The Challenge of Native American Art and Material ... - AnthroSource

The Challenge of Native American Art and Material Culture Nancy J. Parezo ABSTRACT Vast quantities of published and archival information on Native American/First Nation visual arts, crafts, and material culture exist. Researchers must be knowledgeable about numerous disciplines if they are is to perform a minimally adequate job when working on specific research problems. Professional works appear under the aegis of several disciplines such as anthropology, Native American studies, art history, history, economics, geography, American studies, folklore, and regional studies. In addition, articles are found in semi-professional and popular journals and in difficult-to-find exhibition catalogues. Scholars find it difficult to locate relevant sources due to the sheer number of references and their scattered nature. In this brief paper I analyze this increasingly serious problem from the researcher's point of view by discussing the central tasks involved in conducting research, especially with regard to available bibliographic and reference sources. Examples will be drawn from my own experience in constructing an annotated bibliography for Southwest Native American arts, crafts, and material culture. It is hoped that the suggested strategies will assist future studies with library research.

Introduction Native American/First Nation arts, erafis, and material culture mean many things to many peoples. When newcomers to the American Southwest think of Native American art, Navajo rugs, Hopi kachina dolls, Zuni jewelry, and Pueblo pottery come quickly to mind. Tourists purchase these and other items as souvenirs. Local residents use them as adornments, decorative accents for the home or office, and as ideal wedding, birthday, and retirement gifts. Collectors see them as investments, while art historians conceptualize them as a marked form of fine art that uniquely expresses the aesthetic values of people who are "different" from the scholar. Usually termed "primitive art," "folk art," "Native American art" or "Indian art" these are forms that are handmade by members of non-elite cultures (see Clifford 1988; Graburn 1976). To anthropologists, Native American/First Nation arts are windows to un-

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derstanding other cultures and societies. They can be specimens used to support evolutionary theories or explain the maker's cultural concepts of beauty~to show universal concepts and cultural differences, shared meanings, and modes of communication. They can also be used to build typologies or serve as the bases for categorizing cultures in time and space. To older art historians, Native American art is second class and probably not even art but "craft, for it is argued to be less developed (however this is defined or whatever this means) than European art. To the new social art historians, Native American/First Nation art speaks eloquently of peoples who have been colonized yet have their own strong sense of beauty which carries messages to many peoples. To the makers themselves, arts and material culture are the means by which individuals and families can earn a living, record their past, visualize their future,

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and transmit traditional cultural knowledge to their young. The arts are more than beautiful. Visual arts serve as markers of distinctive ethnic identities and many forms continue to be used for social and religious ceremonies. Creativity is strong; cultures and arts flourish in new ways. They are also the medium through which Euro-American and Native American/First Nation values and concepts meet and communicate. The ways in which this art is conceptualized and used varies by discipline and through time, reflecting changes in theoretical and methodological fashion. While in the late nineteenth century material culture was the evidence for evolutionary theories, today it is conceptualized as commodity, symbol, sign, code marker, appropriated culture, aesthetic vehicle, mechanism for cross-cultural communication, and technology. Varied use of Native American/First Nation art by different disciplines affects how it is conceptualized and categorized, and in tum affects where information about it is stored in libraries. Euro-Americans have long been intrigued with Native Americans and First Nation peoples and their unique ways of life. The Greater Southwest, for example, is the most studied ethnographic region in the world: since the 1870s, over 4,500 English-speaking individuals in the Greater Southwest have produced thousands of professional and popular books and articles about Native Americans (see Babcock and Parezo 1988; Stocking 1976:12). Many of these widely read and much reprinted works deal with visual arts, crafts, and material culture. To date, 1 have recorded over 8,400 works and can estimate thai there arc probably another

1,000 published works that I have yet to review (see Parezo, Perry and Allen 1990). The literature on the other 230 Native American/First Nation societies that inhabit North America is no less rich. Although no one has ever inventoried this literature, one could estimate that 50,000 to 60,000 works deal directly or indirectly with Native American/First Nation arts, crafts, and material culture. Several distinct groups actively use this extensive literature for many reasons, just as they use the objects themselves. Scholars use it for data and information for research projects; museum curators for information for exhibits and interpretive programs; collectors as reference works to establish authenticity of pieces; members of Native American/First Nation communities as documents of their culture; the artists themselves for ideas and inspiration for new pieces; and, people of all cultures for information on the forms they admire. The multiplicity of knowledge required by diverse users presents a unique and difficult challenge for librarians-they must try to anticipate and understand different needs, goals, conceptual taxonomies, and knowledge bases. While trying to satisfy the needs of as many users as possible using one system, the result is an imperfect system of capturing this knowledge. It is no less difficult for users, because this body of literature is large, multifacetcd, diverse, scattered, and difficult to control and use. A researcher, collector, museum curator, enthusiast, Native American/First Nation tribal member, or artist must have access to the products of several disciplines in order to do even a minimally adequate job when working on a specific research problem. While anthropology is the "home discipline" for this information, professional works appear under the aegis of Native American studies, art history, history, economics, geography, tourism, American studies, folklore, technology, geology, home economics, science, natural history, botany,

museology, architecture, and regional studies (such as Southwestern studies), and occasionally in sociology, and philosophy. In addition, articles are found in semi-professional and popular magazines and journals. This means that much, if not most, of the relevant literature on Native American/First Nation art may be scattered in several types of libraries or in different sections of a library. It is not easy to go to a library and locate relevant works using the Library of Congress system. A researcher investigating a problem in Native American art has to be a sophisticated and multi-disciplinary user to even begin working on the subject. Although 75% of the scholarly materials produced on Native American/First Nation arts, crafts, and material culture has been produced by anthropologists, very little can be found catalogued as anthropology. Two brief examples highlight the problem and the creativity that must be used to find relevant materials. For a recent paper I wrote on late nineteenth-century museum exhibits and their portrayal of Southwest Native Americans, I had to look for works catalogued under: anthropology (GN); history-America (for specific Native American groups) (E); literary criticism and philosophy (AP and B); museology (AM); history-U.S. local (F); folklore (GR); semiotics (P); science-general (Q); natural history (QH); and, geology (QE). The most surprising was the book entitled Anthropology and World Fairs by Burton Benedict (1983) which I located in the technology and engineering (FA) section; it had been catalogued under its subtitle"San Francisco's Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915" along with books on the construction of the Panama Canal. (This book is an anthropological analysis of the symbolism inherent in world fairs and has nothing to do with engineering). Notice that for this paper I did not have to look under art or art history (N), partly because I was dealing with the nineteenth century.

