Dec 17, 2015 - APPLIED PETROLEUM ENGINEERING: CAN IT SATISFY OIL AND GAS .... Intergradation of wastewater biodegradation using metal nanoparticles ... as Lee et al which their study described that NZVI has a strong bactericidal .... 28 hours, which bacteria adjusted to the new environment and mass rapid ...
CHEMTECH '16 IV. International Chemical Engineering and Technologies Conference
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Özgür Öztürk DAKAM YAYINLARI November 2016, İstanbul. www.dakam.org Firuzağa Mah. Boğazkesen Cad., No:76/8, 34425, Beyoğlu, İstanbul CHEMTECH '16 IV. International Chemical Engineering and Technologies Conference Scientific Committee: Prof. Dr. A. Nilgun AKIN, Kocaeli University Prof. Dr. Gamze GUCLU, Istanbul University Prof. Dr. Gulten GURDAG, Istanbul University Prof. Dr. Hale HAPOGLU, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Huseyin KARACA, Inönü University Prof. Dr. Suleyman KAYTAKOGLU, Anadolu University Prof. Dr. Ulku MEHMETOGLU, Ankara University Prof. Dr. H. Tuncer OZDAMAR, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Ahmet OZER, Firat University Prof. Dr. Gulay OZKAN, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Levent YILMAZ, Middle East Technical University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap CESUR, Ege University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayse KARAKECILI, Ankara University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yavuz OZCELIK, Ege University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zehra OZCELIK, Ege University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guralp OZKOC, Kocaeli University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine YAGMUR, Ankara University Assist. Dr. Levent AKYALCIN, Anadolu University Assist. Dr. Erhan BAT, Middle East Technical University Assist. Dr. Suna ERTUNC, Ankara University Edited by: Berfu Ayhan Designed by: Barış Öztürk Cover Design: D/GD (DAKAM Graphic Design) Print: Metin Copy Plus, Mollafenari Mah., Türkocağı Cad. 3/1, Mahmutpaşa/Istanbul, Turkey ISBN: 978-605-9207-54-6
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CHEMTECH '16 IV. International Chemical Engineering and Technologies Conference
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FUNCTIONALITY OF NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON INTO DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS ............................................... 5 TAREQ W M AMEN, OSAMA ELJAMAL, AHMED M. E. KHALIL, YUJI SUGIHARA, NOBUHIRO MATSUNAGA
ADSORPTION OF ANTIMONY ON IRON-DOPED CELLULOSIC CARBON FIBER.................................. 12 ESRA BILGIN SIMSEK, PELIN DEMIRCIVI, IVAN NOVAK, DUSAN BEREK, ULKER BEKER
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE OF PAN NANOFIBER COATED CERAMIC NONWOVENS ........................ 13 MERVE KUCUKALI OZTURK, ELIF OZDEN YENIGUN, BANU NERGIS, CEVZA CANDAN
APPLIED PETROLEUM ENGINEERING: CAN IT SATISFY OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY HUNGER FOR COMPETENT ENGINEERS? ..................................................................... 19 ABDELAZIZ KHLAIFAT, AHMAD AL AWAR, ABDULRAHMAN AL ALI
THE EFFECTS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON YIELD OF SUNFLOWER .................................................. 20 NURCAN YAVUZ, NIZAMETTIN ÇİFTÇİ, DURAN YAVUZ
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MICRO ATOMIZING NOZZLES FOR ROTARY FUEL SLINGERS ............ 28 ABDOLLAH AFJEH, NICHOLAS JONES AND TERRY NG
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF JUTE/E-GLASS COMPOSITE STRUCTURES ........................... 29 OMER BERK BERKALP, HANDE SEZGIN, RAJESH MISHRA, JIRI MILITKY
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT, ULTRASONICATION AND MIXING ON INTERLAYER DISTANCE OF ORGANOMODIFIED NANOCLAY .......................................................... 33 MELTEM KASAPOGLU CALIK, MURAT OZDEMIR
LIGNIN DEGRADATION BY TWO ISOLATED BACILLUS SPP. AND THEIR CO-CULTURE POTENTIAL IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLATFORM CHEMICALS FROM LIGNIN ................................. 40 ABEER AHMED QAED AHMED, OLUBUKOLA OLURANTI BABALOLA, TRACEY MCKAY
DESIGN OF ELECTROSPUN TUBULAR SCAFFOLDS FOR VASCULAR GRAFTS .................................... 51 IPEK YALCIN ENIS, TELEM GOK SADIKOGLU
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SB DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS PREPARED BY THE SOL GEL METHOD................................................................. 55 OUILI ZEINEDDINE, HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, SEBAIS MILOUD, HALIMI OUAHIBA
