The exported ArcInfo "wca3gt - NPS IRMA Portal - National Park Service

Developing a data-driven classification of South Florida plant communities H e r b _ S ite s

N C H L

P A _ IV I_ N O

D ista n ce 0

IV I

3 5 1 5 x 4 4 8

0 .5

1 .7 E +0 3

R e m a in in g

7 5

G 3 2

F u n ct io n )

1 .1 E +0 3

In fo r m a tio n 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 3 8 5 0 0 3 5 3 0 0 3 8 8 0 0 3 7 5 0 0 3 5 8 0 0 3 6 8 0 0 3 6 3 0 0 3 6 4 0 0 3 9 3 0 0 3 9 7 0 0 3 9 4 0 0 3 9 6 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 9 8 0 3 3 7 9 0 3 3 8 1 0 3 3 8 2 0 3 3 9 6 0 2 0 4 1 0 2 0 4 2 0 0 3 9 5 0 4 0 9 3 0 0 5 5 5 0 2 0 4 5 0 2 0 4 6 0 3 1 4 8 0 3 1 4 6 0 3 1 5 9 0 0 0 5 9 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 3 4 3 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 3 9 9 0 0 3 2 5 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 0 7 5 0 3 3 4 2 0 3 9 7 4 0 0 3 7 3 0 0 3 7 7 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 3 7 6 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 3 7 9 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 1 4 8 0 0 1 4 6 0 0 1 4 7 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 1 5 3 0 0 1 4 9 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 9 7 0 0 3 6 5 0 0 1 6 4 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 3 7 0 0 0 3 7 4 0 0 3 7 8 0 0 3 7 1 0 0 3 9 1 0 2 8 5 4 0 2 9 0 9 0 2 9 5 9 0 2 9 1 5 0 3 2 6 1 0 3 2 6 2 0 0 1 6 5 0 0 1 6 6 0 0 1 6 7 0 0 1 6 8 0 0 1 6 9 0 0 1 7 2 0 2 6 2 9 0 2 6 5 1 0 3 1 7 5 0 2 7 6 4 0 3 9 6 7 0 2 8 0 6 0 2 8 2 1 0 2 7 5 3 0 3 1 7 0 0 3 1 7 2 0 3 1 6 8 0 3 1 6 9 0 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S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F 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Submitted to National Park Service: South Florida Caribbean Network (NPS/SFCN) Cooperative agreement # H5000 06 0104

Jay P. Sah, Michael S. Ross, Susana Stoffella Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 April 2010

Summary A comprehensive, broadly accepted vegetation classification is important for ecosystem management, particularly for planning and monitoring. South Florida vegetation classification systems that are currently in use were largely arrived at subjectively and intuitively with the involvement of experienced botanical observers and ecologists, but with little support in terms of quantitative field data. The need to develop a field data-driven classification of South Florida vegetation that builds on the ecological organization has been recognized by the National Park Service and vegetation practitioners in the region. The present work, funded by the National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program South Florida/Caribbean Network (SFCN), covers the first stage of a larger project whose goal is to apply extant vegetation data to test, and revise as necessary, an existing, widely used classification (Rutchey et al. 2006). The objectives of the first phase of the project were (1) to identify useful existing datasets, (2) to collect these data and compile them into a geodatabase, (3) to conduct an initial classification analysis of marsh sites, and (4) to design a strategy for augmenting existing information from poorly represented landscapes in order to develop a more comprehensive south Florida classification. Thirty five data sets, comprising vegetation data from 8,246 sites, were received from researchers working in various organizations. The structure and completeness of available data sets were examined in terms of sampling design, the number and size of sampling units, spatial distribution, taxonomic resolution, and method of estimating species abundance. The data were then summarized at the site level and were incorporated into a geo-database. Finally, vegetation classification for marsh sites was developed using a hierarchical cluster analysis of the sites-by-species matrix. The analytical summary of the datasets in geodatabase provided the basis for identifying current gaps in the vegetation data needed to develop a comprehensive south Florida vegetation classification. The results from the cluster analysis of species data for marsh sites were used to cross-walk with the recently updated and hierarchical Vegetation Classification System for South Florida Natural Areas (Rutchey et al, 2006), to evaluate whether vegetation classes at various levels identified in this system were well substantiated by the classification achieved through field-data based cluster analysis. While the existing vegetation data covers most of terrestrial natural areas and vegetation associations present in South Florida, some areas are more extensively represented than others and some vegetation types, in both woody and herbaceous groups, described in existing classification systems are missing in the datasets. Moreover, classification of herbaceous sites using agglomerative cluster analysis suggests that freshwater and salt marsh communities are arranged along hydrology and salinity gradients, respectively. In addition, plant communities in some localities are largely reflections of different types and levels of disturbance. To be most useful within the ecosystem restoration efforts currently underway in the region, a comprehensive classification system should incorporate those elements, so that tangible changes in community composition due to alterations in the environmental drivers can be easily assessed.

ii

Table of Contents

Summary List of Tables List of Figures

i iii iv

1. Introduction

1

2. Methods 2.1 Identifying potential datasets 2.2 Dataset acquisition and screening 2.3 Geodatabase 2.4 Vegetation Classification 2.5 Crosswalk with Rutchey’s classification

2 2 2 5 5 8

3. Results 3.1 Vegetation Datasets 3.1.1 Vegetation sampling units 3.1.2 Floral composition and species abundance 3.2 Geodatabase 3.3 Vegetation Classification – Level 1 3.4 Herbaceous Vegetation Classification 3.5 Crosswalk with Rutchey’s classification

10 10 10 10 11 12 13 32

4. Discussions

33

5. Conclusions

37

6. References

38

Appendices (1-2) Appendix 1: Descriptions of vegetation datasets in South Florida vegetation database. Appendix 2: Results from SIMPER (Similairty percentage) analysis of plant species importance value data from 3600 sites, listing the major characterizing species of each vegetation type identified in cluster analysis. Appendix 3: SIMPER (Similarity percentage) analysis of species contributions (%) to the average dissimilarity between vegetation types that had overall mean dissimilarity beta>-0.7) is suggested (Milligan 1989). In the present analysis, since the heterogeneous large dataset had the probability of possessing some clusters with only few sites (potential outliers), the value of flexible beta = -0.5 was chosen over beta = -0.25 for maximizing within-group similarities and minimizing between-group similarities. Initially, the dendrogram was pruned at 75% information remaining, and 32 clusters were identified. Subsequently, we calculated within- and between-clusters mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. When a cluster had very high (>65%) within cluster mean dissimilarity, it was considered heterogeneous and was flagged as the conglomeration of several potentially identifiable, homogeneous vegetation associations. To identify the relatively homogenous associations within those clusters, we followed the linkages, and at each node we calculated within cluster-dissimilarity of sub-clusters. We repeated the process until we reached the cluster that had the mean within-cluster dissimilarity of 97% of cases, whereas 25% of sites in the woody category were originally characterized as herbaceous. Interestingly, most of the mis-categorized sites were in disturbed areas, such as the restored sites in the hole-in-donut within the Everglades National Park, and slough sites in Trexler_FISHMON dataset, in which several plant taxa were identified up to only genus level. We combined the cluster solutions and researchers’ characterization of sites to pool the herbaceous sites for detailed classification. SFV ALL Sites PA DATA 5249x883 G-2 Cluster Distance (Objective Function) 0

9.3E+02

100

75

1.9E+03

2.8E+03

3.7E+03

Information Remaining (%) 0

10 0

Woody & others

Herbaceous

S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V F V S S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V 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V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S 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V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V S F V