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In another project I had to use other combinations of references: for my book on the commercialization of Navajo sandpaintings (Parezo 1983), sources were catalogued under art, geology, sociology, religion, leisure and recreation, geography, economics, commerce, regional history, anthropology, museology, folklore, and philosophy. For an anthropologist, use of that discipline's literature is problematic. Those who assign classification numbers for anthropology books at the Library of Congress are rarely, if ever, anthropologists. More often they have been trained in history and library science. Anthropology itself is splintered intellectually and is in a stage of experimentation. The same problem also occurs in other disciplines that consist of many subdisciplines and are, by their nature, interdisciplinary. The Library of Congress system was developed when anthropology and museology were in their infancy. Newer disciplines tend to fare worse in the Library of Congress classification system than the older disciplines, such as classics, history, or chemistry. Thus precedent has established that books having to do with Native Americans/First Nation Peoples are generally placed in history, even if the study is actually ahistorical. In addition, Library of Congress catalogers are not, and can never be, current with the trends in the field, the changes in nomenclature, and the manner in which knowledge grows. Much of a discipline's growth is through informal communication networks; by the time the information is in the literature it is often out of date. This is more of a problem for the physical sciences, but still occurs in the social sciences. Catalogers will understandably and by default be "behind" the discipline; we cannot expect them to be otherwise. All this makes the problems of our own making even more serious. Some cataloguing mistakes are the result of the current trend to use non-descriptive main titles with descriptive sub-titles. The use of meta-

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phors based on native knowledge and categories for the main titles will make using the library increasingly difficult in the future. I predict that anthropology will be even more scattered in the future than it has been in the past At present, browsing is a vital tool. A researcher must browse in order to find applicable references. There are no online or computerized data bases that capture even 5% of the works in the area. The Library of Congress subject headings do not capture the relevant works due to the cataloguing problems previously mentioned and published reference sources and abstract services miss most of the pertinent works. We are currently experiencing a phenomenal growth of new articles, books, and monographs on Native Americans, but the cataloguing and retrieval problem is getting worse. While difficult, research on Native American/First Nation arts, crafts, and material culture is not hopeless, my deepfelt desire to have the Library of Congress staff recatalogue anthropology books as anthropology is unrealistic. Instead, I would like to posit some guidelines to help conduct searches in the literature. My approach invloves critical analysis of the way in which knowledge is organized and classified in libraries. This information appears in the tables printed with this article. These should be seen as a series of research guides or aids designed to help in mining the wealth of information in the library. 1. While there are no thorough, even minimally acceptable on-line data bases for anthropology, one can start with several indices and abstract services. All indices require prior knowledge and even research before use. There is no consistency as to where the relevant and crucial marker "Indian" or "Native American" is located (note: "First Nation" is never used). Some, indices, such as Sociological Abstracts, are virtually impossible to use because the category Native American is interspersed with "Indians"-i.e.,


the peoples who live on the sub-continent of India. Table 4 lists common indices that contain reference to Native American/First Nation peoples and the objects they make. Under each index are the most important categories for discovering pertinent citations. These are given within an embedded hierarchical outline. For example, in American History and Life a researcher would first go to "Indians" and then to "time period" or "geographical location." Note that in order to discover important sources one must look at minimum under all these subjects at both the encompassing and embedded hierarchical levels. If one relies on only a single heading, for example "Indians of North America," but not "art" or "object type," a researcher will miss citations. My primary index for recent-late 1970s on--references is Artsbibliographies modem. This bibliography captures most of the art and anthropology literature, particularly periodical articles, although it misses economics, technology, and history. It also catches some very difficult to find exhibit catalogues (especially European) but it is less useful for monographs. I would suggest that individuals use this bibliography first, and then search indices, abstracts, directories, and annual reviews listed in Table 5. 2. Locating references in pre-1970 periodicals will remain a problem until adequate bibliographies are constructed. In the meantime, Table 2 enumerates many important English language periodicals and series. This list consists of over 300 entries, an overwhelming number on first review, but necessary given the cultures and disciplines involved. Included are interdisciplinary and discipline-specific series, regional and national journals, and publications that deal with specific object categories. Other important sources of information listed are the transactions and publications of professional associations and museums.

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3. The periodical and monograph literature can be used efficiently if one understands the history of research on Native American/First Nation arts, crafts, and material culture. Each discipline has focused on certain subjects in unique theoretical and methodological frameworks at different times. These can be conceptualized as intellectual fashions or research cycles, reflecting the questions being addressed by the society at large (for a longer analysis see Thompson and Parezo 1989). Thus, the literature on Native American/First Nation art and material culture can be broken down into a number of overlapping periods, each with its own literature orientation. Relying again on examples based on the Southwest, one can see a number of stages. For example, the earliest collectors were explorers and adventurers who brought home exotic and unusual objects from non-European cultures. Their observations can be found in memoirs, journals, and geographical, travel, and historical accounts. This literature begins in the 1500s and continues through the late 1800s. In the Southwest there is a resurgence of this genre by the literary community in Taos and Santa Fe in the 1920s and 1930s. It is not very prevalent today. The literature for these periods is often found in geography, history, general studies, and literary criticism. Systematic collecting developed during the late nineteenth century in what has been termed the Golden Age of museums. The massive collecting of ethnographic specimens by anthropologists coincided with the development of the discipline in a scientific natural history framework. An evolutionary paradigm permeated anthropology until after World War I. Material objects were the necessary data for these theories, and museums collected hundreds of thousands of objects from supposedly vanishing peoples. These objects were considered to be scientific specimens (Parezo 1987). Hence, ihe literature on Native American/First Nation objects can be found in scientific

journals and natural history and anthropology publications from the 1870s to 1920. After World War I, less attention was paid to material culture by many ethnographers. Thus, there are fewer articles in the main anthropology journals or in science publications. Instead, articles on Native American/First Nation crafts and material culture are found increasingly in museum journals. This is due in part to the professionalization and institutionalization of the discipline and the rise of universities. Museum journals, however, lend to focus on brief descriptions of the items in collections, rather than on theoretical issues. As tourism increased, especially in the Southwest, popular articles increased as well; "how-to" publications and guides for souvenir purchasing appeared. Professional writers translated scientific information on selected crafts for the public in popular journals such as Arizona Highways or New Mexico. They also created much misinformation in their interest to romanticize regions and create meccas of escape for individuals from an increasingly urbanized East. Simultaneously in the 1920s and 1930s interest peaked in Native American arts and crafts: a surge of interest that was not matched again until the early 1970s. Thus, if researchers are to look for works penned in the 192030s or in the 1970s-1980s they should go to the numerous articles in craft and interior decorating journals, tourism and travel guides, how-to-publicaiions, and popular journals. By the 1930s there was increasing interest in the history of Native American cultures. Regional history journals began to focus on the peoples in their regions. At first this was often couched in terms of Anglo-Native American interactions, with more emphasis on warfare and cultural borrowing. After the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and the increasing insistence on rights to representation in the 1980s, new Native American/First Nation

history is found in the history section of the library. Finally, Native American/First Nation material culture was collected and analyzed as art beginning in the 1930s. Following the exhibit, "Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts," in New York City in 193132, art historians began looking at "the stuff that isn't in the Metropolitan" (to use Robert Goldwater's catchy definition). Following in the footsteps of anthropologists such as Franz Boas, these scholars began to look at "primitive art." It was not, however, until after World War II and the phenomenal increase of interest in the arts of Africa, Asia and Oceania during the 1960s that art historians again became interested in Native American art. In the 1970s and 1980s, following the Civil Rights Movement and in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, there was a reawakening of interest in ethnicity that affected all disciplines. This led to the increased marketability of Native American/First Nation arts and the huge increase in literature on the subject. Thus, if one is studying Navajo textiles, one would have to look in Science, Nature, or the Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Reports in the 1890s and early 1900s, in Plateau or El Palacio in the 1930s, and in the Irene Emery Roundtable Papers or American Indian Art Magazine in the 1970s. Understanding the intellectual climate of the country makes the large and scattered information base easier to use. 4. Likewise, it is essential to understand how anthropologists and museum curators categorize art and craft forms since they have produced the bulk of the scholarly literature. Tables 1 and 3 are designed to assist with this analysis. Museologists, librarians, and researchers may categorize the world and knowledge differently because they tend to ask different questions and use different taxonomies. As an example, Table 3 is a summary of the Peabody Museum-Tozzer Library's subject heading listing and Table 1 is a

