Indian J. Anim. Res., 48 (6) : 548-555, 2014
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
www.arccjournals.com / www.ijaronline.in
doi:10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00030.2
THE EFFECT OF SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.) RESIDUES IN COMPOUND FEEDS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND SKIN COLOR OF BROILERS Ziyad Ben-Mahmoud* , Momani Shaker Mohamed, Jan Bláha, Daniela Lukešová and Petr Kunc2 Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Czech University of Life Science, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
Received: 28-01-2014
Accepted: 18-07-2014 ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted on 2640 slow-growing (NL-JA-757) broiler chicks divided into three groups with eight replicates of 110 chicks each for period of 49 days. The control group was fed diets without any color additive, while experimental groups A and B were fed diets containing commercial color additive (0.05%) and sea buckthorn fruit residue 5% of feed respectively. Diets BR1 (starter) were fed from day 1 to 21; BR2 (grower) were fed from day 22 to 35, and BR3 (finisher) were fed from day 36 to 49. The chicks were weighed on days 21, 35 and 49. The final mean live weight of the birds (males and females) appeared lower in group B with sea buckthorn in comparison with the control group (1848.1 vs.1875.5g) and group A (1882.5g). Feed conversion at 49 days was poorer in group B (2182.6 g/kg) in comparison with group A (2102.4g/kg) and non-significantly poorer than the control group (2163.7 g/kg). Skin color was assessed by the DSM Broiler Fan expressed on a 101–110 scale. The skin of the birds was more yellowish in group A (104.4) in comparison with group B (103.0) and the control group (102.5). Neither the health of the birds nor their mortality was affected by the diets.
Key words: Broilers, Performance, Sea buckthorn residues, Skin color. INTRODUCTION For decades, the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) products are used in human nutrition as a health supplement. It was examined in recent years as a supplement of animal nutrition. In the Czech Republic are some of the companies that grow and produce the sea buckthorn products for human nutrition, or supply their products to pharmaceutical companies. The sea buckthorn residues are sold for the same price as wheat and therefore can be used as an ingredient of compound feed mixtures for poultry.
vitamins (Luhua et al., 2004; Ranjith et al., 2006), amino acids (Yushipitsina et al., 1988; Repyakh et al., 1990), lipids (Ul’chenko et al., 1995; Bekker and Giuschenkova, 1997), sugars and acids (Yang, 2009), and flavonoids (Hakkinen et al., 1999). Some studies have shown it has antioxidants (Püssa et al., 2007; Geetha et al., 2009). It is rich in carotenoids, xanthophylls, phenolics and flavonoids and has a high content of essential oils (Yang et al., 2000; Singh et al., 2006). The skin pigmentation is affected mainly by genetics, concentration and dietary source of pigments, health status of the birds, and conditions during slaughtering, although other factors might play an important role (Sirri et al., 2010).
Sea buckthorn is a small shrub bearing small yellow to orange – red berries. It grows widely in Europe, central Asia and temperate regions of South Asia, India and China. According to (Biswas et al., 2010), leaves, seeds and fruit residues of sea Shao et al., (2002) observed that the buckthorn have potential as a feed material for colorants in sea buckthorn fruits are mainly livestock and poultry in India. The fruit and leaves composed of nine carotenoids. In broilers zeaxanthin are rich in nutrients and bioactive components as influences the yellow value in all tissues, more * Corresponding author’s e-mail:
[email protected]. 2Department of Technology and Breeding Technique of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science in Prague - Uhríneves, Prátelství 815, 104 00 Praha Uhríneves. Czech Republic.
