum, together with the preference for shallow waters are also different between P. grandimana and the rest of the species. Habitat. The specimens have been found from 3–18 meters deep, living on Caulerpa, Posidonia, Ecklonia beds and spirorbids. Distribution.

Western Australia.

Family Caprellidae Leach, 1814 Aciconula australiensis n.sp. (Figs. 19–23) Type material. Holotype male AM P62148 (WA640). Allotype female AM P62149 (WA-640). Paratypes: 1 male AM P62150 (WA-640), 1 male AM P61735 (‘Coconut Beach’, Lizard Island, 14◦ 40 S, 145◦ 28 E, Queensland, Australia); 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P61736 (‘Washing Mashine’, Lizard Island).

Etymology. Named australiensis alluding to the geographical distribution of the species. Description Holotype male Body length. 2.1 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 19A). Head with a small projection on the head. Pereonite 2 with an acute projection medially. Pereonite 3 and 4 subequal. Pereonites 5–7 decreasing in length respectively. Gills (Fig. 19A). Present on pereonites 3–4, oval, length about 1.5 times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 20B) symmetrically bilobed, not setose apically. Mandibles (Fig. 20D,E) with a three-articulate palp; distal article of palp with setal formula 1-x-1, being x = 4, and with a row of seven teeth; second article of the palp with one setae on the right mandible (Fig. 20D) and without setae on the left one (Fig. 20E); mandibular molar present but small, without robust teeth; left mandible with incisor five-toothed, lacinia mobilis seven-toothed followed by three setae; incisor of right mandible six-toothed, lacinia mobilis transformed into a plate serrate distally, followed by two setae. Lower lip (Fig. 20C) with inner lobes bilobed, well demarcated; outer lobes elongate and curved distally. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 20G) outer lobe carrying six robust setae, serrate laterally; distal article of the palp with four apical robust setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 20F) inner and outer lobe carrying four setae distally; outer lobe about 2 times as long as inner lobe. Maxilliped (Fig. 20A) inner plate small carrying one setae; outer plate about 2.5 times as long as inner plate, with three setae apically; palp four-articulate, scarcely setose. Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 21A) about 2/5 of body length; proximal article of the peduncle with a setose hump proximally; distal article of the peduncle short, about 1/4 of the previous article; flagellum four-articulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 21B) about a half of antenna 1; swimming setae absent; proximal article of the peduncle with a distal projection; flagellum two-articulate. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 21C) basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined; propodus elongate, length about 2 times width, palm with a pair of grasping spines. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 21D) inserted on the anterior half of pereonite 2 (Fig. 19A); basis 3/4 as long as pereonite 2; ischium rectangular; merus rounded; carpus triangular; propodus a little

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Figure 20. Aciconula australiensis n. sp. Male. A, maxilliped; B, upper lip; C, lower lip; D, right mandible; E, left mandible; F, maxilla 2; G, maxilla 1. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

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Figure 21. Aciconula australiensis n. sp. A–D, male. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. E, female gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,B: 0.2 mm; C: 0.05 mm; D,E: 0.2 mm.

26

Figure 22. Aciconula australiensis n. sp. A, male pereopod 3; B, male pereopod 4; C, female pereopod 3; D, male pereopod 5; E, female pereopod 7; F, female pereopod 6. Scale bars: A–C: 0.05 mm; D: 0.2 mm; E,F: 0.1 mm.

27 Table 1. Comparison of selected characteristics among the species of Pseudoprotomima P. hedgpethi McCain, 1969 P. hurleyi McCain & Gray, 1971 P. grandimana n. sp. Body length Antenna 1 flagellum Antenna 2 flagellum Basis of gnathopod 2 Projections on the propodus palm of gnathopod 2 Setal formula of the mandibular palp (1-x-1) Anterior papillae on male abdomen Deep range

7–15.3 mm 12 articles 2–3 articles Shorter than pereonite 2 Absent x =1−7 Present 71–403 m

7.1–10.0 mm 7–12 articles 4 articles Shorter than pereonite 2 Absent x = 1−3 Absent 788–1609 m

3.7–4.3 mm 4–5 articles 2 articles Longer than pereonite 2 Present x=1 Absent 3–18 m

Figure 23. Aciconula australiensis n. sp. A, male abdomen (ventral view); B, female abdomen (ventral view). Scale bar: 0.05 mm.

shorter than the basis, palm carrying a large projection proximally provided with a robust grasping spine. Pereopods. Pereopods 3 and 4 reduced (Fig. 22A,B) about half of the gills length, two-articulate; basal article rectangular with one setae; distal triangular with two simple seta and a plumose one. Pereopod 5, described from a male paratype, (Fig. 22D) six articulate, elongate and provided with long setae; distal article small reduced to a small cone carrying one seta apically. Pereopods 6 (Fig. 22F) and 7 (Fig. 22E), described from the female allotype, subequal, setose, palm of propodus carrying a pair of grasping spines. Penes (Fig. 23A) rounded, as long as wide, with a cleft distally. Abdomen (Fig. 23A) with a pair of lateral lobes and a a single dorsal lobe; lateral lobes with two groups of

setae, four in the proximal half and three in the distal half; dorsal lobe carrying a pair of plumose setae. Allotype female Body length 1.9 mm. Projection on the head lacking (Fig. 19C). Gnathopod 2 without proximal projection (Fig. 21E). Pereopod 3 (Fig. 22C) different from the male’s, four-articulate (instead of two-articulate); distal article reduced to a small cone provided with a plumose seta. Oosteguites on pereonite 3 and 4 with setae (Fig. 19C). Abdomen (Fig. 23B) with two pairs of simple setae. Remarks. The specimens collected from Western Australia and those found in Queensland waters are very similar, and the different ornamentation of

28

Figure 24. Caprella danilevskii Czerniavskii, 1868. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

pereonite 3 in the male from Queesland (see serrate margin proximally of pereonite 3, Fig. 19B) could be due to different degree of development. The genus Aciconula was erected by Mayer (1903) on the basis of two female specimens of Aciconula miranda Mayer,

1903 collected from Singapore, Malaysia and Koh Krau, Thailand. After this, Mayer (1912) described the male of A. miranda based on material collected from Shark Bay, Australia. Chess (1989) described Aciconula acanthosoma Chess, 1989 which differs

29 from A. miranda mainly by the presence of abundant acute projections dorsally on the head and body. Consequently two species of Aciconula had been described before the present work, A. miranda and A. acanthosoma. The new species Aciconula australiensis is closer to A. miranda; the type material of A. miranda has been consulted for comparison. Of the two female types reported by Mayer, only one female have been located in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (ZMUC CRU-7341). Females of A. australiensis are very similar to the type of A. miranda but in A. australiensis the distal (fourth) article of the pereopod 3 is well-developed while it is tiny and almost not tabicated in A. miranda. Furthermore the inner lobes of the lower lip are bilobed in A. australiensis whereas they are simple (not bilobed) in A. miranda. Mayer (1912) in the description of the male of A. miranda did not report the presence of abdominal appendages. Nevertheless, Chess (1989) described a pair of well developed appendages in A. acanthosoma, and Takeuchi (1993) assumed this character (presence of appendages in male abdomen) as diagnostic for the genus based on the paper of Chess (1989). Males of A. australiensis lack abdominal appendages, which are degenerated into a group of setae. Aciconula miranda and A. australiensis present sexual dimorphism affecting the number of articles of pereopod 3, being this pereopod two-articulate in males and four-articulate in females. In A. acanthosoma, however, the pereopod 3 and 4 are 2-articulate both in males and females. Taking into account the presence of abdominal appendages in A. acanthosoma, and the feature of the inner lobe of maxilliped (clearly different from the other two species of Aciconula) the species A. acanthosoma could be transferred to a different genus. However, the remaining generic characters, specially the morphology of the pereopod 5 agree with Aciconula so we have maintained A. acanthosoma in the genus Aciconula at the moment. Habitat. The specimens collected from Western Australia were recorded from coral with encrusting bivalve molluscs. The specimens found in Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, were clinging on small hydroids and algal turf associated to dead coral (Guerra-García, in rev.). Distribution. Dampier Archipielo, Western Australia. Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland.

Caprella danilevskii Czerniavskii, 1868 (Fig. 24) Caprella Danilevskii Czerniavskii, 1868: 92, pl. 6, Figs 21–34; Mayer, 1890: 58, pl. 5, Fig. 44; pl. 7, Figs 12–13. Caprella Danilewskii Chevreux & Fage, 1925: 454, Fig. 432. Caprella danilevskii McCain, 1968: 22, Figs 10–11; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 16; Cavedini, 1982: 499; Krapp-Schickel, 1993: 779, Fig. 531; Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2002: 683–684, Fig. 6. Caprella inermis Haswell, 1879: 319–351. Material examined. 1 premature female AM P62013 (WA-117); 1 male AM P62008 (WA-223); 6 males AM P62014 (WA-277); 7 males, 4 mature females, 2 premature females, 1 juvenile AM P62009 (WA-472); 3 males, 1 mature female, 1 inmature female, 3 juveniles AM P62010 (WA-448); 1 female AM P62012 (WA-478); 2 females, 4 juveniles AM P61241 (TA1). Remarks. The present specimens of Caprella danilevskii collected from Western Australia are in agreement with those described by Krap-Schickel (1993) and figured by Guerra-García & Takeuchi (2002) from the Mediterranean. The general feature of the body, the distinctive male abdomen with a pair of appendages hooked distally, the absence of grasping spines in the pereopods and the short dactylus of male gnathopod 2 can be used to distinguish this species from the remaining Caprella species. Caprella danilevskii is one of the most-well studied caprellid species regarding to the life history based on Japanese specimens (Takeuchi & Hirano, 1991). Habitat. The species has been found in Cystoseira, Sargasum, amongst Bugula (Krapp-Schickel, 1993). Guerra-García (2001a) in an ecological study along the coast of Ceuta, north Africa, collected specimens from different species of algae (Asparagopsis armata Harvey, 1855, Cladostephus spongiosus Lyngbye, 1819, Cystoseira usneoides (L.) Roberts, 1967, Gelidium latifolium Bornet & Thuret, Halopteris scoparia (L.) Sauvageau, 1907, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse, 1797), in areas of high hydrodynamism. The specimens of the present study were found in brown algae, seagrass as Posidonia, sponges and tunicates. Distribution. Type locality: Black Sea (McCain & Steinberg, 1970). Caprella danilevskii is a cosmopol-