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listing of the key-word categories used for annotations in a bibliography/resource guide which I and two colleagues have produced on Southwest Native American visual arts, crafts, and material culture (Parezo, Perry, and Allen 1990). 5. The extended bibliography of Table 5 lists available bibliographies I have used in my own research. As can be seen, there are very few, in fact almost no, upto-date bibliographies dealing specifically with Native American/First Nation visual arts, crafts, and material culture. (Recently Garland Publications has begun a series on art forms, beginning with basketry). Existing bibliographies can be categorized into three basic types-general, topical, and those that deal with specific cultures and culture areas. Rather than starting with published bibliographies, I tend to use library catalogues, especially that of the Tozzer Library which is especially good for older works in anthropology. It is also excellent for finding the extremely difficult-to-locate but important exhibit catalogues. On the last pages of the bibliography (Table 5), I list several useful catalogues and directories that are available in the University of Arizona library, and that should be readily available elsewhere. Controlling the extensive literature on Native American/First Nation visual arts, crafts, and material culture is a challenge. It means managing information on many types of objects made and used by members of over 275 cultures, and the things they traded to others (including ourselves). It requires understanding of the paradigms and histories of different disciplines. Librarians can help by cataloguing new works more accurately in the discipline in which they were written and intellectually embedded, and by producing extensive and comprehensive bibliographies. We must help them by explaining the user's perspective. Until then, we as museum anthropologists will have to


search for ways to assist each other in our research.

would like to thank Brenda Shears for her excellent editorial comments.

1984 Cushing as Part of the Team: The Collecting Activities of the Smithsonian Institution. American Ethnologist 12(4):763-74.

Bibliography Footnote: I. An early version of this paper was presented in the session "The Bibliography of Non-Western Art" at the Art Libraries Society of North America annual meeting, March 27, 1989, Phoenix, Arizona. It was designed for an audience of librarians, not anthropologists or museum curators. Other presenters in the session were professional librarians and I was asked to provide the view from the researcher's perspective. This resulted in a most fruitful interaction and I have incorporated some of the perspective I learned from these individuals. However, the outlook is still that of the frustrated library user. Noting that others are equally frustrated, I have modified my talk for anthropologists and museum professionals who are anthropologists by training or for scholars who use anthropological materials. This paper is also pan of a larger project. Information was gathered and the tables developed under a National Endowment for the Humanities Research Resources grant to construct a bibliography on Southwest Native American Arts, Crafts, and Material Culture. This bibliography has turned into a resource guide. I would like to thank my friends Rebecca Allen and Ruth Perry for their help with this project. Finally, I

Babcock, Barbara A., and Nancy J. Parezo 1988 Daughters of the Desert: Women Anthropologists and the Native American Southwest, 1880-1980. An Illustrated Catalogue. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Benedict, Burton 1983 The Anthropology of Worlds Fairs: San Francisco's Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915. Berkeley: The Lowie Museum of Anthropology and Scolar Press. Clifford, James 1988 The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography. Literature and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Grabum, Nelson H. H. 1976 Ethnic and Tourist Arts: Arts of the Fourth World. Berkeley: University of California Press. Parezo, Nancy J. 1983 Navajo Sandpaintings: From Religious Act to Commercial Art. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

1987 The Formation of Ethnographic Collection!: The Smithsonian Institution in the American Southwest. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol.10. Michael Schiffer, ed. Pp. 1-47. Orlando: Academic Press. Parezo, Nancy J., Ruth Perry, and Rebecca Allen. 1990 Southwest Native American Art and Material Culture: A Resource Guide. New York: Garland Publications. Stocking, George W., Jr. 1976 Ideas and Institutions in American Anthropology: Thoughts Toward a History of the Interwar Years. In Selected Papers from the American Anthropologist, 1921-1945. George W. Stocking, Jr., ed. Washington, D.C: American Anthropological Association. Thompson, Raymond H., and Nancy J. Parezo 1989 A Historical Survey of Material Culture Studies in American Anthropology. In Perspectives on Anthropological Collections from the American Southwest. Proceedings of a Symposium. Ann L. Hedlund, ed. Tempe. AZ: Arizona

Table 1. Key-word Categorization For North American Material Culture, Arts and Crafts. AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT: Tools used in the cultivation and harvesting of food by dry farming, gardening, and irrigation methods including objects used to plant and harvest crops. Category includes: digging sticks, drying platforms and frames, flails, hoes, planting sticks, plows, pots, rakes, shovels, water gourds. ANGLO INFLUENCE: References to Anglo-American and Canadian influences on Native American material culture, arts, and crafts. Category includes: diffusion of techniques, ideas, design motifs, forms, and materials. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EQUIPMENT: Material used in the breeding, feeding and tending of domestic animals. Category includes: branding irons, cages, corrals, eagle cages, kennels, pens, ram aprons, sheep shears, snow drags, turkey pens, water troughs.


ARCHITECTURE: see housing or ceremonial/ritual structures. ARTISTS: References to named Native American individuals who produce any forms of arts and crafts, including primarily, but not limited to, basketmakers, potters, carvers, painters, jewelry-makers, weavers, and silversmiths. Category includes: artisans who are not well-known as well as famous artists such as Maria Martinez, Helen Cordero, and Charles Loloma. BASKETS: Items made of flexible woven materials, primarily used as containers but also including other forms such as miniatures and figure-baskets. Category includes: coiled, plaited, twilled, and wicker baskets; basket bowls, basket jars, basket pots, burden baskets, covered baskets, head rings, mats, piki trays, pitched water bottles, plaques, ring pot rests, sifters, water baskets.

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BASKETRY: Descriptions of techniques, equipment, and raw materials used in making baskets. Category includes: coiling, plaiting, twining, wicker weaves. Materials include: devil's claw, grass, martynia pods, rabbit brush, sotol, squaw bush, wood, yucca. Tools include: awls, ice picks, knives (metal), razor blades. BEADS: Small strung articles, including native-made and commercially manufactured beads, used primarily to produce jewelry or decorate other objects. Also includes descriptions of beadworking techniques, raw materials, and tools. Category includes: bandoleers, belts, bertha collars, bracelets, coral, com kernels, earrings, glass, heshi, horn, jaclas, jet, juniper seeds, key chains, mosaic, necklaces, pendants, seeds, shell. BEDDING: Materials used in making beds, including coverings and founda-

lions of beds. Category includes: beds, dressed skin blankets, quilts, rabbit skin blankets, sheepskin bedding, sleeping mats, wool blankets. BLANKETS: see textiles. BODY PAINTING: Descriptions of body and face painting, markings, or tattoos, and the equipment, pigments, and techniques used to apply such permanent and impermanent markings and decorations to the human body. BURIAL GOODS: Material objects found with native burials and the tools used to carry out interment, cremation, or other forms of burial. Category includes: baskets, mallets, personal artifacts, pottery, shovels, stretchers, textiles. CALENDARS: Time-keeping devices and mnemonic devices to record oral messages. Category includes: boundary markers, calendar sticks, counting tools, message sticks, mnemonic devices, tallying devices. CARVINGS: Primarily secular carved figurines and statuettes made of shaped wood, stone, or bone. Also includes some references to religious carvings. (Kachina dolls and religious equipment are in separate categories.) CEREMONIAL OR RITUAL STRUCTURES: Chambers used for ceremonial purposes. Category includes: ceremonial hogans, corrals, estufas, kivas, medicine lodges, shrines, sweat houses, sweat lodges. CLOTHING: Everyday garments worn by men, women, and children and used to protect the individual from the environment as well as personal accessories that are related to clothing. (Manufacturing processes are in separate categories because of complexity.) Category includes: aprons, belts, blouses and shirts, breechclouts, capes, children's wear, coats,

