THE EUROPEAN UNION TOWARDS

THE EUROPEAN UNION TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS. GENESIS, CONCEPT AND PRACTICE OF COOPERATION

Contents

List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Introduction

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Chapter I. International criminal tribunals as new mechanisms of human rights protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Determinants for the establishment of international criminal tribunals . . . . 1.1. Human rights abuses during the two world conflicts . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. International humanitarian law violations in the Balkan conflicts in the 90’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Humanitarian catastrophy in Rwanda and neighbouring states in 1994 . 2. Process of creation of international criminal tribunals . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. The UN Security Council’s initiatives concerning the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . . . . 2.2. Initiatives of the Security Council to create the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Idea of the establishment of the International Criminal Court within the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Human rights in the competence of international criminal tribunals . . . . . 3.1. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda . . . . . 3.3. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter II. Genesis of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Human rights in internal functioning of the European Union . . . . 1.1. Human rights question in primary law . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Human rights in institutional regulations . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Human rights in the EU external actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Development cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Human rights in association process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Human rights promotion and protection in accession process . . 3. The EU activities aimed at international criminal tribunals’ creation . 3.1. Initiatives to establish the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Actions aimed at the establishment of the International Tribunal for Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. Attempts to create the International Criminal Court . . . . . .

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23 26 26

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36 40 43

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53

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62 71

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71 75 79

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92 93 93 100 103 106 119 124 128

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129

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132 135

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Chapter III. Concept of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Character of cooperation with international criminal tribunals . . . . . . . 1.1. Legal basis of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. States as subjects obliged to cooperate with international criminal tribunals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. The EU as a cooperation subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Material scope of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Collecting and providing evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Searching for and surrending of persons accused . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Enforcement of judgments of international criminal tribunals . . . . . . 2.4. Financial and technical aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Factors determining the EU cooperation with international criminal tribunals 3.1. Protection of human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. State and regional reconstruction and national reconciliation . . . . . .

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142 144 144

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155 161 174 175 180 187 194 198 198 207

Chapter IV. Practice of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Direct cooperation with international criminal tribunals . . . . . . . . . 1.1. Direct cooperation with ad hoc tribunals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Direct cooperative activities towards the International Criminal Court 2. Practice of indirect cooperation with international criminal tribunals . . . 2.1. Conditionality as a manifestation of indirect cooperation . . . . . . . 2.2. Objections to initiatives guaranteeing immunities . . . . . . . . . .

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214 115 115 256 263 263 285

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

293

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

297

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

340

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