Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 2144 – 2148
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The effect of six-week aerobic interval training on some blood lipids and VO2max in female athlete students Parisa Amiri Farsani*, Davar Rezaeimaneshb
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a Islamic Azad University Abadan branch, Abadan, 8861615375, Iran Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khorramshahr, 6964164147, Iran
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Abstract Age is associated with increases in body weight, body fat, and abdominal fat. The weakening of the cardiovascular system associated with aging could be countered by increasing levels of physical activity and functional fitness. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of six-week aerobic interval training on some Blood lipids and VO2max in female athlete students. Thus, 15 players of university’s teams with an average age of 19.4-25.7, height of 158.8-172.6 centimetres, and weight of 45.3-63.8 kg were chosen. The effect of six- week aerobic interval training on body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VO2max was evaluated on pre and post test. The subjects participated in four weekly 60-75 minute training sessions in a 6 week period. Descriptive statistic and t-Test at (α=0.05) were used to analyze data. The results showed that there was a significant difference in body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and VO2max. According to the results, the training programs produced significant benefits on some blood lipids and VO2max in athletes. © 2011 Ltd. 2011 Published PublishedbybyElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. Key words: aerobic interval, body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VO2max
1. Introduction Age is associated with increases in body weight, body fat, abdominal fat, and deterioration of the lipid profile. Time spent engaging in sedentary activities also increases with age and is associated with obesity, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, regular involvement in moderate to vigorous bouts of physically active is documented as beneficial to cardiovascular health. Accordingly, the weakening of the cardiovascular system associated with aging could be countered by increasing levels of physical activity and functional fitness. There is broad agreement that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and that at least part of this risk reduction may be due to favorable changes in circulating lipids and apolipo-proteins induced by regular physical exercise. On this basis, the inclusion of exercise in the therapeutic regimen for those with hypercholesterolemia and other lipid abnormalities has gained widespread acceptance (Stephen, F et al, 1996). Abdominal obesity is one of the most important risk factors for acute myocardial infarction. Studies indicate that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to increased abdominal obesity and body weight, but the latter exert a greater influence and can be modified by changes in lifestyle such as adequate dietary habits and regular physical exercise .Many Studies showed that aerobic interval training may induce significant changes in the parameters of body composition--body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and blood lipids (Martins, R.A et * Parisa Amiri Farsani. Tel.: +989166306338; fax:+ 98 632 4332409 E-mail address:
[email protected] 1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.416
Parisa Amiri Farsani and Davar – 2148 Parisa Amiri Farsani, Davar Rezaeimanesh Rezaeimanesh // Procedia Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences30 00(2011) (2011)2144 000–000
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al, 2010). Aerobic training has been proposed as an effective mechanism for improving cardiovascular protection, with training resulting in reductions of 2% on total cholesterol (TC), 2% on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and 9% on triglycerides (TG), and increases of 3% on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in men 18 years of age and older (Kelley, G.A et al, 2005). Research has also found positive training related adaptations on TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C (Halverstadt, A et al, 2006), or only on LDL-C and TC/HDL-C, without changes on TC, HDLC and TG. However, the variety of characteristics (frequency, intensity, time, and type) of exercise used in previous studies may partly explain inconsistent findings of different modes of aerobic exercise causing unchanged TC, HDL-C or LDL-C (Martins, R. A et al, 2010). Among body’s functioning system, respiratory system is of special value. Because of an important and prominent role of this system in metabolism and providing the requested energy for different body’s tissue and organ, so it is influenced seriously by short &long term exercises. Due to its important role and compatibilities in physical activity, the respiratory system draws attentions of many researchers toward studying the quality of this efficacy (Wilmore, J. H et al, 2008). The maximum oxygen the body uses during exercise to get exhausted is referred to as VO 2max, or estimation of the maximum consumed oxygen. The maximum consumed oxygen, is one of the best predictive for cardiorespiratory endurance and also aerobic preparation. As the individuals need to energy is engaged with the body size, so the maximum energy consumption (VO2max) is also expressed as the body weight. The regular aerobic physical activity cause increase in VO2max and indirectly decrease most of disease affection (Blair, S. N et al, 2001). It has commonly been observed that 6–12 wk of exercise training at a moderate intensity (MIT) can improve aerobic capacity and maximal mitochondrial enzyme activities. In addition, sprint interval training at very high