dresses, garters, leggings, mittens, puttees, purses, shawls, skirts, trousers, walking canes and sticks, wallets. Materials include: bast, buckskin, cotton, dressed skin, purchased cloth, rawhide, wool. (Costume, headwear, footwear, textiles, and textile techniques/weaving are in separate categories.) COLLECTING: The purposeful assembling of Native American material culture, crafts, or art objects by non-native cultures, especially Anglo-Americans, Canadians, Europeans, and Hispanics. Category includes: economic factors, manuals on how-to-collect, manuals on the care of collected objects, names of collectors, as well as the material collected. COMMERCIAL ART: Arts and crafts made specifically by Native Americans for sale to outsiders, especially as inexpensive souvenirs and home decorations. Also includes discussions of marketing methods, tourism, and economics. (See also baskets, jewelry, pottery, textiles.) COOKING AND EATING EQUIPMENT: Material objects used in the preparation and consumption of food and beverages. (Baskets, food storage, pottery, and tools are also in separate categories.) Category includes: basket dishes, chili pepper bowls, dishes of all kinds, forks, griddles, knives, manos, metates, mortars, mush stirring sticks, ovens, pottery, salt bowls, scoops, sieves, skewers, stirring paddles, spoons or ladles, stone bowls, toothpicks, trays. Materials include: clay, basketry, gourd, hom, stone, wood. CORDAGE: Fiber ropes or lines used for various purposes, descriptions of construction, and the tools used to make rope. Category includes: cotton hemp, rope, rope twister, rope wrench, twine. Materials include: buckskin, horsehair, human hair, mesquite root, rawhide, wool, yucca.

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COSTUME: Clothing and accessories worn for any ritual purpose, including all outerwear, footwear and headwear. (Masks have been placed in a separate category.) Category includes: arm bands, ankle bands, bandoleers, belts, bridal robes, dance sashes, feathers, garters, hair cords, headdresses, initiate's clothing, kilts, society costumes, tabletas. CRADLES: Small beds and other objects used to hold and carry infants, including descriptions of construction techniques and materials used in making cradleboards and cradles. Category includes: cradle (split- back, solid-back, laced rod), cradle canopy, cradle swing, cradleboard. CROCHETING: see knitting. DOLLS: see toys and dolls. DRYPAINTING: Impermanent and permanent paintings and drawings made of colored pulverized dry materials. Includes both traditional and tourist forms of art. Category includes: pollen paintings, sand altars, sand mosaics, sandpaintings. DYES: Substances used for coloring objects such as baskets or yarn, or for painting objects, and the tools used in preparation. Also includes the processes for imparting color. (Pigments are in a separate category.) Category includes: aniline, commercial, mineral, and vegetal dyes, dye stirring stick, stains. EASEL ART: Forms of painting, usually secular art, developed after Euro-American contact, originally created as aesthetic expressions or as a demonstration of creative skill and dexterity, descriptions of processes, and equipment. Category includes: brushes, drawings, frescos, illustrations, murals, oil paintings, paintings, tempera, watercolors. EMBLEMS OF OFFICE: Material objects used specifically to show political,

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religious, or social status. Category includes: canes of office, chief's sticks, cow lcachina symbol of office, society or clan symbols. EMBROIDERY: Embellishment of handwoven or purchased commercial manufactured materials with raised and ornamental designs produced by thread or yarn using a needle. Category includes: Huichol yarn paintings, needles, quills, thread (cotton, silk, wool). FAIRS: Descriptions of fairs, commercial exhibitions, and shows in which Native American artists participate, in order to sell various forms of art. Includes prize lists and names of fairs such as the Gallup Ceremonial, Santa Fe Indian Market, marketing discussions, advertisements, discussions of judging, "traditionalism vs modernism," and crosscultural relations. FETISHES: Carved, sculpted, or found objects believed to hold power for individuals or groups. Category includes: animal figurines, amulets, charms. FIGURINES: Secular forms or figures made of clay. (Carvings, fine art sculpture, fetishes, and kachina dolls are in separate categories.) Category includes: storyteller figures, Tesuque rain gods. FINE ART: see separate categories based on type of object. FIRE MAKING EQUIPMENT: Objects used to start and maintain a fire. Category includes: boards, drills, slow matches, torches, wooden pokers. FISHING EQUIPMENT: Specialized tools and equipment used for fishing. Category includes: balsa rafts, boats, fish spears, harpoons, hooks, nets. FOOD STORAGE: Containers used for storage and transport of food and water. (Cooking and eating equipment are in a


separate category.) Category includes: baskets, bins, canteens, pitched basket bottles, pottery, sizers, storage bags, water bags. Materials include: animal bladders, stomachs and skins, barrel cacti, basketry materials, clay, gourds, saguaro boots, turtle shell, wood. FOOTWEAR: Everyday wear used to protect the feet and legs. (Clothing, costume, and headwear are in separate categories.) Category includes: boots, leggings, moccasins, sandals, shoes, socks, snowshoes. FRENCH INFLUENCE: References to French cultural influence on Native American material culture, arts, and crafts. This includes the diffusion of techniques, forms, ideas, design motifs, and materials. GAMES: Descriptions of games and equipment used in religious and secular competitive activities based on skill, physical activities, or chance, including gambling activities. (Toys and dolls are in separate categories.) Category includes: archery, balls, button game, cards, foot race, hoop and poles, horse race, kickball, moccasin game, quoits, rings and darts, shinny, stick race, stick dice. GATHERING EQUIPMENT: Specialized tools and containers used for carrying burdens and harvesting wild food, wood, and other raw materials. Category includes: cactus brushes, cactus pickers, carrying baskets, carrying poles, digging sticks, forehead straps, gathering bags, nets, pinyon beaters, reed containers, seed beaters, tongs, tumplines (leather, wool), winnowing baskets, yokes. HEADWEAR: Primarily everyday wear used to protect the head from the environment or for decoration. Also includes some ceremonial wear. (Clothing, costume, footwear, and masks are in separate categories.) Category includes: bandannas, basket hats, buckskin and skin caps,

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hair ties, hatbands, hats, headbands, scarves, shawls. HISPANIC INFLUENCE: References to Spanish and Mexican influence on Native American material culture, arts, and crafts. This includes the diffusion of techniques, forms, ideas, design motifs, and materials. HORSE EQUIPMENT: Specialized tools used for use and care of domestic horses, and the capturing of wild horses. (Saddle blankets are also included under textiles.) Category includes: bits, bridles, chaps, cruppers, hobbles, pack saddles, quirts or whips, saddles, saddlebags (commercial cloth, skin, or woven), silver ornaments, stirrups (rawhide, wool). HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT: Material objects used to furnish or maintain a household. (Bedding, cooking and eating equipment are in separate categories.) Category includes: benches, brooms, carved house poles, chairs, doorway mats, fireplaces, floor coverings, headrests, hooks, household accessories, ladders, lamps and other lighting devices, shades, stools (wood), tables, window coverings. HOUSING: Descriptions of permanent and impermanent shelters used to protect people from the environment, including techniques and materials used for construction. Includes discussion of use of space and architectural design. Category includes: adobe, brush houses, doorways, government housing, hogans, long houses, plaster, pueblos, ramadas, roofs, tents, tipis, water spouts, wattle and daub, whitewash, wickiups, windows. HOW-TO PUBLICATIONS: Manuals, books, and articles designed for non-native audiences that describe construction techniques and raw materials of Native American crafts and arts so that the reader can make the object or adapt pat-

