THE EXPERIENCE OF CHILD ABUSE OF TEENAGE MOTHERS AND

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 4, s. 534-554 ǱȱŗŖǯŗŚŜśŜȦŘŖŗŜŖŚŖř

THE EXPERIENCE OF CHILD ABUSE OF TEENAGE MOTHERS AND THEIR CAREGIVING REPRESENTATIONS Jowita Wycisk Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan

Summaryǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¡ȱ of young mother in her childhood and a risk factor for less optimal development ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȬȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ representation. ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ tions (trust, helplessness ǭȱȱĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŞȱ¢ȱǻȱƽȱřŚǼȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ a lower level of trust in caregiving relation and a higher level of helplessness and Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘśȱȱȱ (ȱƽȱřŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ childhood and the age of the child were main predictors of the caregiving repreȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱǻȱȱ Ǽȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ The results and limitations of the study were discussed and the directions for further research were indicated. Key wordsǱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ childhood negligence.

Introduction ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȂȂǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻ££ÚǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȬǰȱ ȓǯǯ strona 534

decision, nor it results from a steady and mature relationship. For this reason the teenage motherhood is mentioned as a risk factor for some adverse outcomes and ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗşŝŖȱǻȱȱȱŜřƖǼǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ŗŜȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱǰȱ ȱŘŖŖŘȬŘŖŗŖȱȱ¢ȱȱŗśǰȱŗŜȱȱŗŝȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱŜřƖǰȱŚŞƖȱȱŗŜƖǰȱ¢ȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ There are several factors mentioned as the most common causes of premaȱ Ǳȱ Ĝȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǻ£ǰȱǰȱČǰȱŘŖŗŗǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻĴǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŗǲȱǰȱĴǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱaration of parents. It is noteworthy that even the presence of just one of these factors ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱśƖǰȱȱȱȱ¡rience multiplied the rate of pregnancies so that it went up to 56 % among those who reported all or nearly all of them. Also Polish studies on small populations of ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǯȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱęȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ïǰȱŗşşŞǼǯ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǱȱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǲȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŝǲȱȬ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯ Řǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǼǲȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ Ĵȱȱǻ ȱȱ ǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǲȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǲȱ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ¿ǰȱŗşşŝǼǯ řǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ assess their general health, physical functioning and vitality as poorer and report ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ Śǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱǱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǼǰȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŖǼǰȱ strona 535

ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗśǼǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȬȱȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯ śǯȱ ǰȱĴȱȱȮȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱŗşŞŖȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşŞŞǼǯȱlescent mothers had also less knowledge of child development and less mature ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ mothers who were more reciprocal and stimulating in interactions with their ȱǻ¢ǰȱŗşŞśǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞŖǼǯȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ£ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱŗŞȬȬ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ęȱ ǻȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ££ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ adolescent and nonadolescent mothers. However, these results are inconsistent ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ £ǰȱȱȱȬ ȱǻŗşşşǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱĴȱ ǻŘřƖǼȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱĴȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻĴȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǲȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱřȬȬȱȱȱ ȱȱolescent mothers spend more time in negative engagement and are less involved in a play with their infants than adult mothers. Moreover, teenage mother – infant dyads demonstrate higher duration of negative matches and lower duration of posȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱǯ

ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ǰȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ strona 536

ȱȂȱȱǯȱȃǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ domestic violence, dysfunctional family relationships, or a psychiatric disorder, all of which predispose to adolescent pregnancy, as well as the strains of parenthood ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȄȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǰȱǯȱŚŖŝǼǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȂȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱĴȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŖǲȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşşǲȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜǲȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱǱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ǻȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŜşǲȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȦȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŜşǲȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ĚȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱȱȱ ȱǻǼȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŗşŞşǼǱ – representation of self – oneself as a caregiver, with self-assessment from at least ȱǲȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱǰȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǲ Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȮȱǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱtion, with evaluation regarding the need of and deserving care and protection, ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȦ ȱȱȱȱȱǲ – representation of the caregiver-child relationship, which ideally entails perceiving the relation as involving two autonomous individuals. The procedural aspect of the caregiving representation refers to the way in which the caregiver processes the information on the relationship with the child, ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱĚ¡¢ȱ strona 537

ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǱȱȃȱĚ¡¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȅȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǰȱǯȱŞřşǼǯ ȱŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱǻȱ ȱȱĴȱ Ǽǰȱȱȱǻȱ ȱȱ ǼȱȱȂȱĴȱ Ĵȱǻȱ ȱȱǼ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱĴ caregiving representation Secure – freely autonomous ȱȮȱȦ detached Insecure – preoccupied – enmeshed Unresolved

Ĵȱ ȱȂȱĴ

ȱ

Secure

Rejecting

Insecure – avoidant

Uncertain

Insecure – resistant

Helpless

Disorganized

ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻŗşşśǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşŞşǰȱŗşşŜǰȱŘŖŖŞǼȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱȱǻȱ £ǰȱŗşşśǲȱĴǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŗśǲȱȱ ȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşşŜǼȱ¢ȱęȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱ , their ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¡ȱ ȱȱĴȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşŞśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŗşŝŞǲȱȱȱŗǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǰȱǼȱȱȱęȱȱȱ shaping caregiving representations underlying infant insecurity. ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŜǲȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱęȱ stage of the development of caregiving representations comes at the time of tranȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ

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ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǵ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǵ řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱǵ I ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ compared to adult mothers – would indicate a lower level of trust in the caregiving relation, as well as a higher level of rejection, insecurity and helplessness in the ȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱMothers who ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ from their early childhood relations over the course of their lives, as opposed to ȱǯȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ

Sample1 The study was conducted among mothers of preschool children (ȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱŘȬŜȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǱ ŗǼȱȱȂȱȂȱǻȱȱǰȱȱƽȱřŚǼȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŗśȬŗŝȱǻMȱƽȱŗŜǰśŖǲȱȱƽȱŖǰŝśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ study the main age was 20,50 (ȱƽȱŗǰŚŞǼǲ

ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱ ȬÙȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ were partially used in this study. 1

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ŘǼȱ ȂȱȂ2 (a control group, ȱƽȱřŜǼȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ children at the age of 25 or later (MȱƽȱŘŞǰŘŖǲȱȱƽȱŘǰŝśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ time of the study was 33 years (ȱƽȱřǰŘŚǼǯ ȱŘǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȬȱȱǻȱƽȱŝŖǼ

Education ΛŘ ǻŚǼȱƽȱŚŞǰŘŖȘȘȘ

nȱǻƖǼ

nȱǻƖǼ

ŝȱǻŘŖǰŜǼ

ŗȱǻŘǰŞǼ

Vocational

ŞȱǻŘřǰśǼ

řȱǻŞǰřǼ

Secondary

ŚȱǻŗŗǰŞǼ

ŜȱǻŗŜǰŝǼ

–

ŘŜȱǻŝŘǰŘǼ

ŗśȱǻŚŚǰŗǼ

–

Higher

řȱǻşǼ

ŗřȱǻřŜǼ

Town up to 50 thousand

ŗŘȱǻřśǼ

śȱǻŗŚǼ

ȱȱśŖȱ thousand

ŗşȱǻśŜǼ

ŗŞȱǻŜŖǼ

Single

ŜȱǻŗŞǼ

řȱǻŞǼ

Have partner ǻȂȱǼ

ŘŖȱǻśşǼ

řřȱǻşŘǼ

ȱȱǻǼ

ŞȱǻŘřǼ

–

Village

ΛŘ ǻŘǼȱƽȱşǰŗŖȘ

Relationship status ΛŘ ǻŘǼȱƽȱŗŘǰŗŖȘȘ

ŗȱǻřǼ

şȱǻŘśǼ

ŗřȱǻřŞǼ

ŗşȱǻśřǼ

Average

ŗśȱǻŚŚǼ

ŝȱǻŗşǼ

Poor

śȱǻŗśǼ

ŗȱǻřǼ

Very good Housing conditions Good ΛŘ ǻřǼȱƽȱŗřǰŖśȘȘ

Ȃȱ Ȃ

Primary

Still learning Place of residence

ȂȱȂ

*p < 0,05; **p < 0,01; ***p < 0,001

ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ ȂȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŚŚƖȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ

ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȅȱȂȱȱȱȅȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ used to avoid mistaking the age at delivery with the age at data collection. 2

strona 540

ȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖŝǲȱ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǲȱǰȱǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱřȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱȂȱŞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŜȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘśȱȱǰȱȁȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ Ěȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱ Measures ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱřśȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ feelings linked with a parent-child relationship. They are assessed on a Likert scale ȱŖȱǻǼȱȱŚȱǻȱ ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ǳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱ¢¢ȱ ȱȱěȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ representation3Ǳȱ –ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (TrustǼȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǮȱȄȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱŗŗȱǰȱ e.g. ȱȱ£ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǲȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲ –ȱ ȦĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (Helplessness & ControlǼȱĚȱȂȱ¢ȱȱǲȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȂȱ ȱ ǲȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱtains 13 items, e.g. ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǲȱȱęȱȱĜȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǲ 3

