The effect of activation temperature and HrPOnconcentration on quality of waste of Petung Bamboo (Dendroealamus asher) activated charcoal Wawan SuJenwo "Eka Karya" Bali Botanic Garden- IndonesianInstitute of Sciences Candikuning,Baturiti, Tabanan,Indonesia82191 e-mail : w_sujarwo@yahoo. co.id
BAMBOO JOURNAL No.27 March2010 JAPANBAMBOOSOCIEry
4l
BambooJournalNo.27: 4l-46,2010
Ennw,f= The effect of activation temperature and HrPOnconcentration on quality of waste of Petung bamboo (Dendroealamus asDer) activated charcoal Wawan SuJenwo "Eka Karya" Bali Botanic Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Indonesia 82191 e-mail :
[email protected]
Abstract The aim of this research was to determine the effect of activation temperature and H,rPOq concentration on quality of waste of Dendrocalamusasfer activated charcoal. The research was designed in a completely randomized design with 2 x 5 factorial, each treatment was 5 times repeated. Waste of Dendrocalamus asper was carbonized in an electrical retort at 400t for 3.5 hours, then activated at 800C and 900t for 0o/o,0.5o/o, lo/o,3o/oand 5o/oH3PO4 concentration at each temperature. The quality of activated charcoal showed that the yields were 5.62 - 10.22o/o moisture content, 28.6- 46.80/o volatile matter,9.I5 - I4o/oash content, 47.7 - 57.4o/o fixed carbon, (ms/s) 2.3 - 9.08o/o benzene adsorption, 265.065- 814.283 iodine adsorption, 134.854- 137.094 \mg/g) methylene blue adsorption. The application of activated charcoal at ex-cooking oil (second quality) increased the colour and iodine number 2Lffio/oand 0.897orespectively while fatty acid and peroxide number decreasedL.54o/o and 43.83o/o respectively. K ey wor ds : a c ti v a te d c h a rc o a l , a c ti v a ti on temperature, H ' P O, concentrati on, w aste, Dendrocalamusasper
l. Introduction The main raw materials to make activated charcoal are coconut shell, wood and waste of wood. On the other hand, bamboo has good opportunity that could be used as raw material to make activated charcoal, becausethe potency of bamboo in Indonesia is still abundant. Bamboo is not only used as building material, but also used for handicraft, farming tools, laminated board, etc. To make those products, bamboo will generate 30 - 65 7o waste (Anonim 2006). The waste of bamboo are shavings and cutting. Those wastes is usually just burned or throw away. There are lot of ways to increase the potency of bamboo, one of them is through product diversification by utilizing of bamboo waste as raw material to make activated charcoal.
42 Utilizing waste of bamboo is less done,so that the potency of bamboo waste is plentiful. Dendrocalamasasfer is one of bamboos that was originally planted in Tropical Asia" It will grow well if the soil is fertile enough,especially in the area that has temperate zone (Sastrapradja et al. 1997).Dendrocalamusasber contains of 52.9o/ocellulose,28.87olignin, 2.630/o ash content and 0.2o/osilica (Gusmailina and Sumardiwangsa 1988,Krisdiyanto et ql. 2000\. Considering that it has high cellulose,Dendrocslsmusasfier has potency as the raw material of activated charcoal. Recently, utilizing of activated charcoal became an interesting commodity. In this research, activated charcoal which has the best quality will be used to purify the cooking oil that has been used.