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS POROUS MATERIALS TO STORE HYDROGEN BY ADSORPTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE ....................................................... 56 FATMA OGUZ ERDOGAN
AN EXPERIMENTAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM OPERATED AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE AND MICROWAVE POWER: MATHEMATICAL MODELING STUDY ................................................. 57 BASAK TEMUR ERGAN, MAHMUT BAYRAMOGLU
A COMPARATIVE KINETICS STUDY ON DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM PERBORATE AND POTASSIUM PERSULFATE UNDER CONTINUOUSLY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION .................... 58 BASAK TEMUR ERGAN, MAHMUT BAYRAMOGLU, SEYDA YILMAZ
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC GRANTED WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES USING INDIUM CHLORIDE CATALYST ......................................................................... 59 SAMIRA HAMZA REGUIG, GHENIA BENTABED-ABABSA, AICHA DERDOUR
INVESTIGATION OF HIGH PURE TELLURIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS ............................................ 60 MICHAIL GRISHRECHKIN, ELENA MOZHEVITINA, ANDREW KHOMYAKOV, MARINA ZYKOVA, ROMAN AVETISOV, IGOR AVETISSOV
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF PU/PEBAX FILMS ................................................................. 64 SEVILAY NIGAR, SENNUR DENIZ
ANTIBACTERIAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PU/ZIF-8 NANOCOMPOSITE COATED POLYESTER FABRIC ........................................................................... 65 SEVILAY NIGAR, SENNUR DENIZ
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANE/CUMOF NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS USING VEGETABLE OIL BASED POLYOL BLENDS ..................................... 67 SEVILAY NIGAR, ÇILGA ATAMAN, SENNUR DENIZ
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FUNCTIONALITY OF NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON INTO DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS TAREQ W M AMEN, OSAMA ELJAMAL, AHMED M. E. KHALIL, YUJI SUGIHARA, NOBUHIRO MATSUNAGA Earth System Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan Abstract Intergradation of wastewater biodegradation using metal nanoparticles turned into one of the most promising applications in municipal sewage treatment plants, therefore investigations on the biological degradation and chemical reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorus in the presence of zero-valent iron in nano size (NZVI) are crucial in an effort to evaluate the enhancing potential use of NZVI in the wastewater purification technology. In spite of enormous studies that focus onto the effect of NZVI in groundwater remediation and water contaminants purification, the role of the NZVI on microbial activity into municipal wastewater still unclear while most of the previous studies concentrated only on one bacteria strain, not on all bacterial collections that live into the wastewater. In this study the effect of NZVI on whole bacteria which live in the domestic wastewater through explored the antimicrobial properties of NZVI was studied. Batch experiments were performed under different operational– air-saturated closed, anaerobic and aerobic open- conditions to track the bacterial growth rate by counting the cell viability and draw growth curves using the plate count method as well as to examine the effect of operational conditions and NZVI concentrations on phosphorus removal and COD reduction. The maximum antimicrobial effect of NZVI was clearly found when dosing 10 mg L -1 in the presence of oxygen indicate that oxygen significantly contributed to the bacterial growth rate. Also, it is clear that phosphorus adsorption and COD removal increased with increasing NZVI under an airsaturated closed condition. Introduction Since the nineties of the last century, one of the most promised application of using zero-valent iron for remediation of contaminate groundwater was permeable reactive barriers, this steered researchers to investigate using the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust by weight [1] in the wastewater treatment sector and upgrade the biological process of activated sludge that used in the most prevalent all over the world [2]. Guan, et al. detailed the