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03 90 038 86 039 00 038 88 038 98 97 038 92 038 99 039 02 01 009 81 038 15 050 09 033 050 22 36 049 40 050 20 049 59 049 85 82 049 80 049 83 049 94 049 97 84 049 81 050 18 049 87 050 049 21 96 049 91 049 98 029 87 049 029 43 96 049 44 049 41 049 58 57 049 42 029 97 049 79 049 64 61 033 07 049 76 050 19 049 033 65 06 049 77 027 94 030 06 033 030 30 05 049 66 049 55 049 56 049 69 68 049 70 049 71 049 72 031 30 15 038 18 038 19 005 038 75 22 030 39 030 23 030 34 034 030 11 43 010 16 010 05 014 23 033 61 60 033 62 034 13 028 92 030 029 32 46 033 55 033 56 033 58 038 034 20 030 22 033 54 033 59 50 033 67 033 68 033 70 030 014 36 14 030 26 030 29 030 15 030 18 16 030 28 030 21 030 25 033 030 46 20 033 63 033 65 033 53 033 47 99 033 66 033 49 033 51 033 64 48 030 17 030 27 030 35 19 030 30 030 37 030 38 039 010 08 06 013 54 025 78 028 94 014 34 24 020 51 038 24 025 77 020 040 61 60 020 62 014 52 020 53 013 020 65 54 025 64 039 58 028 027 08 30 027 46 013 81 025 75 025 040 53 57 039 57 026 34 013 92 014 013 16 93 014 44 013 76 013 77 039 028 56 28 039 96 013 90 026 76 029 028 25 12 020 39 020 40 027 48 028 029 67 14 026 07 026 66 028 027 27 04 028 89 028 90 030 95 026 82 53 030 79 030 86 014 32 028 026 13 59 039 49 026 46 040 58 039 47 54 049 54 026 63 049 51 038 049 65 74 040 30 041 46 038 25 039 040 22 59 041 44 010 14 049 025 46 94 025 92 025 93 014 65 027 026 52 86 026 87 027 44 027 43 026 91 15 026 72 027 99 025 59 027 35 14 027 12 027 27 027 28 039 027 66 19 025 84 027 09 027 69 34 026 96 026 99 027 86 026 94 92 027 10 027 13 026 19 027 026 06 20 027 71 027 80 027 07 027 73 72 027 78 025 50 026 08 027 026 67 71 026 13 027 17 026 75 027 040 38 61 029 36 029 38 040 032 93 92 025 52 027 90 026 37 039 027 60 70 026 41 027 33 025 90 026 12 04 027 82 026 67 026 16 031 027 62 41 038 27 031 50 027 15 027 45 42 026 83 027 08 027 11 027 74 66 025 83 026 93 049 027 73 56 026 06 049 75 026 10 026 11 14 025 91 026 80 026 03 026 028 05 10 026 23 026 81 026 17 028 026 02 98 026 21 026 79 049 67 040 028 85 80 025 99 026 00 026 69 01 028 01 026 02 026 09 026 85 68 027 79 027 75 027 83 027 026 76 78 027 77 027 81 010 08 029 039 69 07 029 73 029 35 039 09 029 049 71 86 029 76 020 45 020 46 021 11 03 021 12 028 58 029 028 77 62 028 72 040 94 029 74 031 028 48 71 032 95 032 96 028 68 031 029 59 32 028 93 031 61 010 15 012 009 49 83 049 92 012 40 018 48 017 018 39 72 017 40 018 54 018 55 031 51 46 031 56 031 58 013 031 95 60 014 00 015 23 040 20 031 038 54 26 031 57 033 69 026 54 030 028 44 32 029 44 039 14 039 98 030 026 31 55 028 88 029 40 039 94 011 039 76 99 013 58 019 13 013 68 57 046 04 025 65 039 12 041 039 54 59 041 58 012 69 040 75 029 040 06 76 013 87 013 88 013 97 019 018 57 018 58 040 78 020 31 031 53 52 011 83 012 59 013 89 038 014 33 68 013 67 018 63 019 015 87 75 041 28 042 51 011 70 040 013 35 99 038 67 039 24 046 13 047 046 39 35 039 39 040 17 041 38 042 36 27 043 22 044 70 045 30 012 86 84 017 81 018 16 013 80 018 013 29 86 018 30 018 15 018 22 21 018 24 020 73 020 74 040 014 63 17 020 77 020 78 018 60 018 68 67 020 97 020 98 018 61 016 018 95 62 016 97 016 96 018 52 018 59 53 013 62 034 19 028 027 00 49 026 70 032 09 031 80 026 025 95 54 031 81 025 62 026 22 025 76 73 025 74 025 81 025 82 025 55 88 031 84 025 57 026 27 026 031 42 83 031 86 031 82 031 85 026 031 38 89 027 98 039 72 028 039 05 73 031 87 028 26 039 71 026 025 89 51 027 18 032 05 026 18 027 032 26 07 027 31 027 37 026 26 026 57 61 040 64 027 29 027 68 039 026 81 97 039 79 027 59 027 16 85 027 54 032 06 025 58 027 031 36 65 032 81 032 82 026 74 027 87 39 027 89 028 09 028 16 028 34 14 029 13 026 84 028 78 027 026 84 88 025 56 027 57 027 65 027 031 50 63 039 65 039 74 039 75 76 025 98 028 20 029 10 026 040 49 66 032 13 040 65 026 29 026 028 30 22 031 95 027 03 027 24 039 67 62 039 69 039 70 039 78 025 039 66 80 031 75 039 63 027 21 027 51 22 027 53 025 68 027 028 01 07 027 64 027 95 025 69 027 026 93 35 026 45 031 64 039 68 027 025 61 95 026 73 032 83 027 00 027 60 58 027 63 025 97 030 04 039 77 64 028 95 031 47 031 026 74 25 032 02 031 68 031 96 031 027 73 05 031 70 031 97 027 25 031 91 76 031 67 031 69 031 66 031 79 78 031 90 031 99 031 93 031 92 94 032 12 032 10 031 98 032 08 01 032 03 032 04 032 031 11 88 032 00 025 61 027 47 025 028 96 25 027 40 025 63 026 48 027 025 55 72 027 02 027 20 025 71 025 026 85 40 026 24 028 15 026 31 026 027 36 91 026 90 026 39 027 92 025 026 86 62 028 19 026 50 030 58 87 030 71 030 60 030 78 033 029 93 34 033 98 034 05 030 96 033 039 95 61 033 85 033 86 034 14 033 96 81 033 82 033 83 033 87 034 033 04 97 011 01 024 59 024 54 38 024 53 024 58 047 93 024 91 37 024 42 024 44 040 71 024 60 48 024 55 040 70 024 56 024 61 62 022 24 047 92 048 50 024 048 77 51 030 24 022 25 024 68 024 85 70 024 89 040 69 048 40 49 024 43 024 47 024 82 024 46 45 024 66 024 69 024 67 024 040 92 73 024 65 040 72 014 10 045 038 03 72 045 04 020 87 039 30 015 049 43 89 029 37 041 64 015 24 020 042 05 50 042 74 045 16 044 043 62 13 020 79 043 95 039 27 046 043 14 96 038 43 042 72 048 02 042 041 71 91 043 39 043 48 044 82 046 16 10 046 17 046 20 046 70 014 044 57 29 016 22 040 07 018 046 37 51 018 38 018 46 018 47 018 95 49 019 79 019 95 038 37 040 039 74 18 041 26 043 64 044 84 047 046 67 64 048 44 048 45 048 46 049 048 90 48 049 93 015 61 018 71 016 53 29 046 50 015 00 020 041 15 12 040 15 042 89 040 79 020 045 69 05 042 97 041 02 041 04 018 043 65 86 030 33 018 66 030 41 030 029 40 45 030 42 040 84 015 14 024 039 52 93 029 41 038 02 040 77 024 040 57 80 024 64 024 90 024 74 76 024 78 024 73 024 72 012 024 34 63 017 60 014 33 016 44 012 018 37 09 017 70 018 83 018 84 038 35 31 041 57 041 33 041 35 015 013 91 69 019 73 041 47 044 041 98 97 014 27 014 82 038 66 041 55 01 043 11 013 51 024 49 024 51 50 024 84 024 83 041 77 045 044 34 26 045 23 045 08 045 24 045 92 31 046 98 047 01 043 15 044 043 89 94 044 94 045 19 047 043 27 78 047 28 014 11 020 85 020 015 55 87 020 56 043 42 046 93 018 017 40 35 018 79 017 96 041 73 039 043 21 79 043 77 044 96 013 71 040 018 18 19 017 57 020 60 038 020 63 33 038 68 020 66 040 05 040 015 34 30 015 49 020 59 013 79 016 23 49 016 54 016 35 016 36 040 014 36 08 020 57 038 40 040 08 015 040 12 49 020 28 015 39 014 