Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 315 (2013) pp 630-634 Online available since 2013/Apr/10 at www.scientific.net © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.315.630
The Effect of Compression Temperature and Time on 2D Woven Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Mohd Pahmi Bin Saiman1,a, Md Saidin Bin Wahab1,b, Mat Uzir Bin Wahit2,c 1
Department of Manufacturing and Industry, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2
Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia a
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
Keywords: Natural fiber, Kenaf, Woven Fabric, ABS, Composite
Abstract. A natural fibre-based composite from woven kenaf was fabricated using hydraulic hot press machine. Plain woven kenaf fabrics were prepared and used as reinforced material with ABS sheet followed by hot press. Woven fabric was treated using sodium hydroxide and being compare with untreated fabric. The effect of the processing temperature and time towards tensile properties of the composite were investigated. Tensile test was carried out to measure the strength of the composite towards the effect of processing temperature and time. The surface morphology of the composite was studied with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscopic. The result shows that woven Kenaf degrade in strength when expose with high temperature and long exposure to the heat. The permeability of woven Kenaf plain fabric does not indicate a good penetration as observed by microscopy. Introduction Natural fibers has been recognized and being studied by many researcher for several years due to its ability as an alternative material for synthetic fibers. It was introduced as the intention for its lightweight properties and low cost compared to existing synthetic fibers, especially in the application of polymer matrix composite [1]. Other advantages are tool wearing rates, production energy requirements and health and safety risks, good formability, acoustic properties and thermal insulation properties [2, 3]. However, there are some drawbacks to be consider, mainly the hydrophilic nature of the natural fibers causing problem on the adhesion with hydrophobic polymer matrix [4]. High temperature and long exposure to heat also must be avoided causing degradation to the fiber. Kenaf fibers extracted from the Kenaf’s bast (Hibiscus Cannabinus, L; family Malvaceae) are potential fibers for industrial application. Kenaf is a cellulose-containing plant that is mainly grown in South-East Asia [5]. Traditionally, it been used as cordage crop to produce twine, rope, gunny-bag and sackcloth [6]. Due to its properties, kenaf bast fibers are expanding into more technical product such as reinforced composite materials in automotive, aerospace, packaging, etc. Currently, many researchers are more interest to study kenaf fibers in a form of particle, long and short discontinuous fibers and nonwoven mat. However, using an approach of biaxial woven structure may increase the mechanical properties of the composites as compared to non woven form. 2D woven fabric consists of two crossing fiber-tow architecture, warp tows running in the x direction and weft tows running in the y direction that are interlaced together [7]. The advantages of 2D woven fabric are good dimensional stability in warp and weft direction, high yarn packing density and high out-of-plane strength, low shear rigidity and a good formability [8, 9]. To impregnate the liquid form of the matrix with the dry performs need a good permeability of the textile materials. This is to ensure the liquid flow between the inter yarns and the intra yarns. However, it is important to find an indicator on the suitability of processing condition to ensure the stability of the mechanical properties towards thermal degradation [10]. Reports [11, 12] from literature show that natural fiber start degrading around 160°C. ABS is an engineering All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP, www.ttp.net. (ID: 113.210.137.97, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia-24/09/14,09:34:31)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 315
631
thermoplastic polymer which consists of an amorphous-continuous phase and a rubbery-dispersed phase. The continuous phase is Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) copolymer and the second phase consists of butadiene copolymer [13]. ABS is extensively used as commercial polymer with good processability, dimensional stability and higher impact strength at lower temperatures [14]. However, certain limitations like low thermal stability, poor flame resistance, and low mechanical properties compared to other engineering polymers [15]. Those limitation can be overcome by reinforce it with fibers [16]. This study examined the suitability of ABS thermoplastic to impregnate with woven plain kenaf fabric. The investigation is on the processing temperature and time, which are essential for controlling the viscosity of the ABS and the stability of kenaf properties. Experimental Materials. The kenaf yarn was supplied by Juteko Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh with linear density of 759tex. ABS thermoplastic polymer was supplied by Toray Plastics (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. in a form of pellet. Preparation of woven kenaf fibers specimen. The kenaf yarns were woven into plain 1/1 (Figure. 1) which is the fundamental of the fabric structure using “Floor Loom”. The woven samples were treated by using alkali treatment of sodium hydroxide and using procedure described in [5]. The fiber surface modifications begin with immersing woven kenaf fibers with 6% of NaOH and kept in an oven at 60°C for 3 hours. Then the fabric was cleaned with distilled water until all the NaOH was eliminated. After cleaning the fabric, it continues to dry in an oven at 80°C for 24 h.