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noticeably in the abdominal fat, with lutein and zeaxanthin being deposited in skin and fat at a rate of 8-12 % and 4-9 %, respectively (Hamelin and Altemueller, 2012). In addition, carotenoids are essential for the immune system, have antioxidant effect and cannot be synthesized by poultry therefore need to obtain these compounds from the diet (Breithaupt, 2007; Jung et al., 2012). The most widely accepted source of natural pigment is marigold (Tagets erecta). Marigold extract (lutein) is a xanthophyll that has strong antioxidant ability, and it is commonly used in commercial poultry feeds as an additive (Koutsos et al., 2006). The large volume of “waste” material from sea buckthorn, such as leaves, fruit, pulp, and seed residues from juice and oil extraction, could be developed into a value-added product, (Li, 2002). Messerschmidt et al., (1993) reported that a pigment termed ‘sea buckthorn yellow’can be extracted from sea buckthorn waste material. The waste material could be the press cake remaining after juice extraction or the sediments remaining after centrifugation. At the present there is limited research on feeding sea buckthorn fruits in animal nutrition (Christaki, 2012). Nevertheless, it has been shown that sea buckthorn fruits and residues are suitable for animal feeding (Kaushal and Sharma, 2011). The body weight of livestock and poultry were increased considerably after feeding with leaves, seeds and fruit residues of sea buckthorn (Hu, 2000; Hu and Guo, 2006). The body weight of poultry is increased greatly after feeding poultry with the leaves, seeds and fruit residues of sea buckthorn (Biswas et al., 2010). The seed cake left after oil extraction contains a good proportion of crude protein (CP) (27.7 to 33.2 %); crude fiber (CF) (15.0 to 21.9%) and total ash (2.7 to 3.6%) which suggests its utilization in the manufacturing of various feed supplements for livestock (Kaushal and Sharma, 2011). Sharma, (2010) reported the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), total ash (TA), nitrogen free extract (NFE), calcium (Ca), phosphors (P) and metabolisable energy (ME) values of sea buckthorn cake as 90.06, 26.00, 4.50, 14.00, 2.50, 53.0, 0.75 and 1.25 % and 2906 kcal/kg, respectively. Similar data on the chemi cal composition of sea buckthorn oil cake is also
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reported by other authors. Slow-growing chicken genotypes require a longer fattening period and are well adapted to outdoor and indoor farming conditions (Fanatico et al., 2005, 2006). This experiment was performed to examine the effect of sea buckthorn fruit residues on skin color and performance of slow growing broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at the ITP (International Testing of Poultry) in Ústrašice, the Czech Republic. The slow growing genotype NL-JA 757 from the “Hubbard Breeders” Company was used in this experiment. 2640 one-day old chicks were housed in an air-conditioned hall on deep litter and divided into three groups with eight replicates of each.. A total of 880 birds in each group were divided into 8 pens, 110 to each pen. The stocking density was 16.1 broilers per one square meter of floor space. The diets BR1 (starter) were fed from day 1 to 21, the diets BR2 (grower) were fed from day 22 to 35, and the diets BR3 (finisher) from day 36 to 49 of age (Table 1). The control group was fed diets without any color supplement; experimental group A was fed diets with a commercial natural color supplement “Avizant Yellow 20S” (0.05% in diets BR 2 and BR 3) and experimental group B was fed diets with 5 % sea buckthorn fruit residues. The commercial natural supplement – Avizant Yellow 20S contains the yellow coloring xanthophyll lutein from marigold (Tagets erecta) sources. The standardized pigment concentrate is characterized by high content values, optimum bioavaibility and very good stability. Avizant Yellow S20 was added to the diets (group A) by premixes AMV BR 2, 3 Plus. All premixes for this experiment (AMV BR 1, 2, 3) were made by the company “Trow Nutrition Biofactors Prague.” In the diets fed to the chickens in group B, 5% wheat replaced 5% sea buckthorn fruit residues. The sea buckthorn fruit residues were berries from which the juice had been extracted by pressing and then dried. These residues were made by Sevak Star Company in the Czech Republic. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Automatic nipple drinkers were used and tube
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INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH TABLE 1: Composition of the diets (%).