30 itan species (Krapp-Schickel, 1993). New record for Western Australia. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Fig. 25) Caprella equilibra Say, 1818: 391–392; McCain, 1968: 25, Figs 12–13; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 19; Cavedini, 1982: 500; Krapp-Schickel, 1993: 782–783, Fig. 533. Caprella aequilibra Mayer, 1882: 45, pl. 1, Fig. 7; pl. 2, Fig. 1–11; pl. 4, Figs 20–25; pl. 5, Figs 16–18; Chevreux & Fage, 1925: 455, Fig. 433. Material examined. 5 males, 3 females AM P62015 (WA-277); 4 males, 3 mature females, 3 premature females, 2 juveniles AM P62016 (WA-283); 1 male, 1 female AM P62018 (WA-197); 1 male AM P62018 (WA-454); 1 male, 1 juvenile AM P62019 (WA-287); >20 specimens AM P62020 (WA-276). Remarks. The specimens of C. equilibra present a distinctive ventral projection between the gnathopods 2 which can be used for differentiating this species from the another Caprella species found in Western Australia. The morphology of the present specimens examined here is in agreement with the description and figures of Krapp-Schickel (1993) based on Mediterranean specimens. Habitat. Caprella equilibra has been found from intertidal areas to 3000 m deep (Schellenberg, 1926) and does not present substrate preferences, clinging on seaweeds, bryozoans, sponges and ascidians (KrappSchickel, 1993; present study). In the North Pacific, this species is usually associated with artificial constructions such as aqualculture nets, water duct pipes and power plants, and floating docks (Takeuchi, 1995). Takeuchi & Sawamoto (1998) pointed out the dominance of C. equilibra in planktonic samples, indicating the possibility that C. equilibra has a greater tolerance for longer periods of planktonic dispersal than other caprellid species. Distribution. Type locality: South Carolina. Caprella equilibra is a cosmopolitan species (McCain, 1968; Krapp-Schickel, 1993). Caprella penantis Leach, 1814 (Fig. 26) Caprella Penantis Leach, 1814: 404. Caprella acutifrons Mayer, 1882: 48; Mayer, 1890

(included f. neglecta, tabida, gibbosa, carolinensis, lusitanica, virginia): 50, pl. 2, Figs 36–37, 39–41, pl. 4, Figs 52–53, 55, 57–61, 65–69; Mayer, 1903: 79, pl. 3, Figs 4–28; pl. 7, Figs 62–65. Caprella penantis McCain, 1968: 33, Figs 15–16; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 33; Cavedini, 1982: 508; Krapp-Schickel, 1993: 791–793; Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2002: 692–693, Fig. 12. Material examined. 2 juveniles AM P62022 (WA276); 4 males, 3 females AM P62023 (WA-277); 8 males, 3 females AM P62024 (WA-281); 3 males, 2 females, 1 juvenile AM P62026 (WA-283); 2 females AM P62025 (WA-295); 1 juvenile AM P62027 (WA-359); 1 juvenile AM P48789 (TA1). Remarks. Caprella penantis has been recorded under several species or subspecies names from the temperate regions of the world and there is need of further studies to determinate its nomenclatural status at each locality (McCain, 1968; Laubitz, 1972; Takeuchi & Hirano, 1995). Habitat. The species has been found living on red and brown algae, Posidonia, hydroids, Alcyonaria, Zoantharia, Bryozoa, sponges, Arbacia (Echinodermata) and Libinia (Decapoda) (Krapp-Schickel, 1993). Guerra-García (2001a) found the species in intertidal exposed areas and in infralittoral areas of high hydrodynamics, clinging on different species of algae (Asparagopsis armata Harvey, 1855, Cladostephus spongiosus Lyngbye, 1819, Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss, 1950, Gelidium sesquipedale (Clemente) Bornet & Thuret, 1876, Halopteris scoparia (L.) Sauvageau, 1907, Laurencia pinnatifida (Gmelin) Lamouroux, 1813, Zonaria flava (Clemente) Agardh) and hydroids (Gymnangium montagui (Billard, 1912) and Sertularella gayi gayi (Lamouroux, 1821). The present specimens have been found in sponges, ascidians, spirorbids, gorgonaceans and Caulerpa beds. Distribution. Type locality: Devonshire Coast, England. Cosmopolitan species (Krapp-Schickel, 1993). New record for Western Australia.

31

Figure 25. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836 (Fig. 27) Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836: 191–192, pl. 20, Fig. 6; Arimoto, 1931: 16-18, pl. 3, Figs 1–6; McCain, 1968: 40–44, Figs 17–18.Caprella nodosa Templenton, 1836: 192–194, pl. 21, Fig. 7.Caprella cornuta Dana, 1853: 816–817.

Material examined. 7 males, 4 females AM P62030 (WA-281); 1 male, 1 female, 2 juveniles AM P62031 (WA-283); 1 male, 2 juveniles AM P 62032 (WA287); 1 male AM P62034 (WA-534) Remarks. Mayer (1890, 1903) described six varieties of C. scaura to which Utinomi (1947) added a seventh C. scaura f. hamata. Mayer’s varieties C.

32

Figure 26. Caprella penantis Leach, 1814. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

scaura f. typica, diceros and cornuta (1890) and Utinomi’s C. scaura f. hamata do not bear a ventral projection between the insertion of gnathopod 2 as do Mayer’s varieties californica (1890), scauroides (1903) and spinirostris (1890). Dougherty & Steinberg (1953) separated C. scaura f. californica as another different species, Caprella californica, and Laubitz (1970) assigned to this species the two remaining varieties scauroides and spinirostris. The specimens collected from Western Australia have been identified as C. scaura on the basis of the absence of the ventral projection between gnathopods 2.

Habitat. Caprella scaura has been recorded from bryozoans, like Bugula neritina and Scrupocellaria, from the algae Sargassum spp and Cystoseira spp and the seagrass Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Archers, and Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook (Lim & Alexander, 1986). Takeuchi & Hino (1997) collected the species clinging on the seagrass Zostera marina Linnaeus, and Z. caulescens Miki, and Serejo (1998) found C. scaura clinging on the sponge Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1818). Guerra-García & Thiel (2001) found the species living on Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758), on the seaweed Polysiphonia spp and Gracilaria spp

33 and the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens ex Aschers). The specimens studied here were found in Posidonia australis, Caulerpa and spirorbids. This species present parental care (Lim & Alexander, 1986; Aoki, 1999). Distribution. Type locality: Riviere Noire, Mauritius (McCain & Steinberg, 1970). Caprella scaura has a wide distribution along the world, being cosmopolitan (McCain, 1968; Guerra-García & Thiel, 2001). New record to Western Australia. Caprella traudlae n.sp. (Figs. 28–31) Type material. Holotype male AM P62036 (WA220), Allotype female AM P62037 (WA-223). Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62038 (WA-220); 1 premature female, 1 juvenile AM P62040 (WA-221); 3 males, 1 female AM P62039 (WA-223). Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Traudl Krapp-Schickel for her important contribution to the knowledge of the amphipod crustaceans. Description Male holotype Body length. 6.2 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 28A). Body smooth; suture between head and pereonite 1 present, pereonites 2-7 decreasing in length respectively. Gills (Fig. 28A). Present on pereonites 3–4, elongate, length about 3 times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 29A) symmetrically bilobed, setose apically. Mandibles (Fig. 29D,E) without palp; mandibular molar present; incisor and lacinia mobilis five-toothed; left mandible (Fig. 29E) with three setae and right mandible (Fig. 29D) with two setae; molar flake on right mandible, molar flake present on right mandible, rectangular, setose apically. Lower lip (Fig. 29B) with inner lobes welldemarcated; inner and outer lobes provided with sparse setulae apically. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 29F) outer lobe carrying seven robust setae; distal article of the palp with four apical robust setae and six setae laterally. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 29G) inner lobe oval; outer lobe rectangular, about 1.2 times as long as inner lobe; inner and outer lobe with abundant setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 29C) inner plate oval carrying two nodular, short and roundsetae distally, together with three simple setae and a plumose setae; outer plate

rectangular, twice as long as the inner plate, with six setae; palp 4-articulate, distal article triangular, with rows of setulae. Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 30A) as long as cephalon and pereonite 2 combined; flagellum sevenarticulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 30B) almost 3/4 as long as antenna 1; swimming setae absent; flagellum twoarticulate, rectangular carrying robust setae minutely denticulate. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 30C) basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined, with a distal projection; ischium short and rectangular; merus rounded; carpus rectangular; propodus length about 1.5 times width, palm with a pair of proximal grasping spines and two rows of smaller setae along the palm; dactylus without setulae. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 30D) inserted on the posterior half of pereonite 2; basis very short, about 1/6 as long as pereonite 2, with a well developed projection distally carrying two small setae; ischium short and rectangular; merus rounded; carpus small and triangular; propodus oval, length about 1.5 times width, palm of propodus without grasping spines, with a rounded projection medially and a distal one. Pereopods. Pereopods 5–7 (Fig. 31A-C) increasing in length respectively, pereopod 7 very elongate; propodus carrying two grasping spines medially and two parallel rows of smaller spines; dactylus short and robust. Penes (Fig. 31D) situated medially, rounded, length about 1.3 times width. Abdomen (Fig. 31D) with a pair of almost 2articulate appendages, a pair of lateral lobes and a single dorsal lobe. Allotype female Body length 4.9 mm. Gnathopod 2 inserted on the middle of pereonite 2 (Fig. 28B); carpus very reduced, oval, without projections (Fig. 28E). Oosteguites not setose. Abdomen with a pair of uniarticulate, small, triangular appendages, a pair of lateral lobes and a single dorsal lobe (Fig. 31E). Remarks. The new species is close to Caprella danilevskii Czerniavskii, 1868 in the general shape of the body. Nevertheless, constant differences in gnathopod 2, pereopods and abdomen indicate that the present specimens belong to a different species, herein described as Caprella traudlae. Caprella danilevkskii and C. traudlae can be distinguished mainly on the basis of the following characteristics: (1) the gnatho-

34

Figure 27. Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

pod 2 basis present a distal projection in C. traudlae while this projection is lacking in C. danilevksii; (2) the propodus of the male gnathopod 2 is elongate and has two grasping spines in C. danilevskii, while is oval and without grasping spines in C. traudlae; (3) the propodus of female gnathopods 2 is very reduced, oval and without grasping spines in C.traudlae, whereas it is elongate and provided with grasping spines in C. danilevskii; (4) pereopods are more elongate in C.

traudlae, carrying a pare of medial grasping spines while they are shorter and without grasping spines in C. danilevskii; (5) the male abdominal appendages are uniarticulate and tip hooked in C. danilevskii while they are almost two-articulate (tabication incomplete) in C. traudlae. The females of the new species present a pair of small abdominal appendages, as the females of C. danilevkii. The female of the Caprella species usu-

35

Figure 28. Caprella traudlae n. sp. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

36

Figure 29. Caprella traudlae n. sp. Male. A, upper lip; B, lower lip; C, maxilliped; D, right mandible; E, left mandible; F, maxilla 1; G, maxilla 2. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

37

Figure 30. Caprella traudlae n. sp. A–D, male. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. E, female gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,B: 0.5 mm; C: 0.3 mm; D,E: 0.2 mm.

ally have no abdominal appendages and traditionally, the presence of a pair of abdominal appendages in the female had been treated as diagnostic character of the genus Metacaprella Mayer, 1903. Some Caprella species as C. anomala, C. horrida and C. kernnerlyi had been considered inside the genus Metacaprella (Laubitz, 1972) on the basis of this character until Mori (1999) pointed out that the morphology of the

abdominal appendages changes ontogenetically, being a polymorphic and symplesiomorphic character in Caprella and Metacaprella. Therefore he synonimied both genera, becoming Metacaprella a junior synonymous of Caprella. Caprella traudlae is also close ot C. subinermis Mayer, 1890 and C. tsugarensis Utinomi, 1947 but it can be easily distinguised by the elongate basis and

38

Figure 31. Caprella traudlae n. sp. A–D, male. A, pereopod 5; B, pereopod 6; C, pereopod 7; D, abdomen (ventral view). E, female abdomen (ventral view). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

39 carpus of pereopod 7, the location of the grasping spines in the middle of the propodus palm of pereopods 5–7, and the extremely reduced gnathopod 2 in females. Habitat. The species have been found clinging on Posidonia beds. The elongate shape of the body, the long pereopods and the morphology of gnathopods 2 could be useful for the species to attach the seagrass in this type of marine habitat. Distribution. Only known so far from the type locality, Thompson’s Bay, Western Australia.

tion of McCain (1968) based on specimens of the West coast of North America. Habitat. Hemiaegina minuta is widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters of the world oceans (McCain, 1968). Müller (1990) found H. minuta in more or less exposed reef locations. This species has been reported from Sargassum sp and plankton towls (McCain, 1968) and dead corals (Müller, 1990). The specimens studied in the present work have been found living on many different substrates: green algae as Halimeda spp, brown algae, red algae, sponges, tunicates, Posidonia, tunicates, dead corals encrusted with algal turf and under small boulders.

Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890 (Fig. 32) Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890: 40, pl. 1, Figs 25– 27, pl. 3, Figs 32–35, pl. 5, Figs 52–53, pl. 6, Figs 13, 33–34, pl. 7, Fig. 4; McCain, 1968: 61–64, Figs 29– 30; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 51; Gable & LazoWasem, 1987: 637; Müller, 1990: 836; Serejo, 1997: 630–632, Fig. 1. Hemiaegina quadripunctata Sundara Raj, 1927: 126– 127, pl. 18. Hemiaegina costai Quitete, 1972: 165–168, pls. 1–2. Material examined. 15 males, 15 females, 5 juveniles AM P61942 (NT-48); 4 females AM P61943 (NT-78); 2 males, 2 females AM P61944 (NT-80); 1 male, 1 female AM P61981 (WA-135); 1 male AM P61989 (WA-172); 1 female AM P61990 (WA-193); 1 female AM P61979 (WA-220); 1 male, 1 female AM P61988 (WA-232); 2 males, 2 mature females, 2 premature females, 1 juvenile AM P61982 (WA-238); 3 females AM P61983 (WA-299); 1 female AM P61978 (WA-306); 1 premature female AM P61985 (WA310); 2 females AM P61984 (WA-317); 2 males, 2 females AM P61987 (WA-322); 1 female AM P61986 (WA-327); 1 male AM P61980 (WA-330); 2 males, 5 females AM P 61974 (WA-352); 2 males, 2 females AM P61977 (WA-355); 1 male AM P61976 (WA361); 1 male AM P 61975 (WA-442); 2 males AM P61991 (WA-539); 2 males, 3 females AM P61996 (WA-639); 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P 61994 (WA642); 1 male, 2 juveniles AM P61998 (WA-644); 2 males, 2 females AM P61997(WA-645); 1 juvenile AM P61995 (WA-646); 1 male, 1 female AM P6199 (WA-647); 1 male, 1 female AM P61993 (WA-648). Remarks. The specimens collected from NorthWestern Australia are in agreement with the redescrip-

Distribution. Type locality: Off Amoy, China, 15-46 m. deep (McCain, 1968). Other records: Off Bermuda; Virginia; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Elliot Key, Florida; Loggerhead Key, Tortugas; 29◦ 44 N 88◦ 23.5 W; Port Aransas, Texas; St. John, Virgin Islands; False Bay, South Africa; Oahu, Hawaii; Bora Bora; Sunohama and Tateyama, Japan; 1◦ 42.5 S 130◦ 47.5 E; Fremantle, Australia; Krusadai Island, India; South Arabian coast (McCain & Steinberg, 1970); Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia (Guerra-García, in rev.). Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898 (Fig. 33) Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898: 53–56, Figs 16; Mayer, 1903 (included f. ralumiana, singaporensis, dolichocephala, gisserana, amboinensis, typica): 40– 42, pl. 1, Figs 30–31, 34–36, pl. 6, Figs 56–63, pl. 9, figs. 16–17, 44, 60; Müller, 1990: 836–842, Figs 41– 64. Material examined. 1 male, 4 females, 3 juveniles AM P61945 (NT-3); 1 premature female AM P61946 (NT-8); 1 male, 1 female AM P61947 (NT-9); 4 males, 3 mature females, 1 premature female, 2 juveniles AM P61948 (NT-11); 1 male AM P61949 (NT-13); 2 males, 1 premature female AM P61950 (NT-14); 6 males, 4 mature females, 1 premature females, 1 juvenile AM P61951 (NT-25); 3 males AM P61952 (NT-27); 10 males, 5 premature females, 18 juveniles AM P61953 (NT-29); 13 males, 8 mature females, 2 premature female, 4 juveniles AM P61954 (NT-31); 3 males, 1 mature female, 1 premature female AM P61955 (NT-36); 1 juvenile AM P61956 (NT-38); 1 juvenile AM P61957 (NT-39); 1 male, 2 females, 1 juvenile AM P61958 (NT-42); 1 juvenile AM P61959

40

Figure 32. Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

(NT-43); 2 males, 1 female AM P61960 (NT-44); 5 males, 2 mature females, 1 premature female, 3 juveniles AM P61961 (NT-46); 2 juveniles AM P61962 (NT-48); 1 male AM P61963 (NT-59); 1 female AM P61964 (NT-75); 1 female AM P61965 (NT-77); 7 males, 9 mature females, 3 premature females, 9 juveniles AM P61966 (NT-78); 4 males, 2 females AM

P61967 (NT-82); 1 male, 4 females, 1 juvenile AM P61968 (NT-83); 4 males, 1 female AM P61969 (NT89); 4 males, 1 mature female, 1 premature female AM P61970 (NT-90); 1 male AM P 61971 (NT-92); 1 male, 1 premature female AM P61972 (NT-96); 1 male AM P61973 (NT-97); 1 male AM P62107 (WA-193); 2 males, 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62105

41

Figure 33. Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

(WA-322); 1 female AM P62103 (WA-327); 3 males, 1 female AM P62098 (WA-331); 9 males, 6 mature females, 1 premature female, 2 juveniles AM P62096 (WA-339); 1 male, 1 mature female, 1 premature female AM P62104 (WA-342); many specimens AM

P62100 (WA-343); 3 males, 2 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62097 (WA-345); 1 premature female AM P62106 (WA-359); 1 female AM P62101 (WA-415); 4 males AM P62099 (WA-429); 1 male AM P62102 (WA-431); 1 male, 2 females AM P62124

42 (WA-512); 5 males, 7 mature females, 2 premature females, 6 juveniles AM P62128 (WA-513); 3 males AM P62117 (WA-514); 1 male, 3 females AM P62122 (WA-515); 1 mature female, 1 premature female AM P62120 (WA-516); 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62121 (WA-517); 2 males, 3 mature females, 1 inmature female, 8 juveniles AM P62123 (WA-518); 2 females AM P62118 (WA-521); 4 males, 3 mature females, 2 premature females, 4 juveniles AM P62130 (WA522); 1 male AM P62126 (WA-524); 1 male AM P62129 (WA-526); 1 premature female AM P62127 (WA-528); 3 males, 3 mature males, 2 premature females, 3 juveniles AM P62125 (WA-538); 3 males, 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62119 (WA-539); 1 juvenile AM P62108 (WA-633); 1 male, 1 female, 3 juveniles AM P62109 (WA-639); 4 males AM P62110 (WA640); 1 female AM P62111 (WA-642); 2 females AM P62112 (WA-643); 1 male AM P62113 (WA-645); 2 juveniles AM P62114 (WA-647); 1 male, 1 juvenile AM P62115 (02 B12); 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62116 (04 B18). Remarks. This species has been recently redescribed in detail by Müller (1990). Metaprotella sandalensis is very common in shallow waters of the tropical IndoPacific Ocean (Müller, 1990) and it is the most common and abundant species along the studied area. The present specimens have been assigned to the species Metaprotella sandalensis on the basis of dorsal projections’ arrangement and the absence of a marked suture between head and pereonite 1 (Larsen, 1997). Although Müller (1990) pointed out the existence of a great deal of intraspecific variation, we can not discard the existence of a complex of different species. Further genetic studies are necessary to investigate if the variation among specimens is intra or interspecific. Habitat. Müller (1990) reported that the species probably prefers not very exposed locations. GuerraGarcía (in rev.) found that the species were the most common inhabitant of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, living on many different habitats and substrates (algae, seagrass, sponges, hydroids, gorgonians, soft corals, dead corals encrusted, bryozoans, ascidians, coral rubble, coarse and fine sediments and mangroves). In the present study M. sandalensis was also found in a wide range of substrates.

Tongkil and 6◦ 07.5 N 120◦ 26 E, Sulu Sea; Amboina; between Gisser and Ceram-Laut, Ceram Sea; Singapore, Malaysia; Koh Chang and Koh Kahdal, Thailand; Dutch Bay, Ceylon; Sharks Bay and Cockburn Sound, Australia; Viti Levu, Fiji Islands; Aranuka and Tapeteucea, Gilbert Islands; Ralum, 4◦ 20 S 152◦ 10 W; Oahu and Lisiansky Islands, Hawaiian Islands (McCain & Steinberg, 1970); Bora Bora and Morea, Society Islands (Müller, 1990); Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia (Guerra-García, in rev.). Noculacia australiensis Guerra-García, 2002c (Fig. 34) Noculacia australiensis Guerra-García, 2002c: 3–5, 13–18, Figs 6–11. Material examined. 1 premature female AM P62066 (WA-623); 1 male AM P62067 (WA-637); 1 male AM P48788 (TA1); 1 female AM P62064 (04 B2); 2 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62063 (04 B9); 2 males, 4 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62062 (04 B14). Type material (deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution): Holotype male (USNM 301728) collected from the Great Australian Bight, South Australia, 8 September 1968, 183-192 m, Exp. USARP, Vessel Eltanin. Allotype female (USNM 1006129) and paratype female (USNM 1006130) collected together with the holotype. Remarks. The genus Noculacia is, at present, composed of three species: Noculacia africana GuerraGarcía, 2002, Noculacia australiensis Guerra-García, 2002 and Noculacia bullata Mayer, 1903, which are described and illustrated in Guerra-García (2002c). Habitat. The present specimens have been found in gravel bottoms and dead coral covered in sponges and algae. Distribution. Type locality: Great Australian Bight, South Australia, 33◦ 14 30 S, 126◦ 20 00 E (GuerraGarcía, 2002c). Other records: Western Australia (Guerra-García, 2002c; present study). Orthoprotella australis (Haswell, 1880) (Fig. 35)

Distribution. Type locality: Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands (McCain & Steinberg, 1970). Other records: Labuan Badjo, Borneo; Dongala, Celebes; Pulu

Protella australis Haswell, 1880: 276, pl. 12, Fig. 4; Haswell, 1885: 997-998, pl. 49, Figs 2–4; Mayer,

43

Figure 34. Noculacia australiensis Guerra-Garc´ıa, 2002. Lateral view. A, male; B, female; C, juvenile. Scale bar: 1 mm.