The dimensions were reduced as a result of conducting factorial analysis in order to ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȬ ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ strona 541

–ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ(DistancingǼȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ a parental role and perception of the child as immature, non-cooperative and non-supportive for the caregiver. This scale includes 11 items, e.g. ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǲȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ. The mean score was an indicator of intensity of every caregiving representation ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ was satisfactory in case of Trust ȱ ȱǭȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻȂȱ΅ȱ Ǳȱ ŖǰŜŞǰȱŖǰŞŖȱȱŖǰŚŚǰȱ¢Ǽǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ of ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ Ǽȱ¢ȱ ȬȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱȱŚŖȬȱȱȱȱȱŚȱ¢ȱȱȱǱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǲȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ǽǲȱ ¢ȱȱǻ¢ȱǰȱǯǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǼǲȱ ȱǻȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǯǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ǽǲȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ęȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱ ȱȱęǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŖȱȮȱȱȱśȱȮȱ¢ȱȱ ǻȱ¢ȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŗŖȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ in the ¢ȱ ȱǲȱȂȱ΅ȱ ǱȱȱȱȱȮȱŖǰşřǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȮȱŖǰşřǰȱȱȱȮȱŖǰşśȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȮȱŖǰŜśǯ ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ęȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȃ¢ȱȄǰȱȃȄǰȱȃȄǰȱȱȃȄǼǯ Procedure Participants were recruited in kindergartens, night schools for adults and counȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ them to the researcher. The participation in the survey was voluntary, women ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęǯȱȱȱşŖȱȱȱǰȱŝşȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱşȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱŝŖȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ The data collected was statistically analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȂȱt-test, correlation and regression analyses.

strona 542

Results ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ representations, Student's tȬȱ ȱȱǻǯȱȱřǼǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǯȱthermore, caregiving representations in 'teenage mothers' indicate a lower level of ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǯȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱřǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȂȱȂȱ ȱ

Childhood ȱ ¡ences

ȂȱȂȱ ȂȱȂ (nȱƽȱřŚǼ (nȱƽȱřŜǼ

t

10,53

4,67***

47

2,0

5,68

3,17**

40

25,00

4,4

10,08

4,01***

43

2,3

3,84

0,5

1,27

2,59*

40

2,55

0,54

2,97

0,38

3,72***

59

1,8

0,57

1,2

0,41

4,87***

68

1,8

0,49

1,6

0,44

1,56

68

M

M

Emotional

26,7

21,65

7,5

¢ȱ

11,6

16,78

Negligence

22,8

¡ȱ Trust in the Caregiving Relation

Ȧ CareĴȱȱ giving Control in the represenCaregiving tations Relation Distancing from the Caregiving Relation *p < 0,05; **p < 0,01; ***p < 0,001

ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱr Ĝȱ ȱȱǻȱŚǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȦȱ strona 543

Ĵȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ childhood, the lower the level of trust in herself and her children in the caregiving relation, and the higher the level of helplessness towards her child. Distance in careȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱ ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ a low level. ȱŚǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ sentations (rȬȱĜǲȱȱƽȱŝŖǼ Variable Trust Helplessness & Control Distancing

Emotional abuse -0,57** 0,55** 0,22

Physical abuse -0,40* 0,43** 0,19

Neglect

Sexual abuse

-0,39** 0,40** 0,28*

-0,46** 0,35** 0,17

*p < 0,05; **p < 0.01

ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱǻȱ Ǳȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǭȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǻȱrȱƽȱŖǰŚŞśȱȱrȱƽȱŖǰŝŝŜǰȱȱƽȱŖǰŖŖŗǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǱȱ ȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǰȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǼǲȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ of study, housing conditions, the level of education, relationship status and place of residence. ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱśǯȱȱhas pointed out two ęȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ¡ȱŘśƖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱŗŚƖȱȱǯ

strona 544

ȱśǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱtations (ȱƽȱŝŖǼ Caregiving represenStep and tation diindependent mensions (dependent ǻŗǼȱȱ ¡ Trust ǻŘǼȱȱȱ the child ǻŗǼȱȱ ¡ HelplesǻŘǼȱȱȱ ȱǭȱ the child Control ǻřǼȱȱȱ the child ǻŗǼȱȱ Distance ¡