21 015 014 37 54 016 37 016 03 016 02 01 014 19 046 07 020 34 020 47 48 039 29 020 86 045 06 045 040 07 16 045 67 043 36 045 98 046 045 00 95 020 25 020 65 020 80 038 39 17 038 46 039 42 040 51 041 94 93 042 20 042 22 043 042 03 30 043 05 043 32 043 33 043 41 40 043 43 043 44 043 65 043 68 67 046 09 046 28 046 30 046 37 31 046 43 046 46 046 48 046 65 54 046 69 046 76 046 83 78 046 88 046 89 046 90 047 046 07 92 047 19 047 20 047 44 047 62 45 047 69 048 19 038 70 043 040 38 21 043 45 043 51 047 29 046 020 44 63 047 42 042 12 042 59 038 043 29 041 84 041 89 038 041 41 98 042 76 043 09 044 67 046 042 60 26 043 24 043 49 045 20 014 047 36 08 043 66 045 86 043 31 039 038 50 28 018 02 045 94 046 01 040 020 54 68 041 29 041 63 014 58 038 021 23 06 038 30 020 52 046 040 15 06 040 10 041 92 047 50 040 04 01 041 85 040 02 041 90 019 013 90 52 016 12 015 02 016 55 019 020 47 11 014 74 015 31 020 19 019 014 65 77 021 09 021 10 014 013 75 56 016 51 020 32 021 08 019 021 66 01 020 17 019 96 020 35 014 53 41 021 02 014 05 019 39 015 64 47 016 33 014 28 021 07 021 039 05 97 039 95 013 55 016 30 015 27 44 015 28 014 80 014 85 81 014 86 015 01 015 33 016 015 85 34 015 21 016 56 015 96 020 016 07 63 020 12 041 71 014 22 015 016 16 65 016 39 015 32 016 19 015 016 41 32 015 82 015 81 015 52 016 015 11 70 015 71 015 94 016 15 08 016 45 016 48 016 28 014 020 92 09 039 23 041 50 045 46 016 045 10 47 038 50 015 97 041 48 018 042 11 44 017 97 017 98 042 43 016 047 41 79 020 02 042 45 042 96 48 043 75 047 05 047 53 024 71 41 024 80 018 06 043 72 018 043 08 80 020 49 020 50 020 58 040 024 09 75 041 88 041 95 042 01 042 18 15 042 24 042 25 042 28 042 31 29 042 32 042 33 042 35 34 042 37 042 54 042 58 042 93 88 042 95 043 16 043 25 044 91 55 044 92 045 17 045 27 045 91 72 045 97 045 99 046 19 046 22 21 046 24 046 25 046 26 046 29 27 046 38 046 45 046 49 47 046 55 046 56 046 57 046 67 61 046 77 046 79 046 80 047 046 36 85 047 70 042 05 042 55 047 045 17 96 042 10 014 95 017 56 020 017 01 90 042 23 046 23 047 55 54 047 57 047 58 047 59 047 61 60 047 73 047 76 047 81 047 85 82 047 89 047 98 048 03 048 07 06 048 11 048 17 048 20 048 22 21 048 24 048 27 048 29 048 43 42 038 53 017 80 038 018 45 03 020 44 042 39 042 42 020 43 37 040 55 041 40 043 28 046 91 71 047 38 047 46 047 48 047 65 63 041 86 020 75 020 76 042 041 46 82 047 68 017 67 019 76 99 017 79 019 81 019 82 018 043 99 76 019 77 019 78 020 00 019 017 00 69 019 44 019 70 019 75 041 019 14 58 041 22 046 68 046 72 046 74 73 047 66 048 09 048 12 048 038 13 60 048 01 048 05 043 042 12 47 043 99 044 83 045 14 047 96 64 047 97 047 99 048 23 045 044 59 01 044 87 048 00 046 40 041 020 20 16 047 56 047 71 047 72 047 86 84 047 88 048 18 048 25 048 31 26 048 39 048 41 043 038 81 44 012 04 040 48 040 31 014 040 15 44 040 50 015 80 040 41 026 014 58 30 026 60 028 11 041 30 015 041 35 34 016 58 016 60 016 67 016 66 59 016 90 018 05 016 91 93 016 92 012 31 015 11 016 015 04 15 014 63 014 97 015 56 015 74 99 016 72 014 67 015 51 015 53 46 015 54 017 95 019 83 014 013 50 74 014 51 014 07 014 13 014 59 04 014 70 015 84 040 015 29 83 014 47 015 20 014 55 014 62 71 019 94 016 31 014 91 014 016 90 06 014 96 015 17 015 42 015 77 50 013 61 016 75 014 78 016 78 77 016 89 014 66 015 45 016 014 09 76 020 24 015 06 015 22 62 015 40 015 79 015 63 019 015 98 67 015 73 016 73 016 82 019 017 84 13 017 86 019 86 018 80 018 90 98 016 87 041 67 014 73 020 014 10 93 017 84 017 89 018 017 04 93 014 88 015 10 014 99 045 044 38 12 013 83 018 00 018 12 018 36 28 016 46 016 79 018 41 018 020 13 36 018 35 018 39 018 42 016 84 57 017 06 017 09 017 07 017 016 04 70 018 78 018 82 018 017 88 03 018 76 018 86 014 48 044 014 53 79 042 79 018 17 041 65 041 038 31 34 038 49 044 68 039 44 043 020 34 70 039 28 042 92 043 59 043 040 58 03 026 77 033 71 046 12 039 046 48 32 046 99 041 53 041 039 16 31 015 92 018 07 046 94 041 21 19 017 52 038 48 020 30 040 038 23 32 041 23 041 59 040 42 019 041 74 61 038 85 041 05 039 32 040 044 26 08 044 30 039 35 020 045 88 56 045 71 039 20 041 43 041 046 81 05 044 13 041 83 020 38 042 09 00 042 06 042 11 045 88 042 047 57 47 039 33 044 28 044 52 043 039 73 34 042 41 043 70 044 93 039 044 43 20 043 01 041 99 042 82 02 043 54 043 55 044 24 044 47 44 044 57 047 43 045 09 041 047 51 02 044 49 044 71 045 69 045 047 93 26 047 18 017 01 017 66 018 017 26 42 018 31 018 64 041 25 025 018 89 70 041 27 018 75 019 041 50 03 041 49 041 15 041 17 041 09 07 041 11 017 51 017 59 017 019 53 92 020 04 020 14 020 21 020 017 67 68 020 06 017 72 047 94 041 046 37 87 041 41 044 64 017 041 62 39 017 64 020 26 041 13 019 017 52 74 020 18 017 76 020 08 041 019 69 80 041 79 017 82 041 45 042 045 08 50 045 53 045 84 043 92 042 017 81 91 041 75 019 67 019 68 047 042 31 07 013 60 040 46 015 038 36 61 039 25 038 36 039 37 044 041 43 78 039 40 038 71 045 00 045 043 32 71 040 53 040 56 042 91 044 09 97 020 22 042 19 047 37 042 047 17 41 042 21 043 88 042 40 047 042 21 70 013 84 044 17 044 026 38 65 045 89 046 03 047 34 046 045 06 76 020 64 038 47 026 64 038 043 69 46 040 37 043 56 043 62 042 014 03 69 042 87 042 60 044 65 045 044 58 74 038 54 042 64 042 80 67 042 78 044 32 014 18 043 042 06 16 043 52 044 00 042 99 045 78 37 047 09 047 03 044 99 044 014 14 37 044 39 045 01 045 25 047 045 49 36 044 02 045 49 043 74 044 54 16 044 56 044 63 045 044 11 69 044 10 045 13 045 85 045 038 39 58 044 15 044 06 044 35 044 047 51 15 044 72 044 95 045 21 043 045 89 28 045 68 045 74 047 10 047 51 23 044 07 044 19 045 044 02 27 014 29 015 86 020 20 041 038 62 42 043 27 044 60 042 62 044 043 40 10 038 55 042 52 044 42 042 038 73 57 042 63 042 49 043 98 040 27 13 042 65 042 68 041 74 043 042 04 69 044 48 014 89 044 046 03 63 038 52 044 11 044 36 020 045 29 55 041 87 043 08 043 26 043 83 53 044 33 044 58 045 26 045 51 42 045 52 045 61 046 62 046 86 75 046 97 043 84 044 04 047 046 11 39 047 24 047 52 020 047 71 30 020 72 041 96 043 50 044 043 88 69 046 11 046 33 046 36 039 19 17 043 93 046 66 039 26 042 040 13 11 043 07 043 85 042 56 042 90 61 042 94 043 02 044 043 18 57 044 23 044 46 045 18 045 60 57 045 65 046 34 047 13 042 047 14 40 042 98 043 00 043 23 043 044 30 34 044 05 044 61 046 58 043 042 37 38 044 22 042 53 042 04 047 043 16 35 044 25 045 12 044 046 81 95 044 85 045 77 047 14 045 33 15

