The Neolithization of Siberia and the Russian Far East. radiocarbon evidence YAROSLAV V. KUZMIN & LYUBOVA. ORLOVA" Results of recent excavations and radiocarbon dating show that several places in Siberia and the Russian Far East, such as the Lower Amur River basin and the Transbaikal, represent independent centres of pottery invention, and all pre-date 30,000 BP. These two areas should be considered among the earliest centres of pottery origins in East Asia and the Old WorJd. The rest of Siberia is characterized by significantly later appearance of Neolithic cultures, between c. 8000 BP and c. 4600-2600 BP. Key-words: Neolithic, pottery, radiocarbon, Siberia, Russian Far East
Introduction Neolithization (i.e. the emergence of pottery) is one of the most important phenomena in Old World archaeology. In Northeast Asia, the term 'Neolithic' means the presence of well-developed pottery in the assemblage (Chard 1974:6 3 4 ) . The vast territory of Siberia and the Russian Far East in northern and northeastern Asia, c. 12,000,000 sq. km, includes different climatic: and vegetation zones, from arctic deserts and tundra to the mixed coniferousbroad-leafedforests and steppes (Suslov 1961) (FIGURE I). This entire region has a great diversity of Neolithic cultures (cf. Okladnikov 1970;Ackerman 1982;Michael 1992; Dumond & Bland 1995; Oshibkina 1996). The territory under consideration is also quite heterogeneous in terms of timing of pottery emergence. The southern part of the Russian Far East has evidence of very early pottery manufacture, starting at c. 13,200 radiocarbon (I") years ago (BP) (Kuzmin & Jull 1997; Kuzmin et a]. 1998), which is almost simultaneous with pottery emergence in southern Japan at c. 12,700 BP (Aikens 1995).In Transbaikal, the oldest Neolithic sites have been dated to c. 11,500-10,800 BP (Kuzmin & Orlova 1998). In other parts of Siberia and the Russian Far East, the first evidence of pottery production is associated with quite young radiocarbon dates, c. 8000-6000 BP. Thus, the process of Neolithization in these territories was non-synchronous. The aim of
this paper is to present updated radiocarbon information about the age of the earliest Neolithic cultures in Siberia and the Russian Far East, in order to analyse the spatial-temporal features of the process of pottery origins and spread in the area at the Late Glacial and EarlyMiddle Holocene, c. 13,000-6000 BP.
Material and methods Before the 199Os, few compilations of 14Cdates for the Neolithic of Siberia were available. The most comprehensive English summary of the Siberian Neolithic 14Cchronology was compiled by Michael (1992), and reflected the state of the art as of the early 1980s. In the late 1980s and 199os, several I4Cdate lists were published (Mamonova & Sulerzhitsky 1989; Orlova 1995; 1998; Timofeev & Zaitseva 1996; 1997; Zaitseva & Timofeev 1997; Kuzmin et al. 1998). Using all these data as a background, we have summarized the 14C dates for the earliest Neolithic cultures throughout Siberia and the Russian Far East (FIGURE 1;TABLE1). For calibration of the 14C dates later than 10,000 BP, we used the Groningen calibration computer program CAL15 for dates 3300-6000 BP (van der Plicht 1993), and an extension from a sequence based upon German and Irish oaks for dates 6000-10,000 BP (Pearson et a]. 1993; Kromer & Becker 1993).For the Groningen program, we combined all the possible time inter-
* Kuzmin, Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio St. 7, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
[email protected] Orlova, United Institute of Geology, Geophysics & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg Ave. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Received 14 April 1999, accepted November 1999, revised 20 January 2000. ANTIQUITY 74 (2000): 356-64
THE NEOLITHIZATION OF SIBERZA AND THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST RADIOCARBON EVIDENCE
357
m 0
FIGURE 1. The position of earliest Neolithic sites and major vegetation zones in Siberia. I tundra and forest tundra; I1 conifer forests [taiga);111 mixed conifer-broadleaved forests; IV forest steppe and steppe; V semi-desert and desert; VIa sites [numbers correspond to those in TABLE1); VIb areas with pre-10,OOO A m u r River basin; 2 Transbaikal. ~ ~ p o t t e r1y Lower :
vals together. The calibrated age ranges are presented for k20 (sigma), 95.4% probability (TABLE 1).For the calibration of 14C dates greater than 10,000 BP, we used the revised CALIB 3.0 program (Stuiver & Reimer 1993).
