The New Metro Politics

METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE 2006 ELECTION BRIEF

The New Metro Politics:

Interpreting Recent Presidential Elections Using a County-Based Regional Typology Robert E. Lang Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Thomas W. Sanchez Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech

Introduction A big story out of the 2004 national election was that voters in far-flung suburbs (or exurbs) helped reelect George W. Bush president (Bai 2004, Brownstein & Rainey 2004, Giroux 2005). The idea that a particular metropolitan space can determine a presidency is not a new concept. For decades, Democrats swept inner cities by supporting policies and programs that appealed to urban dwellers. Charges have been leveled that Democrats so controlled big city machines that, in places such as Chicago, even deceased voters somehow manage turn out in close races. Conversely, it is assumed that the suburbs are Republican turf. This notion is reinforced by a few famously Republican suburbs such as Orange County, CA. The county has traditionally been such a GOP stronghold that it has even helped decide tight races in favor of Republican candidates in an otherwise traditionally moderate or Democraticleaning state. In the 1960s, liberals in Los Angeles referred to the county as lying “beyond the Orange Curtain” as if it were an unreachable Soviet client state during the Cold War. But much has changed in recent years in both politics and the state of the American metropolis. Many cities have lost so much population that large Democratic margins there may fail to deliver a state’s electoral votes. In 2004, Democrat John Kerry won all the big Ohio cities by impressive margins, yet these places are so depleted of voters that he lost the state—costing him the White House. It is hard to imagine such an outcome in 1964, or even 1984. Likewise, suburbs have changed. Many once reliably Republican suburbs such as Fairfax County, VA—home to the GOP’s Washington establishment—for the first time in 40 years favored a Democratic presidential candidate (Lang et. al 2004). Fairfax County continued this trend in 2005 by strongly supporting the Democrat Timothy Kaine for governor by a 60:40 margin (Lang and Dhavale 2005).

2006 METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE AT VIRGINIA TECH § ELECTION BRIEF

THE NEW METRO POLITICS

Even the stalwart Republican Orange County, CA is trending Democratic, or at least moderating its politics. In 1996, Congressman Robert Dornan lost his seat in the 47th district to Democratic challenger Loretta Sanchez, which also demonstrated the power of Orange’s emerging minority vote. In 2005, Orange County became a “majority minority” county, a signal that its Republican-leaning days may be numbered (Lang et. al 2005). This election brief addresses how changing demographics and metropolitan form impact the nation’s politics. The report begins by classifying all 417 counties in the biggest 50 US metropolitan areas based on where they lie in a metropolitan continuum from urban to exurban. An analysis of presidential election data for 2000 and 2004 by these categories follows. The report ends with a discussion of what the “new metro politics” mean for the 2006 midterm and 2008 presidential elections. County Code Typology Based on research conducted by the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech (MI) on the nature of metropolitan growth (Lang 2003, Lang et. al 2005, Lang and LeFurgy 2006), counties are classified on the degree to which they are “urban.” In this descriptive definition, the more urban counties are slower growing, have higher population densities, feature greater “urbanized” populations,1 and maintain smaller proportions of non-Hispanic white residents. While these four variables do not substitute for a complete multivariate-derived typology,2 research has shown that they are the key determinants of socio-spatial differences between counties. The Metropolitan Institute identifies five types of metropolitan counties. These counties are Cores, Inner Suburbs, Mature Suburbs, Emerging Suburbs, and Exurbs. A similar classification scheme was done for an analysis of the 2005 Virginia Governor’s race

(see Lang and Dhavale 2005). In this report, Northern Virginia’s suburban counties were divided into the four “suburban” types identified above. The data analysis showed a strong relationship between the urban nature of the county and its proportion of votes for the Democratic candidate Timothy Kaine (Lang and Dhavale 2005). This report now expands this new political geography to the national level. Metropolitan Institute County Codes The MI county code for a particular location is based on its dominant character. Most metropolitan counties maintain a diversity of built environments. Consider, for example a Mature suburban county such as Fairfax, Virginia. Fairfax features places ranging from dense, high-rise developments to large-lot subdivisions. Yet, the defining character of the county is a 1970s era mixed single and multifamily residential area. The county is also filled with commerce and contains more office space than Washington, DC. Therefore, on balance, Fairfax is labeled Mature. There are also places such as Los Angeles County, CA that contain a big city, or in this case, the nation’s second largest city—Los Angeles. However, Los Angeles County is enormous and also contains most of the San Gabriel Mountains and the high deserts north of the city. The city of Los Angeles has plenty of urban neighborhoods, but it also contains vast stretches of single-family subdivisions. In fact, the quintessential 1980s suburbanites—Valley Girls—were in reality census-defined central city dwellers of LA’s San Fernando Valley. On balance, the midpoint of Los Angeles County’s space is judged to be Inner Suburban. County size also varies tremendously depending on the region of the country. In the East, counties are mostly modest sized and typically run several hundred square miles. By contrast, in the West—especially the desert Southwest—counties can exceed the size of an Eastern state. Consider Maricopa County, AZ, which swallows