2. Materials and Method 2.1Materials In this research, the raw material was waste oI Dendrocalbmusasfer (in this context is shaving of Dendrocalamusasfer), while the chemicals were phosphate acid (HrPOn),iodium, tapioca, tiosulfat natrium, benzene and methylen blue. 2.2 Research Design The research was designed in a completely randomized design with 2 x 5 factorial, each treatment was 5 times repeated. Waste of Dendrocalsmus asfer was carbonized in an electrical retort at 400b for 3.5 hours, then activated at 800b and 900b for 0o/o,0.5o/o,lo/o,3o/oand,5o/o H'PO, concentration at each temperature. The research used a completely randomized design which compiled factorially by 2 factor (2 level activation temperature and 5 level concentration of H*PO*) each treatment was 5 times repeated. The method of data analyze was ANOVA. If the result of ANOVA significantly difference, it will be continued bv HSD test (Honestly Significant Difference) with Tukey's procedure in 17oand 57olevel. 2.3 Preparing Materials The waste of.Dendrocalamus asfer was dried in the open place to reach L2 - l5o/omoisture content during 2 - 3 days. The aim of draining is to decreasemoisture content so that obtained homogeneousmoisture content. 2.4 Carbonation and Activation Waste of Dendrocalamus asfer was carbonized in an electrical retort at 400'C for 3.5 hours, then activated at 800b and 900t1 lor 0o/o,0.5o/o,lo/o,3o/oand 57o HrPOnconcentration at each temperature. 2.5 Testing Quality After carbonation and activation were finished, then activated charcoal was attenuated at 60 mess and 325 mesh size. Testing of activated charcoal used SNI 06-3730-1995(moisture content, volatile content, ash content and fixed carbon) and ASTM D 1762-84(adsorption of benzene, adsorption of iodine and adsorption of methylen blue).
43 2.6 Aplication 500 ml ex-cooking oil (cooking oil that has been used) was added 5 gram activated charcoal which has the highest iodine adsorption, then stir it during 30 minutes in order the dirts and activated charcoal will precipitate. After mixed, done filtering with filter's paper. The filtrate (colour, iodine was taken and analyzed,.Testing of ex-cooking oil based on SNI 01-3741-1995 number, fatty acid and peroxide number), and it was done in the Republic of Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BP POM).
3. Result and Discussion Activ,ation temperature and concentration of activator is the important factor to determine the quality of activated charcoal, because they have a big influence on the adsorption. The quality of activated charcoal consist of moisture content, volatile content, ash content, fixed carbon, benzene adsorption, iodine adsorption and methylen blue adSorption. 3.1 Quality of Activated Charcoal The average value of activated charcoal quality which was obtained in this research, accordingto the parameterswhich have been observed,presentedat Table I'below Table 1. The quality of activated charcoal
M.C (Vo)
V.C
A.C
F.C
Ads.B
(o/o)
\o/o)
(o/o)
(%o)
(me/e)
A1B1
6.26
35.3
11.5
53.2
2.44
265.065 137.094
A182
6.04
33.2
13.7
53.1
2.4
369.678 136.938
A1B3
r0.22
46.8
11.4
51.8
5.36
448.t37
AIB4
7.56
4t
9.6
49.4
8.1
428.522 135.845
AIBS'
7.42
37.9
9.2
52.9
7.5
814.283 134.867
A2B1
7.96
36.9
11
52.1
2.3
382.755 136.033
A2B2
5.58
28.6
14
57.4
2.62
506.982 136.276
A2B3
7.74
40.6
ll.7
47.7
5.32
435.061 134.852
L2B4
6.82
33.9
t2.4
53.7
7.7
559.689 136.186
A285
5.62
37.8
9.15
53
9.08
546.212 134.902
xrs
x2 5
xro
x os
x25
X zso
Treatment
Indonesian National Standard 0G3370-1995
Ads.I
Ads.MB
(me/s)
135.710
X 120
' : the best quality; M.C : moisture content; V.C : volatile content A.C : ash content F.C : fixed carbon; Ads. B: adsorptionof benzenaiAds.I: adsorptionof iodine; Ads.MB:adsorption of methylen blue; A1 :800'C activation temperature; A2 : 900b activation temperature; 81 : 0o/oH,PO, concentratiory 82 : 0.57oHIPO+ concentration;B3 ; lo/oHrPOnconcentration; 84 : 37oH:POr concentration;B5 :5o/oH:POr concentration.