Ingredients
Starter BR1
Grower BR2
Finisher BR3
Control A B Control A B Control A B Wheat (12%CP) 44.02 44.02 39.02 52.97 52.97 47.97 58.76 58.76 53.76 Maize 21.00 21.00 21.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Sea buckthorn meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 Soybean meal (48%) 30.20 30.20 30.20 23.20 23.20 23.20 19.60 19.60 19.60 Plant oil 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hydrogen carbonate 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 sodium Salt 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Monocalcium phosphate 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.40 Limestone 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.12 1.12 1.12 0.80 0.80 0.80 L – lysine 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 DL – methionine 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.19 L – threonine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 AMV BR1 Pus premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 AMV BR2 Plus premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 AMV BR3 Plus premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 Content of nutrients: CP (g/kg) 220.40 220.40 224.80 195.00 195.00 201.70 180.80 180.80 185.20 ME (MJ/kg) 11.92 11.92 11.78 12.09 12.09 11.94 12.37 12.37 12.21 Lysine (g/kg) 13.31 13.31 13.54 11.58 11.58 11.81 10.55 10.55 10.78 Methionine (g/kg) 5.52 5.52 5.56 5.40 5.40 5.44 4.73 4.73 4.77 Ca (g/kg) 9.42 9.42 9.29 8.63 8.63 8.51 7.72 7.72 7.32 P (g/kg) 4.60 4.60 4.32 4.25 4.25 4.15 3.90 3.90 3.74 AMV (Aminovitan) BR 1, 2, 3 Plus (control and A, B group) – premixes of feed additives contained a vitamins; trace minerals and DL-methionine. Premixes AMV BR 2, 3 plus for A group of chickens were supplemented by natural colorant “Avizant Yellow20S.
feeders were filled manually. The lighting program for birds was as follows (day 1 to 7: 23 hours of light and 1 hour of darkness; day 8 to 46: 18 hours of light and 6 hours of darkness; day 47 to 49: 23 hours of light and 1 hours of darkness).
and edible viscera (offal) were removed. The legs were cut off in tarsal joint. After the removal of the viscera, cleaning of the stomach and removal of bile from the liver, the trunk and the offal (heart, liver, stomach, neck without skin) were weighed (separate The birds were weighed on days 21, 35 and weighing of the trunk and the offal). The thigh was 49 of age. Consumption and feed conversion were separated from the trunk in the pelvis area (art.coxae), and the muscles of the thigh and of the determined on days 21, 35 and 49 of age. Health fibula were separated from the bones. Then the and mortality were recorded daily. Slaughter analysis muscles of the breast were separated from the was performed in accordance with methods of ITP humerus and from the sternum up to the dorsal Ústrašice. When the individual weight of broilers in sinews, i.e. to border between the vertebral and pens were determined the last day of fattening, two sterna part of the rib. The internal and external breast females and two males characterizing with their live muscles, including the muscles of the clavicle, belong weight the variability of the pen were picked from to the mass of the breast muscles. each pen. After 12 hours of fasting, the birds were Dressing percentage was calculated as a killed, bled, plucked and chilled. After chilling, the percentage of carcass dressed weight with giblets heads were cut off between the occiput and the first from live weight. Slaughter value was calculated as vertebra and the neck was separated from the trunk a percentage of carcass dressed weight from live behind the last cervical vertebra. The skin of the neck weight. Skin color was assessed by the DSM Broiler was not separated from the trunk. Fan expressed on a 101-110 scale. Slaughter analysis During gutting, intestines and intestinal fat, and skin color were determined with four birds from cloaca, crop, trachea, pancreas, lungs, head, legs each pen (two male and two female).