terns and designs to nontraditional usages. Includes boy scout guides. HUNTING EQUIPMENT: Specialized equipment used for hunting and trapping of animals. Category includes: arrows, atlatls, bird snares, blinds, bows, bow guards, camouflage, deadfalls, firearms, nets, pitfalls, rabbit net snares, rabbit sticks, sling shots, throwing clubs, throwing sticks, traps. INTERTRIBAL INFLUENCE: References to influences on Native American material culture, arts, and crafts by other Native American groups. This includes the diffusion of design motifs, techniques, ideas, forms, and materials. The category also includes borrowing from cultures in adjacent culture areas. JEWELRY: Ornaments used for personal adornment, decoration, prestige, or as symbols of social status, including raw materials and techniques of lapidary construction. (Beads, body painting, emblems of office, siIversmithing, and turquoise are found in separate categories.) Category includes: anklets, armlets, belts, belt buckles, bolas, bow guards, bracelets, brooches, buckles, buttons, collar and dress ornaments, concha belts, decorated combs, earrings, hair ornaments, necklaces, pendants, pins, rings, watch bands, wrist guards. Raw materials include: brass, coral, copper, gold, seeds, semi-precious and precious stones, shell, silver, turquoise. KACHINA DOLLS: Carved humanshaped figurines that represent kachinas and the techniques and materials used in making both traditional and commercial forms of the wooden dolls. Category includes: board figurines, completely carved figurines, flat figurines, round figurines, tihu. KNITTING: Objects made of cotton or wool that have been produced by interlocking loops of one or more yams by

hand with needles, including crocheting. Category includes techniques and equipment. MASKS: Headgear that partially or fully covers the face or head of a participant in a religious ceremony and is used to conceal the individual primarily for the impersonation of a supernatural, including masks that are not worn over the face, such as Yaqui deer dancer masks. Category includes: animal masks, face masks, full masks, gans masks, helmet masks, kachina masks, maskettes, pascola masks, side masks, yeibichai masks. MEDICAL EQUIPMENT: see ritual equipment. MURALS: Wall paintings found in ceremonial chambers and houses. (Easel art is in a separate category.) MUSEUMS: Descriptions of exhibits and collections of Native American material culture, craft, or art objects held in museums and galleries. The category also includes references to demonstrations by Native Americans in museums, and the collecting activities of museums from all over the world. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS: Sacred and secular instruments used to produce music. Category includes: bells, bullroarers, drums (basket, rawhide, pottery), drumsticks (loop, yucca), fiddles, flutes (cane, reed), guitars, maracas, mouth bows, musical bows, musical rasps, rattles (cocoon, gourd, hoof, rawhide, scrotum), sleigh bells, stomping poles, whistles. NATIVE AMERICAN INFLUENCE: References to influences on AngloAmerican, Canadian, European, and Hispanic material culture, arts and crafts by Native American groups. This includes the diffusion (or appropriation) of design motifs, techniques, ideas, forms, and materials.

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PAWN: Items used as security for loans in a credit system with Anglo-American, Mexican, or Hispanic merchants. This is usually silver jewelry, occasionally religious equipment or imported shawls. Category also includes items received by traders during a pawn transaction. PIGMENTS: Dry insoluble substances, usually pulverized minerals used to produce color in drypaintings, body and face painting, pottery slips and paints. (Dyes are in a separate category.) Category includes: charcoal, gypsum, hematite, kaolin, mudstone, sandstones. POTTERY: Fired and unfired ceramic objects. (See also Cooking/eating equipment, figurines and food storage categories.) Category includes: bowls, canteens, deep receptacles, dishes, jars, ollas, planting vessels, plates, spoons, tiles, vases, waterbottles. POTTERY-MAKING TECHNIQUE: Descriptions of the techniques, equipment, and rawmaterials used in making pottery. Category includes: clay, clay for slip, paddles and anvils, paint brushes, polishing stones, scrapers (gourd, stone), temper materials. RITUAL EQUIPMENT: Forms of material culture used in ritual or ceremonial contexts, including healing ceremonies. Because medicine is conceptualized as religion by almost all Native American cultures, medical equipment (such as splints, herbs) is included in this category. (Ceremonial/ritual chambers, costume, drypaintings, fetishes, masks, musical instruments, and smoking equipment are in separate categories.) Category includes: baskets, boxes, ceremonial hoes, chanter's equipment, clay, horn or shell containers, crosses, feathers, flint arrowheads, gourd, jish, lancets, mats, medicine bags, medicine bundles, medicine stoppers, prayer arrows, prayer sticks (pahos), ritual hunting equipment, shields,


splints, sucking tubes, tongs, wands, whips, wooden feather boxes.

dles, molds, punches, saws, scrapers, shears, soldering tools, stamps, templates, tongs.

ROCK ART: Etched and painted drawings and depictions made on rock surfaces. Category includes: graffiti, petroglyphs, pictographs, signatures, trails.

SMOKING EQUIPMENT: Secular and sacred objects associated with smoking tobacco or other plants. Category includes: pipes, tobacco pouches.

SCULPTURE: Three-dimensional forms of secular art created by carving, modelling or assembly. These forms were developed after Euro-American contact, originally created as aesthetic expressions or as a demonstration of creative skill and dexterity, descriptions of processes, and equipment. Works can be in clay, wood, stone, or other media. Size is not a criteria. SEWING EQUIPMENT: Techniques and materials used for producing artifacts by joining pieces together with thread stitches. Category includes: awls (bone, wood, metal), needles, sewing bags, thread (cotton, yucca, sinew), tongs. SKIN DRESSING: Tanned and untanned objects made from animal skin, hide, or fur, including descriptions of processing techniques and equipment. Category includes: awls, buckskin, beaming posts, beaming tools (bone, metal), ceremonial shirts, fur, kilts, knife sheaths, leather, leg wrappings, moccasins, pouches, puttees, quivers, rawhide, rubbing stones, stone scrapers, wringing sticks. SILVERSMITHING: Descriptions of silversmithing techniques and equipment used to produce ornaments and utensils made of metal, including references to blacksmithing. Category includes: anvils, bellows, chisels, crucibles, cutters, dies, drills, files, forges, gauges, hammers, la-


SYMBOLS: Decorative designs that represent something else, often with religious significance, that may appear on objects. TANNING: see skin dressing. TEXTILES: Descriptions of the objects woven by Native Americans from various materials for their own use and for sale to outside groups. (Bedding, clothing and costume are in separate categories). Category includes: belts, blankets, blanket dresses, kilts, netting, rugs, saddle blankets, sashes, wedding dresses. TEXTILE TECHNIQUE or WEAVING: Descriptions of weaving techniques, tools used to produce woven textiles, raw materials, and techniques for constructing those tools. Category includes: awls, battens, bayeta cloth, belt looms, belt sticks, brocade, combs, cotton, looms and parts of looms, rope twisters, shears, shed rods, shuttles, spindles, spindle whorls, tapestry weave, twill weave, weaving forks, wool, wool cards. TOILETRY ITEMS: Material objects used for cosmetics, personal hygiene, or grooming aids. (Body painting has been given a separate category.) Category includes: abdominal bindings, combs, diapers, hair brushes, menstrual pads, mirrors, paint boxes, palettes, scratching sticks, soap and washing tools, trinket boxes, tweezers.