2 ) , and grooves on the external surface (FIGURE is very different from all the other earliest Neolithic cultures of Northeast Asia (Derevianko & Medvedev 1995).The Goncharka site, which belongs to the late Osipovka culture, was dated to c. 10,600-9900 BP. The pottery decoration include cord-marked patterns, comb trails, and Results and discussion Russian Far East comb-like vertical zigzag (Shevkomud 1997). The earliest pottery is known from the lower In the other parts of the Russian Far East, earstream of the Amur River (from Khabarovsk City liest pottery was dated to c. 8380 BP in contidown to the mouth), covered in mixed conif- nental areas such as Primorye (Pereval site, erous broad-leafed forests (FIGURE1, area 1). TABLEl),and to c. 6740 BP in insular areas Sites at Gasya and Khummi belong to the early (Sadovniki site, Sakhalin Island; TABLE1). Osipovka culture, Initial Neolithic (Derevianko However, recently the Puzi-2 site with pottery in central Sakhalin (51"09'N, 142'39'E) was & Medvedev 1995; Lapshina 1995),dated to c. 13,300-10,300 BP (Kuzmin et a]. 1998). The dated to 8780+135 BP (SOAN-3819) (S.V. pottery decoration is primitive, with vertical Gorbunov pers. comm. 1999).
104'07'E 103'12'E 104"15'E 100O20' E
Angara River Basin 1 2 Kitoi Yarki 13 Gorely Les, layer 6 14 Lokomotiv 15 Ust-Kova, layer 2
54"2 7'
116"36'E
105'35'E
106"lZ'E
107'00'E
charcoal charcoal
collagen collagen collagen collagen
charcoal charcoal collagen
collagen charcoal collagen charcoal
charcoal charcoal
charcoal
charcoal charcoal
collagen charcoal charcoal charcoal collagen collagen charcoal charcoal
material dated
GIN-8066 GIN-8067
GIN-6288 GIN-6816 GIN-7765 GIN-4553
LE-2777 LE-2783 GIN-4477
GIN-44 69 Riga-50 GIN-3329 KRIL-380
SOAN-2908 LE-1231
LE-1014
SOAN-2990 SOAN-2496
BGS-1805 LE-1534 LE-2726 LE-1440 SOAN-2700 SOAN-2699 SOAN-2 718 SOAN-2 717
lab code
11,240k180 10,760k60
7340k120 6730k80 652 Ok 50 6300k50
7650k80 6310k70 7610t210
7990+350 6995k150 6870+70 6195k70
7330k35 6660k190
6500k110
73401175 6605k75
7440160 68902~70 6850k60 6355k200 6200k80 6455+40 6165+35
8005k100
BP
14Cdate
11,620-10,840 10,900-10,570
6400-5910 5710-5420 5550-5 320 5305-5080
6600-6265 5375-5075 7030-5990
7695-6080 6155-5530 5830-5600 52604930
6200-6050 5940-5230
5600-5230
6390-5340
6460-5775
7250-6595 6395-6080 5840-5605 5760-5600 56 10-4880 5260-4905 5440-52 75 52 1 5 4 9 4 0
14C date cal EC
TABLE1. Radiocarbon dates of the earliest Neolithic cultures in Siberia and the Russian Far East.