44

Figure 35. Orthoprotella australis (Haswell, 1880). Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

1890: 23. Orthoprotella australis Mayer, 1903: 35–36, pl. 1, Figs 23–24, pl. 6, Figs 45, 47–49, pl. 9, Figs 14, 37, 57. Material examined. 3 males, 4 mature females, 1 premature female, 5 juveniles AM P61935 (NT-25); 18 males, 2 mature females, 5 premature females, 3 juveniles AM P61936 (NT-27); 7 males, 4 mature fe-

males, 2 premature females, 7 juveniles AM P61937 (NT-30); 9 males, 1 mature female, 3 premature females, 3 juveniles AM P61938 (NT-31); 3 males, 2 mature females, 1 premature female AM P61939 (NT-82); 4 males, 1 premature female AM P62084 (WA-644); 3 males, 4 females AM P62091 (03 B2); 5 males, 8 females, 2 juveniles AM P62086 (03 B7); 1 male, 2 females, 2 juveniles AM P62092 (03 D1); 1 female AM P62093 (03 D5); 1 mature female, 1

45

Figure 36. Orthoprotella nana n. sp. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

premature female AM P62087 (03 D7); 1 juvenile AM P62088 (03 D8); 1 male, 1 female AM P62094 (04 B1); 2 males, 7 females, 7 juveniles AM P62090 (04 B2); 2 males, 1 female, 4 juveniles AM P62085 (04 B14); many specimens AM P62095 (05 B2); 1 mature female, 1 premature female AM P62089 (06 B7).

Remarks. This species of Orthoprotella can be easily distinguished from the remaining species in the genus by the presence of two acute projections on the head. A complete redescription of the species based on specimens collected from New South Wales is under preparation (Takeuchi, in prep.). Most of the speci-

46

Figure 37. Orthoprotella nana n. sp. Male. A, maxilliped; B, lower lip; C, upper lip; D, left mandible; E, right mandible; F, maxilla 1; G, maxilla 2. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

47

Figure 38. Orthoprotella nana n. sp. Male. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,D: 0.5 mm; B: 0.3 mm; C: 0.2 mm; D, 0.5 mm.

48 mens examined here were found in Northern Territory and Northwest Shelf (CSIRO samples). Habitat. In a study of the Caprellidea from the Great Barrier Reef, Guerra-García (in rev.) found many specimens of O. australis living on the hydroids Macrorhynchia philippina and Salacia sp. and the tunicate Polycarpa pigmentata. In the present study the species has also been found living on algae and sediments. Distribution. Type locality: Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia (McCain & Steinberg, 1970). Other records: Off Manning River and Port Stephens, Australia; between Gisser and Ceram Laut, Ceram Sea; Pulu Jedan, Arafura Sea; Banda Sea; Sawu Sea (McCain & Steinberg, 1970); Queensland (Guerra-García, in rev.) Orthoprotella nana n.sp. (Figs. 36–39) Type material. Holotype male AM P62141 (WA223). Allotype female AM P62142 (WA-223). Paratypes: 1 male, 2 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62146 (WA-220); 2 mature females, 1 premature female AM P62145 (WA-221); 1 male, 4 female, 1 juvenile AM P62143 (WA-223); 1 female AM P62144 (WA-224). Etymology. From the latin ‘nanus’ alluding to the small size of this species of Orthoprotella. Description Holotype male Body length. 2.9 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 36A). Body smooth. Head dorsally humped. Pereonites 3-5 subequal in length; pereonite 7 the shortest. Gills (Fig. 36A). Present on pereonites 3–4, oval, length about 1.5 times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 37C) symmetrically bilobed, not setose apically, but with some microtubercles. Mandibles (Fig. 37D,E) with a threearticulate palp; distal article of palp with setal formula 1-x-1, being x = 5 in left mandible (Fig. 37E) and x = 6 in the right one (Fig. 37D); second article of the palp with three setae on the rigth mandible and two setae on the left one; mandibular molar present, bordered by robust teeth; left mandible with incisor five-toothed, lacinia mobilis five-toothed followed by three plumose setae; incisor of right mandible five-toothed, lacinia mobilis transformed into a plate serrate distally, followed by another plate and two plumose setae. Lower

lip (Fig. 37B) with inner lobes demarcated, rectangular; outer lobes with small setulae. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 37F) outer lobe carrying six robust setae, serrate laterally; distal article of the palp with four apical robust setae and a row of three setae medially. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 37G) inner lobe carrying five setae distally; outer, about 1.3 times as long as inner lobe, with eight apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 37A) inner plate rectangular carrying one nodular robust and short setae, two simple setae and two plumose; outer plate large, about 3 times as long as inner plate, with one acute setae apically; palp four-articulate, setose, third article with a distal rounded projection; dactylus with rows of setulae. Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 38A) about 2/3 of body length; distal article of the peduncle short, about 1/4 of the previous article; flagellum 9-articulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 38B) about 2/3 of antenna 1; swimming setae absent; proximal article of the peduncle with a distal projection; flagellum two-articulate. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 38C) basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined; merus and carpus setose; propodus length about 1.5 times width, palm with a single grasping spine. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 38D) inserted on the anterior part of pereonite 2 (Fig. 36A); basis as long as pereonite 2, carrying a rounded projection proximally and an acute projection distally; ischium rectangular; merus rounded; carpus triangular; propodus as long as the basis; palm provided with one grasping spine proximally, followed by several setae and U-notch. Pereopods. Pereopods 3 and 4 reduced (Fig. 39A,B) about 2.2 times as long as gills, one-articulate, setose. Pereopod 5, described from a male paratype (Fig. 39C) six articulate, palm of the propodus with a pair of grasping spines. Penes (Fig. 39D,E) small, rounded, as long as wide. Abdomen (Fig. 39D,E) with a pair of appendages and a a single dorsal lobe; appendages one-articulate with two lateral setae and two apical ones; dorsal lobe with two plumose setae. Allotype female Body length 2.5 mm. Oosteguites on pereonite 3 setose, on pereonite 4 not setose (Fig. 36B). Gnathopod 2 similar to the male’s (Fig. 36B) . Abdomen (Fig. 39F) without appendages. Remarks. Orthoprotella nana is close to O. mayeri. Nevertheless both species can be easily distinguished

49

Figure 39. Orthoprotella nana n. sp. A–E, male. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, abdomen (ventral view); E, abdomen (lateral view). F, female abdomen (ventral view). Scale bars: A,B: 0.1 mm; C: 0.2 mm; D–F: 0.1 mm

50

Figure 40. Ortoprotella tuberculata Guerra-Garc´ıa & Takeuchi, 2004. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

51

Figure 41. Paradeutella sp. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

by the following characteristics: (1) O. nana is very small (size less than 3 mm); (2) the head is humped in O. nana and smooth in O. mayeri; (3) the lateral projections on pereonites 2 and 3 present in O. mayeri are absent in O. nana; (4) the distal projection on the propodus of male gnathopod 2 present in O. mayeri is absent in O. nana; (5) the pereopods 3 and 4 are biarticulate in O. mayeri and unicarticulate in O. nana;

(6) in connection with the mouthparts, the distal article of the mandibular palp present a setal formula 1-x-y1 being x > 20 and y = 2 − 4, while the formula in O. nana is 1-x-1 being x = 5 − 6; (7) the male abdominal appendages are biarticulate in O. mayeri and uniarticulate in O. nana.

52

Figure 42. Protella similis Mayer, 1903. Lateral view. A, B, males; C, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Habitat. The species was collected from Posidonia beds. Distribution. Only known so far from the type locality, Thompson’s Bay, Western Australia. Orthoprotella tuberculata Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 (Fig. 40) Orthoprotella tuberculata Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004: 1026–1034. Figs. 45–51.

Material examined. 2 males, 1 premature AM P62132 (WA-193). Type material (deposited in the Australian Museum): Holotype male (AM P61246) (Fig. 40a) collected from Breaksea Island, Port Davey, Tasmania by G. Edgar, 16 February 1989, 8 m, allotype female (AM P61247) (Fig. 40b) collected from Off Hannant’s Bight, cape Sorell by R. T. Springthorpe and P. M. Berents, 27 April 1991, 16 m, paratypes (AM P61391-2) (2 males, 4 females collected together the holotype and one female collected together the allotype).

53 Paradeutella sp. (Fig. 41) Material examined. 5 males, 2 females AM P62056 (WA-220); 2 males, 2 females, 1 juvenile AM P62054 (WA-472); 3 males AM P62055 (WA-478). Remarks. This species is very close to Paradeutella tanzaniensis Guerra-García, 2001. The type material of P. tanzaniensis (holotype male), collected from Tanzania and deposited in the ‘Grigore Antipa’ National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest (GANM AMP 328), have been checked for comparison.. Although the specimens from Western Australia are very similar to the the holotype of P. tanzaniensis, they have lateral projections in the pereonites 2 and 3, which are lacking in the material from Tanzania (GuerraGarcía, 2001b). Since a detailed revision of the genus Paradeutella is still lacking, the present specimens have been identified as Paradeutella sp at the moment. Habitat. The species has been found in shallow waters clinging on Posidonia and brown algae (present study). Distribution. Western Australia. Protella similis Mayer, 1903 (Fig. 42)

Figure 43. Pseudaeginella biscaynensis McCain, 1968. Male lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Remarks. This species has been recently described based on specimens collected from Tasmanian coasts (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). As other species, like Paraproto tasmaniensis, Hircella inermis and Dodecas tasmaniensis, Orthoprotella tuberculata has been only found during the present study in the southern area of Western Australia, being endemic so far, to the temperate southern Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. Habitat. Orthoprotella tuberculata had been previously found living on red algae, bryozoan and sponges (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). Distribution. Tasmania (Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004). New record for Western Australia.