A L L

Si t e s PA Di s t a n c e

50

DA T A 5 2 4 9 x8 8 3 G -2 (Ob j e c ti v e Fu n ct i o n )

In f o rm at i o n

1 .

9 E + 03

Re m ai n i n g 50

(% )

Cl u s te r

25 2.8E +0 3

2 5

0 3 .

7 E +

0 3

0

SF V P A G 0 2 1 44

Figure 3: Dendrogram showing the sites clustered in two major groups, woody and herbaceous. A data matrix of 5249 sites x 883 species containing species presenceabsence data were used for classification.

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The sites were primarily grouped into two groups. One group primarily consisted of herbaceous sites, while sites in the other group were predominantly woody. However, many of the sites linked at the lower within the second group were herbaceous sites. A close examination of those sites revealed that they were either in disturbed areas and had some woody component, or were unique in their species compositions.

3.4 Herbaceous Vegetation Classification Marshes and prairies dominated by herbaceous vegetation are the major habitat in south Florida, and cover most of the Everglades, extending from Lake Okeechobee to the coast. In the coastal areas, marsh vegetation consists of plant species that are tolerant to brackish environments. In the classification of sites with herbaceous vegetation, most coastal sites were separated as outliers, suggesting a distinct group, hereafter termed as ‘salt marsh’, at the very upper level of the hierarchical classification tree. In the cluster analysis of freshwater marshes, the grouping of sites was influenced by the disturbance levels at each site, and soil and hydrologic conditions. Sites from the disturbed areas, particularly those from hole-in-thedonut, where vegetation was once cleared, had vegetation consisting of mostly forbdominated primary colonizers. In the classification of freshwater marshes, these sites together with few other disturbed sites scattered across the Everglades and BICY, formed a distinct group that separated out from rest of freshwater marsh. Most freshwater marsh sites clustered together depending on their species composition which was primarily concomitant with site hydrology. The groups were identified as seasonally flooded prairie, seasonally flooded marsh and semi-permanently flooded marsh. This level of grouping is not present in Rutchey et al. (2007). In the subsequent classification of these groups, clusters were first named based on life forms, and then diagnostic species of the groups, which were similar to level 4 and 5 in Rutchey et al. (2007), and alliances in ecological classification of terrestrial vegetation (NatureServe 2006). Clusters identified at various level of classification of marsh vegetation are described below.

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Saltwort salt marsh Gulf Cordgrass salt marsh Dropseed salt marsh

Seasonally Flooded Wet Prairie

1 8 9 14 21

Seasonally Flooded Marsh

Semi-permanently/permanently Flooded Marsh Semi-permanently Flooded Broad-leaved Marsh Semi-permanently Flooded Graminoid Marsh

Ruderal freshwater Marsh

Oligohaline Salt Marsh Mesohaline Salt Marsh Hypersaline Salt marsh Mesohaline Salt Marsh (Keys)

Salt Marsh

Saltgrass salt marsh

_ SPABAKSM JUNROESM DISSPISM BATMARSM SPASPASM SPOVIRSM

HNW52G06

MARSH

Sand Cordgrass salt marsh Black rush salt marsh

MUHCAP_P CLAJAM_P SCHRHI_P SCHNIG_P CLAMIX_P OPEN_P PASMON_P RHY_PAS CLAJAM_M CLA_ELE OPEN_M CLAMIX_M RHY_CLA RHY_ELE ELEELO PANHEM_M ELE_CLA NYMODO_M ELE_PAN NYMAQU_M ELECEL_M ELECELCM SAGLAN_2 SAGLAN_M THAGEN_O PONCOR BACCAR LUDREP_M TYMDOM_M TYP_CLA TYP_MIX1 ANDVIR_M LUDMIC_M AND_MIX TYP_MIX2 BACMON_M MIKSCA_M MIT_SPE LEPFUS_M SAG_PRO

Freshwater Marsh

Muhly grass wet prairie Sawgrass wet prairie Little bluestem wet prairie Blacktop sedge wet prairie Sawgrass-mixed wet prairie Open Mixed prairie Gulfdue Paspalum wet prairie Paspalum-Beaksedge wet prairie Sawgrass marsh Sawgrass-Spike rush marsh Open Mixed marsh Sawgrass-mixed herbaceous marsh Beakrush –Sawgrass marsh Beakrush –Spikerush marsh Slim spikerush marsh Panicgrass marsh Spikerush–Sawgrass marsh White Water Lily marsh Spikerush-Maidencane marsh Banana Lily marsh Spikerush-dominated marsh Spikerush Coastal marsh Arrowhead marsh Arrowhead-mixed herbaceous marsh Alligator Flag marsh Pickerelweed marsh Lemon Bacopa marsh Primerose willow marsh Cattail-dominated marsh Cattail-sawgrass marsh Cattail-nixed marsh Broom sedge marsh Water primerose marsh Broom sedge-mixed herbaceous Cattail-nixed herbaceous marsh Water hyssop marsh Hempvine marsh Lax Hornpod-False Buttonweed Sprangletop marsh Arrowhead-Mermaidweed marsh

Figure 4: Schematic presentation of dedrogram re-constructed from the results of agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis of herbaceous sites. 14

Description of Marsh vegetation types 5 Marsh (M) 5.1 Salt Marsh (MS) Salt marsh consists of mostly salt-tolerant or halophytic species that have developed the mechanisms to adjust to a range in environmental conditions influenced by salinity gradients, and periodic inundation in the South Florida coastal regions. As the result, salt marsh vegetation differs in species composition depending on the elevation gradients in the intertidal zones that not only differ in frequency and duration of inundation but also in salinity. In the present analysis, six types of salt marsh vegetation, grouped in three classes, oligohaline, mesohaline, and hypersaline, were identified (Figure 5). Of these six vegetation types, two types were represented by only two or less sites in the dataset, and they were found in Florida Keys.

Hypersaline Salt Marsh Oligohaline Salt Marsh

Mesohaline Salt Marsh (Keys)

Mesohaline Salt Marsh

Figure 5: Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination based on importance values of species at 41 salt marsh sites

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5.1.1 Oligohaline Salt Marsh (MSO) This type of salt marsh is primarily dominated by low-salt (90% relative cover. Associated species that are characteristics of this vegetation type include ferns (Acrostichum danaeifolium and Blechnum serrulatum), cordgrass (Spartina bakeri), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), christmasberry (Lycium carolinianum), among others. Saplings of red mangrove are also very common. 5.1.2.1.3 Gulf Cordgrass Salt Marsh (Spartina spartinae Salt Marsh) - MSMGs: This type of vegetation is present in Florida Keys. The vegetation is strongly (>80% relative abundance) dominated by gulf cordgrass (Spartina spartinae). The characteristics species of this vegetation type include other salt-tolerant species such as saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus). 5.1.2.1.4 Dropseed Salt Marsh (Sporobolus virginicus Salt Marsh) – MSMGp: This type of vegetation is present in Florida Keys. The vegetation is strongly dominated by dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus). In this vegetation, other commonly present salt-tolerant species include gulf cordgrass (Spartina spartinae), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), shoregrass (Monanthochloe littoralis) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata).

5.1.3 Hypersaline Salt Marsh (MSH): This type of salt marsh is primarily dominated by high-salinity (18-30 ppt) tolerant species.

17

5.1.3.1 Hypersaline Succulant Salt Marsh (MSHS): Salt marsh is primarily dominated by high-salt tolerant succulants, such as saltwort (Batis maritima), glasswort (Sarcocornia sp.), and sea purslane (Sesuvium sp.). 5.1.3.1.1 Saltwort Salt Marsh (Batis maritima Salt Marsh) – MSHSb: Saltwort (Batis maritima)-dominated vegetation type is present in tidal zones in Cape Sable and south of West Lake. At some sites, chickenclaws (Sarcocornia perennis) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) are co-dominant with turtle weed. Other characteristic species of this vegetation type are sea daisy (Borrichia frutescens), sea purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum), among others. More information on other associate species of this vegetation type is needed.

5.2 Freshwater Marsh (MF): Freshwater marsh communities are widespread in South Florida, and are primarily shaped by hydrology, nutrients and disturbances. Natural and disturbed communities are well separated, and cattail vegetation is present along a wide range of hydrology and disturbance (Figure 7), depending on the abundance of other species present in ths community (Appendix 2).