Transbaikal Region 20 Ust-Karenga, layer 7 Ust-Karenga, layer 7
Upper Lena River Basin 18 Makrushino, burial 1 53"53' Makrushino, burial 2 Makrushino, burial 9 54'14' 19 Nikolskaya Skala
Lake Baikal Region 1 6 Ulan-Khada, layer 10 53"12' Ulan-Khada, layer 10 52"12' 17 Fofanovo
107"OZ'E
92'18'E 95"30'E
Yenisei River Basin 10 Eleneva Cave, layer 1 l d 55"56' 55'42' 11 Kazachka, layer-6
52"35' 53'36' 52'18' 58'20'
91'49'E
51'44'
Sayany Moun tains 9 Ust-Khemchik 3
84"52'E 84'18'E
60'55'E
64'13'
53'48' 50"54'
76"47'E 64'25'E 65'42'E 67"44'E 76O40'E
55'42" 55'55' 59'38' 59'29' 56'32'
coordinates latitude longitude
Altai Mountains 7 Kornachak2 8 Kaminnaya Cave
Western Siberia 1 Sopka 2, burial 68 2 Tashkovo 1 3 Leushi 7 4 Sumpanya4 5 Protoka, barr. 5, gr. 4 Protoka, barr. 5, gr. 4 6 Ches-Tyui-Yag, dw. 4 Ches-Tyui-Yag, dw. 3
# site name, layer
Ust-Karenga Ust-Karenga
Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic
Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Kitoi
Kitoi Early Neolithic Kitoi Early Neolithic
Early Neolithic Early Neolithic
Early Neolithic
Early Neolithic Early Neolithic
Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic
culture
Vetrov 1995 Vetrov 1995
Vetrov et a]. 1995 Vetrov et al. 1995 Vetrov eta]. 1995 Weber 1995
Timofeev & Zaitseva 1997 Timofeev & Zaitseva 1997 Mamonova & Sulerzhitsky 1989
Weber 1995 Veksler 1989 Mamonova & Sulerzhitsky 1989 Vasilievsky et al. 1988
Orlova 1995 Weber 1995
Timofeev & Zaitseva 1997
Orlova 1995 Orlova 1995
Molodin & Chikisheva 1996 Zaitseva & Timofeev 1997 Timofeev & Zaitseva 1996 Timofeev & Zaitseva 1996 Orlova 1995 Orlova 1995 Orlova 1995 Orlova 1995
reference W
ul W
Taymyr Peninsula
134"55'E
133'06'E 142"04'E
48'20'
42'53' 47'10'
59'21' 71'00' 63"03'
39 Tokareva 40 Chertov Ovrag 41 Lakhtina 2
148'56'E 179'53'E 179"18'E
171'07'W 143"13'E 150"36'E 151'14% 173"50'W 169'22'E charcoal charcoal charcoal
charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal
charcoal
charcoal
charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal
charcoal
charcoal charcoal
bone humates humates charcoal plant remains
material dated
MAG-554 MAG-198 MAG-407
MAG-717 LE-995 KRIL-247 LE-3901 LE-2661 MAG-1094
MAG-306
MAG-691
AA-13392 AA-13391 LE-1781 AA-13 393 LLNL-102168 GaK-18981 LE-1565A MAG-694
LE-1963
LE-676 IM-530
3540f60 3360f55 3340f100
5700f300 4700f100 4450f110 52 10f170 4580f40 4290f100
5200f100
6100f300
13,260flOO 10,345f110 12,960f120 10,875f 90 10,590f60 9890k230 8380+60 6740f150
4960+50
5970f70 5220f170
10,450f300 962Oi-250 10,780f150 8715f60
BP
date
SO AN-1552 11,505flOO
GIN-5493 GIN-5492 GIN-4577 SOAN-3080
lab code
2106-1704 1868-1522 1880-1430
5240-3945 3700-3110 3500-2890 4450-3650 3498-3106 3310-2610
4320-3780
55404350
14,220-13,500 10,580-9 710 13,850-12,920 11,050-1 0,640 10,700-10,420 10,290-8440 7540-7130 5940-5330
3940-3646
51944724 4450-3690
11,770-1 1,240 11,020-9050 9840-8090 11,060-10,420 7880-7550
cal BC
I4C date
Early (?) Neolithic Early (?) Neolithic Early (?)Neolithic Middle Neolithic Middle Neolithic Middle/Late Neolithic Tokareva Palaeo-Eskimo Lakhtin
Tarya
Osipovka Osipovka Osipovka Osipovka Osipovka Osipovka Rudnaya YuzhnoSakhalinsk YuzhnoSakhalinsk
Lebedintsev 1990 Dikov 1977 Orekhov 1987
Dikov 1993 Lebedintsev 1990 Dikov 1977 Slobodin 1997 Dikov 1993 Kiryak 1993
Dikova 1983
Kuzmin et al. 1998
Kuzmin et 01. 1998 Kuzmin et 01. 1998 Okladnikov & Medvedev 1983 Kuzmin et al. 1998 Shevkomud 1997 Shevkoniud 1997 Okladnikov & Medvedev 1995 Kuzmin et al. 1998
Timofeev & Zaitseva 1996
Mochanov & Fedoseeva 1986 Timofeev & Zaitseva 1996
Sy a 1akh Syalakh Belkachi
Orlova 1995 Konstantinov 1994 Konstantinov 1994 Konstantinov 1994 Orlova 1998
reference
Early Neolithic (?) Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic
culture
TABLE1 (CONTINUED). Radiocarbon dates of the earliest Neolithic cultures in Siberia and t h e Russian Far East.