3.1.1MoistureContent There was tendencythat the higher concentrationof activator will producelower moisture contentof activatedcharcoal.Pafi et al. Q00il mentionedthat low moisturecontentwas caused
by reaction between water (HrO) on activated charcoal pore and carbon monoxide (CO) which produce carbon dioxide (COr) and hydrogen (H,). Activated charcoal which has low moisture content indicated that activated charcoal has high quality, because of high moisture content influenced the adsorption to liquid or gas (Pari 1996)' 3.1.2 Volatile Matter In this research, volatile matter content was still higher if it was compared on Pari's research (1992) usecl sawdust of Paraserianthesfalcqtaria and also Pari and Sailah (2001) used coconut husk that was 12.57 - 15.39o/oand 12.52 - 24.8570respectively. However, if it was compared with volatile matter on Acacia mangium activated charcoal, the result of this research was still higher. This research has high volatile matter, it showed that a lot of CO, CH,, CO, and H, are still patch on surface of activated charcoal, so that they influenced the purification process on gas or liquid (Pari et aI.2000). 3.1.3 Ash Content The ash content in this research has high concentration, it was influenced by raw material properties, beside that it was also influenced by PrOuresidue (the result of phosphate acid decomposition) (Sudrajat and Suryani 2002).Pari and Sailah (2001) also mentioned that high ash content can reduce the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb gases and solvents, it was caused by the mineral content such as potassium, magnesium, calcium and natrium spread on activated charcoal grille, so that they closed the pores of activated charcoal. 3.1.4 Fixed Carbon The result of fixed carbon in this research was still higher if it was compared with coconut (Pari and Sailah,200f). If it was comparedwith husk activated charcoal,about 30.3- 45.95o/o (Pari 1992),the result sawdust of Paraserianthesfalcstaria activated charcoal,about 60.9- 66.32Vo of fixed carbon was lower. It was still lower if compared with wood of.MaesoPsiseminii activated (Komarayati et al. 1998).The Fixed carbon which was low in this charcoal,about 65.68- 80.74o/o research showed that the purity level of activated charcoal was low relatively. It was causedby volatile matter and ash content which were still high. 3.1.5 Adsorption of Benzene All of benzene adsorption in this research have low adsorption. It indicated that the surface of activated charcoal was still covered by polar compound, such as phenol, aldehyde and carboxilate. They were the result of imperfect carbonation.The result of this research was appropriate to Pari et at. 0996) who mentioned that the function's cluster of activated charcoal indicated still contains of fenol, carboxilate and hydroxide compound. 3.1.6 Adsorption of lodine If the result of this research was compared with coal activated charcoal (Pari 2000) about 30.3 - 424.2 (mgle) iodine adsorption, activated charcoal of this research was better, but if (mglg) iodine it was compared with Maesobsiseminii activated charcoal about 763 - 1008.7 adsorption (Komarayati et al. 1998), the result of this research was lower. It was also lower if
45 (melg) compared with Dendrocalamus asber activated charcoal (Nurhayati 1994) about 1004 iodine adsorption. The low iodine adsorption in this research was caused by the difference of activator concentration. In this research used activator concentration which was 5o/omaximum while Nurhayati's research used 20o/oconcentration of activator. 3.1.7 Adsorption of Methylen Blue T he r es ult o f me th y l e n b l u e a d s o rp ti on w as sti l l hi gher, i f i t w as compared w i th Mulyaningsih's research (2004) which made activated charcoal from waste of.Gmelina arborea, but it was lower if compared with Paraserianthes falcutaria activatedcharcoal(Parietat.l996 aboutl72.l -308.7 (me/s) methvlenblueadsorption'The
that was 68.6 - 75.04 (me/d,
methylen blue adsorption of this research was also still higher if it was compared with coconut husk activated charcoal (Pari and Sailah 2001) which yielded 124.97(mc,/d methvlen blue adsorption.The high methylen blue adsorption in this research was caused by losing bound between C and H atom, so that occured friction of crystallite carbon plate which could open the new pores on activated charcoal (Pari el a\.2000). 3.2 Application on Cookins Oil That Has Been Used (Ex'Cooking Oil) After ex-cooking oil was treatmented by activated charcoal which has the highest iodine adsorption, the quality of ex-cooking oil could increase. The result showed that the colour became more clear, fatty acid and peroxide number have decreased,but the iodine number became higher' Thereby, after ex-cooking oil (second qualitv) was purified bv activated charcoal,it could be consumedby people.This ex-cooking oil is not dangerous to health because of fulfill Indonesian National Standard 06-3730-1995(Anonim 1995).