Figure 7: Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination based on importance values of species at 3,452 Freshwater Marsh sites. Points in ordination space represent centroids of site scores, averaged over vegetation type. (Outliers were not included in the ordination) 18

5.2.1 Seasonally Flooded Wet Prairie (MFW): Seasonally flooded freshwater prairies are short-hydroperiod marsh and are found in the area that gets periodically flooded for 3-7 months a year. 5.2.1.1 Seasonally flooded Graminoid Wet Prairie (MFWG): In short hydroperiod marl prairies, that are flooded for 3-7 months a year, marsh vegetation is characterized by a mix of graminoids that includes low-stature sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense), muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes), little bluestem (Schizachyrium rhizomatum), and black sedge (Schoenus nigricans), among others. In most places, these species, particularly the first three, are found together in different proportions. Based on the dominance of one or the other species, four types of freshwater graminoid prairies; Muhly grass, Little Bluestem , Sawgrass, Black-top Sedge Wet Praries, are described (Ross et al. 2006; Rutchey et al. 2007). The first three types have many species in common, but are distinguishable based on the relative abundance of dominant species (Appendices 2 and 3). 5.2.1.1.1 Muhly Grass Wet Prairie (Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes Wet Prairie) – MFWGm: This vegetation type is generally found in the seasonally flooded marl prairies in the southern Everglades, at the both eastern and western flanks of the Shark Slough, and Taylor Slough basin, and prairies in Big Cypress National Preserve (Figure 8). Muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var filipes)-dominated vegetation has the hydroperiod of less than 6 months, and it is frequently burned. In this vegetation type, sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) and blue stem (Schizachyrium rhizomatum) are the next two most abundant species. Their high abundance occasionally makes the vegetation difficult to be distinguished. Other characteristic species commonly found in this vegetation are Panicum tenerum, Centella asiatica, Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Schoenus nigricans, Cassytha filiformis, Eragrostis elliottii, Andropogon virginicus, and Aristida purpurascens, among others. 5.2.1.1.2 Little Bluestem Wet Prairie (Schizachyrium rhizomatum Wet Prairie) – MFWGs: The vegetation type is characterized by the dominance of little bluestem (Schizachyrium rhizomatum) vegetation. It is commonly found in the marl prairies in the Taylor Slough basin, to the west of the Shark Slough, south of Old Ingram highway, and south-western part of Big Cypress National Preserve (Figure 8). This vegetation has short hydroperiod (4-7 months), and is generally present in frequently burned areas. In this vegetation type, sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) and muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var filipes) are the next two most abundant species. Other associated species are Centella asiatica, Panicum tenerum, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Cassytha filiformis, Panicum virgatum, Rhynchospora tracyi, Pluchea rosea, Hymenocallis palmeri, Rhynchospora divergens, Eragrostis elliotti, Paspalum monostachyum, and Aristida purpurascens, among others.

19

5.2.1.1.3 Sawgrass Wet Prairie (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense Wet Prairie) – MFWGc: In the seasonally flooded marl soils, sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) is mostly of short stature, and dominates the vegetation in most parts of marl prairies, including frequently burned coastal prairies. In marl prairies, sawgrass often is present in high abundance mixed with muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium rhizomatum) (Appendix 3). However, in disturbed areas and rough rocky-glades, the vegetation is much more diverse. The other characteristic species of this vegetation are Panicum tenerum, Centella asiatica, Cassytha filiformis, Rhynchospora tracyi, Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Phyla nodiflora, and Symphyotrichum bracei, among others. In disturbed areas, particularly near canals and in rough rocky-glades, the vegetation is much more diverse. In such area, the relative abundance of sawgrass is lower than 20%, and the species, such as Centella asiatica and others are present as codominants, suggesting two different associations under this vegetation type. These are, (i) 5.2.1.1.3.1 Sawgrassdominant Wet Prairie, and (ii) 5.2.1.1.3.2 SawgrassMixed herbaceous Wet Prairie. The characteristic species of the later vegetation type include the mix of species representing a wide range of hydrologic conditions. The characteristic species are Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaincense, Centella asiatica, Panicum tenerum, Eleocharis cellulosa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Muhlenbergia capillaries var. filipes, Bacopa caroliniana, Phyla nodiflora and Leersia hexandra Figure 8: Location map showing the sites with seasonally (Appendix 2). flooded wet prairie vegetation types. 5.2.1.1.4 Black-top Sedge Wet Prairie (Schoenus nigricans Wet Prairie) – MFWGh: In Taylor Slough basin and in the marl prairies west of Shark River Slough and south of Old Ingraham highway (Figure 8), vegetation in localized areas is dominated by black-top sedge

20

(Schoenus nigricans) that grows in tussocks. In spaces between tussocks, the commonly found species are sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense), little bluestem (Schizachyrium rhizomatum), and muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes). These species are occasionally co-dominant with black-top sedge. The characteristic species of this vegetation type are Cassytha filiformis, Centella asiatica, Panicum virgatum, Rhychospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Panicum tenerum, Paspalum monostchyum, Hymenocallis palmeri, Crinum americanum, Eragrostis elliottii, Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum, among others. 5.2.1.1.5 Gulfdune Paspalum Wet Prairie (Paspalum monostachyum Wet Prairie) – MFWGp: Gulfdune paspalum (Paspalum monostachyum) has substantial cover in the little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and/or muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes)-dominated wet prairies. However, this species is generally dominant in the transitional community between wet prairies and sawgrass marsh, particularly when the sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) is sparse and of low stature. Because Paspalum monostachym is strongly associated with the representative species of wet prairies (short-hydroperiod) as well as marsh, P. monostachyum dominated vegetation has been moved between these two groups (Ross et al. 2004, 2006; Rutchey et al. 2006, 2007). In the present classification, however, it is treated as a member of wet prairies, as many more sites, particularly in western part of South Florida, have Paspalum monostachyum dominanted vegetation with the associated species that are representatives of short-hydroperiod wet prairies. The characteristic species of this vegetation are Rhynchospora diversgens, Centella asiatica,Rhynchospora microcarpa, Ludwigia microcarpa, Elytraria caroliniensis var. angustifolia, Rhynchospora colorata, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. ensifolium, Hyptis alata, Proserpinaca pectinata, Panicum tenerum, Eragrostis elliotti, Pluchea rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Hymenocallis palmeri, Crinum americanum, and Dichanthelium aciculare. At some sites west of Everglades, this vegetation type has scattered individuals of stunted pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens) with their seedlings well incorporated in the herb layer vegetation. At many of these sites within Big Cypress National Preserve, Rhynchospora divergens is co-dominant, and occasionally its relative abundance is much higher than that of Paspalum monostachyum suggesting two associations under this vegetation type: (i) 5.2.1.1.5.1 Paspalum monstatchum-dominated Wet Prairie, and (ii) 5.2.1.1.5.2 Paspalum monostachyum-Rhynchospora divergens Wet Prairie. In the latter group, the other characteristic species are sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense), Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Panicum tenerum, Iva microcephala, Centella asiatica, and Eleocharis geniculata (Appendix 2). 5.2.1.1.6 Muhlenberg Maidencane Wet Prairie (Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum Wet Prairie) –MFWGa: This vegetation type is very rare, and in the present analysis was found at only two sites, one each in Big Cypress National Preserve and Picayune Strand State Forest (Figure 8). In this vegetation, associated herbaceous or semi-woody species are Rubus trivialis, Euthamia tenuifolia var tenuifolia, Spermacoce terminalis, Scoparia dulcis, Andropogon virginicus, and Cyperus haspan, among others. 5.2.1.1.7 Torpedo Grass Wet Prairie (Panicum repens Wet Prairie) –MFWGr: This vegetation type is very rare, and in the present analysis was found at only two sites, both in

21

Big Cypress National Preserve (Figure 8). In this vegetation, associated herbaceous are Iva microcarpa, Bacopa caroliniana, Ludwigia repens, Sabatia stellata, among others.