role of mass transfer of contaminant sequestration by NZVI which involves the transfer of electrons between NZVI and its oxidizing species with contaminants that can accept electrons [3] via reduction, coagulation, sedimentation or adsorption of the pollutants [4, 5]. The formation of iron oxide and iron hydroxide is significantly affected by dissolved oxygen (DO) thus batch experiments were carried out to determine relevance between oxygen availability condition and contamination removal. Phosphorus is a particularly important pollutant as it is involved the abundance of aquatic plants, the growth of algae and depletion of dissolved oxygen. The main sources of phosphorus that release in aquatic environments are agricultural fertilizers and food industries [6]. The excess of phosphorus presence in water, algal and aquatic plants grow widely, and use up large amounts of oxygen, this condition is known as eutrophication. Therefore, phosphorus content in an effluent quality of wastewater treatment plants in Europe and North American standards, are required to meet 50 μg/L and 10 μg/L, respectively [7]. Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment are promoted resource recovery to recover contaminants like phosphorus as nutrients, in addition to saving energy and reuse wastewater. Phosphorus into wastewater was usually removed via biological methods because it is more economical and environmentally friendly process. So far, typical biological processes, such as anaerobic/anoxic/oxic, have been extensively employed for domestic wastewater treatment. However, phosphorus is often not much effective in these biological treatment processes
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due to the lack of carbon sources [8]. Generally, the easily biodegradable organic matter is extremely limited in the domestic wastewater for phosphorus removal, characterized by low carbon to nitrogen ratio, for this, a modification in the conventional biological reactors is required in practice, adding NZVI one of the affirmative techniques. The increase of bacterial mass in biological treatment units was mainly due to reproducing by binary fission and there are four distinct phases of bacterial growth namely lag, log or exponential, stationary and death [9]. In spite of enormous increasing interest in studying the effect of NZVI on removing contaminants from sewage, little cognition about the impact of using NZVI into microbial activity in wastewater. The integral mechanism of microbial activities and phosphorus adsorption profile in municipal wastewater is still not clearly observed, a variety of questions have been proposed to clarify the relationship between microbial life activity and phosphorus concentrations in wastewater biodegradation. Researchers mainly focused on the potential influences of nanoparticles on specific type of bacteria and they demonstrated that NZVI adsorbed on bacterial membrane walls, which death and inhabitation had been the unique result [10] but so far most of these studies investigate the effects of NZVI in one strain of bacteria such as Lee et al which their study described that NZVI has a strong bactericidal effect on the Escherichia coli bacteria and the effect was found as iron properties related and the microbial inhabitation was increased under anaerobic conditions [11]. The inducing dosage NZVI into wastewater treatment plants promise enhancement reduction of phosphorus and COD, beside of that several studies showed that NZVI has toxicity properties and rapidly inactivates many strains of bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescence [10-12] in the other side the results of Xiu et al. showed that methanogens bacteria were significantly stimulated by NZVI [13]. In this study, by tracking the bulk bacterial population in the municipal wastewater, we have examined the removal of phosphorus and COD using NZVI. Materials and Methods NZVI synthesis All solutions that used to set up preparations or in batch experiments were prepared in deionized water and the NZVI was synthesis based on aqueous reduction of ferrous chloride using sodium borohydride as described in the following ionic reaction: − 0 𝐹𝑒(𝐻2 𝑂)+3 6 + 3𝐵𝐻4 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 4𝐹𝑒 ↓ +3B(𝑂𝐻)3 + 10.5𝐻2 … … … … . . (1). 