The US Bureau of the Census defines “urbanized land” as contiguously settled space with a population of 1000 or more people per square mile. 2 See Nelson and Sanchez 1999 for an analysis comparing suburban and exurban household characteristics. 1

2006 METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE AT VIRGINIA TECH § ELECTION BRIEF SERIES

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most of the entire Phoenix metropolitan area with plenty of room to spare. Maricopa contains the city of Phoenix, Inners Suburbs (e.g., Tempe), Mature Suburbs (e.g., Glendale), Emerging Suburbs (e.g., Gilbert), and Exurbs (e.g., Buckeye).Maricopa’s typical place is so new and fast growing that it most takes on the characteristics of an Emerging Suburb. Note that there are only 17 counties in this classification system that are labeled Core. Moreover, there are some regions of the country that lack a Core county altogether. This is not the only classification scheme that limits urban settings to a select number of locations. The target marketing firm Claritas also defines its urban category in a way that mostly excludes newer-built areas of the US. For example, a Sunbelt city such as Phoenix may have no neighborhoods that qualify as urban according to Claritas. In fact, virtually all of Phoenix is defined as “suburban” by this system. That is because Claritas ignores census labels such as “principal city” and instead gauges densities and demographics at the street level.3 The MI county code system does the same. But unlike Claritas, which is a neighborhood-based typology, the MI code aggregated the total neighborhood conditions to the county as a whole and assigns places on the most common neighborhood type. The MI county codes label 417 counties in the nation’s top 50 metropolitan areas as of the 2000 Census. Below is a brief description of each county type. A full list of all counties classified under this coding system appears in Appendix I at the end of this report. Cores. Core counties are defined as very densely populated principal cities. Examples include New York County (Manhattan), NY, San Francisco County, CA, and the District of Columbia (which in this analysis is treated as a county). Counties that contain both the principal city and a sizable ring of the suburbs, such as Fulton County, GA (home of Atlanta) did not qualify under this category. Again, at issue is the balance of built environment; the Core category was reserved 3 4

for counties that are dominated by a traditional citylike environment. That means only places such as New York, San Francisco, and Washington, DC could qualify. Inner Suburbs. Inner Suburban counties consist of mostly first ring suburbs of principal cities. But note that the urban fringe of many principal cities share the qualities of Inner Suburbs. Because of annexation, these cities have grabbed the first, and many times second or third, rings of suburbanization. Therefore many inner suburban counties as identified under this scheme contain the principal city, with its suburban neighborhoods, plus older independent suburbs. Much of the housing in this county type was built before WWII, with build out coming in the first two decades of the post-World War II era. Examples of inner suburban counties include Arlington, VA, Fulton County, GA, and Miami-Dade County, FL. Mature Suburbs. Mature Suburbs represent the current midpoint in the American metropolis. Many of these places have been fast growing as recently as the past two decades, but have now slowed considerably. Mature Suburbs often contain large secondary cities (or Boomburbs)4 that feature both high-end neighborhoods and large concentrations of business. In fact, some Mature Suburbs such as Orange County, CA and Montgomery County, MD compete directly with the principal city as the dominant office market in the region. Mature Suburbs are made up mostly of subdivisions, but an emerging process of mixed-use urban infill development is rapidly changing these places by giving them a more urban character. But so far these infill projects represent islands of urbanity in seas of more conventional single-use and automobile dominated suburbia. Emerging Suburbs. Emerging Suburbs are the new “it” county of today. They are mostly the fastest growing counties in the region, and are often found in even slow growing regions such as St. Louis (e.g., St Charles County, MO) and Cincinnati (e.g., Boone County,

For a full description of Claritas Methodology, see Lang, Hughes, and Danielsen 1997. A Boomburb is fast-growing suburban city that contains over 100,000 residents (Lang and LeFurgy 2006).


