The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests

The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests

The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop 26 - 29 November 2001 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Editors Nancy M. Endersby Peter M. Ridland

Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Nov. 2001, Melbourne, Australia


Copyright © 2001. Copyright is retained by individual authors. Reproduction and the making available of this material for personal, in-house or non-commercial purposes is authorised, on condition that: • the copyright owner is acknowledged • no official connection is claimed • the material is made available without charge or at cost • the material is not subject to inaccurate, misleading or derogatory treatment. • the material is reproduced as a whole This publication may be of assistance to you but the editors and authors do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

First Published 2004 International Workshop on the Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests (4th: Melbourne) The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Melbourne, Australia, 26-29 November 2001 Editors Nancy M Endersby and Peter M Ridland ISBN 1 920842 45 4 1. Yponomeutidae—Integrated control—Congresses 2. Plutellidae—Integrated control—Congresses 3. Diamondback moth—Integrated control—Congresses 4. Brassicaceae—Diseases and pests—Congresses 5. Cruciferae—Diseases and pests—Congresses I. Endersby, NM

II. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria

III. Title

632.78 Published by The Regional Institute Ltd PO Box 787 Gosford NSW 2250 Printed by BPA Print Group Pty Ltd 11 Evans Street Burwood Vic 3125

These proceedings may be cited as Endersby NM & Ridland PM eds 2004. The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Melbourne, Australia, 26-29 November 2001.



Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Foreword

i ii iii

Keynote address...........................................................................................................................................1 Management of the diamondback moth: déjà vu all over again?

3

A.M. Shelton

Invited speakers...........................................................................................................................................9 Brassica IPM adoption: progress and constraints in south-east Asia

11

A. Sivapragasam

Improving the integration of pest management practices: theoretical and practical challenges

19

Michael A. Keller

Diamondback moth resistance to Bt: relevance of genetics and molecular biology to detection and management

27

New insect control agents: modes of action and selectivity

37

David G. Heckel 1 , Bruce E. Tabashnik 2 , Yong-Biao Liu 3, Linda J. Gahan4 , Anthony M. Shelton5 , Jian-Zhou Zhao 5 & Simon W. Baxter1 Thomas C. Sparks

Host plant finding by insects - undersowing crop plants with clover reveals the missing link

45

Stan Finch and Rosemary H Collier

Developing Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as a pest management tool

51

Linda Thomson, Brad Rundle and Ary Hoffmann

Improvement of crucifer IPM in the Changjiang River Valley, China: from research to practice

Shu-sheng Liu 1, Zu-hua Shi 1, Shi-jian Guo 2 , Yong-nian Chen 3, Guang-mei Zhang 1 , Lao-fu Lu4 , Dong-sheng Wang 5 , Peter Deuter 6 and M.P. Zalucki7

61

Contributed papers ...................................................................................................................................67 Population variation and dispersal ..........................................................................................................69 Variability in Plutella and its natural enemies: implications for biological control

71

Biological and genetic differences between populations of diamondback moth from different geographic origins

79

A.A. Kirk 1 , G. Mercadier 1 , D. Bordat 2 , G. Delvare 2 , A. Pichon 2 , L. Arvanitakis2 , A. E. Goudégnon 3 and C. Rinçon 2

A. Pichon, D. Bordat, A. Bordat, L. Arvanitakis and C. Tertois

Development and assessment of microsatellites and AFLPs for Plutella xylostella

87

The origins of infestations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in canola in western Canada

95

Robert D. J. Butcher1,2 , Denis J. Wright 1 & James M. Cook 1

L.M. Dosdall 1, P.G. Mason 2 , O. Olfert 3 , L. Kaminski 3 , and B.A. Keddie4

Regional outbreaks of diamondback moth due to movement of contaminated plants and favourable climatic conditions

101

A. M. Shelton

Estimation of some characteristic dispersal ranges of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Jianhua Mo 1, Greg Baker2 , Mike Keller 3 and Rick Roush4

107

Biology of diamondback moth ............................................................................................................... 115 DBM development: are we measuring the right temperatures?