Protella similis Mayer, 1903: 34–35, pl. 1, Figs 19– 22, pl. 6, Figs 41–42; Laubitz, 1991b: 119, Fig. 16; Guerra-García, 2002b: 227–229, Figs 13–16. Material examined. 6 males, 3 mature females, 3 premature females, 7 juveniles AM P61933 (NT-45); 2 males, 3 females AM P62068 (WA-195); 5 males, 2 mature females, 1 premature female, 11 juveniles AM P62070 (03 B8); 1 male, 2 premature females, 1 juvenile AM P62069 (03 B9); 1 male AM P62071 (04 B8); 1 male AM P62073 (04 B10); 1 female AM P62072 (04 B13); 1 female, 1 juvenile AM P62075 (04 B17); 1 male, 1 female AM P62077 (05 B5); 1 female AM P62074 (05 B6); 2 males AM P62078 (05 B11); 1 male, 1 female AM P62079 (05 B12); 1 male AM P62080 (05 D2); 3 males, 2 females AM P62083 (05 D4); 4 males, 2 females AM P62081 (05 D5); 1 male AM P62082 (05 D9); 1 female AM P62076 (06 B4). Remarks. Laubitz (1991) figured the species based on material collected from Phillipines, and GuerraGarcía (2002b) redescribed and figured in detail a

54 female collected from Tanzania. Recently the author found the species along the Great Barrier Reef (Guerra-García, in rev.) The specimens examined in the present paper are in agreement with the previous descriptions. Habitat. The species have been found in corals (Guerra-García, 2002a), in sediments, sponges, and mainly on hydroids (Guerra-García, in rev.). The specimens from Western Australia has been found in gorgonaceans. Distribution. Type locality: several locations in Indonesia and Thailand (McCain & Steinberg, 1970; Laubitz, 1991b); Philippines (Laubitz, 1991b); Tanzania (Guerra-García, 2002b); Queensland, Australia (Guerra-García, in rev.). Pseudaeginella biscaynensis (McCain, 1968) (Fig. 43) Fallotritella biscaynensis McCain, 1968: 58–61, Figs 27–28, 53; McCain & Steinberg, 1970: 51; Gable & Lazo-Wasem, 1987: 637–638; Guerra-García, 2002b: 223–225, Figs 5–8.

grass Thalassia sp. (Gable & Lazo-Wasem, 1987), between corals, through Cymodocea sp. and Syringodium sp. (Guerra-García, 2002b). Distribution. Type locality: Bear Cut, Key Biscayne, Florida, 2 m. deep (McCain, 1968). Other records: Bermuda; Soldier Key, Key Largo and Long Key, Florida; Tortugas; Barbuda; Pigem Island, Santa Lucia (McCain, 1968; Gable & Lazo-Wasem, 1987); Tanzania (Guerra-García, 2002b); Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia (Guerra-García, in rev.). New record for Western Australia. Pseudaeginella vaderi n.sp. (Figs. 44–47) Type material. Holotype male USNM 1009935, Anton Bruun Expedition, 2◦ 42 S 40◦ 53 E, 6 November 1964. Allotype female AM P62133 (NT-48). Paratypes: 7 males, 4 females AM P62134 (NT-48); 1 male USNM 1009936 collected together with the holotype. Etymology. The species is dedicated to Prof. Wim Vader for his important contribution to the knowledge of amphipodean crustaceans. Description

Material examined. 1 male AM P62131 (WA-296); type material (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution): male holotype (USNM 120179), female allotype (USNM 120180), 6 males paratypes (USNM 120183-86, 88), 3 females paratypes (USNM 120182-87). Remarks. The material examined in the present paper is very limited (only a single specimens without pereopods) but, after consulting the type material, we have assigned the specimen to Pseudaeginella biscaynensis on the basis of the general body feature, the absence of molar and the very reduced pereopods 3 and 4. Nevertheless, there is no lateral projections on the body surface of the specimen from Western Australia. This small difference could be attributed to intraspecific variation. McCain (1968) pointed out that the degree of spination of the pereonites varied considerably among the specimens.Specimens from Tanzania has been recently redescribed and figured in detail by the author (Guerra-García, 2002b). Habitat. The species has been found in shallow waters living on red algae (Mc Cain, 1968; present study), the green algae Avrainvillea sp. and the sea

Holotype male Body length. 5.8 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 44A). Head with a welldeveloped dorsal acute projection; suture between head and pereonite 1 present; body smooth; pereonite 1 elongate and slim; pereonite 2 with a ventral hump in the insertion of gnathopod 2; pereonite 3–7 decreasing in length respectively. Gills (figure 44A). Present on pereonites 3–4, rounded, length 1.5 times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 45B) symmetrically bilobed, smooth apically. Mandibles (Fig. 45D,E) with mandibular molar present but reduced to a cone; incisor five-toothed, lacinia mobilis five-toothed in left mandible (Fig. 45E) and transformed into a plate minutely serrate in right mandible (Fig. 45D); molar flake absent; palp 3-articulate, second article with a single seta, distal article with a distal knob and a setal formula 1-x-1 being x = 4. Lower lip (Fig. 45A) without setulae; inner lobes bilobed. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 45F) outer lobe carrying five robust setae; distal article of the palp with three apical setae and one seta laterally. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 45G) inner lobe triangular; outer lobe rectangular, about 1.8 times as

55 long as inner lobe; inner and outer lobe with five setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 45C) inner plate small and rectangular with two setae; outer plate elongate, three times as long as the inner plate, with three setae; palp 4-articulate, dactylus with rows of setulae and hook-shaped. Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 46A) about the half of body length; peduncular articles setose; flagellum 11-articulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 46B) about a half of antenna 1 in length, without swimming setae; basal article of the peduncle with a distal projection; flagellum two-articulate, basal article about 1.5 times as long as distal one. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 46C) scarcely setose, basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined; propodus length about 1.5 times width, palm with a pair of proximal grasping spines, grasping margin smooth; dactylus margin smooth. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 46D) inserted on the middle of pereonite 2; basis about 1.2 times as long as pereonite 2, provided with a projection distally; ischium rectangular; merus rounded; carpus triangular; propodus elongate with a grasping spine, followed by a round projection, a triangular projection medially and another two distally. Pereopods. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 47A) and 4 (Fig. 47B) tiny, one-articulate, triangular, about one sixth as long as the gills, with two plumose setae. Pereopods 5 (Fig. 47C) and 6 (Fig. 47D) subequal, although increasing in length respectively, six-articulate, palm of propodus with a single grasping spine proximally. Penes (Fig. 47E) large, length about 2.5 times width, suture present apically. Abdomen (Fig. 47E) without appendages, with a pair of lateral lobes and a single dorsal lobe; lateral lobes setose; dorsal lobe provided with a pair of short plumose setae. Allotype female Body length 2.6 mm. Pereonite 1 shorter than in male (Fig. 44B). Antenna 1 flagellum four-articulate. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 46E) inserted on the anterior part of pereonite 2; basis without distal projection; propodus oval without the round proximal projection near the grasping spine. Abdomen lateral lobes without setae (Fig. 47F). Remarks. The specimen selected as holotype male and one male paratype were collected during the Anton Bruun Expedition from the east coast of Africa, but additional material (allotype female and the remaining paratypes) were collected from Northern Ter-

ritory, Australia. Both group of specimens share the same morphological characteristics. The African specimen was selected as the holotype since it was in better condition than the Australian specimens. Six species of Pseudaeginella were known up to know, P. antiguae Barnard, 1932 from Antigua, P . biscaynensis (McCain, 1968) from Florida, P. montoucheti Quitete, 1971 from Brasil, P. polynesica Müller, 1990 which has been fully described and illustrated based on specimens collected from Bora Bora and Moorea, Society Islands and P.campbellae Guerra-García, 2003 collected from Subantarctic waters. Recently, after examination of specimens of Pseudaeginella tristanensis from Southern Indian Ocean, Laubitz (1995) considered the genus Fallotritella synonymous with Pseudaeginella mainly based on the presence of minute pereopods 3 and 4 also in Pseudaeginella. The species of Pseudaeginella are compared in Laubitz (1995). Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp can be distinguished from the remaining species mainly by the striking male gnathopod 2, the absence of dorsal projection along the body and the bilobed inner lobes of lower lip. Habitat. The specimens collected from the Northern Territory were found clinging on brown algae. Distribution. East Coast of Africa. Northern Territory, Australia. Probably the species is distributed along the whole Indian Ocean. Pseudoprotella soela n.sp. (Figs. 48–51) Type material. Holotype female AM P62135 (04 B14). Paratypes: 1 female AM P62136 (04 B14); 1 female AM P62137 (03 B11); 1 premature female AM P62138 (03 B12); 2 females AM P62139 (02 B12); 1 premature female AM P62140 (05 D2). Etymology. The type material of the species was collected on board the vessel ‘SOELA’ during the CSIRO North-West Shelf project expedition. The species is name after this ship. Description Holotype female Body length. 6.3 mm. Lateral view (Fig. 48). Head and pereonite 1 with an acute projection dorsally. Pereonite 2 dorsally with a pair of medial projections and a single distal one.

56

Figure 44. Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Pereonite 3 with a pair of rounded projections dorsally and a pair of anterolateral projections. Body smooth. Pereonites 3–5 subequal in length; pereonite 7 the shortest. Gills (Fig. 48). Present on pereonites 3–4, elongate, length about three times width. Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 49C) symmetrically bilobed, with minute setulae apically. Mandibles (Fig. 49D,E) with a three-articulate palp; distal art-

icle of palp with setal formula 1-6-2; second article of the palp with two setae on the right mandible (Fig. 49E) and three setae on the left one (Fig. 49D); mandibular molar present, bordered by robust teeth; left mandible with incisor five-toothed, lacinia mobilis five-toothed followed by two plates distally setose; incisor of right mandible five-toothed, lacinia mobilis transformed into a plate setose distally, followed by two another plates. Lower lip (Fig. 49B) with inner

57

Figure 45. Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. Male. A, lower lip; B, upper lip; C, maxilliped; D, right mandible; E, left mandible; F, maxilla 1; G, maxilla 2. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

58

Figure 46. Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. A–D, male. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. E, female gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,B: 0.3 mm; C: 0.1 mm; D: 1 mm; E, 0.3 mm.

59

Figure 47. Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. A–E, male. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, abdomen (ventral view). F, female abdomen (ventral view). Scale bars: A,B: 0.02 mm; C,D: 0.5 mm; E,F: 0.1 mm.

60

Figure 48. Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. Female lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

lobes bilobed, inner and outer lobes smooth. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 49G) outer lobe carrying five stout setae; distal article of the palp with four apical robust setae and one seta medially. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 49F) inner lobe trapezoid carrying six setae distally; outer lobe, about 1.5 times as long as inner lobe, with six apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 49A) inner plate rectangular carrying one nodular robust and short setae and two plumose setae; outer plate large, about 2.5 times as long as inner plate, with two acute setae apically; palp fourarticulate, setose, third article with a distal rounded projection; dactylus with rows of setulae.

Antennae. Antenna 1 (Fig. 50A) about 2/3 of body length; peduncle setose; flagellum broken distally. Antenna 2 (Fig. 50B) shorter than the half of antenna 1; swimming setae absent; proximal article of the peduncle with a distal projection; flagellum two-articulate. Gnathopods. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 50C) basis as long as ischium, merus and carpus combined; propodus length about 1.5 times width, palm with a pair of proximal grasping spines. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 50D) inserted on the anterior part of pereonite 2 (Fig. 48); basis as long as pereonite 2, carrying a rounded distally; ischium rectangular; merus rounded; carpus triangular;

61

Figure 49. Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. Female. A, maxilliped; B, lower lip; C, upper lip; D, right mandible; E, left mandible; F, maxilla 2; G, maxilla 1. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

62

Figure 50. Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. Female. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 2; C, gnathopod 1; D, gnathopod 2. Scale bars: A,B: 0.5 mm; C: 0.3 mm; D, 0.1 mm.