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Metabolisable energy (ME) was calculated according to the equation recommended by the Subcommittee Energy of Working Group No. 2 Nutrition of the European Federation of Branches of the World’s Poultry Association (Zelenka et al., 1999). Proximate analyses of the sea buckthorn residues were performed: (DM, EE, Ash – gravimetric; CP – Kjehldahl method; CF – CSN EN ISO 6865; starch and sugars – polarimetry; Ca and P – flame photometry; lysine and methionine – GCFID). Analytical data on the sea buckthorn residue meal is given in Table 2. TABLE 2: Chemical composition of sea buckthorn residue meal (g/kg) and Men (kJ/kg) Dry matter
934.30
Sugar
Crude protein 208.70 Lysine Ether extract 171.40 Methionine Crude Fiber 181.30 Ca Ash 20.20 P Starch 17.90 MEn (calculated)
35.80 7.85 2.82 0.40 3.21 9.883
The data was subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s range test (ANOVA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical analyses of the sea buckthorn fruit residues (Table 2) showed lower content CP than reported by Sharma (2010) – 26%, or by (Kaushal and Sharma, (2011) – 27.7-33% for sea buckthorn oil cake. Also calculated ME were less (9883 kJ/kg) compared with ME of sea buckthorn oil cake reported by Sharma, (2010) as 2906 kcal/kg (12159 kJ/kg). Results of chemical analyses were more in agreement with data reported by Singh, (2012) for sea buckthorn fruit residues CP 18.3%. EE 11.6%, CF 12.7%, lysine 0.84%, but differed in content of methionine (0.06%), Ca 0.19% and P 0.15%. Simple replacement of wheat by sea buckthorn fruit residues in broiler diets affects their nutritional composition, decreasing slightly the ME level and increasing slightly the level of CP (Table 1).
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alterations in the pigmentation of the skin (Table 3). The natural pigments of sea buckthorn fruit residues significant increased the skin pigmentation in experimental group B compared with the control group of broilers. The skin of broilers fed diets with commercial natural color supplement Avizant Yellow S20 (group A) was significantly more yellowish compared with control (without color supplement) and B group (with 5% of sea buckthorn fruit residues). In another experiment with broilers, JA757 were fed the diets with 0.02, 0.05 and 0.06% of Avizant Yellow S20 which determined the skin colour by the DSM Broiler Fan at the average level 103.04 of scale for 0.05 % suplement of Avizant Yellow S20 (Zigáèek, 2011). It was less than in our experiment 104.4 of DSM scale. The pigmentation was higher than the skin of chickens, broiler skin is much more difficult to assess because carcass colour i s more heterogeneous (Hamelin and Altemueller, 2012). Messerschmidt et al., (1993) reported that a pigment termed “sea buckthorn yellow” can be extracted from sea buckthorn waste material. The high content of carotenoids, xanthophylls, phenolics and flavonoids in sea buckthorn presented by Yang et al., (2000) and Singh et al., 2006) affected skin pigmentation in experimental birds. Li, (2008) reported that broiler diets supplemented by 0.1% and 0.2% flavones of sea buckthorn significantly increased meat color of breast and thigh muscle. It is probably dependent on the content of oil in the residues of the sea buckthorn after pressing, because carotenoids are bound to the oil content in seeds and fruit pulp as described by Beveridge, (1999).
This could be saying that the sea buckthorn residues as a source of pigments in broiler diets were Birds fed diets in which 5 % of wheat was beneficial. Because the sea buckthorn fruit is rich in replaced by sea buckthorn residue meal exhibited unsaturated fatty acids (Yang, 2009; Li, 2002; Singh TABLE 3: Skin colour of the birds. Group
Male Mean ± SD
Female Mean ± SD
Both of sex Mean ± SD
Control A B
102.6 ± 0.63a 104.5 ± 0.52b 103.1 ± 0.34c
102.3 ± 0.51a 104.3 ± 0.45b 102.8 ± 0.75ac
102.5± 0.57a 104.4± 0.49b 103.0± 0.59c
Mean values within the same column and rows with different superscript letters differ significantly at p < 0.05 level of probability
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et al., 2006), it can also increase the food quality of the poultry meat. Birds fed diets with 5% sea buckthorn residue meal were significantly lower in final live weight than birds in the control group and group A (Table 4). Feed conversion also reflected these trends, although only in the case of the sea buckthorn (group B) was conversion significantly poorer than that of birds on group A diets, and not significantly poorer than birds in the control group (Table 4).
In another experiment (Zigáèek, 2011) with broilers, JA-757 were fed similar diets with 0.05% Avizant Yellow S20. Their average live weights at the age of 21 days - 606.7 g; at the age of 35 days 1392.9g and at the age of 49 days -2032.6g, i.e. higher as compared to our experiment. Also the feed conversion at the age of 21 days was 1397.3g; at the age of 35 days 1719.8 g. and at the age of 49 days 2082.4g, i.e., better as compared to our experiment.