4. Conclusion The interaction between activation temperature and HrPOnconcentration has significantly influence on all of quality parameters of activated charcoal except the benzene adsorption. The moisture content, 28'6 quality of activated charcoal showed that the yields were 5.62 - 10.22o/o benzene fixed carbon,2.3 - 9.08o/o volatile matter, 9.L5 - l4o/oash content, 47.7- 57.4o/o - 46.80/o (me/s,) methvlene adsorption, 265.065- 814.283(me/d iodine adsorption and 134.854- 137.094 blue adsorption The application of activated charcoal on ex-cooking oil (second quality) increased the and 0.897orespectively while fatty acid and peroxide number colour and iodine number 2100o/o respectively. and 43.83o/o decreased1.54o/o
5. Acknowledgement We would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Anita Widjaja (Research Center for Biologv LIPI) for her correction in english. She has also kindly and critically read this manuscript.
46 6. References (1995a) Badan Anonymous Arang aktif teknis. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 06-3730-1995, Standarisasi Nasional, Jakarta Badan Anonymous (1995b) Minyak goreng. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01-3741-1995, Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta Anonymous (2006) Alternatif pemanfaatan limbah kerajinan bambu tasikmalaya. www. pi kiranrakya t.com/ cakrawala/ htm ASTM (2001) Annual book of ASTM standard D 1762-84.American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA Komarayati, Hendra D, Gusmailina (1998) Pembuatan arang aktif dari biomassa hutan. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 16 (2) :61-68 Krisdianto (2000) Sari penelitian bambu. www.dephut.go.id,/inforraasi/litbang/teliti,/l_bambu.htm Mulyaningsih I (2004) Pengaruh suhu dan konsentrasi bahan pengaktif Natrium Hidroksida terhadap rendemen dan kualita arang aktif dari kayu gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb). Skripsi S-1 Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta (unpublished) Nurhayati T (1994) Percobaan pembuatan arang aktif dari bambu. Strategi Penelitian Bambu Indonesia,Yayasan Bambu Lingkungan Lestari, Bogor Pari G (1992) Pembuatan arang aktif dari serbuk gergajian sengon untuk penjernih air. Jurnal PenelitianHasil Hutan l0 (5) : l4l-I49 Pari G (1996) Pembuatan arang aktif dari serbuk gergajian sengon (Paraserianthesfalcataria) dengancara kimia. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor 14 (8) :30&320 Pari G (2000) Pembuatan arang aktif dari batubara. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor l7(4) : 220-230 Pari G, Buchari, Sulaeman A (1996) Pembuatan dan kualitas arang aktif dari kayu sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) sebagai bahan adsorben. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor 14 0) 1274-289 Pari G, Nurhayati T, Hartoyo (2000) Kemungkinan pemanfaatan arang aktif kulit kayu Acacia mangium Wild untuk pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor 18 ( 1) : 40 -5 3 Pari G, Sailah (2001) Pembuatan arang aktif dari sabut kelapa sawit dengan bahan pengaktif NH4HCO3dan (NH,)rCO: dosis rendah. Lokakarya Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Badan Litbang Departemen Kehutanan, Bogor Sastrapradja S, Widjaja E.A, Prawirohatmojo S, Soenarko S (1997) Beberapa jenis bambu. Lembaga Biologi Nasional-LIPI, Bogor Sudrajat R, Suryani A (2002) Pembuatan dan pemanfaatan arang aktif dari ampas daun teh. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor 20 (t) :1-11