117

Sivakumar Mohandass and Myron P. Zalucki

Elevated atmospheric CO2 may affect the performance of specialist (Plutella xylostella) and generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) on Brassica plants*

123

G.V.P. Reddy, A.-M. Manninen and J.K. Holopainen

Insect – plant interactions.......................................................................................................................125 Interactions between transgenic plants, the diamondback moth and natural enemies

127

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), on peas in Kenya: impact of the host shift on the pest and its parasitoid

133

T. H. Schuler1 , R. P. J. Potting1 , I. Denholm1 & G. M. Poppy 2

Bernhard Löhr and Andrea Rossbach Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Nov. 2001, Melbourne, Australia


Trap crops for diamondback moth and other crucifer pests in Guam

141

R. Muniappan, Junard Cruz and Jesse Bamba

Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host plant for Plutella xylostella

147

Resistance mechanisms of cabbage cultivar “Shinsei” against infestation of the diamondback moth - effect of leaf angle and hardness of outer leaf

153

Coping with glucosinolates: disarming the mustard oil bomb*

159

Jenny Barker1,2 , Guy Poppy 2,3 and Chris Payne 1

Youichi Kobori 1 , Hiroshi Amano 1 and Hisashi Nemoto2

Heiko Vogel, Jürgen Kroymann, Andreas Ratzka and Thomas Mitchell-Olds

Forecasting and sampling .......................................................................................................................161 Forecasting attacks by pest insects of cruciferous crops

163

Rosemary H Collier and Stan Finch

Evaluation of presence-absence sampling plans for the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

169

Yellow sticky traps as a monitoring tool for Plutella xylostella in Brassica vegetable crops

179

Jianhua Mo 1, Greg Baker2 and Mike Keller3

Bronwyn Walsh 1 , Brendan Nolan1 and Larry Cooper 2

Biological control.....................................................................................................................................183 Quantitative evaluation of the biotic mortality factors affecting diamondback moth in south-east Queensland, Australia Michael J Furlong 1 , Shi Zuhua2 , Guo Shijian3 , Liu Yinquan 2, Liu Shu Sheng2 and Myron Zalucki 1

185

Biological control - parasitoids...............................................................................................................195 Effect of parasitoid elimination on populations of diamondback moth in cabbage

197

Rami Kfir

Integration of biological control and botanical pesticides - evaluation in a tritrophic context

207

Evaluation of two neem insecticides for non-target effects on the larval parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

217

Effects of several insecticides on the larval parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

223

Host resistance to an insecticide and selection at larval stage favour development of resistance in the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae

227

Plant volatiles and adult experience affect selection by Cotesia plutellae of host larvae on different plants

235

Deidre S. Charleston1 , M. Dicke 2 , L.E.M. Vet 2 and Rami Kfir1

A.M. Akol 1, 3 , S. Sithanantham1 , A.M. Varela 1, J.M. Mueke 2 , R.O. Okelo 2

Tadashi Miyata1,2 , Laddawan Insung 2 , Ouab Sarnthoy 2 and Piyarat Keinmeessuke3

Shu-sheng Liu 1, Yuan-xi Li 1 and Zhen-Hua Tang 2

Li-hui Jiang and Shu-sheng Liu

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Oomyzus sokolowskii, parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

243

Zu-hua Shi, Qin-bao Li, Xin Li and Shu-sheng Liu

Parasitoids associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

249

T.J. Smith and M.H. Villet

Impact of parasitoid wasps on Plutella xylostella in Perth, Western Australia

255

F.A. Berlandier and D.A. Cousins

Guild structure of aphid parasitoids in broccoli: influence of host and neighbouring crops

259

Parasitism of Nyctemera amica (White) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) by Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

265

Moshe Coll 1 and Keith R. Hopper2

Nancy Endersby 1 and Peter Cameron 2

Biological control – pathogens................................................................................................................269 The development of endemic baculoviruses of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) for control of DBM in East Africa

David Grzywacz 1 , Mark Parnell 1, Gilbert Kibata2 , George Oduor3 , Walter Ogutu 3 , Douglas Miano 2 & Doreen Winstanley 4


271


Impact of a granulosis virus on larval food consumption and development duration of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

281

Insect pathogens for biological control of the diamondback moth with particular emphasis on the fungus Zoophthora radicans in New Zealand

285

Proof-of-concept trials for control of DBM by autodissemination

289

Some studies on Nosema infecting DBM in Malaysia

295

Li-hua Lü 1 , Yu-rong He 2 , Xia Feng 1 and Huan-yu Chen1

F.J.L. Stavely 1,2, J.K. Pell 3, B. Chapman 2 , T.R. Glare 4 , H. Yeo5 , D.M. Suckling 1 and M. Walter1 R.A. Vickers 1 , J.K. Pell 2 , A. White 1 and M.J. Furlong3