power outputs for 6–7 wk produces similar results. Recent evidence has also shown that daily sessions of MIT (2 h/day) for only 6–10 days can improve aerobic capacity and mitochondrial enzyme activities, although not all short-term MIT protocols have reported similar increases. Even as few as six SIT sessions in 2 wk have been shown to increase citrate synthase activity but without an increase in VO2max. The MIT and SIT short-duration (2-wk) protocols produce substantial training effects and health benefits in a short period of time. However, MIT for 2 h/day is time consuming and difficult to complete, and SIT is performed at an all-out maximal intensity that is very challenging and may be too intense for individuals beginning a training program to sustain ( Talanian, J. L et al 2007). Our finding that TC, LDL-C, TG diminish with exercise is consistent with previous research, even those programs that have not attained resulted in gains after strength training in postmenopausal women and in adult men. To explain why some programs have not resulted in gains, some researchers have pointed a dose-response relationship between serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C) and levels of physical activity (intensity and duration) in adult women and men. Accordingly, Cox and colleagues have demonstrated lower TC and LDL-C after 6 months of higher, but not lower, intensity exercise in middle and older sedentary women. However, Sillanpaa and colleagues, failed to attain changes on TC, TG and LDL-C after 21-week of high-intensity endurance and heavy resistance strength training in healthy 40-65-year-old men. Our finding that HDL-C increases with exercise is consistent with previous results. However, not all studies have found gains in HDL-C following aerobic-based or strength-based programs. This absence of gains have been justified with the higher initial levels of HDL-C, with the lower exercise intensity, with the good initial body composition, and with the lack of control of the time of blood sampling (Martins, R. A et al, 2010). Therefore, this study plans to six-week aerobic interval training on some blood lipids contain body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and VO2max in female athlete students. 2. Methodology 2.1. Participants This study is of applied nature and is semi-experimental. The participants were varsity university’s teams players (N=102). For this study 15 of the players were chosen randomly, after which they signed consent forms. Using a questionnaire, the subjects made clear that they had no records of pain or surgery and that they were completely healthy. Their age ranged from 19.4-25.7 years, their height from 158.8-172.6 centimetres, and their weight from 45.3-63.8 kilograms. 2
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ParisaAmiri AmiriFarsani, FarsaniDavar and Davar Rezaeimanesh / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 2144 – 2148 Parisa Rezaeimanesh / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
2.2. Measurement The effect of six-week aerobic intermittent training on some blood lipids (body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and VO2max in female athlete was measured when performing the pre-test and, after 6 weeks of training, during the post-test. All the participants performed the training as planned. Venous blood samples were collected in the morning by specialized nurses, after 12 hours fasting, and after a minimum of 24 hours since the last physical exercise intervention. Participants were in a seated position and rested for ten minutes. The Bruce test is used to measure VO2max in pre and post test. 2.3. Procedure The training program consisted of a 4-session, weekly training program in a 6 week period and was supervised by an Exercise Physiologist. The sample of exercise program was 3×1000 in 3:30 minutes with 1:45 minutes as interval rest and five repetitions. To enhance the participants’ physical abilities and preparation, light training activities were performed in the first week. The amount of training pressure was gradually increased from the second week onward. The number of repeats depended on the pressure of the activities during the training program. 2.4. Statistical Analysis To examine the hypotheses, a paired t-test with α=0.05 was used. Statistics were analyzed using SPSS ver.16. 3. Results The findings of this research presented in table (1).This research finding indicate that comparing with the pretest; six weeks of aerobic interval training caused significant decrease in the body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and produced significant benefits on HDLcholesterol (HDL-C) and VO2max of the subjects. Also, six weeks of aerobic interval training don’t make any significant differences in the LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), although the LDL levels has been reduced in subjects. Table 1. Paired T-test for the pre- and post-test of the variables variables Body weight [kg] Waist circumference [cm] Body mass index [kg/m2] Triglycerides [mg/dl] Total cholesterol [mg/dl] HDL-cholesterol [mg/dl] LDL-cholesterol [mg/dl] VO2max[Ml/kg.min]
Per-test 53.6±10.1 86.5±8.7 20.04±3.5 142.7±21.3 165.1±19.2 51.7±7.2 42.3±10.6 38±3
Pos-test 50.1±10.2 83.7±8.1 19.03±3.4 140.3±21.7 151.2±18.3 56.3±6.3 41.1±11.2 40±2.3
significance* 0.024* 0.011* 0.029* 0.028* 0.017* 0.041* 0.305 0.001*