5.2.2 Seasonally Flooded Marsh (MFS) Seasonally flooded freshwater marsh is found in the area that gets periodically flooded for 511 months a year. 5.2.2.1 Seasonally Flooded Graminoid Marsh (MFSG) Seasonally flooded graminoid marsh is primarily dominated by hydrophilic graminoids, such as sawgrass (Cladium marisucs ssp. jamaicense), beakrush (Rhynchospora sp.) and maidencane (Panicum hemitomon). These species may be present in monospecific stand or are co-dominant with other graminoids, such as spikerush (Eleocharis sp.). 5.2.2.1.1 Sawgrass Marsh (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicese Marsh) – MFSGc: Sawgrass (Cladium. mariscus ssp. jamaicese) is the single most common species present in the Everglades prairies and marsh. Sawgrass has wide amplitude with respect to hydrology, and so no wonder it is substantially present in association with species that are characteristics of both coastal and freshwater prairies and marshes. In sawgrass-dominated vegetation, cover of prairie species is much less in the wet areas, where the sawgrass basically has >90% cover forming the monotypic sawgrass marsh with the mean height exceeding 2m. Moreover, sawgrass marsh in most parts of the southern Everglades and Water Conservation Areas has the presence of the species that are indicators of much wetter conditions. Among them, the most common species are beakrush (Rhynchospora spp.) spikerush (Eleocharis spp.), bladderworts (Utricularia spp.), gulfdune paspalum (Paspalum monostachyum), panicum (Panicum virgatum, P. hemitomon). 5.2.2.1.1.1 Sawgrass dominant Marsh (Cladium marisucus ssp. jamaicensedominated Marsh) - MFSGcD: In most of the Everglades, sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) is found in mono stand, contributing >80% of relative cover. This type of community is present in Water Conservation Areas, and on ridges in Shark River Slough (Figure 9). Other herbaceous species which occur in these stands in low abundance (~1%) are Bacopa caroliniana, Sagittaria lancifolia, Eleocharis cellulosa, and Rhynchospora tracyi. 5.2.2.1.1.2 Sawgrass-Spikerush Marsh (Cladium marisucus ssp. jamaicenseEleocharis cellulosa Marsh) - MFSGcS: This type of vegetation is present in Water Conservation Areas and in sloughs within Everglades National Park, where sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense)-dominated vegetation has often high cover of spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa). However, in some areas where sawgrass has relatively low cover and sites are open, species of bladderworts (Utricularia spp.), particularly purple bladderwort (U. purpurea) have very high abundance. Other characteristic species of this vegetation are Bacopa coroliniana, Panicum hemitomon, Rhynchospora tracyi, Sagittaria lancifolia, Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata,

22

among others. In the areas where this vegetation type is present in relatively short hydroperiod, Crinum americanum, Hymenocallis palmeri, Justicia angusta and Leersia hexandra are commonly present. This vegetation type differs from SpikerushSawgrass Marsh, described under ‘Semi-permanently Flooded Marsh’, in having much lower abundance of bladderworts and spikerush (Appendix 3). 5.2.2.1.1.3 Sawgrass Mixed herbaceous Marsh (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense Mixed herbaceous Marsh) – MFSGcM: At several sites in the Everglades sawgrass marsh, the vegetation is very heterogeneous. At those sites, the sawgrass (Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense) has usually the relative abundance of 5%) species. Shamblin_HH

47

Table 4: The descriptions of contents of files (Tables/Feature Class layers) included in the SFV_Geodatabase

SNO

File Name

Table/ Feature Class

1

SFV_Dataset_Contacts

Table

2

SFV_Dataset_Details

Table

3

SFV_Site_Locations

4

SFV_Site_Attributes

Point features Table

5

SFV_Dataset_Species

Table

6

SFV_Species_List

Table

7

SFV_Dataset_Vegdata_ALL

Table

8

SFV_Species_Data

Table

9

SFV_Lookup_AgeClass

Table

10

SFV_Lookup_CoverCode

Table

11

SFV_Lookup_EventID

Table

12

SFV_Lookup_HeightClass

Table

13

SFV_Lookup_MgtEntity

Table

Contents The list of 35 vegetation datasets that were received for developing field-data based classification of South Florida plant communities, and contact address of the researchers who contributed their vegetation data. The sampling details of 35 datasets that were received from researchers. The list of vegetation data sites and their geographical coordinates. The table lists vegetation data sites, and their attributes. Together with geographical location, the attributes included the type, size and number of vegetation sampling units used at each site, vegetation characters, elevation, soil depth, water depth, type of disturbances and time since disturbances. However, not all sites have data for each attributes, as the kind of information varied among datasets received from researchers. Scientific name and codes of plant taxa present in vegetation datasets In this data file, both researcher's version and updated version of scientific name and codes for plant taxa are given. The list of plant taxa present in South Florida vegetation datasets Vegetation data received from several researchers. Vegetation data are nearly in the same form as they were received from researchers. The data file consists of species presence/absence and abundance data. For vegetation datasets that were received from researchers, species abundance data are summarized for each species by vegetation stratum and site. The lookup table consists of definition of codes used by researchers to record species abundance by age class. The lookup table consists of definition of cover codes used by researchers to record species cover within a vegetation sampling unit. The lookup table consists of definition of codes used by researchers to represent the sampling event when the same permanent sites have been sampled repeatedly. The lookup table consists of definition of codes used by researchers to record species abundance by height class. The lookup table consists of definition of codes used for management entities that are represented by the sites with vegetation data included in the

48

SNO

File Name

Table/ Feature Class

14

SFV_Lookup_RankAbundanc e

Table

15

SFV_Lookup_SamplingUnit

Table

16

SFV_Lookup_VegLayer

Table

17

SFV_H_Sites_Species_IV_Da ta

Table

18

SFV_H_Sites_Vegtypes

Table

19

SFV_H_Sites_vegtype_Loc

Point features

19

SFV_H_Sites_Vegtypes_Desc

Table

20

IRC_Intercept_Points

Table

21

IRC_Intercept_Species_Data

Table

22

Rutchey_WCA2_Vegdata

Table

23

Rutchey_WCA3_Vegdata

Table

24

Rutchey_WCA3_abbreviatios

Table

25

Management_Areas

Polygon features

Contents datasets. The lookup table consists of definition of codes used by researchers to rank species based on their abundance within a vegetation sampling unit. The lookup table consists of definition of codes for type of sampling units used by researchers to record species abundance. The lookup table consists of definition of vegetation layer (stratum) used by researchers to record species abundance within a vegetation sampling unit. Species importance value (IV) data for only marsh and prairie sites. The table lists herbaceous sites, their geographical coordinates and results of test vegetation classification. The feature class has herbaceous sites, their geographical coordinates and results of test vegetation classification. The table describes the field-data based vegetation classification of herbaceous sites (Level 1: Marsh) for which vegetation data were received from several researchers, and results of crosswalk with south Florida vegetation classification described in Rutchey et al. (2006). A list of points used for the quantitative plant inventory of the BICY conducted by Institute for Regional Conservation (IRC) between 2003-2004 for accuracy assessment Quantitative plant inventory of the BICY conducted by Institute for Regional Conservation (IRC) for accuracy assessment. The file contains the information on vegetation collected at sites visited during the WCA2 vegetation mapping effort. The file contains the information on vegetation collected at 2402 checksites visited during the WCA3 vegetation mapping effort. Field visits took place from 1996 to 2003 via airboat or helicopter. The file contains the information on abbreviations used to describe vegetation at 2402 checksites visited during the WCA3 vegetation mapping effort. BICY, BISC, EVER, FPNWR, FSPSP, GWHNWR, NKDR, PSSF, RWMA, SFWMD, SGWEA, TTNWR, WCA

Relational classes 1 SFV_Site_Loc_Attributes

Relation between Site_Locations and Site_Attributes

49

SNO

File Name

2

H_Sites_Veg_Site_Attribute

4

H_Sites_Veg_Loc_Des

3

H_Sites_Veg_Spp_IV

Table/ Feature Class

Contents Relation between Herb_Vegtype_Locations and Site_Attributes Relation between Herb_Vegtype_Locations and H_Sites_Vegtype_Description . Relation between Herb_Vegtype_Locations and H_Sites_Species_IV_Data

50

Table 5: Major vegetation categories with number of useful sites in the existing datasets, and minimum number of recommended additional field sites needed. General category or area/region Level General Vegetation Region (Rutchey et Category al. 2007) 1&2 Hammock and Swamp BICY forests/woodlands

# Minimum # potentially additional usable sites sites needed in datasets 36 64

1&2

EVER

203

55

WCAs

94

66

Tree islands (Hammocks & Bayheads/forests and woodlands)

1&2

Hardwood forests and EVER & Keys woodlands (Florida Bay keys and islands)

58

32

1&2

Coastal Hardwood Hammocks (Biscayne

32

28

BISC

51

Comments In IRC_AA dataset, forest and woodland data are usable to the limited extent as the data were cover of only dominant species (>5% cover). Additional 20 forest sites and 44 woodland sites are recommended. Hardwood hammocks on the tree islands are well represented, but bayheads and prairie islands are underrepresented. Also, the data include mostly P/A and/or basal area. Tree height is available for only 16 plots. Additional plot data at least in 25 bayheads and 30 prairie islands are recommended. Species abundance data include (density, basal area, or frequency & cover), but no height. So they have only limited use. Additional sites with species cover and height are needed. Ross_Keys sites well represent the forests in woodlands in the Florida keys. Sites to characterize vegetation in the Florida bay islands are needed. Shamblin_HH sites represent the hammocks in the region to some extent.