5 grams of ferrous chloride were dissolved in 125 mL N 2 saturated deionized water, then reduced by sodium borohydride flow, which prepared by dissolving 5 grams of sodium borohydride in 125 mL of free oxygen deionized water based on dropwise techniques. The suspension of produced NZVI was washed with deionized water two times and washed again with anhydrous ethanol. Eventually, the suspension was filtered under anaerobic vacuum condition. Description of the treatment plant Table 1: Main features of the raw Wastewater samples were obtained from the inlet of municipal wastewater used in this study Mikasagawa purification center, one of the main sewage treatment Parameter Unit Value plants (STP) in Fukuoka city, Japan. Samples then pre-screened through a 2 mm mesh to remove the large particles, then kept at Temperature °C 23 4 °C to maintain its freshness. Mikasagawa STP used standard ـ pH 7.3 activated sludge method, the quality of raw sewage is presented in SS mg L-1 175 Table 1. [14] COD mg L-1 424 Culture and analysis of bacteria -1 BOD mg L 229 Bacteria growth rate was estimated based on counting the number NH4-N mg L-1 28 of live bacteria using colony forming unit (CFU) technique based on Total-N mg L-1 37 pour plate method by count viable colonies on plates after Total- PO4 mg L-1 4.45 incubation using agar. The agar was melted by dissolving 23.5 g dehydrated medium agar with typical formulas of agar was (2.5 yeast extract, 5g peptone, 1g dextrose and 15 g agar) g/L into 1000 mL deionized water, then the medium was heated under mixing, afterward it was sterilized by autoclaving at 120 °C for 20 minutes and maintained at 50 °C prior to use. Each dilution was inoculated three times for 7 days and viable bacteria count was determined by counting visible colonies. Each sample was diluted ten thousand times to obtain the final colonies between 30 to 300. By Adding 15 mL melted agar to each Petri dish containing 1mL of diluted sample and mixing the medium carefully with rotating plates on the level of surface 10 times. After agar plates have hardened, the Petri dishes were inverted
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and immediately incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours After 24 hours of incubation, the colony count was recorded in respective dilutions according to equation (2) 𝐶𝐹𝑈 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) 𝑚𝐿 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ, 𝑚𝐿 Exposure of NZVI to Bacteria To compare contamination removal kinetic by at different concentration of NZVI, four sets of batch experiments were operated. The concentrations of 10, 100, 200 mg L-1 were examined after mixing raw wastewater which act as seeds and boiled wastewater with a ratio of 1:9 for biodegradation processes. Boiled wastewater was kept boiling for 20 minutes afterward it was autoclaved for 20 minutes to ensure killing microbial life and then cooled down before mixing with seeds. Four batch experiments were carried out, 10 mg/L NZVI set was designated to sample mixture with 10 mg L-1 NZVI, 100 mg/L NZVI use sample mixture with 100 mg L-1 NZVI and 200 mg/L NZVI used sample mixture with 200 mg L-1 NZVI. One set for control were operated. Number of viable cells were determined at 0, 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 20, 24, 28, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours by the plate count method. Three different types of experimental operational conditions were carried out, the first set was under air saturation with sealing the flask without purging with nitrogen, while the second was under anaerobic which the samples were purged with nitrogen gas and the flasks were plugged, and the third type was aerobic without deoxygenation and flasks were exposed to the atmosphere. The batch experiments were conducted using mixture samples of 250 mL at 37 °C. All flasks were placed on a platform shaker and continuously shaken at 150 rpm. All experiments were carried out in triplicate, cells from different time period were collected and counted. Analytical methods Duplicate samples each analysis were withdrawn during the batch experiments at a predetermined time at 0, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 and 192 hours using a 10 mL syringe with a 0.20 µm disposable membrane filter (ADVANTEC, Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd, Japan). Phosphorus concentrations were analyzed by Hach spectrophotometer (DR 3900, Hach company, USA) based on USEPA PhosVer (Ascorbic Acid) method, but the concentrations of COD were measured based on the reactor digestion method according to the standard method for examination of water and wastewater [15]. The concentration of DO was