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Table 1

Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech County Code Summary Data

County Type

Number of Counties

Total Population

Percent County Population Urbanized Population Density

Percent White

Pop. Growth 1990-2000

Cores Inner Suburbs Mature Suburbs Emerging Suburbs Exurbs

17 41 66 146 147

23,201,457 39,883,710 48,749,881 32,747,399 5,633,282

100.0 97.5 93.2 60.3 23.2

921,482 693,604 632,805 133,714 29,728

9,315.8 2,005.2 1,285.3 299.7 62.7

48.4 69.8 74.2 88.8 92.4

3.3 5.4 11.6 29.6 20.7

Top 50 Metros

417

150,215,729

52.5

109,989

260.6

85.8

18.6

Note: All figures, except for total population, are for median values of counties within the category.

KY). Emerging suburbs are almost wholly products of the past two decades and are booming with both population and the beginnings of commerce (although they remain mostly bedroom communities). Emerging Suburbs can be either upscale or downscale featuring everything from McMansions to trailer parks. Residents in emerging suburbs typically see these places as bargains compared to Mature Suburbs. That is true for households that buy a McMansion over an older and smaller tract home in a Mature Suburb, or a firsttime homebuyer who “drives to qualify” by finding a modest attached dwelling at the edge of the region. Many of the Emerging Suburbs in this classification scheme may be referred to as Exurbs by others. For instance, David Brooks (2004) defines such Emerging Suburbs as Douglas County, CO (south of Denver) and Loudoun County, VA (west of Washington, DC) this way. Douglas and Loudoun are not labeled Exurbs here because that category is reserved for an even more peripheral band ring of counties that significantly tail the Emerging Suburbs in the scale of development.

Exurbs. Exurbs as defined in the MI county coding system are the most far flung counties with the lowest—essentially rural—population densities. Large-scale suburbanization is just about to take hold in these places, as they offer competitive bargains and more land (but longer commutes) than emerging counties. Exurban counties are included in metropolitan areas by the Census because they share a functional relationship with neighboring counties via commuting. But by appearance, these places are barely touched by urbanization. Examples of exurbs include Isanti County, MN (outside Minneapolis) and Smith County, TN (outside Nashville), which are up to 50 miles from the metropolitan core. County Code Summary Data Table 1 highlights the statistical differences between the five county classifications. In total, 150 million people (or over half the US population) lived in the 417 top 50 metropolitan counties as of 2000. The biggest share, or nearly 49 million people, resided in the 66 mature


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suburban counties. The 41 inner suburban counties followed with almost 40 million residents. The exurbs captured the largest number of counties at 147—beating the emerging suburbs by one county—but had by far the smallest population at just over 5.6 million. The unweighted figures for the 417 counties show that nine in ten residents of the biggest 50 metropolitan areas live in urbanized areas. The overall metropolitan density in 2000 was 522 people per square mile. The rate of population growth from 1990 to 2000 reached nearly 13 percent, or about the figure for the US as a whole. Two-thirds of residents in the largest 50 metropolitan areas are non-Hispanic whites. Table 1 also compares the amount of urbanized population for each county type. The average core county has 100 percent urbanized population versus 23.2 percent in the exurbs. Note that inner and mature suburbs typically maintain a high share of urbanized population and that the real decline occurs in the emerging suburbs. Population densities follow a step-like variation across county categories. The core county density reaches over 9,000 people per square mile—a density that can both easily support rail transit and reflects a high share of multifamily housing. With over 2,000 people per square mile, inner suburbs, while much less dense are clearly more urban than even mature suburbs, and exceed the density of emerging suburbs by almost a magnitude in scale. Interestingly, even the relatively low-density emerging suburbs are several times more intensely settled than the exurbs. County population growth rates clearly show that the biggest gains come in less densely settled suburbs. Emerging suburbs lead the way with a nearly 30 percent growth in the 1990s. Exurbs are also booming, but have a considerably slower rate of development and, more importantly, a far smaller absolute gain than the emerging suburbs. The exurbs also register more modest absolute gains than the much bigger mature suburbs. In fact, in absolute terms, the mature suburbs, while adding just 11.6 percent more residents in the