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TOOLS: Stone, wood, bone, antler, and metal artifacts used to modify available resources for some human purpose. Category includes: arrow straighteners, arrow wrenches, axes, engravers, flakers, hammers, knives, mallets, mauls, multi-purpose tools, saws, scrapers, stone shaft smoothers. TOYS AND DOLLS: Objects used by children in play. (Games are in a separate category.) Category includes: cradledolls, figurines, miniatures (representations of persons, animals or adult utilitarian artifacts), string figures, swings, tops, toy bows and arrows. TRADE: Material objects used as trade items between two or more Native American groups within a culture area or a group from another culture area, primarily through barter transactions. TRANSPORTATION: Material objects used to move people and things. Category includes: boats, bridges, cars, pickup trucks, litters, rafts, sleds, wagons. TURQUOISE: References to turquoise used for decoration, adornment, and as a trade item as well as descriptions of mining techniques. (The processes used to transform raw turquoise into polished stones are included in the categories beads and jewelry.) WARFARE EQUIPMENT: Material objects used for warfare, including both defensive and offensive weapons, and descriptions of the techniques and materials used in making weapons. Category includes: ammunition, armor, arrows, arrowheads, bows (sinew-backed, self, trussed, elkhorn), bowstrings, firearms, lances, powder horns, projectile points, quivers, slings, shields, war clubs.

Table 2: List of Serials Containing Articles on Native American Arts, Crafts, and Material Culture Akwesasne Notes Albuquerque Archaeological Society: Reports, Supplements, Technical Notes America Indigena American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal American Anthropological Association: American Anthropologist, General Series, General Series in Anthropology, Memoirs American Antiquity American Ceramics American Crafts American Ethnological Society: American Ethnologist, Monographs, Proceedings, Publications, Transactions American Folklore Society: Memoirs The American Indian American Indian Art Magazine American Indian Artifact Price Guide American Indian Basketry Magazine American Indian Crafts and Culture American Indian Culture Center Journal American Indian Culture and Research Journal American Indian Hobbyist American Indian Horizon American Indian Magazine American Indian Quarterly American Indian Tradition American Journal of Archaeology American Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Papers, Anthropological Records, Bulletin, Journal American Naturalist American Philosophical Society: Proceedings American West Amerind Foundation Publications The Amerindian Annals of the Association of American Geographers Anthropologies Anthropological Journal of Canada

Anthropological Quarterly (Primitive Man) Anthropology Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly Anthropos Applied Anthropology APT Bulletin (Association for Preservation Technology) Archaeoastronom y Archaeological News Archaeological Society of New Mexico: Papers The Archaeologist Archaeology in Montana Archaeology of Eastern North America Architectural Association Quarterly Arctic Arctic Anthropology Arizona and the West Arizona Days and Ways Arizona Highways Arizona Historical Review Arizona History Arizona State University: Anthropological Research Papers Art/Artists Art and Archaeology Art in America Art Journal Art Talk Magazine Artes de Mexico The Artifact ARTNews Arts Canada Atlatl Awanyu The Basket Behavior Science Research Brooklyn Museum: Bulletin, Quarterly Buckskin Bulletin Bureau of American Ethnology: Annual Reports, Bulletins, Contributions to North American Ethnology, Publications of the Institute of Social Anthropology

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California Anthropologist California Folklore Quarterly California Historian The Califomian The Call of the Plateau Canadian Conservation Institute: Technical Bulletin, CO. Canadian Journal of Anthropology Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Journal of Linguistics Central States Archaeological Journal Century Magazine Ceremonial Magazine CIBA Review CIBA Symposia Clearing House for Southwest Museums Colorado Colorado Anthropologist Colorado Heritage Connoisseur Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology Council for Museum Anthropology Newsletter Cranbrook Institute of Science: Newsletter, Papers Curator Current Anthropology Daedulus Denver Art Museum: Leaflets, Material Culture Notes Desert Magazine Desert Plants Detroit Institute of Arts: Bulletin Eastern Anthropologist Economic Botany El Palacio El Paso Archaeology Ethnohistory Ethnology Ethnomusicology Ethnos Exchange (Universal Museum Exchange Newsletter)

Museum Anthropology. Vol.14, no. 4

Expedition (University of Pennsylvania Museum) Fiberarts Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropology Papers, Bulletin, Fieldiana, Leaflets, Publications Fine Woodwork Florida Anthropologist Florida Journal of Anthropology Folk Life Franciscan Missions of the Southwest Great Plains Journal Haffenreffer Museum: Newsletter Hawaiian Archaeological Journal Heard Museum: Annual Reports, Native Peoples, Newsletter Heritage West Historic Preservation Historical Archaeology History News History of Photography Hobbies (Buffalo Museum of Science) Hobbies (Magazine for Collectors) Horizon Human Organization Ibero-Americana ICC (Journal of the Canadian Conservation Council) Illustrated London News Indian Affairs Indian America Indian Arizona Indian Art Series (New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs) The Indian Historian Indian Life (Inter-tribal Indian Ceremonial, Gallup) Indian School Journal Indian Sentinel The Indian Trader Indian Travel Newsletter Indian Tribal Series Indian Voice Indian Voices Indians Indians at Work Institute of American Indian Arts: Drumbeats

Museum Anthropology. Vol. 14, No. 4

International Congress of Americanists: Proceedings International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences: Proceedings, Papers Irene Emery Round Table: Proceedings Journal of American Culture Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology Journal of American Folklore Journal of Anthropological Research Journal of Arizona History Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Journal of California Anthropology Journal of Canadian Studies Journal of Cherokee Studies Journal of Ethnic Studies Journal of Field Archaeology Journal of Folklore Research Journal of Indian Art Journal of Intermountain Archaeology Journal of New World Archaeology Journal of Popular Culture Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Journal of the Southwest Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society Ka'Elele (Bishop Museum) Keystone Folklore Quarterly The Kiva (Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society) Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications Laboratory of Anthropology: General Series, Memoirs, Notes, Popular Series, Technical Series Land of Sunshine Lapidary Journal Los Angeles County Museum Quarterly Lowie Museum: Annual Report MAN Man in the Northeast Many Fires The Masterkey Messenger (Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian)

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Mexican Folkways Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters: Papers The Michigan Archaeologist Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology Milwaukee Public Museum: Annual Reports, Memoir Series Minnesota Archaeologist The Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly MUSE The Museologist Museum Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation: Contributions, Indian Notes and Monographs Museum Anthropology Museum News Museum of New Mexico: Leaflets, Publications in Biology, Papers in Anthropology, Popular Series, Publications, Research Records Museum of Northern Arizona: Bulletin, Ceramic Series, Research Papers, Museum Notes, Popular Series, Reprint Series, Technical Series Museum of the Plains Indian: Newsletter Museum Studies Journal NAPAO National Geographic Native American Arts Native Arts/WEST Native Peoples Native Nevadan Native Press Research Journal Natural History Navajoland Publications Nebraska Museum Notes Nebraska Trails New Jersey Bulletin of Archaeology New Mexico Anthropologist New Mexico Folklore Record New Mexico Historical Review New Mexico Magazine (New Mexico Highway Journal) New Mexico Quarterly New York Folklore New York State Archaeological Association: Bulletin, Journal North American Archaeologist Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art Bulletin

Northwest Anthropological Research Notes The Ohio Archaeologist Oklahoma Anthropological Society Bulletin Old Santa Fe Ontario Archaeology Ornament (Bead Journal) Out West Overland Monthly Pacific Arts Newsletter Pacific Discovery (California Academy of Sciences) Pacific Historian The Padres1 Trail Panhandle-Plains Historical Review The Papoose Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology: Papers Pennsylvania Archaeologist Pintura (American Rock Art Research Association) Plains Anthropologist Plains Talk Plateau Pottery Southwest Royal Anthropological Institute: Bulletin Royal Ontario Museum: Archaeological Newsletter, Bulletins, Rotunda Progressive Arizona Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians Quivira Society Publications Records of the Past RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics Review of Ethnology Reviews in Anthropology San Diego Museum: Bulletins, Papers Santa Fe School Arts