checked by the DO meter and pH was measured by pH/ORP meter (Toka chemical laboratories Co., Japan). The samples were diluted with deionized water when the observance exceeded the range of calibration. Results and discussion NZVI characterizations Specific surface area of fresh synthesized NZVI was determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) area analyzer (3Flex surface characterization, Micromeritics, USA). After drying the NZVI samples under vacuum, it was contained in a glass sample tube, exposed to nitrogen gas, and the systematic sorption and desorption of nitrogen provided the NZVI surface characteristics, which the total surface area reaches 62,000 m 2 kg-1. Particle size determination and shape distribution were observed according to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM, JEM-ARM 200F, JEOL Co., Japan) where the NZVI particles shape were largely spherical and a representative single particle size was around 50-70 nm as presented in Figure 1b and the agglomeration shape was dominant for size distribution as shown in Figure 1a, where the most of the iron particles were formed in a chain-like aggregates. (a )
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Figure 1: TEM images of un-oxidized NZVI at resolution of (a) 100 nm, (b) 10nm
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NZVI effect on bacterial growth rate and antimicrobial activity For testing the possibility of toxicity of NZVI for the bacterial life in wastewater, the effect of dosing NZVI on the viable colonies of bacteria was examined. The results were obtained over different ranges of NZVI concentrations (0 to 200 mg L-1), demonstrated that NZVI has considerable activity on wastewater microbiology life. The remarkable change in bacteria life was revealed on the life phases of bacterial. Lag and exponential phases took 28 hours, which bacteria adjusted to the new environment and mass rapid increased exponentially under three different operating conditions. Nevertheless, the bacterial death phase where the death rate exceeds the growth rate took place after 72 hours under the aerobic system either air-saturated closed or aerobic open. Figure 2a shows the bacterial growth rate under air-saturated closed condition, which indicating that after 30 hours of increasing the number of viable bacteria start decreasing without clear stationary phase and the transit between bacterial phases was occurred smoothly, in addition to no significant diverse was confirmed in the viable counts when samples were exposed to both 100 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1 denoting that increasing NZVI dosing over 100 mg L-1 is not critical factor in increasing the inhabitation of bacteria cells. In contrast to that long stationary phase was observed under anaerobic condition where it was elongated for five days after 24 hours of lag and exponential phases (Figure 2b), which comes in the line of Chaithawiwat Krittanut’s results that stationary phase was the highest resistance period for inactivation microbial cells [16] and this might be due to adaptation of bacteria to the new medium. The maximum antimicrobial effect of NZVI was clearly found when dosing 10 mg L-1 in the presence of oxygen indicate that oxygen significantly contributed to the bacterial growth rate, conversely under deaerated condition showed a high inactivation rate in studying the bactericidal effect of NZVI on Escherichia coli[11] returning that the iron nanoparticles could penetrate the membrane wall of bacteria. That means oxygen compound (O 2-, OHand H2O2) can cause disruption of bacteria cell membranes by damage bacteria proteins and DNA after penetration the bacteria membranes and react with intracellular oxygen. On the other hand, when the bacteria were exposed to NZVI in the absence of oxygen (Figure 2b) the number of viable colonies was raised noticeably with 10 mg L-1 dosing reached 182×104 CFU/mL after 72 hours compared to 150, 55 and 42 ×104 CFU/mL for control, 100 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1 sets, respectively. The highest bacterial population was detected when the batch experiments were exposed to the atmosphere and the CFU numbers in control without nZVI were 272 at the end of exponential phase but adding 10 mg L-1 inhibit bacterial growth by 70%. In conclusion, NZVI has a low antimicrobial effect into waste water and relatively weak toxicity to the bacterial life and increasing the dosing of NZVI, the bacterial growth rate will be inhabited.