H ubbard Breeders Company (2013) describes growth performance of broilers JA-757 for production type at the age 21day- 560g; 35 day1225g and 49 day- 1910g l.w. Live weight of broilers (Table 4) in our experiment at the age 21 day (567.7579 g); at the age 35 day (1259.1-1276.1g) were higher and at the age of 49 days, lower (1848-1878g) than report Hubbard Breeders Company (2013). The conversions of feed for broilers JA-757 (Hubbard Breeders Company, 2013) are given: at the age of 21 days (1370-1410 g); at the age of 35days (16901730g); at the age of 49 days (1970-2103g). It is clear that conversion of feeds in our experiment were poorer at the age of 21 days (1596-1644g); at the age of 35 days (1782-1833 g); but at the age of 49 days (2102-2182g) it did not differ much from that of Hubbard Breeders Company (2013). The data cited by Hubbard Breeders Company (2013) for growth and feed conversion of broilers JA-757 are achieved with the content of ME in compound feed mixtures – 3200kcal/kg (13376 kJ/kg), whereas in our experiment broilers were fed feed mixtures containing less ME – 11920-12370 kJ/kg (Table 1).
The broiler chickens fed the diets (A) with commercial natural supplement of pigments from marigold (Avizant Yellow 20S) significantly improved feed conversion, but not significantly affected final live weight. Rajput et al., (2012) used marigold flower extract, a natural pigment, to determine its effect on carcass and skin pigmentation, immunity and growth performance of broiler chickens. Results showed that marigold flower extract significantly (P< 0.05) improved live body weight, but feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly affected.
On the other hand, Hu, (2000); Hu and Guo, (2006) reported that the weight of chickens increased 5.74% and that of hens 7.81% after feeding with sea buckthorn leaves and fruit residues for 56 days. Kaushal and Sharma, (2011) also reported that addition of sea buckthorn cake in poultry feed up to 30% replacement of crude protein showed better growth response and conversion ratio. Also, (Biswas et al., 2010) reported that the body weight of poultry is increased greatly after feeding poultry with the leaves, seeds and fruit residues of sea buckthorn.
TABLE 4: The live weight and feed conversion Group
Live weight (g) Male 49 days n
Control
434
A
408
B
413
Mean ± SD 1991.0a ± 193.0 2006.9a ± 209.1 1975.5a ± 198.1
Female 49 days CV % 9.7
n 433
10.4
463
10.0
456
Mean ± SD 1759.8b ± 165.9 1769.1b ± 173.4 1732.4b ± 172.1
Feed conversion (g/kg l.w.) Both of sexes
21 days CV % 9.4
n 873
9.8
877
9.9
873
Mean ± SD 579.26b ± 54.17 569.27a ± 55.77 567.85a ± 54.74
35 days n
Mean ± SD 872 1276.41a ± 130.24 875 1274.38ac ± 135.33 872 1259.51bc ± 137.33
49 days n 867 871 869
Mean ± SD 1872.5a ± 202.5 1882.1a ± 207.8 1848.1b ± 208.5
21 days
35 days
49 days
Mean ± SD 1596.1a ± 60.56 1643.7a ± 56.90 1621.6a ± 69.23
Mean ± SD 1807.7a ± 60.41 1781.3a ± 90.80 1832.8a ± 51.85
Mean ± SD 2163.7ab ± 56.6 2102.1b ± 73.6 2182.6a ± 63.5
There aren‘t significant differences between the averages at (P< 0.05) Mean values (male + female) within the same column and rows with different superscript letters differ significantly at (P< 0.05) level of probability
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On the other hand, Sirri et al., (2007) reported significant enhancement of feed conversion in broilers supplemented with marigold extract. Therefore, it is likely that feed diets with lower level of ME in our experiment affected the lower growth and the feed conversion in comparison with the data of the Company Hubbard Breeders.
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The mortality of broiler chickens during the fattening period does not exceed the normal values and was lower than reported (Ham and Middelkoop, 2001) for broilers the same genotype.