RŘ ̇Ř

̇

Ά

t

ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,25 0,25 23,84*** -0,02 0,004 -0,46*** -4,81 ǻŗǰȱŜŝǼ 0,38 0,14 15,98*** 0,15

0,04

0,38*** 4,00

ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,24 0,24 23,12*** 0,02

0,01

0,36**

ǻŗǰȱŜŝǼ 0,32 0,08

9,18** -0,11

0,05

-0,24* -2,29

ǻŗǰȱŜŜǼ 0,36 0,03

4,19*

-0,02

0,01

-0,24* -2,05

ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,05 0,05

4,88*

0,01

0,004

0,26*

3,25

2,21

*ȱǀȱŖǰŖśǲȱȘȘȱǀȱŖǰŖŗǲȱȘȘȘ < 0,001

ȱȱȦĴȱȱȱȱȱǰȱhe regression a¢ȱȱ ȱȱęȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ǻRŘȱ ƽȱ ŖǰŘŚǼ, the age of the child (RŘȱ ƽȱ ŖǰŖŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (RŘȱƽȱŖǰŖřǼ. ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱřśǰśƖȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱśƖȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱǻŘŖŗřǼȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱǻXǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ǱȱȱǻYŗǼǰȱ ȱǭȱ (YŘǼ, Distancing (Y3Ǽ and the moderator (Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ The results of these ¢ȱ ȱ Ǳȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ did not change this outcome.

strona 545

Similarly, including the age of the child to the model as a moderator did not ȱęȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ

Conclusions and discussion ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱȂȱȂȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬęȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŗǲȱǰȱĴǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȬȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ in comparison with adult pregnant women. ȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴment theory. The strongest correlate of caregiving representation was emotional ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱĴǰȱŘŖŗŖǲȱÙ£¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱĚȱȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŗǼȱȱȱ ȬȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ In the presentedȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ a mother and her child. This conclusion is still in line with empirical evidence on the ěȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ the future, when they are to give care to their own children. However, the sum of ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱśƖȱȱȱȱ strona 546

of distancing from caregiving relation. Therefore, other important factors should ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱǻŗŚƖȱȱŞƖǰȱ¢Ǽǯȱ ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ to respond to them correctly. The youngest children of women participating in the study were two and three years old (nȱƽȱŘǲȱnȱƽȱŘŗǰȱ¢Ǽǰȱ ȱȱȱȮȱ ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻnȱƽȱŗŘǰȱnȱƽȱřǰȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ development of preschoolers is comprehensive and encompasses physical growth, ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻěǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ less focused on relations with parents and create new social networks with peers ȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱligations of parenthood and education as well as limitations of satisfying develȱȱęȱȱȱǻ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱǻ Úǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ of feeling uncertainty and helplessness, however, it does not pose a threat to how much a mother commits herself to the caregiving relation and how ready she is to ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱ ǻ ȱǼȱěȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ of secure relation with adult caregiver in childhood and its fundamental role for

strona 547

ȱȱǯȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱ therapists could help young girls and their families overcome the disadvantageous Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ and mother – child interactions. Generally speaking, mothers with positive repȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱǻ ǰȱȱ ŗşşŜǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǲȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǲȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱ a relatively small study group and future studies are needed to determine whether ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱěȱ ȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȂȱȂȱ group regarding their personal situations, education and material conditions. These ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱĴǯȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ as well as interviews allowing to gain narrative data are especially promising in this area. ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱsearchers and professionals dealing with such young parents. As teenage mothers ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ strona 548

ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ ÚǰȱŘŖŖşǼȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱapeutic and preventive interventions. References ǰȱǯǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşŝŞǼǯȱĴȱȱĴǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ ȱ ȱǰȱǯȱ ££ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ Ĵȱ ęȱȱŗŞȬȬȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǭȱȱǰȱŗśŜȱǻŗǼǰȱŘŖȬŘŜǰȱǱȱŗŖǯȱŗŖŖŗȦǯŗśŜǯŗǯŘŖ Ȭ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ matching approach. ȱȱȱ ǰȱśŜȱǻśǼǰȱśŘşȬśřśǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦǯ jadohealth.2015.01.005 ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱÇ£ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱĴȱȱ ĴȱȱȬȱǱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ child. ȱȱȱÇǰȱřŜȱǻřǼǰȱŚŖşȬŚřŖǯȱ Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P., Fonagy, P. ǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ǱȱȱȱȱȬęȱĚȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱřŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŘŖŖȬŘŗŘǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŘȦǯŘŗŚşş £ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱǯȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱČ¢ǰȱȱȱÙ. Kraà Ǳȱę¢ȱ¢ £ȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŚşǰȱŗśŗȬŗŜŖǰȱǱȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŗŚŜşȬŝŜŗŖǯŘŖŖŝǯŖŗŞřŖǯ¡ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǵȱȱȱȱ ǰȱŘŖȱǻřǼǰȱŘŞŜȬřŖŖǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŗřśŝśŘŝşǯŘŖŗŚǯşŖśŚśŚ ¢ȱ ǯȱǻŗşŜşǼǯȱĴȱȱǱȱȱŗǯȱĴǯȱ ȱǱȱȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱĴǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱ¢£. £ Ǳȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ ££ÚǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£Ústwa i dorastania. ǰ 130, 47-48. ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱǯȱǱȱȱȱ ǯ £ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ¢ïǰȱ ǯǰȱ gÚǰȱ ǯǰȱ à ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ¢£ǯȱ ȱ ¿ ȱ £ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ £ǰ ǯǯǯȦ ęȦȦ¢£ǯȱǻǱȱȱŗǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ǰȱǯǯ ǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱĴǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȬǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ strona 549

ȱǱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱśŞȱǻŜǼǰȱŞŚŖȬŞŚŚǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŘŘȬŖŖŜǯśŞǯŜǯŞŚŖ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ªãǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Ȃǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱǱȱȱȱ cohort study across 30 years. ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱŗŜȱǻřǼǰȱŜŝşȬŜŞşǰȱ ǱȱĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗŖŗŝȦǯŘŖŗřǯŘř ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ǳȱȱȱ¡ȱȂȱ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱǰȱŗřśȱǻřǼǰȱŚşśȬśŗŖǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŗśŜŗŜ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ĵȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ£ȱǱȱ ȱûȱȱĴȬ Ȭ¢ǯȱȱûȱ Ȭȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱŚŗȱǻŜǼǰȱŚŖŝȬŚŗŞǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŘŚȦŗŚŘŘȬ ŚşŗŝȦŖŖŖŘśŝ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ Mind-mindedness ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱřŚȱǻŜǼǰȱśŘşȬśřŝǰȱǱȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŝŝȦŖŗŜśŖŘśŚŗŖřŜśŞŖŘ ¿ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŝǼǯȱ Čȱ ȱ àȱ ȱ Ù¢ǯȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £¢ȱ ȱǯȱ£ Ǳȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ Teenage ¢ǰȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ adult pregnant women in a Portuguese series. Ĵȱ ǭȱ ȱ mentǰȱŞȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŘřȬŗřŞǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŗŚŜŗŜŝřŖŜŖŖŝŞśŜŞŜ Firk, C., Dahmen, B., Lehmann, C., Niessen, A., Koslowski, J., Rauch, G., Schwarte, R., ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ĵȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱA mother-child intervention program in adolescent mothers and their children to improve maternal ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢ǼǱȱ study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ǰȱŗŜǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŗŞŜȦŗřŖŜřȬ 015-0747-5 ¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱǯǯȱ ǻŗşşŗǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǯȱȱȱ ȱ , 13, 200-216, ǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŘȦŗŖşŝȬŖřśśǻŗşşŗŘřǼŗŘǱřǀŘŖŗǱǱȬ ŘŘŞŖŗŘŖřŖŝǁřǯŖǯǲŘȬŝȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşŞśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱřȱǻŗǼǰȱŚŝȬśśǰȱǱȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŘŖŚŚȬŞřśǯŗşŞśǯŖŖşśŚǯ¡ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŖǰȱ řǰȱ ŘŘŘȬŘřŝǰȱ Ǳȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŖŘȦŗŖşŝȬŖřśśǻŗşŞşŘřǼŗŖǱřǀŘŘŘǱǱȬ ŘŘŞŖŗŖŖřŖŞǁřǯŖǯǲŘȬŜ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱ ȱ , 17, 3, 198-216, ǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŘȦǻǼŗŖşŝȬŖřśśǻŗşşŜŘřǼŗŝǱřǀŗşŞǱǱȬ ŘǁřǯŖǯǲŘȬ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱǱȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱǯǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱ ȱȱĴǯȱ strona 550

¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯȱ ŞřřȬŞśŜǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ǳȱ ȱ Guilford Press.

ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ǰȱ řşǰȱ ŘŚȬřřǰȱ Ǳȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦǯǯŘŖŗśǯŖŚǯŖŖŗȱ

¢ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǱȱȱȬȱ. Guilford Press.

ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşşǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ǳȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşǰȱ ŚŞŗȬśŚŖǰȱ Ǳȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŖŝřśŗŜşşşŖşśřŚŘŜś

ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱĴǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰ 113, 320-327. I£ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱČǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱǻ¢ǼȱÙ£ȱ£ǯȱ£ Ǳȱ¢ nictwo TRIO.

ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱ ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱŗŖȱǻřǼǰȱŗŘşȬŗŚśǰȱ ǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŘȦǯŘŞŘ

Ȭǰȱ ǯȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱÙ£Čȱȱ£ǯȱ£¢ȱ£Ȭ¢£neǯȱ£ Ǳȱ¢ ȱ ȱǯ

ïǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŞǼǯȱ ȱ £¢Ú ǯȱ £ Ǳȱ ¢ ȱ £ȱ i Pedagogiczne. Lampi, K.M., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S., Lehti, V., Helenius, H., Gissler, M., Brown, A.S., ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱParental Age and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Finnish National Birth Cohort. ȱȱȱȱȱ, 43 ǻŗŗǼǰȱŘśŘŜȬŘśřśǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŝȦŗŖŞŖřȬŖŗřȬŗŞŖŗȬř ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ and cultural capital. ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ řřǰȱ ŜŘśȬŜřŝǰȱ Ǳȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦǯǯŘŖŖşǯŖŘǯŖŖŝ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ǳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢. ǰȱǱȱ ¢ȱȱ ǰȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ¢ ǯȱǻǱȱȱŘřǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ Ȭing, and parenting. ȱȱǱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱ EngineeringǰȱŜşȱǻŜȬǼǰȱřŞśřǯ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ£ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ mothers and factors that may augment positive outcomes. ǰȱŚŚȱǻŗŝśǼǰȱ 621-633. ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ £ȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ strona 551

cent Mothers and Their Infants. ȱ¢¢ǰȱŚŘȱǻŘǼǰȱŘşřȬřŖŚǰȱǱȱ ŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŗŘȬŗŜŚşǯŚŘǯŘǯŘşřȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŖǼǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ Ĵȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ Ǳȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŗŜŗȬŗŞŘǼǯȱǰȱ Ǳȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱ ǯȱǻŗşŞśǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ, 50 ǻŗȬŘǼǰȱŜŜȬŗŖŚǯ Ĵǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱǱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȃȄȱȱȃȄȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱŞȱǻŗǼǰȱśşȬŝşǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŗřŜŝŜŘŜŖśŖŖŖŜřŝŖŘ ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱ¢Ǳȱ Ȃȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ĴȱȱŗŘȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱǭȱ¢¢ȱǭȱȱǰȱŚŘǰȱŘŘȬřŗǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŚşşŘȦ¢ǯŝŝǯŘŚŚ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŞŖǼǯȱȱǱȱȱęȱ¢ǯȱȱǱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱǱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱǭȱȱǰȱşȱǻŗǼǰȱŗŜȬŘŝǯ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱǱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱǰȱŝŜȱǻśȬǼȱǻǼǯȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱ71, 575-586. ȬÙǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼ. ï £ȱ£¢ȱ ȱ£Ú ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ǻ ȱȱǼǯȱ£ÚǱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱřřȱǻŘǼǰȱŝŖȬŝŚǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŘřŖŝȦŘŜŝřŝśŘ Ĵǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯ2ǯǰȱ£ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ Comparison of parental sensitivity in adolescent mothers and adult mothers ȱĴȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȬǰȱřŖȱǻŘǼǰȱŘŞřȬŘşŞǯȱ ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱes. ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱŗŜȱǻśǼǰȱŗŖŜřȬŗŖŝŗǰȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŝȦŗŖşşśȬŖŗŗȬ 0829-2 ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ěǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱ ȱ ïǯȱ ȱ £ȱ£¢ £ȱ ȱ £¢ȱȱ£ȱȮȱ£ǯȱ à Ǳȱ¢dawnictwo UJ. ȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ££Ĵǰȱǯǰȱ££ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱMotherhood in adoȱǱȱȱĴǰȱȱȮȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ emotion regulation at three months. ȱȱǭȱǰȱřŝȱǻŗǼǰȱŚŚȬśŜǰȱ ǱȱŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦǯĠǯŘŖŗřǯŗŘǯŖŗŗȱ strona 552

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