School of American Research: Discovery, Exploration, Monographs, Papers Science Scientific American Shuttle, Spinning and Dyes SIGNS Smithsonian Institution: Annual Reports, Contributions to Anthropology, Contributions to Knowledge, Explorations and Fieldwork, Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Magazine The Smoke Signal (Westerners Organization) Smoke Signals (Department of Interior) Social Analysis Social Forces Southern Folklore Quarterly Southern Indian Studies Southern Workman Southwest Art Southwest Association on Indian Affairs: Quarterly, Indian Market Programs Southwest Folklore Southwest Museum: Hodge Anniversary Volume, Leaflets, Papers Southwest Pottery Southwestern Art Southwestern Historical Quarterly Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Southwestern Lore Southwestern Monuments (NPS): Reports, Technical Series Spinning Wheel Student Anthropologist Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication Studio Potter Sun Tracks Symbols (Peabody Museum, Harvard University) Technology and Conservation Technology and Culture

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Technology Review Tennessee Anthropologist Tennessee Archaeologist Terra Textile Museum: Journal, Round Table Papers, Workshop Notes Turquoise Annual Turtle (Native American Center for the Living Arts Quarterly) United States Indian Service: Education Division, Indian Handcraft Pamphlets United States National Museum: Annual Reports, Bulletins, Proceedings University of Alaska: Anthropological Papers University of Arizona: Anthropological Papers University of California: Anthropological Records, Folklore Studies, Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Publications in Anthropology University of Colorado: Series in Anthropology University of Michigan: Anthropological Papers, Memoirs University of New Mexico: Bulletins, Papers, Publications in Anthropology University of Utah: Anthropology Papers, Bulletins Utah Archaeology Utah Historical Quarterly Viking Fund Publications Washington Archaeologist Wassaja Western Canadian Anthropologist Western Folklore Western Museums Newsletter Western Museums Quarterly Wintherthur Portfolio The Wisconsin Archaeologist Yale University: Publications in Anthropology, Anthropological Studies


Table 3 Technology Catalogue Listings (from Tozzer Library Index to Anthropological Subject Headings. Nancy J. Schmidt, Harvard University. 1981. Boston: G.K. Hall. agriculture alchemy alcoholic drinks amber antler apiculture arboriculture architecture armor

art astrology astronomy aviation

axes bark cloth basketry beads bellows beverages bibliography birch bark blankets boats bone brass bridges bronze bull-roarers burial butchering calendars ceramics * charcoal cities cleansers clothing * commerce communication containers cooking copper coral cord cotton cradles


cremation dancing dolls domestication * drainage drama dress drinking tube drums dwellings * dyes and dyeing embroidery engraving featherwork films fire fishing tools floriculture food foraging fortifications frauds fuel furniture games glass gold grindstone gums and resins hairdressing hammocks harpoons healing helmets history

iron irrigation ivory jade jewelry * knives knotting lamps leather lighting locks and keys looms map making masks mathematics medicine metallurgy metals metal work methodology mining mirrors mortars mummification museums musical instr. navigation nets nomenclature obsidian

oil ornaments ovens paint painting paper pearl perfume personal petroglyphs pictographs pigments pipes plaiting platinum

hom horticulture houses hunting ikat implements * inscriptions institutions intoxicants inventions

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plows poison pottery* puppets quillwork rattles rope rubber

nigs salt sculpture seals sewing shell

shoes silver silversmi thing skins smelting soap spears spinning stone tools sweathouses tanning tattooing tents textiles/fabrics tobacco toys trails/roads transportation traps wampum weapons * weaving * weights wells windmills woodcarving woodworking * = subdivided category with many parts

Table 4 Index Categories (To find references on Native American art, look under all of the major categories first, then under embedded categories which are indented.) An Index Indians of North America individual culture object type history exhibitions name of museum Artbibliographies modern Ethnic and Tribal Art - North America - individual culture object type individual artists Arts and Humanities Citation Index (subject index: look under) Native American American Indian Indian North Americans-Indians individual culture art object type

Social Sciences Citation Index (subject index: look under) Native American American Indian Indian North Americans-Indians individual culture art object type Humanities Index Indians Indians of North America art culture - costume - implements - industries Art - Art and anthropology object type individual culture The American Humanities Index Indians - Canada Indians - United States

Abstracts in Anthropology arts Historical Abstracts Indians individual cultures Indian-white relations acculturation art arts and crafts - collections, exhibits American History and Life Indians time period location Social Science Index Art Primitive Craft Indians of North America - by group - art, museum, object type Sociological Abstracts India, -n, -ns Art, -s, -istic

Table 5 Directories, Catalogues, Annual Reviews, Abstracts, Indices and Bibliographic Sources (This table is based on sources available in the Arizona State Museum Library and the Main Library, University of Arizona.) GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES: Anderson, Frank E. 1982 Southwestern Archaeology: A Bibliography. New York: Garland.

Brumble, H. David, III. Chapman, Kenneth M 1981 An Annotated Bibliography of 1934 Decorative Art of the Indians of the American Indian and Eskimo AutobiograSouthwest. Santa Fe: Laboratory of Anphies. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska. thropology, General Series, Bulletin No. 1.

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Danky, James P.; Hady, Maureen E. 1984 Native American Periodicals and Newspapers, 1828-1982. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Dawdy, Doris Ostrander. 1968 Annotated Bibliography of American Indian Painting. New York: Contributions of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 21 (Part 2). Dockstader, Frederick J. 1974 The American Indian in Graduate Studies; a Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations. New York: Contributions of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 25,2nd edition. Dockstader, Frederick J.; Dockstader, Alice W. 1957 The American Indian in Graduate Studies; a Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations. New York: Contributions of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 15, 1st edition. Douglas, Frederic H. 1934 A Guide to Articles on the American Indian in Serial Publication, Part I. Denver: Denver Art Museum. Mimeographed. Dunn, Lynn P. 1975 American Indians: A Study Guide and Sourcebook. San Francisco: R and E Research. Edwards, Everett E.; Rasmussen, Wayne. 1942 A Bibliography on the Agriculture of the American Indians. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 4147. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Fenton, William N. 1957 American Indian and White Relations to 1930. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina.


Field, Thomas W 1873 An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography. New York: Scribner, Armstrong. Reprint: 1951. Columbus: Long's College Books. Fontana, Bernard. 1972 The Indians of North America: Bibliographical Sources. Unpublished manuscript on file in the Arizona State Museum. Gaines, Ruth. 1931 Books on Indian Arts North of Mexico. New York: Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts. Gill, George A. 1974 A Reference Resource Guide of the American Indian. Tempe: Arizona State University. Gravel, Pierre B.; Redinger, Robert. 1988 Anthropological Fieldwork: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland. Griffin, James B. 1953 United States and Canada, Indigenous Period. Mexico: Pan-American Institution of Geography and History No. 154. Guthe, Alfred K.; Kelly, Patricia, eds. 1963 An Annotated Bibliography of the Eastern Seaboard. Trenton, NJ: Eastern States Archaeological Federation Research Publication No. 2. Hagan, William T. 1971 The Indian in American History. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, Pamphlet 240. Harding, Anne D.; Boiling, Patricia. 1938 Bibliography of Articles and Papers on North American Indian Art. Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior.