Figure 1: Woven kenaf plain 1/1
Figure 2: Arrangement of materials composite in hydraulic hot press
Preparation of ABS sheet. The ABS was weight according to the composite fraction and placed into a mould with thickness of 0.6mm. The mould was pre-heated for 5 minutes inside hydraulic hot press machine at temperature of 180°C and hot pressed with a pressure of 70kg/cm2 for 5 minutes. Then, the ABS sheet was transfered to the hydraulic cooling machine for 15 minutes. Fabrication of composite panel. The woven Kenaf/ABS composite was fabricated using laminate technique using hydraulic hot press machine as shown in Figureure 2. Three different type samples of composites were produced; untreated woven kenaf/ABS composite, treated woven kenaf/ABS composite and ABS panel without reinforcement. The processing parameters (temperature and time) were varied, as shown in Table 1. Mechanical Properties Test. Tensile test was conducted using LLYOD, LR30K Universal Tensile Machine and test was carried according to ASTM D3039. Specimens of tensile were cut using a band saw with dimensions of 125mm x 25mm x 3mm. Each test wills use five specimens at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The surface characteristic of the composite was observed using SEM while the fracture surfaces of the composite sample from tensile test were analyzed using an optical microscope.
632
Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Table 1: Experimental process parameters of pure ABS, UT and TK/ABS composite panel Sampel Pure ABS Untreated Kenaf/ABS (UTK/ABS) Treated Kenaf/ABS A (TK/ABS A) Treated Kenaf/ABS B (TK/ABS B) Treated Kenaf/ABS C (TK/ABS C) Treated Kenaf/ABS D (TK/ABS D) Treated Kenaf/ABS E (TK/ABS E) Treated Kenaf/ABS F (TK/ABS F) Treated Kenaf/ABS G (TK/ABS G)
Temperature, °C 260 200 200 220 200 220 240 200 180
Heating Time, min Pre-heat Hot Press 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 5 5 15 15 15 15
Weight Fraction, % 100 30/70 20/80 33/67 34/66 34/66 33/67 33/67 33/67
Result and Discussion Effect of Compression Temperature. Figure. 3 shows the effect of different setting temperature (180 - 260°C) and heating time (10-30min). In Figure. 3 (a), the graph indicates that the UTK/ABS has the lowest tensile strength but this already being expected as there are no adhesion between the fiber and matrix according to previous researcher. The TK/ABS A has the highest tensile strength while TK/ABS B and E have slight difference value. This has shown that the degradation of kenaf fiber begin above 220°C eventhough in form of woven fabric. Figure. 3 (b) shows that ABS has the highest value compare to TK/ABS C and D. The effect of temperature and being expose for 20 min makes kenaf fibers degrade and it show lower value in tensile strength compare to pure ABS at 260°C. It’s being proven as TK/ABS C with 200°C has high value compare to TK/ABS D with 220°C and it is the lowest value compare to the overall composite as it being expose to heat for a long period. Figure. 3 (c) shows that TK/ABS F is higher compare to TK/ABS G eventhough the temperature 180°C and TK/ABS F is 200°C. This has shown that at 180°C, it is not the appropriate processing temperature of woven Kenaf/ABS composite. With 200°C Kenaf is in stable manner, TK/ABS F is quite lower compare to the others and it can be explain due to the prolong exposure to heat for 30 min.
(b) (c) (a) Figure 3: Effect of compression temperature; (a) Heating time 10min (b) Heating time 20min and (c) Heating time 30min.