65'57' 59'26' 62'13' 60'41' 65'14' 67'25'
158'29'E
135"36'E
48'45'
53'02'
137'06'E
50'37'
70"55'
33 Koolen'3 34 Kukhtui 3 35 Maltan, layer 1 36 Khurendzha 8 37 Terkuemkyun 1 38 Tyutyul4
North eastern Siberia
32 Avacha, layer 3
Kam ch a tka Peninsula
Sadovniki 2
27 Khummi, lower level Khummi, middle level 28 Gasya Gasya 29 Goncharka, layer 3b Goncharka, layer 3b 30 Pereval 31 Sadovniki 2
Southern Russian Far East
26 Pyasina 1
89'33'E
133"48'E 125'00'E
60'06' 70'00'
24 Belkachi 1,layer 7 25 Siktyakh 1
Yakutia
108'29'E
106'13'E 108"30'E
coordinates latitude longitude
Transbaikal Region (continued] 2 1 Ust-Kyakhta, layer I(?)50'31' 2 2 Studenoye 1,layer 7b 50'10' Studenoye I, layer 7 Studenoye 1, layer 6 23 Ust-Menza 1, layer 5 5 0 9 7 '
# site name, layer
360
YAROSL,AV V. KUZMIN & LYUBOV A. ORLOVA
-
0
3 cm
FIGURE 2. The Osipovka culture potteyv from the Gasyn site (after Derevianko 6.Medvedev 1995).
THE NEOLITHIZATION OF SIBERIA AND THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST RADIOCARBON EVIDENCE
361
ture, is c. 7300 BP. There are two main pottery types, comb- and cog-decorated (Kungurov 1998).The Neolithic layer in Kaminnaya Cave dates to c. 6600 BP; no details about pottery decoration are given (S.V.Markin, pers. comm. 1998).In the Sayan Mountains, Ust-Khemchik 3 site was dated to c. 6500 BP and does not contains any pottery; however, it was associated with the Neolithic based on stone tool typology (Khlobystin 1996). Recently, quite old I4C values were obtained for the Neolithic complex of Elshanka in the western part of the Ural foothills, Samara River basin, geographically close to Western Siberia. The Chekalino 4 site (53'53'N, 50'24'E) was Western Siberia This area includes the Western Siberian Low- dated to c. 8700-7950 BP (Zaitseva & Timofeev land and the Altai and Sayan Mountains (FIG- 1997). Thus, this area might have represented one of the source of influence on earliest NeoURE 1).The earliest Neolithic site, Sopka 2, was dated recently by Molodin and Chikisheva lithic complexes of the eastern slope of the Urals (1996).The 14Cvalue, c. 8000 BP, is significantly and adjacent Western Siberia. older than any other dates from Western Siberia (TABLE1). Pottery decoration is mainly of Southern part of Eastern Siberia comb-patterned and incised types (Molodin The earliest Neolithic here is known from two 1985). Another Early Neolithic site from the sites in the Yenisei River basin: the Eleneva Baraba forest steppe region, Protoka, is dated Cave, layers I l v and 1 l g dated to c. 7300 BP, to c. 6360-6200 BP (Orlova 1990). Pottery deco- with cord-impressed ceramics (Vdovin & ration is represented mostly by stamped, incised Makarov 1996),and the Kazachka site dated to c. 6700 BP, with net- and string-impressed decoand comb motifs (Polosmak e f al. 1989: 17-20). In the western part of the forest steppe zone of rations (Khlobystin 1996: 293). The Angara River Western Siberia, the earliest Neolithic site, headwaters have evidence of the Neolithic, starting at c. 8000 BP. The 14Cdates for the earliest Tashkovo 1, is dated to c. 7700 BP. This pottery Neolithic phase, Kitoi, range from c. 8000 to c. decoration is mainly incised (Kosarev 1996). Slightly younger I4C dates are known from 5000 BP (Mamonova & Sulerzhitsky 1989). Netthe conifer forest zone of Western Siberia, c. impressed decoration is a distinctive feature 6890-6850 BP for the Sumpanya site group from of the Kitoi pottery. The earliest Neolithic site the Konda Lowland (Leushi 7 and Sumpanya on the Lake Baikal shore, Ulan-Khada, is dated to c. 7700 BP. The pottery decoration is similar 4 sites), and c. 6460-6170 BP from the eastern slope of the Northern Urals (Ches-Tyui-Yagsite). to that of Kitoi. Downstream from the Kitoi core Both Sumpanya 4 and Leushi 7 sites have comb- area, the earliest Neolithic site at Ust-Kova on patterned and incised decoration, and the Ches- Angara River was 14C-datedto c. 6200 BP; the Tyui-Yag pottery had a n incised ornament associated pottery has net-impressed decora(Kosarev 1996). Neither Sumpanya nor Ches- tion (Vasilievsky et al. 1988). In the Lena River Tyui-Yag pottery have any similarities with other headwaters, the Makrushino burial ground repottery types in the Western Siberia, and may vealed the earliest pottery for this region, dated represent an independent invention of pottery- to c. 7400-6500 BP. No details about the potmaking. The Ches-Tyui-Yag pottery might have tery were given (Vetrov e t a ] . 