General category or area/region Level General Vegetation Region (Rutchey et Category al. 2007) Bay Keys & Islands)

# potentially usable sites in datasets

1&2

Pinelands

Keys, EVER, Miami-Dade, BICY

167

0

1, 2, 3 & 4

Pine Flatwoods

PSSF, FPNWR

139

0

1, 2, 3 & 4

Mangrove forests/woodlands/ shrublands

Florida Keys & Biscayne Bay Coastland

243

0

EVER

51

69

EVER, BICY, FPNWR

45

60

3

Shrubland

52

Minimum # additional sites needed

Comments Considering that this vegetation covers 22.7% area (Ruiz et al. 2008), additional plots that are randomly located in mainland and islands of the region. Sufficient sites for analysis to proceed Height data not available. Developing a relationship between DBH & Height is recommended. Sufficient sites in PSSF and FPNWR for analysis. For additional data in other regions of South Florida, researchers working in those regions need to be contacted. Sufficient sites for analysis to proceed Height data not available. Therefore, classification into different categories of woody vegetation will need information on height. Most of sites are concentrated in C111 and Taylor Slough basin. Data for additional sites in Ten Thousand Island NWR and other regions in EVER are strongly recommended, as the mangroves are likely to be impacted by sea level rise. + Dwarf cypress in both EVER and BICY are well represented. Some of Shrublands adjacent to tree islands in

General category or area/region Level General Vegetation Region (Rutchey et Category al. 2007)

# potentially usable sites in datasets

Minimum # additional sites needed

4

Scrubland

EVER, BICY, FNPWR, PSSF

46

74

5

Freshwater marsh

EVER, BICY, BISC, WCAs, Keys, FNPWR, PSSF, PSPSP, TTINWR

3515

145

5

Salt marsh and coastal prairies

EVER, Keys

44

32

Disturbed areas/gradients

EVER, BICY, BISC, Keys, FNPWR, PSSF,

1013

90-120

53

Comments EVER are represented. At least additional 15 more sites in EVER are needed. Shrubby vegetation is common on tree islands in WCAs. At least 45 sites in these areas are recommended. More than half of scrub vegetation data are from FNPWR and PSSF. Data for few sites are from EVER, and very few sites from BICY. At least, additional 30 sites in BICY, 15 in EVER, and 30 in WCAs are needed. Analysis complete, but 12 Rutchey et al (2007) categories (Appendix 2) did not have any plots supporting them and three categories had only 1-2 plots. Additional 8-10 plots in each of those categories are needed. Analysis was done, but a few Rutchey et al (2007) categories, such as Keysgrass, Glasswort, Sea Purslane, Herbaceous salt marsh, and Open Salt marsh did not have any plots supporting them. Two categories were represented by only 1 or 2 sites. Additional 3 to 5 plots in each of such categories are needed. In the database, only 12% of sites had disturbance information. They represented scrapped ground in HID

General category or area/region Level General Vegetation Region (Rutchey et Category al. 2007) PSPSP, TTINWR

# potentially usable sites in datasets

Minimum # additional sites needed

Comments (500), burned (within 5 years after fire; 484) and hurricane impacted (29) sites. Additional 90-120 sites representing other disturbances, such as air-boat path ways, nutrient enrichment and exotic invasion, are recommended.

54

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Descriptions of vegetation datasets in South Florida vegetation database. 1. Dataset_ID: Armentano_HH Contact Person: Tom Armentano, 3310 Lake Padgett Dr., Land O’ Lakes, FL 34639. Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Long Pine Key (EVER) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected only once from 41 hammocks, mostly (63.4%) in the Long Pine Key area, EVER. Other hammocks were in tree islands in the Shark Slough landscape and marl prairies in the eastern and southern Everglades. Data were collected in context of characterizing vegetation composition in the hammocks and of assessing changes in species composition since late 1950s when Craighead had surveyed some of the Long Pine Key hammocks. All sites in the dataset are georeferenced, and they have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Vegetation sampling included the record of species rank abundance (semi-quantitative) using two belttransects. The dataset has the comprehensive list of plant species that were found within the belt transects. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Hammock forest. Sampling unit: Belt transects of variable length and width. Sampling techniques included use of two transects per site. Each transect started and ended at 2 m inside of bole of tree whose canopy over hanged the hammock edge. Length of the transects varied with size of the tree islands, and width varied from one to several meters along the same transect depending on the visibility within the island. Species composition: Species list includes all species, including trees, shrubs, herbs, ferns, orchids and lianas that were found within the belts. Species records do not any reference to stratum. Species abundance: Quantitative data in the dataset includes the record of species rank abundance, ranging from 1 to 3: 1-Rare for species with 2.5 cm dbh) derived from the field data (the number of individuals and dbh) that were recorded in 5 x 50 m plot (belt transect), percent cover of palms and shrubs recorded using line intercept method on a 50 m line transect, and percent cover of species in herb layer estimated in 5, 6 or 10 0.5-m2 sub-plots. The dataset has the comprehensive list of plant species. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Forest, Woodlands, Scrub and Herbaceous Sampling unit: Plots and line transects. Sampling method included the use of a 5 x 50 m plot (Belt Transect) for recording abundance of both overstory (>10 cm dbh) and understory (2.5 to 10 cm dbh) trees, a 50 m line transect for recording percent cover of palms and shrubs, and five to ten 0.5 x 1 m subplots nested within the tree plot for percent cover of herb layer species. Species composition: The dataset has the comprehensive list of plant species that were found within the sampling plots (trees), on the line transect (palms and shrubs), and in the sub-plots (herb layer species). The information on the species that were not found on line transect (shrubs) or subplots (herb layer species), but were present elsewhere within the tree plot is not mentioned. Species abundance: Quantitative vegetation data in the dataset includes density, basal area and height of tree species present in both understory and overstory, and percent cover of palms, shrubs and herb layer species. Usefulness in classification: High 3. Dataset_ID: Burch_BICY Contact Person: Jim Burch, Big Cypress National Preserve, Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Prairies (BICY and PSSF) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected at 52 sites - 13 in Picayune Strand State Forest (PSSF), and 39 in Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY). Among 39 sites within the preserve, 9 sites were in disturbed areas, Concho Billy Trail, which had recently been restored. Sites were generally homogenous and did not include more

56

than one community (Jim Burch, personnel communication). In the dataset, all sites are georeferenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Data were collected in context of characterizing vegetation composition and monitoring effects of disturbances in the prairies. Vegetation data includes percent cover of each species collected using line intercept method on 4 transects within 10 x 10 m plots. In the disturbed sites, however, the data were collected in a series of subplots along transects of variable length. The dataset has the species cover data summarized by site and the comprehensive list of species intercepted on the transects or found in subplots. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Prairies. Sampling unit: Plot (10 x 10 m2) or transects (variable length). At 43 sites, 13 in PSSF and 30 in BICY, sampling method included use of line intercept technique on four 10-m long transects within 10 x 10 m plot. At 9 sites in BICY, the method included use of 12 to 84 1m2 sub-plots on 1 to 4 transects of varying lengths. Species composition: The dataset has the list of species intercepted by lines within the plot (43 sites) or the species present in sub-plots on transects (9 sites). Species abundance: Quantitative data in the dataset includes percent cover of each species summarized from the line intercept data and from the species cover in the subplots. Usefulness in classification: High 4. Dataset_ID: Coronado_TI Contact Person: Carlos Coronado-Molina, South Florida Water Management District. Email: [email protected] Data Sites: WCA 3A & 3B Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected on 25 tree islands in the Water Conservation Areas (WCA) 3A & 3B. Data were collected in context of characterizing vegetation structure, composition and growth in the tree islands. All the sites are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. The dataset has quantitative (density), vegetation data collected using four 10 x 10 m plots in each island, and summarized separately for head and tail regions that were homogeneous (Carlos Coronado-Molina, personal communication). Species list is not comprehensive and includes only the tree (>2.5 cm dbh) species present within the plots. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Hammock forest and Swamp forest. Sampling unit: Plots (10 x 10 m). Sampling method included use of four 10x10 m plots per island. All but one island had two plots in head and two plots in near tail region. One island had the plots only in its tail region. Though both head and tail regions were different from each other in species, two plots either in head or tail region were in homogeneous vegetation.