(b) (a) Figure 4: Effect of compression time; (a) Heating temperature 200°C (b) Heating temperature 220°C.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 315
633
Effect of Compression Time. Figure. 4 (a) and (b) indicate that woven kenaf fibers when being exposing for a long time will degrade as shown by the graph. The tensile strength of TK/ABS A is higher than TK/ABS F and UTK/ABS still the lowest even though the processing time is 10 minute. When the temperature being rise from 200°C to 220°C, the result still showing the same pattern as shown in Figure. 4 (b). Scanning Electron Microscope. From the result shows that only UTK/ABS (Figure. 5(a)) doesn’t indicate that ABS penetrates throughout the yarns and fibers. All the TK/ABS composite show that the ABS penetrates throughout the kenaf yarns and fibers but it doesn’t seem to indicate a good penetration. The viscosity of ABS and the porosity of the woven fabric are related to ensure a good penetration between intra and inter yarn. Even though the temperature has exceed to 240°C to lowered the viscosity of ABS, still it doesn’t penetrate into the core of the yarn. This has showed the nature of thermoplastic polymers which in consideration of low viscosity, thermosetting polymers are more preferable.
(a)
(a)
(e)
(b) Figure 5: SEM of woven kenaf/ABS. (a) UTK/ABS (b) TK/ABS
(b)
(c)
(d)
(f) (g) (h) Figure 6: Microscopic of surface fracture from tensile test. (a) UTK/ABS (b) TK/ABS A (c) TK/ABS B (d) TK/ABS C (e) TK/ABS D (f) TK/ABS E (g) TK/ABS F (h) TK/ABS G.
Microscopic. Figure. 6(a) has proven that untreated woven Kenaf doesn’t bind with ABS and it being support by Figure. 5(a) and the graph of Figure. 4(a). The Figureure on the microscopic image shows that there are changes on Kenaf physical appearance as most TK/ABS has turn color from light brown to brown or dark brown. Figure. 6(f) turn to dark brown and it is the most affected kenaf as it being exposed to heat of 240°C. Figure. 6(h) maintained its color which is light brown as it only expose to temperature of 180°C. Conclusions This study has shows the effect of alkali treatment on woven kenaf can increase the adhesion between kenaf fibers and ABS matrix which is also increase the tensile strength of the composite. Throughout the experimental data, the processing temperature below 180°C doesn’t optimize the properties of the Kenaf/ABS composite while above 220°C will degrade Kenaf fiber and above 240°C show high degradation on Kenaf fibers. Expose to heat for a long time period will degrade the kenaf fibers and lower the mechanical properties of woven Kenaf/ABS composite. The practical
634
Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
processing time is 10 minutes which the woven kenaf fibers are in a stable condition. The woven kenaf in plain 1/1 pattern doesn’t achieve a full penetration of ABS due to the structural features and the viscosity of ABS. This doesn’t optimize the tensile strength of woven Kenaf/ABS composite. A further study on the properties of woven kenaf could upgrade on the composite properties especially on the permeability of the woven structure. References [1]
H.M. Akil, M.F. Omar, A.A.M. Mazuki, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Ishak, A.Abu Bakar. Kenaf fiber reinforced composite: A review. Material and Design32 (2011) 4107-4121. [2] Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromol Mater Eng 2000; 276/277: 1-24. [3] M.M. Davoodi, S.M. Sapuan, D. Ahmad, Aidy Ali, A. Khalina, Mehdi Jonoobi. Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam. Material and Design 31 (2010) 4927-4932. [4] M. Zampaloni, F. Pourboghrat, S.A. Yankovich, B.N. Rodgers, J. Moore, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra. Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions. Composites: Part A 38 (2007) 1569-1580. [5] Chang-Kyu Li, Mi Suk Cho, In Hoi Kim, Youngkwan Lee, Jae Do Nam. Preparation and physical properties of the biocomposite, cellulose diacetate/kenaf fiber sized with poly(vinyl alcohol). Macromolecular research 2010; 18(6): 566-570. [6] Brian G. Ayre, Kevin Stevens, Kent D. Chapman, Charles L. Webber III, Koffi L. Dagnon, Nandika A. D’Souza. Viscoelastic properties of kenaf bast fiber in relation to stem age. Textile research journal 2009; 79(II): 973-980. [7] Kyeongsik Woo, John D. Whitcomb. A post-processor approach for stress analysis of woven textile composites. Composite Science and Technology 60 (2000) 693-704. [8] Yeoung Seok Song, Jung Tae Lee, Dong Sun Ji, Myung Wook Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Jae Ryoun Youn. Viscoelastic and thermal behavior of woven hemp fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 856-860. [9] Bolton AJ. Natural fibers for plastic reinforcement. Mater Technol 1994;9: 12-20. [10] S. Ochi. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf / PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials 2008; 40: 446-452. [11] Bledzki AK, Gassan J. Natural fiber reinforced plastics. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.: 1997. [12] Aji, I.S. Zainudin, E.S. Khalina, A. Sapuan, S.M. Khairul, M.D. Khairul. Thermal property determination of hybridized kenaf / PALF reinforced HDPE composite by thermogravimetric analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim 2011; DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-1807-z. [13] A. Arostegui, M. Sarrionandia, J. Aurrekoetxea, I. Urrutibeascoa. Effect of dissolution-based recycling on the degradation and the mechanical properties of acrylonitrileebutadineestyrene copolymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006; 91: 2768-2774. [14] Mei-Ling Xue, Yong-Liang Yu, Hoe H. Chuah, John M. Rhee, Nam Hoon Kim, Joong Hee Lee. Miscibility and Compatibilization of poly(trimethylene-terephthalate)/acrylonitrilebutadine-styrene blends. European Polymer Journal 2007; 43: 3826-3837. [15] J. Martins, T. Klohn. Dynamic mechanical, thermal, and morphological study of ABS/textile fiber composites. Polym Bull 2010; 64: 497-510. [16] Owen R.S. Harper F.J. Mechanical, microscopial and fire retardant studies of ABS polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 1999; 64: 449-455.
Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.315
The Effect of Compression Temperature and Time on 2D Woven Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.315.630 DOI References [1] H.M. Akil, M.F. Omar, A.A.M. Mazuki, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Ishak, A. Abu Bakar. Kenaf fiber reinforced composite: A review. Material and Design32 (2011) 4107-4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.008 [5] Chang-Kyu Li, Mi Suk Cho, In Hoi Kim, Youngkwan Lee, Jae Do Nam. Preparation and physical properties of the biocomposite, cellulose diacetate/kenaf fiber sized with poly(vinyl alcohol). Macromolecular research 2010; 18(6): 566-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-010-0611-0 [8] Yeoung Seok Song, Jung Tae Lee, Dong Sun Ji, Myung Wook Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Jae Ryoun Youn. Viscoelastic and thermal behavior of woven hemp fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 856-860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.10.021 [10] S. Ochi. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf / PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials 2008; 40: 446-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.10.006 [13] A. Arostegui, M. Sarrionandia, J. Aurrekoetxea, I. Urrutibeascoa. Effect of dissolution-based recycling on the degradation and the mechanical properties of acrylonitrileebutadineestyrene copolymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006; 91: 2768-2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.019 [14] Mei-Ling Xue, Yong-Liang Yu, Hoe H. Chuah, John M. Rhee, Nam Hoon Kim, Joong Hee Lee. Miscibility and Compatibilization of poly(trimethylene-terephthalate)/acrylonitrile- butadine-styrene blends. European Polymer Journal 2007; 43: 3826-3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.048 [15] J. Martins, T. Klohn. Dynamic mechanical, thermal, and morphological study of ABS/textile fiber composites. Polym Bull 2010; 64: 497-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0200-6 [16] Owen R.S. Harper F.J. Mechanical, microscopial and fire retardant studies of ABS polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 1999; 64: 449-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00150-5