1990s, managed to outpace all other county categories in the number of actual people added. That the mature suburbs are adding more residents than emerging suburbs is an important point that is often lost in the discussion about places that are gaining political strength. The focus tends to be exclusively on rates of growth rather than absolute change (see Brownstein 2005). Note also that due to their demographic composition, which includes more households with adults only compared to exurbs and emerging suburbs, the growing voting strength of mature suburbs is even greater than its population gains on their own would suggest. Finally, the proportion of non-Hispanic white population varies by county type. The average core county was majority minority by 2000. By contrast, exurbs are virtually all white. While less diverse than the core, the share of minorities in the inner and mature suburbs are quite substantial, with over 30 percent and 25 percent respectively. The emerging suburbs are not quite as diverse as the mature suburbs, but still contain a modest proportion of minorities. Political Analysis: Comparing 2000 and 2004 by County Code Combining the MI county codes and 2000 election results (percent voting for Gore), explains 85 percent of the statistical variation in the 2004 Kerry countylevel vote. At each greater increment of urban intensity, Democrat John Kerry received a higher proportion of the vote. In a so-called Red state, such as Texas, Kerry could match Bush’s vote in the center of the metropolis, and then lose by large margins at the fringe. In a Blue state, for instance Connecticut, Kerry won big at the core and held even at the edge. Yet in either Red or Blue states, the pattern remained the same. There is a metropolitan political gradient in the big US metro areas: the center tilts to Democrats and the fringe to Republicans. In between these extremes, the vote slides along a continuum, coming to a midpoint mostly in the mature suburbs.


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Table 2

Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech County Code Election Data, 2004 County Code Type Core Inner Suburbs Mature Suburbs Emerging Suburbs Exurbs Top 50 Metros

Bush 2004 Vote Percent

Kerry 2004 Vote Percent

Total 2004 Vote

2,430,893 5,491,828 8,498,560 8,344,478 1,705,288

30.5% 40.9% 47.7% 56.6% 62.3%

5,503,059 7,887,178 9,239,223 6,355,044 1,027,281

69.1% 58.8% 51.9% 43.1% 37.5%

7,960,114 13,422,820 17,811,291 14,740,672 2,739,041

46.7%

30,011,785

53.0%

56,673,938

26,471,047

Note: Ralph Nader received a small fraction of the 2004 vote. These votes appear under "Total Votes." That means the Bush and Kerry "Percent Vote" numbers will not sum to 100 percent. The "Top 50 Metros" refers to the 50 biggest US metropolitan areas in 2000.

Table 3

Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech County Code Election Data, 2000 Bush County Code Type

Gore 2000 Vote Percent

Total 2000 Vote

2000 Vote

Percent

Core Inner Suburbs Mature Suburbs Emerging Suburbs Exurbs

1,841,380 5,414,707 8,153,255 6,650,188 1,342,621

24.1% 40.7% 45.1% 53.0% 57.9%

5,568,017 7,494,288 9,347,972 5,568,805 928,876

72.9% 56.3% 51.7% 44.4% 40.0%

7,633,995 13,307,528 18,066,237 12,547,886 2,320,769

Top 50 Metros

23,402,151

43.4%

28,907,958

53.7%

53,876,415


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Table 2 shows the 2004 presidential vote by MI county code. The pattern underlying the statistical relationship mentioned above is evident in the summary data. Kerry ran the strongest in the core and the weakest in the exurbs. He just managed to win the mature suburbs. He also won a majority of votes in the largest 50 US metropolitan areas overall, with 53 percent of the vote. Bush won the total popular vote in 2000 with 51 percent. This shows how key smaller metros, micropolitan, and non-metropolitan areas are to the Republicans (Lang et. al 2004). Table 3 highlights the 2000 presidential contest between Bush and Democratic candidate Albert Gore. The 2000 election was essentially a tie, with Gore winning the popular vote by just under 600,000 ballots. Ralph Nader ran as a relatively strong third party candidate that year and denied both Bush and Gore an absolute majority of the vote. Overall, the same pattern as the 2004 election holds: Democrats win the metropolitan center, Republicans the fringe. But comparing the Gore and Kerry votes proves interesting. Kerry improved on Gore’s performance by 2.4 percentage points in the inner suburbs and lost about equal ground in the emerging suburbs. Kerry also experienced a notable fall off in the urban core vote. This loss can be explained by one key outlier: New York City. Kings County (or Brooklyn) saw a big swing towards Bush in 2004, as did New York County (or Manhattan). This support for Bush in such liberal strongholds may be labeled the “9/11 effect.” The Bush response to the Trade Center terrorist attack lifted his ratings in New York. It was not enough support to switch liberal New York State to Bush, but it did dampen Kerry’s numbers at the core. This advantage is unlikely to be an enduring trend that is transferable to future Republican candidates. The New Metro Politics: “It’s the Density, Stupid.” In the 1992 presidential race, a Democratic strategist famously posted a mantra on the wall of Bill Clinton’s campaign headquarters: “It’s the economy, stupid.” The idea was not to lose focus on what really drove politics that year—a lingering recession. In a similar vein

