The effect of phosphorus fertilization on growth and chemical composition of American ginseng (Panax quinqiiefolium L . f BARBARA KOLODZIEJ^*, JACEK ANTONKIEWICZ^, RADOSLAW KOWALSKF ^Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Agricultural University, ul. Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland, ^Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Al. Mickiewicza 2 1 , 31-120 Krakow, Poland ^Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Central Apparatus Laboratory, Agricultural University, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland *corresponding author: phone: +48 81 4456679, e-mail:
[email protected]
Summary A two-year-lasting field experiment was carried out in order to determine the effect of increasing phosphorus fertilisation level on the growth, development, plant population as well as chemical composition of American ginseng {Panax quinquefolium L). Prior to sowing and in autumn of the first vegetation period three doses of phosphorus fertilisation were applied (P2 - 20 kg P ha •\3 - 40 kg P ha P4 - 60 kg P ha compared to the control object (PI -without phosphorus), at the same nitrogen, potassium and magnesium fertilization level. Increasing phosphorus doses positively affected American ginseng plant population, improved roots morphological parameters and increased macro- and microelements as well as ginsenosides content in ginseng raw material. Key words: American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, phosphorus fertilisation, chemical composition
American ginseng belongs to the Araliaceae family and, along w i t h Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), traditionally its roots have been used for a wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects [1]. Its commercial cultivation has been conducted over the last century in order to supply worldwide demand and due to depletion of w i l d ginseng. kerivi
ftoUmiea
Vol. 53 No 3 2007
B. Kotodziej, J. Antonkiewicz, R. Kowalski
158 Proper mineral fertilisation plays an important role in ginseng cultivation. It was found out that phosphorus and potassium promote root growth and reduce seedling disease and rot of roots [2-4]. Therefore, an examination of relationship between soil fertilisation (first of all phosphorus fertilisation), tissue nutrient status and ginsenoside content should suggest how American ginseng raw material quality might be influenced by fertilisation practices.
MATERIALS AND METHODS A two-year-lasting field experiment was carried out on experimental fields of Agricultural University in Lublin (on heavy loamy sand), neutral in reaction (pH 7.1), w i t h medium phosphorus (58.7 mg kg"^ of soil) and magnesium (27.5 mg kg'^ of soil), and high potassium content (240.7 mg k g ' of soil). Stratified seeds of American ginseng were hand-seeded at the beginning of September 2003 on conventional, raised beds (30-40 cm high, 1.2 m wide) in 15 x 3 cm row spacing (on 2.4 m^ plots w i t h 4 replications). T h e soil was mulched w i t h oat straw and the plantation was shaded w i t h plastic fabric in order to reduce light penetration up to 85%. Weeding and chemical control of fungal diseases were ensured, too. Prior to sowing and in autumn of the first vegetation period phosphorus fertilisation was applied in the following doses: PI-control (without P), P2 - 20 kg P ha"\3 - 40 kg P ha'\4 - 60 kg P ha'' in form of granulated mono phosphate (0-8.3-0). In spring of the first and second vegetation period 40 kg N h a ' (in a form of ammonium nitrate) as w e l l as 20 kg Mg h a ' (in a form of magnesium sulphate) were applied, whereas potassium fertilization w a s mixed w i t h the soil before sowing and at the end of first vegetation period in the amount of 40 kg h a ' (in a form of potash salt). Plant density was determined at the beginning of June in the first and the second year of ginseng vegetation, whereas in autumn, the roots of 25 randomly chosen plants w e r e dug up and measured. Chemical analysis of particular ginsenosides content by the means of HPLC method (according to Kwan et al . [5]) was done in Central Apparatus Laboratory of University of Agriculture in Lublin, and the analysis of chosen macro- and microelements content by ICP-AES method was done in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry at Agricultural University of Cracow.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Phosphorus fertilization significantly affected ginseng plant population, morphological features of roots as w e l l as active substances and mineral elements content in American ginseng raw material. In the experiment a positive effect of phosphorus fertilization on ginseng plant density was observed. The higher phosphorus doses resulted in larger increase in number of plants per unit area (Figure 1). Extra fertilization with granulated mono phosphate led to decrease of number of plants infected with Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Phytophthora ssp. (data not shown). The same relation was noted by Li and Wallis [4 .