1995). origins in the Early Neolithic of the Aral Sea area (Kosarev 1996: 262). The Kelteminar cul- Northern part of Eastern Siberia and tural community from this part of Central Asia Northeastern Siberia has been 14C-datedto c. 6600 BP (Korobkova1996). In northern part of Eastern Siberia, Republic Little is still known about the Early Neolithic of Yakutia (central Lena River basin), the earliof the Altai Mountains. The I4C date for est Neolithic phase l4C-dated to c. 6000-4800 Kornachak 2 , a key site of the Kornachak cul- EP, Syalakh, was identified by Mochanov &
Transbaikal The area with the earliest pottery is located in southern and central Transbaikal (FIGURE 1,area 2). The Ust-Karenga - located in the central Transbaikal, with conifer forests as the main vegetation type -is the key site of the Ust-Karenga culture with a comb-decorated pottery, dated to c. 11,200-10,800 BP (Vetrov 1995). In the southern Transbaikal, forest-steppe on the plains and conifer forests in the mountains, the Studenoye 1and Ust-Menza 1sites correspond to the Early Neolithic, and date to c. 10,800-8700 BP. The pottery is cord-decorated (Khlobystin 1996).
362
YAROSLAV V. KUZMIN & LYUBOV A. ORLOVA
Fedoseeva (1986). The pottery has a net-impressed decoration. In the northernmost part of Eastern Siberia, the Taimyr Peninsula, the earliest Neolithic site Pyasina 1 was dated by I4C to c. 5000 BP (Khlobystin, 1996: 304). The particular problem with the definition of the Neolithic epoch in Northeastern Siberia is that some Neolithic sites do not have any pottery. We should therefore take care in our evaluation of the archaeological evidence for the appearance of pottery in Northeastern Siberia. The oldest I4C date from the Neolithic of Northeastern Siberia, c. 5700 BP, is known from the lower layer of Koolen’ 3 site (easternmost Chukotka) (TABLE 1).However,the pottery which Dikov (1993: 121) described as primitive in decoration, was collected from the surface. This is why Dikov (1993: 1 7 7 ) described the Early Neolithic of Chukotka as without pottery. A later site, Terkuemkyun 1 with 14C date of c. 4600 BP, has groove-decorated pottery, and is from the Middle Neolithic stage of the eastern Chukotka. Tyutyul 4 from western Chukotka, corresponds to the Middle/Late Neolithic transition, and is dated to c. 4300 BP. (Kiryak 1993: 55). The pottery has a waffle decoration, which is typical for the Late Neolithic Yumyuakhtakh culture in Yakutia, and dates to c. 4200-3300 BP (Mochanov & Fedoseeva 1986). Khurendzha 8 and Maltan (layer 1) are the earliest Neolithic sites known so far in the Upper Kolyma River basin (TABLEI]. A single fragment of a vessel rim of very primitive decoration was found in the layer 1 of Maltan, dated to c. 4500 BP (Dikov 1979: 100-103). At Khurendzha 8, dated to c. 5200 BP, no pottery was found. The whole Khurendzha cluster comprises I 1sites and corresponds to one archaeological complex; here only a single fragment of thin-walled vessel with stamp impression was recovered (Slobodin 1988). Dikov (1979) did not associate the Maltan complex with any particular stage of the Neolithic; however, Slobodin (1997) associated Khurendzha 8 with the Middle Neolithic, c. 5200-4500 BP. On the northern Sea of Okhotsk coast, the earliest Neolithic sites are Kukhtui 3 [c,4700 BP) and Tokareva (c. 3600 BP). The pottery from Kukhtui 3 is not well-studied. The Tokareva pottery has a stamp ornament on the rim (Lebedintsev 1990: 49-50). On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the earliest Neolithic site Avacha (layer 3), dated to c. 5200 BP, has no pottery.