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Figure 2: Viability of bacterial colonies exposed to NZVI expressed as colony forming unit (CFU × 10 4) per mL for (a) air saturated closed condition, (b) anaerobic condition and (c) aerobic open condition Phosphorus removal performance in batch test Phosphorus removal profiles in the batch tests at 37 °C are shown the Figure 3. Under air-saturated closed condition, the phosphorus species were almost completely adsorbed within 30 minutes of exposing to NZVI and removal efficiency increased dramatically with increasing NZVI concentration and reached 83% and 94% for 100 and 200 mg L-1, respectively. Whereas dosing 10 mg L-1 did not have an obvious influence on phosphorus removed (Figure 3a) suggesting that the addition of NZVI particles enhanced phosphorus removal. Moreover, Figure 3b indicated that adding 10 mg L-1 of NZVI to wastewater under anaerobic condition promptly increased phosphorus raising to reach 4 times of initial concentration after a half hour of exposing to NZVI and then dramatically decreased to the steady state. However, when the NZVI concentration was 200 mg L-1, the phosphorus was lower than that of 100 mg L-1 NZVI. This phenomenon could be attributed to the chemical precipitation between phosphorus and iron ferrous ions, which was mainly formed by anaerobic corrosion of iron[17, 18]. Nonetheless, air-saturated closed condition proved better phosphorus removal compared with the aerobic open condition due to the switching of overall iron particles to iron oxides.
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Figure 4: Effect of operational conditions on COD reduction for (a) biological and (b) biological and 100 mg L-1. Conclusion After examining the integration of NZVI in the wastewater treatment and interact with collective microbial life, it was suggested that when applying use NZVI on biological treatment of municipal wastewater, the most appropriate operational condition for maintaining bacteria was air-saturated closed condition. NZVI showed higher activity under air-saturated closed condition, supposedly because the oxygen-induced dissolution of iron ions forming Fe+2 and Fe+3 which remove pollutants after reacting with hydroxide OH-. Results also showed that phosphorus was completely removed within 60 minutes when dosing 100 mgL -1 NZVI or more except when applying aerobic open operational condition, the removal rate was drastically decreased
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and the COD removal under air-saturated closed was higher than those under anaerobic and aerobic open and the order for COD removal was air-saturated closed > anaerobic > aerobic open. The prospective reason is that DO into wastewater increases the NZVI corrosion which enhanced COD by adsorption and co-precipitation. To sum up, a high DO is supposed to increase the COD and phosphorus removal up to a limit point, that point will be analyzed in our coming studies. Acknowledgements This examination was a part of PhD study and the authors acknowledge Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan for financially supporting this work. References [1] W.S. Association, Steel statistical yearbook 2011, World Steel Association. http://www. world-steel. org/dms/internet DocumentList/statistics-archive/yearbook-archive/Steel-statistical-yearbook2011/document/Steel% 20statistical% 20year-book 202011 (2011). [2] Metcalf, Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, McGraw-Hill international ed.2014. [3] X. Guan, Y. Sun, H. Qin, J. Li, I.M. Lo, D. He, H. Dong, The limitations of applying zero-valent iron technology in contaminants sequestration and the corresponding countermeasures: The development in zero-valent iron technology in the last two decades (1994–2014), Water research 75 (2015) 224-248. [4] N. Fujioka, M. Suzuki, S. Kurosu, Y. Kawase, Linkage of iron elution and dissolved oxygen consumption with removal of organic pollutants by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Effects of pH on iron dissolution and formation of iron oxide/hydroxide layer, Chemosphere 144 (2016) 