The effect of phosphorus fertilization on growth and chemical composition of..,
159 units per pl( 350300250 200 150 100500PI
P2
P3
P4
L S D 0.05
phosphorus fertilization level tS 1-year-old • 2-year-old Fig. 1. Population of American ginseng plant depending on the phosphorus fertillzadon level. Similarly to our earlier studies, approximate ten-fold increase in dry weight of roots over two growing seasons (from average of 0 . 2 1 - 0 . 2 9 g in 1-year-old to 1.3-2.1 g in 2-year-old plants) was observed [6-8]. In Stolz [2] as well as Konsler and Shelton [3] studies root weight w a s positively correlated w i t h phosphorus content in soil. Similar results were observed in the experiment under study; roots from plots fertilized w i t h the highest phosphorus dose were 39% and 97% heavier and 28 and 22% longer in the first and second year of vegetation, than the ones from the control plots, respectively (Table 1). What is more, increasing phosphorus fertilization level resulted in wider root diameter, which is in agreement w i t h results obtained by Li and Wardle [7]. In the experiment different content of macro- and microelements in one- and two-year-old roots w a s noted, as in Stolz studies [2] (Table 2 ) . In general, in the first vegetation period ginseng roots w e r e characterised by lower content of chosen macro- and microelements (with the exception of Mn). T h e content of P and Mg in one-year-old roots was almost three times lower than the one in the next vegetation period. A tendency to increase P and Mn content and at the same time decrease Ca content in two following years of ginseng vegetation along w i t h increasing phosphorus doses was noted (Table 2 ) . Similar findings were reported by Konsler and Shelton [3].
Vol. 53 No 3 2007
B. Kofodziej, J. Antonkiewicz, R. Kowalski
160 Table 1 . American ginseng roots characteristic depending on the phosphorus ferdlization level.
object
root diameter (mm)
air dry matter of root (g plant')
"main body" length (cm)
1-year-old
2-year-oId
1-year-old
2-year-old
1-year-old
2-year-old
PI
0.211
1.072
6.19
10.98
1.97
3.08
P2
0.231
1.326
6.25
12.67
1.97
3.33
P3
0.299
1.755
6.92
13.39
2.16
3.70
P4
0.293
2.118
7.01
13.87
2.70
3.82
0.0937
0.7551
n.s.
1.969
n.s.
n.s.
Roots contained 6 individual ginsenosides previously reported for American ginseng [1], but differences in their content resulted from different phosphorus level (Table 2 ) . T h e concentration of neutral ginsenosides in 4-year-old American ginseng roots grown in the North America has been reported in the range of 2 0 - 6 0 mg g ' of dry weight [9, 7 ] , which agrees w i t h results obtained in our experiment. T h e major ginsenosides were R^, and R^ w h i c h constituted about 43 and 24% of all ginsenosides, respectively (Table 2 ) , regardless of age and fertilisation level. These results are consistent w i t h the findings of Li et a l . [10], Wills et al. [11] as w e l l as Smith et a l . [12]. Along w i t h raising phosphorus fertilisation an increase of particular and total active compound content in ginseng raw material was observed. T h e results of our experiment extend those of Konsler et al. [9], who noted the same tendency in 4-year-old ginseng roots. Table 2. Chosen macro- and microelements as well as particular and total ginsenosides content in ginseng roots depending on the phosphorus fertilization level.
object D1
HI m
P2
macro- and microelements content (in mg k g o f dry weight) plants age
Mg
Zn
Cu
Mn
570
183
20.4
1.95
23.6
692
366
15.1
1.76
18.8
590
169
11.8
1.91
29.1
671
372
16.2
2.48
19.9
P
K
Ca
1-year-old
777
14234
2-year-old
2600
10825
1-year-old
791
12352
2-year-old
2610
11260
1-year-old
901
14152
540
195
14.4
2.10
32.8
Pi
2-year-old
2640
10938
627
392
14.7
1.88
23.1
P4
1-year-old
1000
13459
530
198
12.9
1.49
38.5
2-year-old
2720
10276
626
473
15.5
2.20
26.5
m
particular and total ginsenosides content (in mg k g '' of dry weight) PI P2 P3 P4
1-year-old
Rc
Rb2
Rd
Total
20.720
1.340
3.208
3.778
37.060
7.914
1.796
35.136
Rgl
Re
Rbl
0.843
7.173
2-year-old
1.079
8.588
13.457
2.304
1-year-old
1.183
12.315
14.385
0.678
5.363
3.748
37.670
4.355
46.113
2-year-old
2.739
11.908
19.245
2.873
4.993
1-year-old
1.190
3.668
22.363
1.948
4.238
4.390
37.795
2.361
38.781
2-year-old
1.939
8.246
14.607
2.728
8.900
1-year-old
1.475
15.733
16.093
1.848
3.663
4.395
43.205
2-year-old
1.333
10.383
17.453
3.194
9.759
2.760
44.887
The effect of phosphorus fertilization on growth and chemical composition o f .