Idris, A.B. 1, Zainal-Abidin, B.A.H. 2, Sajap, A.S. 3 , Noran, A.M. 2 and Hussan, A.K. 4

Insecticide resistance...............................................................................................................................305 Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), resistance management in Hawaii

307

Ronald F.L. Mau and Laura Gusukuma-Minuto

Challenges in implementing spinosad diamondback moth resistance management strategies in intensive vegetable growing areas in Asia

313

Reduced susceptibility to permethrin in diamondback moth populations from vegetable and nonvegetable hosts in southern Australia

319

Samsudin Amit 1, Gary Thompson 2 and Paul Downard3

Nancy M. Endersby, Peter M. Ridland and Jingye Zhang

Diamondback moth resistance to insecticides in Guangdong Province

327

Xia Feng, Huan-yu Chen, Li-hua Lű

Variation in carboxylesterase frequency and insecticide resistance of Plutella xylostella (L.) as a response to environmental gradients Maa, Can-Jen William1 ; Huei-Jin Wang 1 and Ching-Fen Liu 2

333

Insecticides ...............................................................................................................................................345 Naturally derived chemistry (azadirachtin) for the control of crucifer pests in Australia

347

GR Leeson

Spinosad controls a range of lepidopteran pests in crucifers in Australia

351

Paul Downard

Studies of diamondback moth populations in Réunion Island (Indian Ocean)

357

Philippe Ryckewaert and Frédéric Fabre

Implementation of IPM ..........................................................................................................................363 Implementing of an IPM programme for vegetable brassicas in New Zealand

365

Integrating novel technologies for cabbage IPM in the USA: value of on-farm research

371

Ecological impact of Brassica IPM implementation in Indonesia

381

G.P. Walker 1 , P.J. Cameron 2 and N.A. Berry 3

William D. Hutchison 1 , Eric C. Burkness1 , Gary Pahl 2, & Terrance M. Hurley 3

S. Sastrosiswojo, W. Setiawati, L. Prabaningrum, T.K. Moekasan, I. Sulastrini, R.E. Soeriaatmadja and Z. Abidin

Development and implementation of Brassica IPM systems in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia

389

Towards biocontrol-based IPM for the diamondback moth in eastern and southern Africa

397

S. Heisswolf 1 and L. Bilston2 Bernhard Löhr

Developing a training and information package for IPM implementation in Brassica vegetable crops

403

A change in attitude – seeing pests from a different perspective

409

S. Heisswolf 1, Shu-sheng Liu 2 , G. Norton 3 and S. McGrath 3 K. Niemeyer

Developments in IPM programmes for vegetable brassicas in Fiji, Cook Islands and Papua New Guinea

413

Cabbage caterpillars in New Caledonia: integrated pest management project

415

Graham P. Walker1 , 2 Sada N. Lal, 2 Brian Tairea, 3 Maja Poeschko, 4 Johnny Wemin, 4Frank Ecke and 4 Pus Wesis P. Daly, C. Mille and L. Desvals