The mortality of the birds was not affected by diets with sea buckthorn residues (Table 6). On average, the mortality for JA-957, JA 757, Rustichro The results of slaughter analysi s are and Ross 508 were 2,1%, 2.4%, 2.4% and 2.7% presented in Table 5. It is evident from this table that respectively. A remarkable fact is that mortality of there was almost no substantial difference in the the slow growing birds was not significantly bigger dressing percentage and slaughter value between the than the fast growing control group by Ham and groups of birds. The percentage of breast muscles Middelkoop, (2001). and thi gh muscles i n li ve weight were not CONCLUSION significantly different between the groups of birds. In conclusion, the results of the present study When the results of this slaughter analysis are indicatedthat broilers on diets with 5% sea buckthorn compared with the results observed in other experiments with broilers JA-757 fed diets containing fruit residues increased the pigmentation of their skin. 0.05% Avizant Yellow 20S (Zigáèek, 2011) there The average live weight seen in groups supplemented were found higher values for the percentages of the with sea buckthorn fruit residues was higher up to breast (19.8 vs.18.3) and thigh muscles (18.0 vs. 21 and 35 days of age and lower at the age of 49 17.4), slaughter yield (74.7 vs. 73.9) and slaughter days as compared to control birds.Feed conversion was not significantly worsened compared to control value (68.7 vs.67.9). TABLE 5: Slaughter analysis. Breast muscles with skin
Weight (g) Group
Sex L.W.
Dressed carcass
±SD Kontrol
Male Female
A
Male Female
B
±SD
Edible giblets total ±SD
Abdominal fat
Abdominal fat of L.W. %
Weight ±SD
±SD
Thighs muscles with skin
% of L.W.
Weight ±SD
% of L.W.
Dressing Percentage %
Slaughter value %
2008±83 1782±62
1352±72 1202±52
127±11 114±9
32±10 29±9
1.6 1.6
364±32 331±25
18.1 18.5
348±18 301±18
17.3 16.9
73.6 73.8
67.3 67.4
1895±136 2034±40 1808±44 1921±122 Male 2003±96 Female 1757±72
1277±98 1388±48 1220±40 1304±96 1347±69 1181±53
120±12 120±7 113±9 116±9 127±15 111±10
30±10 29±10 29±11 29±10 30±10 26±9
1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6
347±33 370±23 334±23 352±29 357±28 330±26
18.3 18.2 18.5 18.3 17.8 18.8
324±30 360±23 309±23 335±34 349±27 295±19
17.1 17.7 17.1 17.4 17.4 16.8
73.7 74.1 73.7 73.9 73.6 73.5
67.4 68.2 67.5 67.9 67.2 67.2
1880±150 1264±104 119±15
27±10
1.4
343±30
18.3
322±36
17.1
73.6
67.2
There aren‘t significant difference between the averages at (P< 0.05)
TABLE 6: Mortality of birds. Group
Kontrol A B
Diagnosis :
A = B = C =
1-21 days
22-35 days
36-49 days
1-49 days
n
%
n
%
n
%
n
%
A(n)
B(n)
C(n)
7 3 7
0.8 0.3 0.8
1 2 1
0.1 0.2 0.1
5 4 3
0.6 0.5 0.3
13 09 11
1.5 1.0 1.3
7 0 6
3 6 2
3 3 3
disease of the muscuskeletal system syndrom of the sudden death inflammation of the nonabsorbed yolk sac
Causes of mortality
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broilers. Skin pigmentation, final live weight and feed conversion were better in broilers fed diets supplemented with commercial natural colorant from marigold as compared to control and sea buckthorn. The slaughter characteristics, health and mortality were not significantly affected by the diets.The waste from the processing of sea buckthorn fruit as a source of natural pigments and other bioactive substances may be used up to 5% of diets for broilers without adverse effect on the health.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to the staff of the department for the guidance and support they showed usduring this work. Their help was greatly needed and deeply appreciated. We would also like to express our deepest gratitude to Ing. Vlastislav Machander, Ph.D., Director of the International Poultry Testing Station (ITP) – Ústrašice, Czech Republic for his assistance in the achievement of these projects.
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