161 CONCLUSION Phosphorus fertilisation seems to have a significant effect on American ginseng plant population, especially on root morphological characteristics as well as selected macro- and microelement and active substance content in two following growing periods. Along w i t h increasing phosphorus fertilisation higher plant population as well as an improvement of root quality w e r e observed, *
Scientific w o r k financed partially from budget means of the research in the years 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 8 as a research project no. N31007231 '
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Bailey W G , Stathers RJ. Growth of one and two year old American ginseng in an arid environment of British Columbia, Canada. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1 9 9 1 , 15(1):36-40.
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Magdziak R, Kotodziej B. Effects of foliar fertilizers on the growth and development of American ginseng (Panax quinguefolium L.) in consecutive years of vegetation. Acta Agroph 2003, 85:319-29.
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Konsler TR, Zito SW, Shelton JE, Staba EJ. Lime and phosphorus effects on American ginseng: II. Root and leaf ginsenoside content and their relationship. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 1990b, 115{4):575-80.
10. Li T S C , Mazza G, Cottrell AC, Gao L. Ginsenosides in roots and leaves of American ginseng. J Agric Food Chem 1996, 4 4 (3):717-20. 1 1 . Wills RBH, Du XW, Stuart DL. Changes in ginsenosides in Australian-grown American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L ) . Austr J Exp Agri 2 0 0 2 , 42:1119-23. 12. Smith RG, Caswell D, Carriere A, Zielke B. Variation in the ginsenoside content of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L , roots. Can J Bot 1996, 74:1616-20.
WPLYW POZIOMU NAWOZENIA FOSFOROWEGO NA WZROST 1 SKtAD CHEMICZNY ZENSZENIA AMERYKANSKIEGO [PANAX QUINQUEFOUUM L.) *
BARBARA KOLODZIEJ', JACEK ANTONKIEWICZ^, RADOSLAW KOWALSKP 'Katedra Roslin Przemyslowych i Leczniczych, Akademia Rolnicza, ul. Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Polska, ^Katedra Chemii Rolnej, Akademia Rolnicza, Al. Mickiewicza 2 1 . , 31-120 Krakow, Polska Vol. 53 No 3 2007
B. Kotodziej, J. Antonkiewicz, R. Kowalski
162 ^Zaktad Analizy i Ocenyjakosci Zywnosci, Centralne Laboratorium Aparaturowe, Akademia Rolnicza, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Polska *autor, do ktorego nalezy kierowac korespondencj^: e-mail:
[email protected] Streszczenie W dwuletnim doswiadczeniu polowym badano wptyw wzrastajqcych dawek nawozenia fosforowego na wzrost, rozwoj, zag^szczenle roslin i sklad chemiczny korzeni zen-szenia amerykanskiego. Przed wyslewem nasion oraz jesieniq pierwszego roku wegetacji zastosowano nast^pujqce dawki nawozow fosforowych (P2 - 20 kg P h a ' , P3 - 40 kg P ha', P 4 - 6 0 kg P ha'), ktore porownywano z obiektem kontrolnym (PI - b e z nawozenia fosforem), przy zachowaniu tego samego poziomu nawozenia azotowego, potasowego i magnezowego. Wraz ze wzrostem dawek nawozenia fosforowego notowano zwi^kszenie liczby roslin na poletkach, polepszenie parametrow biometrycznych korzeni oraz zwi^kszenie zawartosci makro- i mikroelementow oraz ginsenozydow w surowcu. Slowa kluczowe: zen-szen amerykanski, Panax quinquefolium, nawozeniefosforowe, sklad chemiczny
ORGANIZATORZY/
ORGANISERS
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN LUBLIN
KOMITET ORGANIZACYJNY/ORGANISING C O M M I T T E E Przewodniczqq^/ Chairman Sekretarz/ Secretary
Prof, dr hab. Janusz W i s n i e w s k i Dr Matgorzata Gruszczyk
Czlonkowie/ Members
Prof dr hab. Stanistaw Berbec Prof dr hab. Czestaw Szewczuk Dr hab. Barbara Kotodziej Dr Danuta Sugier Dr Beata Krol
Konferencja dofinansowana z funduszy Komitetu Uprawy Roslin Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Conference supported by the Comittee of Plant Cultivation Polish Academy of Sciences
II OGOLNOPOLSKA KONFERENCJA NAUKOWA „ROSLINY Z I E L A R S K I E - UPRAWA I STOSOWANIE" L U B L I N , 17-18 W R Z E S N I A 2 0 0 7
MATERIALY KONFERENCYJNE
2^^^ POLISH SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE „MEDICINAL PLANTS - CULTIVATION AND USE" LUBLIN, SEPTEMBER 17-18, 2007
CONFERENCE MATERIALS