Preface The 4 th International Workshop on the Management of Diamondback Moth and other Crucifer Pests was held in Melbourne from 26 th to 29 th November 2001. Following the tradition of the previous three workshops in this series, entomologists and others involved with diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and the Brassica industry came together from many parts of the world. The Workshop provided a forum to review the approaches taken to management of diamondback moth in many countries and, as the fourth workshop in a series, also provided a valuable opportunity for renewing acquaintances and extending the international research community that has developed around the study of this insect. Delegates considered some of the long-standing challenges involved with implementing integrated pest management and managing insecticide resistance, but also had the opportunity to discuss emerging issues such as the use of genetically modified Brassica plants and use of molecular methods to characterise diamondback moth populations to study origins and dispersal. Diamondback moth has become a key pest in Australian horticulture in the last 15 years due to the development of resistance to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Most recently, Australian broadacre Brassica crops (canola in Western Australia, New South Wales and South Australia; forage crops in Victoria and Tasmania) have also suffered extensive damage due to diamondback moth, particularly in times of drought. The Australian research effort on diamondback moth has increased in response to these challenges. In the vegetable industry, progress has been made in development and implementation of Integrated Pest Management programs. More challenges lie ahead as we endeavour to guide broadacre Brassica producers away from the insecticide treadmill, by directing research to more sustainable control methods and integrated systems. From this point of view, the year 2001 was a very appropriate time for the Workshop to be held in our country. In these Proceedings, the Workshop papers have been put into a standard format where possible. While papers have not been extensively peer-reviewed, some required a major effort of editing and every attempt has been made to retain the original meaning and views of the authors. All claims of commercial products and processes as well as opinions expressed do not imply endorsement by the editors or the organisers. The papers are presented in the following sections: Population variation and dispersal, Biology of diamondback moth, Insect-plant interactions, Forecasting and sampling, Biological control, Insecticide resistance, Insecticides and Implementation of IPM. The Workshop Organising Committee is very grateful to the sponsors of our Workshop, namely Dow AgroSciences LLC, Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment - Enhancing Science Networks Program, Syngenta Crop Protection Pty Ltd, Caltex Australia - Crop Protection Division, Organic Crop Protectants Pty Ltd, Amvac Chemical Corporation and Rotam Australasia. Their funds assisted us to bring eminent DBM researchers from around the world to attend as invited speakers. We thank Southcorp Wines Pty Ltd for providing a selection of fine Australian wines which were enjoyed by delegates at the Poster Session. We also thank our Conference Secretariat: Bronwen Hewitt, Dominique Azzopardi, Jason Hewitt, Fiona Campbell, Michael Sullivan, Conference Management, The University of Melbourne. Thanks to Claire Braund and Roger Johnson of The Regional Institute Limited for publishing our Proceedings in printed form, on CD and on the web. Most importantly we thank the 93 delegates from 23 countries whose participation resulted in a rewarding and productive workshop. We hope this volume will be a useful reference for both new and seasoned researchers of the remarkable insect, the diamondback moth. Nancy Endersby, Chief Editor Peter Ridland, Workshop Convener


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Acknowledgements Workshop Organising Committee Peter Ridland, Workshop Convener Nancy Endersby, Chief Editor Greg Baker Michael Keller Bronwyn Walsh

Scientific Program Sub-Committee Greg Baker, Scientific Program Co-convener Michael Keller, Scientific Program Co-convener Nancy Endersby Jianhua Mo Peter Ridland Richard Vickers Bronwyn Walsh

Sponsorship Sub-Committee Patrick Buerger, Convener Geoff Messer Richard Vickers Bronwyn Walsh Brendan White

Conference Secretariat Conference Management The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia www.conferences.unimelb.edu.au [email protected] Bronwen Hewitt Dominique Azzopardi Jason Hewitt

Proceedings’ Publishers Claire Braund and Roger Johnson The Regional Institute Limited PO Box 787 Gosford NSW 2250 Australia [email protected] www.regional.org.au

Diamond Sponsors Dow AgroSciences LLC Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment - Enhancing Science Networks Program

Gold Sponsors Syngenta Crop Protection Pty Ltd Caltex Australia - Crop Protection Division

Bronze Sponsors Organic Crop Protectants Pty Ltd Amvac Chemical Corporation Rotam Australasia


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Foreword The papers in this volume report on a wide range of research and related activities concerning the diamondback moth and other pests of cruciferous vegetables. The foundation of an effective pest management program is a thorough understanding of the targeted pests. Hence, a substantial portion of the research reported at the Workshop focused on the biology and ecology of the diamondback moth, especially its genetics, host finding behaviour, movement and interactions with natural enemies. Building upon this foundation of understanding, researchers reported on the development, implementation and evaluation of integrated pest management programs. This collection of papers provides an overview of the current understanding of the diamondback moth and approaches for its management. It is a testament to the achievements of all of the contributors, whose success will ultimately be measured in the fields of farmers around the world. The scientific program was organised by Greg Baker, Michael Keller, Jianhua Mo, Peter Ridland, Nancy Endersby, Bronwyn Walsh and Richard Vickers. The aim was to develop a program that looked forward to the development of sustainable systems of pest management for cruciferous vegetable crops. Although not recorded here, Rick Roush, Myron Zalucki and Tony Shelton led discussions that facilitated the exchange of ideas among the delegates and stimulated the search for new approaches to pest management for the diamondback moth and other pests. Greg Baker and Michael Keller Scientific Program Conveners


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