63

Figure 51. Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. Female. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, abdomen (ventral view). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

propodus as long as the basis; palm provided with one grasping spine proximally, followed by setae and U-notch; dactylus elongate Pereopods. Pereopods 3 and 4 reduced, subequal (Figs 51A, B) twice as long as gills, two-articulate; proximal article with nine setae; distal article small, about 1/6 as long as proximal article, carrying two long simple setae and one shorter plumose setase. Pereopod 5, 6 and 7 missing in all specimens examined. Abdomen (Fig. 51C) with a pair of lobes carrying a simple setae and a single dorsal lobe with two short and plumose setae. Remarks. The seven examined specimens are females and no males have been found in the collections. In spite of the absence of male available for the description, and that the pereopods 5–7 are lacking in all females examined, the specimens have been assigned to a new species of Pseudoprotella. Al-

though the morphology of the antennae is closer to the genus Paradeutella, the present specimens have been assigned to Pseudoprotella on the basis of the following characters: pereonites 3 and 4 biarticulate, abdomen without appendages, mandibular palp with the setal formula 2-x-1, outer lobe of maxilla 1 provided with five stout setae, and mandibular molar present. The genus Pseudoprotella was, so far, constituted by three species, P. phasma (Montagu, 1804), P.inermis Chevreux, 1927 and P. bogisa (Mayer, 1903) recently transferred to the genus Pseudoprotella from the genus Noculacia (Guerra-García, 2002c). Guerra-García & Takeuchi (2000) redescribed P. inermis based on specimens collected from Ceuta, North Africa and compared morphologically P. inermis and P. phasma. Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. is closer to P. phasma by having dorsal acute projections on cephalon and pereonite 2. Nevertheless, both species can be distinguished mainly on the basis of the following characteristics: (1) P. soela present a pair of anterolat-

64 eral projections and a pair of dorsal round projections on pereonite 3, which are lacking in P. phasma; (2) the antennae are more setose in P. soela than in P. phasma; (3) although the pereonites 3 and 4 are two-articulate in both species, the structure is different: in P. soela the proximal article is the largest being the distal one very reduced while in P. phasma the proximal article is shorter and the distal one is the largest; (4) the inner lobes of the lower lip are bilobed in P.soela and simple in P. phasma. Habitat. All the specimens were collected with a sled dredge from 39–83 m deep. Distribution. So far, the species is only know from the type locality, North-West Shelf, Western Australia, Australia. Key to the caprellid species from Western Australia and Northern Territory The species key provided is meant as an easy field guide to be used without dissection. Figures 2–5 include the lateral view of a generalised caprellid showing and the different morphological terms which can facilitate the use of the key. 1. Gills on pereonites 2, 3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Gills on pereonites 3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Pereopod 3 present (six-articulate) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pereopod 3 absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Pereopod 4 absent. Pereopod 5 four-articulate Dodecas tasmaniensis (Fig. 7) Pereopod 4 present (six-articulate) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Pereopod 5 six-articulate. Propodus of the gnathopod 2 with a distal rectangular projection in males. Abdomen with two pairs of appendages Pseudoprotomima grandimana n. sp. (Figs 14– 18) Pereopod 5 five-articulate. Propodus of gnathopod 2 without distal rectangular projection. Adomen with one or to pairs of appendagess . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Distal article of pereopod 5 short and hock, like a dactylus. Abdomen with a pair of appendages Metaproto novaehollandiae (Fig. 10) Distal article of pereopod 5 elongate, with a group of setae distally. Abdomen without appendages Pseudoproto fallax (Fig. 13) 6. Pereopod 5 three-articulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Pereopod 5 absent in males and reduced to a tiny article in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7. Flagellum of antenna 1 more than sevenarticulate. Flagellum of antenna 2 more than twoarticulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caprellina longicollis (Fig. 6) Flagellum of antenna 1 less than seven-articulate. Flagellum of antenna 2 two-articulate . . .Pseudocaprellina pambanensis (Fig. 12) 8. Eyes small. Basis of gnathopod 2 as long as pereonite 2 in males. Abdomen with two pair of appendages . . . . . . . . . . . Hircella inermis (Fig. 8) Eyes large. Basis of gnathopod 2 twice as long as pereonite 2 in males. Abdomen with one pair of appendages . . . . . . . Liriarchus perplexus (Fig. 9) 9. Pereopods 3 and 4 six-articulate . . . . . . Paraproto tasmaniensis (Fig. 11) Pereopods 3 and 4 reduced to one or two articles or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. Pereopods 3 and 4 one or two-articulate . . . . . . 11 Pereopod 3 and 4 absent (Key to Caprella species) 22 11. Pereopods 3 and 4 two-articulate . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pereopods 3 and 4 uni-articulate . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12. Pereonites 4 and 5 with dorsal projections Noculacia australiensis (Fig. 34) Pereonites 4 and 5 smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13. Antenna 1 longer than half of the body. Pereonite 1 with an acute projection dorsally Pseudoprotella soela n. sp. (Figs 48–51) Antenna 1 shorter than half of the body. Pereonite 1 without dorsal projections . . . . . . . . . Aciconula australiensis (Figs 19–23) 14. Pereonites 6 and 7 fused . . . . . . . . . . Metaprotella sandalensis (Fig. 33) Pereonites 6 and 7 not fused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15. Head and/or body with dorsal projections . . . . 16 Head and body smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 16. Dorsal projections (one or two) only on the head. Rest of the body smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Dorsal projections on head and along the body 18 17. Head with a pair of short projections Orthoprotella australis (Fig. 35) Head with one projection well-developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudaeginella vaderi n. sp. (Figs 44–47) 18. Propodus of gnathopod 2 with a projection distally. Antenna 1 elongate . . . . . . Orthoprotella tuberculata (Fig. 40) Propodus of gnathopod 2 without projections. Antenna 1 not elongate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Pereopods 3 and 4 tiny, about 1/6 as long as the gills . . . . . . Pseudaeginella biscaynensis (Fig. 43)

65

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Pereopods 3 and 4 about 1/3 as long as gills Paradeutella sp (Fig. 41) Antenna 1 as long or longer than the body. Pereopods 3 and 4 longer than the half of gills Protella similis (Fig. 42) Antenna 1 shorter than the body. Pereopods 3 and 4 shorther than the half of gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Pereonite 2 with a ventral projection between the insertion of the gnathopods 2. Gnathopod 2 very large, propodus with a triangular projection distally. Gills elongate . . . . . . Hemiaegina minuta (Fig. 32) Pereonite 2 without ventral projection. Gills oval Orthoprotella nana n. sp. (Figs 36–39) Key to Caprella species Pereonite 2 with a ventral projection between the insertion of the gnathopods 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caprella equilibra (Fig. 25) Pereonite 2 without ventral projection between gnathopods 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Head with a dorsal projection or a rostrum well developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Head smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Head with an acute projection dorsally. Basis of males gnathopod 2 elongate, longer than the propodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caprella scaura (Fig. 27) Head with a rostrum. Basis of gnathopod 2 shorter than the propodus . . . Caprella penantis (Fig. 26) Antenna 1 shorter than cephalon (head+pereonite 1) and pereonite 2 combined. Pereopods with grasping spines . . . . . . . . Caprella traudlae n. sp. (Figs 28–31) Antenna 1 longer than cephalon and pereonite 2 combined. Pereopods without grasping spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caprella danilevskii (Fig. 24)

Acknowledgements The author is very grateful to Dr P. B. Berents, Australian Museum, for making the collections available for study and for her hospitality during the stay at the Australian Museum. The present study was conducted almost enterely at the Australian Museum. Many thanks to Elizabeth Nelson for letting the study of the material from the Anton Bruun Expediton and for her kindness during the short stay at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washintong D.C. Thanks to L. Avery, P. Horner, P. Hutchings J. K. Lowry, G. C. B. Poore, R. T. Springthorpe and H.

E. Stoddart for collecting the samples. Thanks are also due to the membership of the ‘Soela’ vessel for assistance during the CSIRO North-West Shelf project. The work was supported by a grant AP 98 28617065 from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport from Spain and a Visiting Collection Fellowship from the Australian Museum.

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68 Appendix. List of stations. Northern Territory: NT-1 Reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, red algae, 2 m, G.C.B. Poore, 13 October 1982. NT-3 Reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, coarse sand, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 13 October 1982. NT-8 Patch reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, coral rubble, 10 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-9 Patch reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, sponge, algae, hydroid, 10 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-11 Patch reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, coarse shelly sand/gravel, 10 m, G.C.B. Poore & J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-13 Patch reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, Rhumphilla, 10 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-14 Patch reef, north side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10◦ 54 S 133◦ 02 E, hydroids, 10 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-22 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, hydroids, small yellow tunicates, 14 m, G.C.B. Poore, 14 October 1982. NT-25 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, alga: Padina, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-27 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, red algae, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-29 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, gorgonacean: Melithaeidae, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-30 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, sand, 20 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-31 south side of New Year Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 10˚54 S 133◦ 02 E, branching brown algae, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 October 1982. NT-36 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, Stylophora bases, 8 m, P. Horner, 16 October 1982. NT-38 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, red algae & sediment, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-39 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, solitary tunicates, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-42 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, sponges, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-43 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, gorgonacean, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-44 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, black sponge, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-45 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, yellow hydroid, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-46 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, sand, 8 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-48 bommies, north west end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 02 S 132◦ 58 E, brown algae, top of reef, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 October 1982. NT-59 south end, McCluer Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11˚06 S 133◦ 00 E, Acropora base, 8 m, P. Horner, 17 October 1982. NT-75 reef, west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11˚00 S 132◦ 49 E, coarse coral/shell sand, 5 m, J.K. Lowry, 20 October 1982.