4. Discussion & Conclusion The main finding of this study is that exercise programs resulted in positive changes in important cardiovascular risk factors, namely BW, WC, BMI, TC, TG and HDL-C, and cardio-respiratory fitness also increases on VO2max. The findings of this study showed that 6 weeks of 4-session per week aerobic intermittent training caused an positive changes in Body Weight (BW). The findings of Dutheil, F (2010), Martins, R. A (2010) and Chae, H. W (2004) verify these results. Statistical analysis of the findings of this study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic intermittent training in 4 weekly sessions caused significant reduction in the waist circumference (WC). These findings are similar to those of Martins, R. A (2010), Chae, H. W (2010), Dutheil, F (2010), Stubbe, I (1980) and Hata, Y (2006) and opposing Henderson, G. C (2010). This study emphasized that 4 weekly aerobic intermittent training sessions in a 6 week period had a significant decrease on Body Mass Index (BMI). Stubbe, I (1980), Dutheil, F (2010), Martins, R. A (2010), Chae, H. W (2010), also found changes in BMI. 3
Parisa Amiri Farsani and Davar – 2148 Parisa Amiri Farsani, Davar Rezaeimanesh Rezaeimanesh // Procedia Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences30 00(2011) (2011)2144 000–000
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Statistical analysis of the findings of this study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic intermittent training in 4 weekly sessions caused significant decrease in the Triglycerides (TG). These findings are similar to those of Martins, R. A (2010), Chae, H. W (2010), Dutheil, F (2010), Stubbe, I (1980), Hata, Y (2006), Henderson, G. C (2010) and opposing Crouse, F (1983). Triglyceride is main source of energy in physical activity and kind of endurance. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a triglyceride degrading enzyme, which causes release of free fatty acids (FFA) from triglycerides to provide energy during aerobic activities. So there is a high correlation between the lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity and blood triglyceride harvest. Therefore it could be concluded that blood triglycerides is reduced in healthy individuals during aerobic activity and LPL enzyme amount increased. This study shows that a 6-week aerobic intermittent training period can create improvement in Total Cholesterol (TC) of subjects. Our research findings indicate that significant differences among the subjects on HDL index and the HDL amount have increased. The researches being done by Bermingham, M. A et al (2004), Kang, H. S et al (1997), Martins, R. A (2010), Chae, H. W (2010), Dutheil, F (2010) also confirmed these research results. Physical activity and exercise, especially aerobic activity lead to increase in plasma HDL levels significantly that this increase affected from activation of LPL and ASyl Lystyn cholesterol transferase enzymes and decreased of hepatic lipase activity. Research findings about the LDL levels show that there is no significant difference in post-test, although the LDL levels have been reduced in subjects, 2.8 percent. The researches being done by Crouse, S. F et al (1983) also confirmed these research results. Absence of significant changes in LDL index could be caused from limitations in the precision control on a diet. On the other hand in most subjects the body relies on free fatty acids to produce energy. The result of this research indicates that six weeks of aerobic intermittent exercises are effective on VO 2max in subjects. These findings are consonant with the results are obtained by Gormley, S. E. et al (2008), Berling, J. et al (2006), Breil et al (2010) and Chae, H. W (2010). In conclusion, the training programs used in this study produced significant benefits on VO2max, BW, WC, BMI, TG, TC, HDL-C. Accordingly, the results of the current study suggest that aerobic intermittent exercises, with 6 weeks of duration, are enough to positively influence the metabolic health indicators of female athlete students. Acknowledgments This article extracts from research project is titled: The effect of six-week aerobic interval training on some blood lipids and VO2max in female athlete students and financial supported by the Islamic Azad University Abadan branch. References Henderson, G. C (2010). Plasma triglyceride concentrations are rapidly reduced following individual bouts of endurance exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 109(4),721-30. Bermingham, M. A et al (2004). Blood lipids of cardiac patients after acute exercise on land and in water. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 85(3), 509-11. Alvarez-Sala, L. A et al (2002). Effects of fluvastatin extended-release (80 mg) alone and in combination with ezetimibe (10 mg) on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inflammatory parameters in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 30(1), 84-97. Kang, H. S et al (1997). Physical training improves insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 34(12), 1920-7. Crouse, S. F et al (1997). Effects of training and a single session of exercise on lipids and apolipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic men. J Appl Physiol. 83(6), 2019-28. Crouse, S. F et al (1983). Training intensity, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins in men with high cholesterol. J Appl Physiol. 82(1), 270-7. Stubbe, I et al (1980). Plasma lipoproteins and lipolytic enzyme activities during endurance training in sedentary men: changes in high-density lipoprotein subfractions and composition. Metabolism. 32(12), 1120-8. Kiens, B et al (2001). Increased plasma HDL-cholesterol and apo A-1 in sedentary middle-aged men after physical conditioning. ur J Clin Invest. 10(3), 203-9. Durstine, J. L et al (2000). Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. Sports Med. 31(15), 1033-62. Hata, Y et al (2006). Life-style and serum lipids and lipoproteins. J Atheroscler Thromb. 7(4), 177-97. Cauza, E et al (2010). The metabolic effects of long term exercise in Type 2 Diabetes patients. Wien Med Wochenschr. 156(17-18), 515-9. Dutheil, F et al (2010). Blood lipids and adipokines concentrations during a 6-month nutritional and physical activity intervention for metabolic syndrome treatment. Lipids Health Dis. 31;9, 148. 4
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