Generally, pottery in Kamchatka was not typical throughout the Neolithic (Dikov 1977: 8293; 1979: 120-28). On the northwestern coast of the Bering Sea, Lakhtina 2, also without pottery, is from the earliest stage of the Neolithic, c. 3400 BP (TABLE 1).The earliest undecorated pottery is from the Opukha 1, 280 km southwest of Lakhtina 2, and dated to 2600+100 BP (MAG-945)(Orekhov 1987). On Wrangel Island, the earliest Neolithic site without pottery, Chertov Ovrag, was I4Cdated to c. 3400 BP (TABLEI), and is associated with the Palaeo-Eskimo culture (Dikov 1977). Conclusion Using both I4Cand archaeological data (mostly pottery decoration), we can tentatively date the origins of pottery and its spread throughout Siberia. It seems that both the Lower Amur River basin and Transbaikal represent independent centres of pottery invention, and both pre-date 1,areas 1 and 2). In particu10,000 BP (FIGURE lar, the Russian Far East is characterized by the indigenous emergence of pottery. The net-impressed pottery might have originated in the Angara River headwaters c. 8000 BP, and the Kitoi culture represents the earliest evidence for net-impressed decoration. Later, this pottery may have spread northward (the Syalakh culture of Yakutia). The West Siberian Neolithic most probably originated independently from the Eastern Siberian and the Russian Far East, but is significantly later than the Neolithic of Transbaikal and the Amur River basin. The Neolithic of the Altai and Sayan Mountains has not been adequately investigated. Thus, there were a number of separate centres at which pottery originated in Siberia. Some, such as Amur River basin and Transbaikal, are among the earliest areas in the world along with southern China and southern Japan for the emergence of the Neolithic, and are dated to c. 13,000-10,000 BP (Kuzmin & Jull 1997). The rest of Siberia is characterized by the significantly later appearance of the Neolithic cultures, between c. 8000 BP and c. 4600-2600 BP. For some areas [such as the forest zone of Western Siberia and Yakutia, and both the forest and tundra zones of Northeastern Siberia including the Kolyma River headwaters and Chukotka), migrations and other forms of cultural exchange might have played a determining role in the Neolithization process.
THE NEOLITHIZATION OF SIBERIA AND THE KUSSIAN FAR EAST KADIOCARBON EVIDENCE Acknowledgements. This research w a s supported i n part by grants from the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Investigations (KFFI nos. 99-06-80348, 96-06-80688, 9605-64837, 96-05-65311), t h e Russian Foundation for the Humanities (KGNF no. 99-01-12010], the Fulbright Program (no. 21230, 19971, a n d the Japan Foundation (1996). We are grateful to colleagues w h o discussed different aspects of t h e Neolithization of Siberia w i t h us, a n d provided us with important information. Among them are Profs. V.I. Molodin, S.V. Markin a n d N.V. Polosmak, a n d Dr A.V.
363
Novikov (all from Novosibirsk): Prof. Y.F. Kirushin and Dr A.L. Kungurov (both from Barnaul); Drs 0.1.Gorunova, A.G. Generalov a n d V.M. Vetrov (all from Irkutsk]; Dr L.V. Lbova (Ulan-IJde); Dr G.I. Zaitseva (St P e t e r s h u r g ) ; Mr S.V. Gorbunov (Tymovsky, Sakhalin Island); a n d Ur P.-L. van Berg (Brussels). We tliaikMrs G.M. Gerasiiiienko (Vladivostok) for help in figure preparation. We are grateful to Dr A.J.T.Jull (Tucson) for the grammar correction, and to Dr Marsha Levine (Camhridge] a n d anonymous reviewer for helpful comments a n d final grammar polishing.
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