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Hargrett, Lester. 1972 The Gilcrease-Hargrett Catalogue of Imprints. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma. Haywood, Charles. 1961 A Bibliography of North American Folklore and Folksong. 2nd rev. edition. New York: Dover. Henry, Jeanette. 1970 Text Books and the American Indian. Rupert Costa, ed. San Francisco: Indian Historian.

1972 Index to Literature on the American Indian. San Francisco: Indian Historian. Hirschfelder, Arlene B. 1973 American Indian and Eskimo Authors: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Association on American Indian Affairs. Hodge, William H. 1976 A Bibliography of Contemporary North American Indians: Selected and Partially Annotated with Study Guides. New York: Interland. Lehmann, Edward S. 1975 American Indians: A Bibliography with Abstracts. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service. List of Publications of the BAJE. with Index to Authors and Titles. 1962 rev. ed. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 36. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Marken, Jack W. 1973 The Indians and Eskimos of North America: A Bibliography of Books in Print through 1972. Vermillion, SD: Dakota. Martin, F Ellen. 1968 Indian Arts and Crafts: A Bibliography. Tempe, AZ: Indian Education

Center, College of Education, Arizona Slate Univ. McDonald, David R. 1977 Master s Theses in Anthropology: A Bibliography of Theses from U.S. Colleges and Universities. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files. Murdock, George P.; O'Leary, Timothy 1975 Ethnographic Bibliography of North America. 5 volumes. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. Nickerson, Gifford S. 1977 Native North Americans in Doctoral Dissertations, 1971-1975. A Classified and Indexed Research Bibliography. Council of Planning Librarians Bibliography No. 1232. Parezo, Nancy J., Ruth Perry, and Rebecca Allen. 1990 Southwest Native American Arts and Material Culture: A Resource Guide. New York: Garland. Perkins, David; Tannis, Norman. 1975 Native Americans of North America: A Bibliography Based on Collections in the Libraries of California State University-Northridge. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow.

Porter, Frank W., III. 1988 Native American Basketry. An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Rice, Prudence M ; Saffer, Marian E. 1982 Annotated Bibliography of Ceramic Studies. Florida State Museum Occasional Publication, Ceramic Notes No. 1. Gainesville: Univ. of Florida. Seton, Julia. 1962 American Indian Arts: A Way of Life. New York: Ronald. Smith, Dwight L., ed. 1974 Indians of the United States and Canada: A Bibliography. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. Vol. 2.1983. Snodgrass, Marjorie P. 1968 Economic Development of American Indians and Eskimos, 1930-1967: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Interior, Departmental Library, Sept 1968. Stensland, Anna Lee; Fadum, Anne M. 1979 Literature By and About the American Indian: An Annotated Bibliography. 2nd ed. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

of California-Santa Barbara Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California. Thornton, Russell; Grasmick, Mary K. 1980 Sociology of American Indians: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian. Tribal and Ethnic Art 1982 Modern Art Bibliographical No. 1. Oxford: Clio.

Series.

Ullom, Judith C. 1969 Folklore of the North American Indians: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. University Microfilms International. 1977 North American Indians. A Dissertation Index. Ann Arbor: Univ. Microfilms International. Williams, John T. 1986 Anthropology Journals and Serials: An Analytical Guide. New York: Garland. Wolf, Carolyn, E.; Folk, Karen B. 1977 Indians of North and South America. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow. 1988. Supplement.

*Townley, Charles. 1971 American Indians-A Selective Guide to the Resources of the University

BIBLIOGRAPHIES BY CULTURAL GROUP:

Davis Library Associates, Univ. of California.

Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian.

Anderson, E.N., Jr. 1978 Bibliography of the Chumash and Their Predecessors, rev. ed. Socorro, NM: Ballena Press Anthropology Papers No. 11.

Brugge, David M.; Correll, Lee J.; and Watson, Editha L. 1967 Navajo Bibliography. 3 volumes. Window Rock, AZ: Navajoland Publications, Series B.

Fay, George E. 1965 Bibliography of the Indians of Wisconsin. Oshkosh: Museum of Anthropology, Misc. Series No. 2.

Baird, Joseph A. 1977 Northern California Art: An Interpretive Bibliography to 1915. Davis:

Dobyns, Henry F.; Euler, Robert C. 1980 Indians of the Southwest: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana

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Fogelson, Ray. 1978 The Cherokees: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian.


Fowler, Catherine S. 1970 Great Basin Anthropology A Bibliography. Reno: University of Nevada. Heizer, Robert F.; Elsasser, Albert B. 1977 A Bibliography of California Indians: Archaeology, Ethnography, and Indian History. New York: Garland. Helm, June. 1976 The Indians of the Subarctic: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian. Hoebel, Edward A. 1977 The Plains Indians: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian. Iverson, Peter. 1976 The Navajos: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian. Johnson, Bryan R. 1988 The Blackfeet: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland.

Kluckhohn, Clyde K.; Spencer, Katherine. 1940 A Bibliography of the Navaho Indians. New York: J.J. Augustin. Laird, David W. 1977 Hopi Bibliography: Comprehensive and Annotated. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona.

S wanton, John R. 1942 Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 132. Tanner, Helen H. 1976 The Ojibwas: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newbeny Library. Center for the History of the American Indian.

Melody, Michael E. 1977 The Apaches: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian.

Tyler, Samuel. 1964 The Vie People: A Bibliographical Checklist. Provo: Brigham Young Univ.

Salzmann, Zdenek. 1988 The Arapaho Indians: A Research Guide and Bibliography. New York: Greenwood.

Wagner, Henry R. 1937 The Spanish Southwest: An Annotated Bibliography. Albuquerque: Quivira Society.

Smith, Watson. 1974 Pueblo Indian Bibliography: Topics, Pueblo Indian Bibliography: Tribes and Languages. 2 vol. J. V. Baroco, ed. Tucson: Arizona State Museum.

Walls, Robert E. 1987 Bibliography of Washington State Folklore and Folklife. Seattle: Univ. of Washington.

Sturtevant, William C. 1987 A Creek Source Book. New York: Garland.

Weslager, Clinton A. 1978 The Delawares: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. for the Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian.

Swadesh, Frances L. 1973 20.000 Years of History: A New Mexico Bibliography. Santa Fe: Sunstone. ABSTRACTS AND INDICES: Abstracts in Anthropology. Farm in gd ale, NY: Baywood. American History and Life. Santa Barbara: American Bibliographic Center. The American Humanities Index. .Troy, NY: Whitston. Anthropological Guides to Current Periodicals. London: Museum of Mankind Library. Anthropological Literature. (Prepared by the Tozzer Library) South Salem, NY: Redgrave.


Art Index. NY: H.H. Wilson. Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts. Marina del Ray, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. Artsbibliography modern. London: Clio. Arts and Humanities Citation Index. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information. Bibliographic Guide to North American History. Boston: G.K. Hall. Ethnoarts Index, (formerly Tribal Arts.) Seattle: Data Arts.

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Historical Abstracts. Santa Barbara: American Bibliographic Center. Humanities Index. New York: H.H. Wilson. Index to Social Science and Humanities Proceedings. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information. International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Tavistock. International Institute for Conservation Abstracts.

Science Citation Index. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information.

ANNUAL REVIEWS: Annual Review of Anthropology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review, Inc.

Social Sciences Citation Index. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information.

Social Science Index. New York: H.H. Wilson. Sociological Abstracts. San Diego: International Sociological.

Annual Review of Sociology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review, Inc.

DIRECTORIES: Graham, Mary; Ruppe, Carol. 1985 Native American Artists Directory. Phoenix: Heard Museum.

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