1738-1746. [5] J. Chen, X. Qiu, Z. Fang, M. Yang, T. Pokeung, F. Gu, W. Cheng, B. Lan, Removal mechanism of antibiotic metronidazole from aquatic solutions by using nanoscale zero-valent iron particles, Chemical Engineering Journal 181 (2012) 113-119. [6] S. Hamoudi, K. Belkacemi, Adsorption of nitrate and phosphate ions from aqueous solutions using organicallyfunctionalized silica materials: Kinetic modeling, Fuel 110 (2013) 107-113. [7] H. Zou, Y. Wang, Phosphorus removal and recovery from domestic wastewater in a novel process of enhanced biological phosphorus removal coupled with crystallization, Bioresource technology 211 (2016) 87-92. [8] Y. He, Y. Wang, X. Song, High-effective denitrification of low C/N wastewater by combined constructed wetland and biofilm-electrode reactor (CW–BER), Bioresource technology 203 (2016) 245-251. [9] M.H. Gerardi, Wastewater bacteria, John Wiley & Sons2006. [10] M. Diao, M. Yao, Use of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in inactivating microbes, Water research 43 (2009) 5243-5251. [11] C. Lee, J.Y. Kim, W.I. Lee, K.L. Nelson, J. Yoon, D.L. Sedlak, Bactericidal effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on Escherichia coli, Environmental science & technology 42 (2008) 4927-4933. [12] T.L. Kirschling, K.B. Gregory, J. Minkley, Edwin G, G.V. Lowry, R.D. Tilton, Impact of nanoscale zero valent iron on geochemistry and microbial populations in trichloroethylene contaminated aquifer materials, Environmental science & technology 44 (2010) 3474-3480. [13] Z.-m. Xiu, Z.-h. Jin, T.-l. Li, S. Mahendra, G.V. Lowry, P.J. Alvarez, Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene, Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1141-1146. [14] K. Sodo, Sewerage Maintenance Annual Report, Fukuoka Prefecture Sewer Management Center, 2015, pp. 42-43. [15] W.E. Federation, A.P.H. Association, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA (2005). [16] K. Chaithawiwat, A. Vangnai, J.M. McEvoy, B. Pruess, S. Krajangpan, E. Khan, Impact of nanoscale zero valent iron on bacteria is growth phase dependent, Chemosphere 144 (2016) 352-359. [17] O. Eljamal, A.M. Khalil, Y. Sugihara, N. Matsunaga, Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by nanoscale zero valent iron in the presence of copper chloride, Chemical Engineering Journal 293 (2016) 225-231. [18] D. Wu, Y. Shen, A. Ding, Q. Mahmood, S. Liu, Q. Tu, Effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and microorganisms in activated sludge, Journal of hazardous materials 262 (2013) 649-655. [19] K.-S. Wang, C.-L. Lin, M.-C. Wei, H.-H. Liang, H.-C. Li, C.-H. Chang, Y.-T. Fang, S.-H. Chang, Effects of dissolved oxygen on dye removal by zero-valent iron, Journal of hazardous materials 182 (2010) 886-895. [20] S. Wan, L. Sun, Y. Douieb, J. Sun, W. Luo, Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste composed of food waste, wastepaper, and plastic in a single-stage system: performance and microbial community structure characterization, Bioresource technology 146 (2013) 619-627.
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ADSORPTION OF ANTIMONY ON IRON-DOPED CELLULOSIC CARBON FIBER ESRA BILGIN SIMSEK, PELIN DEMIRCIVI, IVAN NOVAK, DUSAN BEREK, ULKER BEKER Esra Bilgin Simsek a , Pelin Demircivia, Ivan Novakb, Dusan Berekb, Ulker Bekerc a Yalova University, Chemical and Process Engineering Department, 77100, Yalova, Turkey b Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84541, Bratislava, Slovakia c TÜBITAK Marmara Research Center, Institute of Chemical Technology, 41470, Gebze, Turkey Abstract Antimony (Sb) is a toxic and carcinogenic metalloid which is considered as priority pollutant by the European Union (EU) and by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (USEPA). Maximum contaminant level of Sb in drinking water according to USEPA is 6 µg/L. Therefore efficient removal of Sb from water has garnered significant attentions. Sb can exist in a variety of oxidation states but they generally found in Sb(III) and Sb(V) forms in natural aquatic environment. In natural waters, Sb occurs as oxyanions, that are Sb(OH)6- (pH>2.7) and Sb(OH)3 (2.0