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Species composition: The dataset has the record of species that were present in the tree stratum (> 2.5 cm dbh) within the plots. It does not include any record of understory or ground layer species. Species abundance: Quantitative data in the dataset includes the record of number of individuals (density) of tree species present within the plots summarized by site (separate sites for head and tail). Usefulness in classification: High 5. Dataset_ID: ENP_HID Contact Person: Craig Smith, Everglades National Park Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Hole-in-the-Donut Restoration Sites (EVER) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected at 500 sites in the Hole-in-Donut restoration area in the Everglades National Park. Data were collected in context of monitoring vegetation establishment and vegetation change over time in the restoration area. Data were downloaded from the website, and the sites do not have coordinates. Vegetation data are quantitative and includes species cover by different height categories. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Marsh and Shrubs Sampling unit: Plots (10 x 10 m) Species composition: Species list is comprehensive and includes all species present in the plots. Species abundance: Vegetation sampling included the record of percent cover of each species in five height classes. The use of height class 1 was for sub-merged, 2 for vines, and 3 to 5 for all other species. Sampling included the multiple estimates of cover of the same species if that occurred in more than one height class within a plot, resulting in >100% of cover for even some individual species. Usefulness in classification: Low-medium 6. Dataset_ID: ENP_PIEL Contact Person: Hillary Cooley, Everglades National Park Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Long Pine Key (EVER) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected at 27 sites in the Long Pine Key and surrounding pinelands in the Everglades National Park. Data were

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collected in context of monitoring the impact of prescribed fire on tree mortality, pine regeneration, and change in structure and composition of shrub and ground layer vegetation. All sites are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Vegetation data are quantitative, and include the record of species in tree, shrub and herb layers. However, the dataset has the record of only slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the tree stratum, but not any hardwood species that might be present in the same stratum. The vegetation data include density and basal area of pine trees (>2.5 cm dbh), density of shrubs (re-sprouted, immature and mature), and percent cover of herb layer species. Species list in the dataset includes only slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the tree stratum, woody species present in shrub stratum collected in a 0.5 x 30 m belt transect, and record of herb layer species encountered at any of 100 points on a 30 m long line transect. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Pine woodlands Sampling unit: Plots (50 x 20 m). Sampling method included the use of 50 x 20 m plot to record number and dbh of overstory (dbh >15 cm) trees and 25 x 10 m (1/4th) plot nested within the larger plot for understory (2.5 to 15 cm dbh) trees. The method also included the use of 0.5 x 30 m belt transect and 30 m line transect to record shrub density and herb layer species cover, respectively. Species composition: The dataset does not have comprehensive list of species. It includes only the record of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the tree stratum, woody species present shrub stratum in belt transect, and herb layer species encountered at any of 100 points on the line transect. The dataset does not include any hardwood species that might be present in tree stratum and the shrub and herb layer species that were not found on the belt and line transects, respectively, but that could be present within the plot. Species abundance: Quantitative data in the dataset includes density and basal area of slash pine in the tree stratum, density of shrubs, and percent cover of herb layer species. Density and basal area of overstory (>15 cm dbh) and understory (2.5 to 15 cm dbh) trees are based on the record of number of trees present and dbh of individual trees in 50 x 20 m and 25 x 10 m plots, respectively. Density of shrub is based on the number of stems of each species recorded in three categories; resprouted, immature and mature. The cover of herb layer species is the number (percent) of points at which a species occurred when 100 points were sampled on a 30 m long line transect in each plot. Usefulness in classification: Medium-high 7. Dataset_ID: ENP_Prairie Contact Person: Hillary Cooley, Everglades National Park Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Marsh and Prairies in eastern Everglades, Coastal Prairies in western Everglades (EVER)

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Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected at 57 sites in freshwater marsh and prairies in the southeastern Everglades and costal prairies in the western Everglades within the Everglades National Park. Data were collected in context of monitoring the impact of prescribed fire on woody encroachment and change in species composition. All sites are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Vegetation data are quantitative, and they include density of shrubs (re-sprouted, immature and mature), and percent cover of herb layer species. Species list in the dataset includes woody species present in the shrub stratum in a 0.5 x 30 m belt transect, and herb layer species encountered at any of 100 points on a 30 m long line transect. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Marsh and Prairies Sampling unit: Plots (50 x 20 m2). Shrub density and herb layer species cover was recorded using 0.5 x 30 m belt and 30 m long line transects, respectively. Species composition: The dataset does not have comprehensive list of species. It includes only those shrub species present within the belt transects, and herb layer species found at any of 100 sampling points on a 30 m long line transect. It does not include the shrub and herb layer species that were not found on respective transects, but could be present within the plot. Species abundance: Density of shrub is based on the number of stems of each species recorded in three categories; resprouted, immature and mature. The cover of herb layer species is the number (percent) of points at which a species occurred when 100 points were sampled on a 30 m long line transect in each plot. Usefulness in classification: Medium-high 8. Dataset_ID: Hanan_TIRES Contact Person: Erin Hanan, Florida International University Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Shark River Slough, and marl prairie landscape in the eastern Everglades (EVER) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected on 8 tree islands, four in the Shark Slough and the other four in the marl prairie landscape of the eastern Everglades within the Everglades National Park. Data were collected in context of characterizing vegetation composition in relation to distribution of soil nutrients in and around tree islands (Hanan 2008). All sites are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. The dataset has the species cover data that were estimated for each tree species found in the whole island. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Bayhead and Bayhead Swamp forest Sampling unit: Plots of variable size. Since sampling method included the visual estimate of each species found on each island, the sampling unit (plot size) varied with the island areas.

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Species composition: The dataset includes all tree species found on the islands. Species abundance: Quantitative data in the dataset include the cover value estimated for each tree species on the islands. Usefulness in classification: High 9. Dataset_ID: Heisler_TI Contact Person: Loraine Heisler, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Email: [email protected] Data Sites: Tree islands (WCA 3A and 3B) Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected on 31 tree islands in the Water Conservation Areas (WCA) 3A & 3B. Data were collected in context of characterizing vegetation structure and composition in the tree islands (Heisler et al. 2002). All sites are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Vegetation data includes the record of cover values, estimated for tree species in two height classes (1-3m & >3m) in 10 2-m radius (12.57 m2) plots on each island. Species list includes the record of species (>1 m height) found in the sampling plots. Vegetation type (Physiognomy): Hammock forest and Swamp forest. Sampling unit: Plots. Sampling method included the use of 10 2-m-radius (12.57 m2) plots established on two transects perpendicular to each other on each island. Species composition: The dataset has the record of species in two height categories: 1-3m and >3m. It does not include any ground layer species (3m) and sapling (height 1-3m) layers. Species abundance (cover value) data are summarized by both plots and sites. However, total cover values of species that had >3m height, are summarized by only sites, represented by each island. Usefulness in classification: High 10. Dataset_ID: IRC_AA Contact Person: Keith Bradley, Institute for Regional Conservation Email: [email protected] Data Sites: BICY and EVER Summary/Description: The dataset consists of vegetation data collected at 253 sites scattered throughout the Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) and Everglades National Park (EVER). Data were collected in context of conducting accuracy assessment of the vegetation

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map developed by University of Georgia for BICY and EVER (Bradley and Woodmansee 2006). All sites but four are geo-referenced and have both Lat/Long and UTM (NAD 1983) coordinates. Four sites have vegetation data but they do not have coordinates. Vegetation sampling included the record of overall plant cover in eight physiognomic strata (Emergent, Canopy, Subcanopy, Shrubs, Dwarf shrubs/Herbaceous, Non-vascular, Vine/Liana, and Epiphyte), and cover of the plant species contributing an estimated cover of ≥5% in each stratum in which the species is present. In addition, for each plot, the overall height class of the stratum was also recorded, and if a stratum was present, but no species had a cover of ≥5%, the height and cover of most dominant species in the stratum were recorded. The species list includes the species which had ≥5% cover in the stratum in which they were present. The species that had 100 cm height and 5 cm dbh), sapling (1-5 cm dbh), shrub (>100 cm height and 100 cm height and 5 cm dbh), sapling (1-5 cm dbh), shrub (>100 cm height and