69 NT-77 reef, west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11˚00 S 132◦ 49 E, yellow sponge, 5 m, J.K. Lowry, 20 October 1982. NT-78 reef, west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11˚00 S 132◦ 49 E, Halimeda, 5 m, J.K. Lowry, 20 October 1982. NT-80 reef, west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11˚00 S 132◦ 49 E, red branching alga, 5 m, J.K. Lowry, 20 October 1982. NT-82 west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 00 S 132◦ 49 E, rocks with algae, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 21 October 1982. NT-83 west end, Oxley Island, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, 11◦ 00 S 132◦ 49 E, coral & algae, 14 m, J.K. Lowry, 21 October 1982. NT-89 west end of East Point, north end of Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, 11◦ 24.5 S 130◦ 48.5 E, mixed bag, sponges, Caulerpa, 8–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 October 1982. NT-90 west end of East Point, north end of Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, 11◦ 24.5 S 130◦ 48.5 E, hydroids, 8–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 October 1982. NT-92 west end of East Point, north end of Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, 11◦ 24.5 S 130◦ 48.5 E, Echinogorgia (same species as NT-93) with epizoon, probably hydroid, 8–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 October 1982. NT-96 west end of East Point, north end of Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, 11◦ 24.5 S 130◦ 48.5 E, gorgonacean Rhumphella agregata Nutting, 1912, 8–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 October 1982. NT-97 west end of East Point, north end of Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, 11◦ 24.5 S 130◦ 48.5 E, encrusting ascidian Didemnum psammatodes, 8–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 October 1982. Western Australia: WA-117 Vancouver Peninsular, near Mistaken Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 04 S 117◦ 56 E, weed mat, mainly high intertidal, H.E. Stoddart, 13 December 1983. WA-121 Vancouver Peninsular, near Mistaken Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 04 S 117◦ 56 E, sea grass, 6 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 13 December 1983. WA-135 Off Possession Point, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 02.5 S 117◦ 55 E, mixed sponges and algae, 7 m, J.K. Lowry, 14 December 1983. WA-137 Off Possession Point, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 02.5 S 117◦ 55 E, purple finger sponges, 7 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 14 December 1983. WA-144 Rocks near Migo Island, Port Harding, Torbay Bay, Western Australia, 35◦ 04 S 117◦ 39 E, Caulerpa and detritus, 6–7 m, J.K. Lowry, 15 December 1983. WA-152 Rocks near Migo Island, Port Harding, Torbay Bay, Western Australia, 35◦ 04 S 117◦ 39 E, small branched alga with compound tunicate on underside of branches, 6–7 m, R.T. Springthorpe & J.K. Lowry, 15 December 1983. WA-167 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, brown bryozoans (Scuticella plagiostoma, Orthoscuticella sp., Miniacina sp. & Iodictyum sp. id: P.S.R. Nair) among Caulerpa on rock ledge, 10 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 December 1983. WA-171 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, brown algae with zigzag stem on rock shelf, 5 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 16 December 1983. WA-172 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, tunicates, 12 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 16 December 1983. WA-175 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, Caulerpa on rock shelf, 6–10 m, J.K. Lowry, 16 December 1983. WA-181 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, mixed green and brown algae, 12 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 16 December 1983. WA-183 2 km southeast of South Point, Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, 34◦ 58 S 118◦ 12 E, mixed algae coralline, green, sea grass, 12 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 16 December 1983. WA-193 Off south east corner of Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 03 S 118◦ E, scrapings from rock overhang, 18 m, J.K. Lowry, 17 December 1983.

70 WA-195 Off south east corner of Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 03 S 118◦ E, gorgonacean, 18 m, J.K. Lowry, 17 December 1983. WA-197 Off south east corner of Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 03 S 118◦ E, curly red bryozoan, 18 m, J.K. Lowry, 17 December 1983. WA-202 Off south east corner of Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia, 35◦ 03 S 118◦ E, red algae with epiphitic hydroids and bryozoans, 24 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 17 December 1983. WA-218 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 33 E, intertidal algal mat, H.E. Stoddart, 20 December 1983. WA-220 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 32.5 E, airlift sample from Posidonia bed, 3 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 20 December 1983. WA-221 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 32.5 E, airlift sample from Posidonia bed, 3 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 20 December 1983. WA-223 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 32.5 E, airlift sample from Posidonia bed, 3 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 20 December 1983. WA-224 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 32.5 E, airlift sample from Posidonia bed, 3 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 20 December 1983. WA-225 Geordie Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 31◦ 59.5 S 115◦ 35 E, algae, 10 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 20 December 1983. WA-232 Off Green Island, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 01 S 115◦ 30 E, red coraline algae, 12 m, J.K. Lowry, 21 December 1983. WA-238 Thompson’s Bay, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 00 S 115◦ 32.5E, solitary ascidians with epiphitic algae, bryozoans & sponge, 0.15 m, J.K. Lowry, H.E. Stoddart, 21 December 1983. WA-260 Off jetty at Green Island, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 01 S 115◦ 30 E, Posidonia, sand, 1 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 21 December 1983. WA-268 Off jetty at Green Island, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32◦ 01 S 115◦ 30 E, mixed algal turf on rock, 1 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 21 December 1983. WA-276 Off end of South Mole, Arthur Head, Fremantle, Western Australia, 32◦ 03 S 115◦ 44 E, sponges, 6 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 25 December 1983. WA-277 Off end of South Mole, Arthur Head, Fremantle, Western Australia, 32◦ 03 S 115◦ 44 E, large sponges & tunicates, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 25 December 1983. WA-281 Off end of South Mole, Arthur Head, Fremantle, Western Australia, 32◦ 03 S 115◦ 44 E, Caulerpa, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 25 December 1983. WA-283 Off end of South Mole, Arthur Head, Fremantle, Western Australia, 32◦ 03 S 115◦ 44 E, spirorbids, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 25 December 1983. WA-287 Off end of South Mole, Arthur Head, Fremantle, Western Australia, 32◦ 03 S 115◦ 44 E, sponge, detritus, epizoic Caulerpa, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 25 December 1983. WA-295 Reef west of groyne, 2km south of Cape Peron, Western Australia, 32◦ 16 S 115◦ 41 E, deep channels in limestone reef, sponges, gorgonaceans from cave in reef, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 26 December 1983. WA-296 Reef west of groyne, 2km south of Cape Peron, Western Australia, 32◦ 16 S 115◦ 41 E, deep channels in limestone reef, red algae, 2 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 26 December 1983. WA-299 Reef west of groyne, 2km south of Cape Peron, Western Australia, 32◦ 16 S 115◦ 41 E, deep channels in limestone reef, tough red alga, 3 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 26 December 1983. WA-306 Reef west of groyne, 2km south of Cape Peron, Western Australia, 32◦ 16 S 115◦ 41 E, deep channels in limestone reef, orange sponge, 4.5 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 26 December 1983. WA-310 Reef west of groyne, 2km south of Cape Peron, Western Australia, 32◦ 16 S 115◦ 41 E, deep channels in limestone reef, brown algae, 3 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 26 December 1983. WA-311 Inshore limestone patches near Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, Brown algae with epiphytic alga, sediment, 0–1 m, H.E. Stoddart, 31 December 1983. WA-317 Channel in Ningaloo Reef off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, very strong surge, hard broad red algae, 6 m, J.K. Lowry, 31 December 1983.

71 WA-322 Channel in Ningaloo Reef off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, very strong surge, coralline algae, 3 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 31 December 1983. WA-327 Inshore limestone reef off South Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 22◦ 00 S 113◦ 55 E, sea grass with rhyzomes/bases, 2 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 31 December 1983. WA-330 Inshore limestone reef off South Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 22◦ 00 S 113◦ 55 E, sand, 2 m, J.K. Lowry, 31 December 1983. WA-331 Inshore limestone reef off South Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 22◦ 00 S 113◦ 55 E, small fanshaped brown alga, Halimeda, 2 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 31 December 1983. WA-339 Inside outer Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59.5 S 113◦ 54.5 E, mixed algae, 2 m, J.K. Lowry, 1 January 1984. WA-342 Inside outer Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59.5 S 113◦ 54.5 E, small brown dictyotalean airlift, 2 m, R.T. Springthorpe & J.K. Lowry, 1 January 1984. WA-343 Inside outer Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59.5 S 113◦ 54.5 E, algae, R.T. Springthorpe, 1 January 1984. WA-345 Inside outer Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59.5 S 113◦ 54.5 E, airlift from living Porites, 2 m, R.T. Springthorpe & J.K. Lowry, 1 January 1984. WA-352 Outer edge of Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, brown algae, 12 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 2 January 1984. WA-355 Outer edge of Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, coral rubble, brown alga, 12 m, J.K. Lowry, 2 January 1984. WA-359 Outer edge of Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, encrusting invertebrates on plate coral, 12 m, J.K. Lowry, 2 January 1984. WA-361 Outer edge of Ningaloo Reef, off Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 54.5 E, fine algae growing on dead coral, 12 m, J.K. Lowry, 2 January 1984. WA-379 Inshore limestone reef, Ned’s Camp, Cape Range National Park, Western Australia, 21◦ 59 S 113◦ 55 E, "crinkly" brown alga, 1.5 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 2 January 1984. WA-415 Bush Bay, 30 km south of Carnarvon, Western Australia, 25◦ 10 S 113◦ 39 E, extensive shallow sand flats, mixed sponges with algae and sediment, 0.5 m, H.E. Stoddart, 6 January 1984. WA-429 5 km offshore, Bush Bay, 30km south of Carnarvon, Western Australia, 25◦ 10 S 113◦ 39 E, extensive shallow sea grass beds, airlift from strapleaved sea grass, 2 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 6 January 1984. WA-431 5 km offshore, Bush Bay, 30km south of Carnarvon, Western Australia, 25◦ 10 S 113◦ 39 E, extensive shallow sea grass beds, airlift, sea grass detritus, 2 m, J.K. Lowry & R.T. Springthorpe, 6 January 1984. WA-442 The Blow Holes, Point Quobba, Western Australia, 24◦ 39 S 113◦ 25 E, exposed intertidal rock shelf, broadleaved brown alga, J.K. Lowry, R.T. Springthorpe & H.E. Stoddart, 7 January 1984. WA-448 Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, rocky shore, brown algae from surf zone, 0.5 m, H.E. Stoddart, 9 January 1984. WA-452 1 km west of Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, Ecklonia bed, rocky bottom, curly bryozoan, 18 m, J.K. Lowry, 9 January 1984. WA-453 1 km west of Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, Ecklonia bed, rocky bottom, Ecklonia holdfasts, 18 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 9 January 1984. WA-454 1 km west of Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, Ecklonia bed, rocky bottom, Ecklonia holdfasts, 18 m, J.K. Lowry, 9 January 1984. WA-472 Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, rocky shore, mixed brown algae, 3–4 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 10 January 1984. WA-478 Red Bluff, Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27◦ 42 S 114◦ 09 E, rocky shore, round leaved sea graas in shallow sand on rock, 3–4 m, R.T. Springthorpe, 10 January 1984. WA 512 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, sponges and ascidians, SCUBA, 32 m, P. Hutchings, 19 May 1994. WA 513 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, sponges and ascidians, half way up slope, SCUBA, 23 m, P. Hutchings, 19 May 1994.

72 WA 514 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 8 m, P. Hutchings, 19 May 1994. WA 515 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 20 m, P. Hutchings, 20 May 1994. WA 516 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 10 m, P. Hutchings, 20 May 1994. WA 517 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead plates of Acropora, covered in coralline algae, sponges, SCUBA, 24 m, P. Hutchings, 21 May 1994. WA 518 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead coral plates, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 8 m, P. Hutchings, 22 May 1994. WA 521 north end of Long Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 28.3 S 113◦ 46.3 E, dead coral substrate, covered in coralline algae, top 23 cm covered in boring bivalves, SCUBA, 8 m, C. Bryce, 22 May 1994. WA 522 north end of Long Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 27.9 S 113◦ 46.3 E, dead coral substrate, covered in coralline algae, and brown algae, SCUBA, 5–6 m, C. Bryce, 22 May 1994. WA 524 south east end of Long Island, 28◦ 28.8 S 113◦ 46.5 E, dead coral substrate, embedded in calcareous substrate, SCUBA, 30 m, P. Hutchings, 22 May 1994. WA 525 south east end of Long Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 28.8 S 113◦ 46.5 E, dead coral substrate, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 8 m, P. Hutchings, 22 May 1994. WA 526 Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead coral substrate, embedded in fine sediment at foot of reef slope, SCUBA, 33 m, P. Hutchings, 23 May 1994. WA 528 off the jetty adjacent to Fisheries Hut, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 25.5 S 113◦ 47 E, dead coral substrate plate species, plate like Acropora, Montipora, SCUBA, 12 m, P. Hutchings, 23 May 1994. WA 534 east side of West Wallaby Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 27.9 S 113◦ 40.9 E, in Posidonia australis root matt, plus epifauna, SCUBA, 1–2 m, P. Hutchings, 26 May 1994. WA 537 north east entrance to Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 27.9 S 113◦ 46.7 E, dead branching staghorn Acropora, coralline algae and brown algae covering coral substrate, SCUBA, 24 m, P. Hutchings, 25 May 1994. WA 538 north east entrance to Goss Passage, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 27.9 S 113◦ 46.7 E, dead plate like Acropora, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 8 m, P. Hutchings, 25 May 1994. WA 539 off south end of Long Island, Beacon Island, Western Australia, 28◦ 28.8 S 113◦ 46.3 E, dead coral substrate, covered in coralline algae, SCUBA, 4–5 m, P. Hutchings, 25 May 1994. WA 623 South west tip of West Lewis Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western , 20◦ 36.249 S 116◦ 35.710 E (GPS), gravel bottom with clumps of soft coral, sponges, isolated lumps of dead hard coral collected by hand on SCUBA, 10 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 27 July 2000. WA 633 Sea Ripple Passage, south west end of Dolphin Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 33 S 116◦ 48 E (GPS). Intertidal site, silty, exposed sponges, spring tides, collected at low water only. P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 31 July 2000. WA 637 2 km west of Rocky Head, Enderby Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 37.096 S 116◦ 26.721 E (GPS), sponges, isolated clumps of soft coral & gorgonians, very strong current at the surface and on the bottom. Dead coral substrate covered in sponges and algae. Collected by hand on SCUBA, 14 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 3 August 2000. WA 639 2 km west of Angel Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 29.765 S 116◦ 47.480E (GPS), pinnacle, dead coral substrate & large bivalves heavily encrusted and bored, Collected by hand on SCUBA, 10, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 4 August 2000. WA 640 Legendre Island Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20˚21.401 S 116◦ 49.779E (GPS), coral substrate plus encrusting bivalve molluscs, wave swept although calm. Collected by hand on SCUBA, 12 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 4 August 2000 WA 642 Angel Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 27.695 S 116◦ 47.517 E (GPS), dead coral substrate, at 8 m heavy silt load in between granite boulders, collected by hand on SCUBA, 14 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 5 August 2000.

73 WA 643 Angel Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 29.470S 116◦ 47.673 E (GPS), large granite boulders, with small colonies of live and dead corals on them. Pulled up some flat granite boulders and found terebellids with orange tentacles, tube – uniform sized sand. Visibility 5–10 m. Collected by hand on SCUBA, P. Hutchings and L. Avery, 5 August 2000. WA 644 1 km NE Cape Legendre, Legendre Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 21.270S 116◦ 50.557 E (GPS), isolated small boulders on fast current scoured bottom. Collected by hand on SCUBA, 27 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 6 August 2000. WA 645 1 km off NE side of Legendre Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 23.354 S 116◦ 53.802 E (GPS), large bommies separated by deep channels. Good coral cover, collected dead Auspora- & Porites covered in sponge and coralline algae. Collected some terebellids under rocks. ( Fixed separately). Also collected one Protula from same site at 26 m.Collected by hand on SCUBA, 14 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 6 August 2000. WA 646 1 km NE Delambre Island, Dampier Archipelago Western Australia, 20˚25.705 S 117◦ 05.109 E(GPS), Pectinariidae and Sabellariidae collected by hand on SCUBA, 14 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 7 August 2000. WA 647 NW Delambre Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20˚25.936 S 117◦ 04.017 E (GPS), dead coral substrate in an area devastated by cyclone. Lots of upturned Acropora table top. New recruitment Pectinariidae and Sabellariidae collected by hand on SCUBA, 6 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 7 August 2000. WA 648 SW Enderby Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 20◦ 37.301 S 116◦ 27.381 E (GPS), sea whips, lots of sponges, bryozoans, soft corals, relatively little hard coral. Dead coral substrate heavily encrusted with bryozoans, ascidians and mollusc bivalves. Collected by hand on SCUBA, 14 m, P. Hutchings & L. Avery, 8 August 2000. TA1 South of Carnavon, Seven Mile Beach, 29◦ 11 S, 114◦ 53 E

CSIRO samples (North-West Shelf project, FRV ‘Soela’): 02 B12 03 B2 03 B6 03 B7 03 B8 03 B9 03 B11 03 B12 03 D1 03 D5 03 D7 03 D8 04 B1 04 B2 04 B4 04 B8 04 B9 04 B10 04 B12 04 B13 04 B14 04 B17 04 B18

19◦ 03.5 S 119◦ 03.1 E to 19◦ 03.4 S 119◦ 02.4 E (GPS), sled dredge, 82 m, 28 April 1983 19◦ 56.4 S 117◦ 53.9 E to 19◦ 56.8 S 117◦ 53.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 44 m, 25 June 1983 19◦ 04.5 S 118◦ 46.2 E to 19◦ 03.3 S 118◦ 46.8 E (GPS), sled dredge, 84 m, 29 June 1983 19◦ 30.8 S 118◦ 49.1 E to 19◦ 30.4 S 118◦ 49.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 37–38 m, 28 June 1983 19◦ 29.2 S 118◦ 52.5 E to 19◦ 29.5 S 118◦ 52.3 E (GPS), sled dredge, 40–41 m, 28 June 1983 19◦ 28.6 S 118◦ 55.0 E to 19◦ 28.2 S 118◦ 55.3 E (GPS), sled dredge, 39 m, 28 June 1983 19◦ 04.2 S 119◦ 00.8 E to 19◦ 03.7 S 119◦ 01.0 E (GPS), sled dredge, 80–82 m, 30 June 1983 19◦ 03.0 S 119◦ 04.1 E to 19◦ 03.4 S 119◦ 03.7 E (GPS), sled dredge, 82–83 m, 30June 1983 19◦ 58.3 S 117◦ 49.4 E to 19◦ 58.8 S 117◦ 48.7 E (GPS), sled dredge, 43 m, 25 June 1983 19◦ 58.8 S 117◦ 49.2 E to 19◦ 58.4 S 117◦ 49.7 E (GPS), sled dredge, 43 m, 26 June 1983 19◦ 58.1 S 117◦ 49.2 E to 19◦ 57.8 S 117◦ 49.5 E (GPS), sled dredge, 40 m, 25 June 1983 19◦ 59.2 S 117◦ 48.6 E to 19◦ 29.5 S 118◦ 52.3 E (GPS), sled dredge, 41 m, 26 June 1983 19◦ 58.9 S 117◦ 51.7 E to 19◦ 59.3 S 117◦ 51.0 E (GPS), sled dredge, 42 m, 27 August 1983 19◦ 56.7 S 117◦ 53.8 E to 19◦ 56.9 S 117◦ 53.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 42–43 m, 26 August 1983 19◦ 53.1 S 118◦ 54.1 E to 19◦ 05.4 S 118◦ 53.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 84 m, 29 August 1983 19◦ 29.6 S 118◦ 52.2 E to 19◦ 29.4 S 118◦ 52.8 E (GPS), sled dredge, 38 m, 30 August 1983 19◦ 28.3 S 118◦ 55.2 E to 19◦ 28.4 S 118◦ 55.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 38–39 m, 31 August 1983 19◦ 05.0 S 118◦ 57.9 E to 19◦ 05.1 S 118◦ 58.2 E (GPS), sled dredge, 84–86 m, 29 August 1983 19◦ 03.4 S 119◦ 03.3 E to 19◦ 03.6 S 119◦ 03.6 E (GPS), sled dredge, 81 m, 1 September 1983 19◦ 48.8 S 117◦ 52.2 E to 19◦ 46.6 S 117◦ 51.4 E (GPS), sled dredge, 52 m, 2 September 1983 19◦ 43.9 S 117◦ 54.5 E to 19◦ 44.2 S 117◦ 53.8 E (GPS), sled dredge, 52–53 m, 2 September 1983 20◦ 00.2 S 117◦ 00.5 E to 20◦ 00.4 S 116◦ 59.9 E (GPS), sled dredge, 52 m, 4 September 1983 19◦ 59.3 S 117◦ 03.7 E to 19◦ 59.6 S 117◦ 02.8 E (GPS), sled dredge, 52 m, 5 September 1983

74 05 B2 05 B4 05 B5 05 B6 05 B11 05 B12 05 D2 05 D4 05 D5 05 D9 06 B4 06 B7 06 B12

19◦ 56.7 S 117◦ 53.6 E to 19◦ 56.4 S 117◦ 54.0 E (GPS), sled dredge, 41 m, 26 October 1983 19◦ 05.4 S 118◦ 53.9 E to 19◦ 05.2 S 118◦ 54.1 E (GPS), sled dredge, 80–81 m, 30 October 1983 19◦ 04.8 S 118◦ 50.7 E to 19◦ 05.2 S 118◦ 50.4 E (GPS), sled dredge, 81 m, 30 October 1983 19◦ 04.1 S 118◦ 47.8 E to 19◦ 04.7 S 118◦ 47.2 E (GPS), sled dredge, 82 m, 30 October 1983 19◦ 04.1 S 119◦ 00.8 E to 19◦ 04.4 S 118◦ 00.5 E (GPS), sled dredge, 82 m, 23 October 1983 19◦ 03.4 S 119◦ 03.7 E to 19◦ 03.6 S 119◦ 03.5 E (GPS), sled dredge, 81–82 m, 23 October 1983 19◦ 29.7 S 118◦ 52.2 E to 19◦ 29.2 S 118◦ 52.7 E (GPS), sled dredge, 39 m, 24 October 1983 19◦ 29.6 S 118◦ 52.2 E to 19◦ 29.6 S 118◦ 51.4 E (GPS), sled dredge, 36–38 m, 25 October 1983 19◦ 30.0 S 118◦ 52.0 E to 19◦ 29.4 S 118◦ 52.2 E (GPS), sled dredge, 36–37 m, 25 October 1983 19◦ 29.9 S 118◦ 52.0 E to 19◦ 29.5 S 118◦ 52.5 E (GPS), sled dredge, 38 m, 25 October 1983 18◦ 56.6 S 118◦ 44.9 E to 19◦ 57.1 S 118◦ 45.0 E (GPS), sled dredge, 86–88 m, 7 December 1982 19◦ 22.0 S 118◦ 56.0 E to 19◦ 22.1 S 118◦ 56.4 E (GPS), sled dredge, 54 m, 8 December 1982 19◦ 03.0 S 119◦ 02.4 E to 19◦ 03.2 S 119◦ 02.1 E (GPS), sled dredge, 78–80 m, 12 December 1982