one could imagine that a slogan based on the voting patterns correlated with the MI county codes to read: “It’s the density, stupid.” Density here is shorthand for understanding the basic political dynamic at the county level. The urban intensity of metropolitan space partly predicts the opportunities for both Democrats and Republicans. Republicans already grasp this reality, as demonstrated by their effective 2004 presidential campaign strategy that targeted “outer suburbs” (Bai 2004). The Bush strategists correctly predicted that an appeal to “family values” in these places would lift both turnout and the Republican margin of victory in exurbs and emerging suburbs. In 2005, Virginia Democratic gubernatorial candidate Timothy Kaine sought to narrow the Republican advantage with “values” voters at the metropolitan edge by running as a social moderate and addressing quality of life issues in Northern Virginia’s sprawling suburbs (Lang and Dhavale 2005). The strategy worked, and Kaine even succeeded in winning the emerging suburban Loudoun and Prince William Counties. The 2004 Bush and 2005 Kaine campaigns point to a new metro politics that reflects the changing metropolis. It is likely that new density-based political strategies will factor into the 2006 midterm election, and especially the 2008 presidential race. Democrats have a special stake in the new metro politics given that they have so far mostly not understood these opportunities. The metropolitan political battle line is not neatly split between city and suburbs, but instead now mostly lies in the transition areas between mature and emerging suburbs. The Republicans count on strongly winning rural areas and then sweep as much of suburbia as possible. The tactic brings the GOP into the heart of the metropolis. The Democrats so far—with the exception of Kaine—have failed to do the same. The party has no explicit policies that play to their new core voters in inner and mature suburbs. A big divide between the suburbs is newness. The outer suburbs are really products of the last two decades.


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But much of older suburbia dates to the post war era of the 1950s and 1960s. On a superficial level these two areas may seem similar—perhaps old sprawl versus new sprawl. Yet as the MI county codes show, these places are now very much different. A key concern for the old sprawl areas is that they are in rapid transition to a quasi-city like character (Lang 2005). Policies that smooth this change and provide reinvestment opportunities in upgrading aging infrastructure are favored by these voters. Voters at the metropolitan edge want policies that slow growth so that local service can catch up with demand. Both parties can play to these politics. The next several elections may be determined by who does a better job of addressing the new metro politics.

Authors Robert E. Lang is the founding Director of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech in Alexandria Virginia and an Associate Professor in Tech’s School of Public and International Affairs. He is currently completing a book titled Boomburbs: The Rise of America’s Accidental Cities for the Brookings Institution Press in Washington, DC. Tom Sanchez is Associate Professor of Urban Affairs and Planning and Fellow with the Metropolitan Institute, at Virginia Tech’s Northern Virginia Center in Alexandria. He holds a PhD in City Planning from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

References Bai, Matt. 2004. Who Lost Ohio? New York Times Magazine. November 21, pp. 67-74. Brooks, David. 2004. For Democrats, Time to Meet the Exurban Voter. New York Times. November 10, p. E9. Brownstein, Ron. 2005. Red-State Seats Tricky Fruit to Pluck. Los Angeles Times. October 30, p. A1.

Giroux, Gregory L. 2005. A Line in the Suburban Sand. CQ Weekly. June 27. Helderman, Rosalind S. 2005. Newcomers Push Outer Suburbs Left. Washington Post. November 10, p. B1. Lang, Robert E. 2003. Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Lang, Robert E., Edward J. Blakely, and Meghan Z. Gough. 2005. Keys to the New Metropolis: America’s Big, Fast-Growing Suburban Counties. Journal of the American Planning Association. 71(3):381-391 Lang, Robert E., and Dawn Dhavale. 2005. The 2005 Governor’s Race: A Geographic Analysis of the “Four Virginias.” Alexandria, VA: Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Election Brief. Lang, Robert E., Dawn Dhavale, and Kristin Haworth. 2004. Micro Politics: The 2004 Presidential Vote in Small-Town America. Alexandria, VA: Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Census Note 04:03 (November). Lang, Robert E., James W. Hughes, and Karen A. Danielsen. 1997. Targeting the Suburban Urbanites: Marketing Central City Housing. Housing Policy Debate 8(2):437-470. Lang, Robert E. and Jennifer LeFurgy. 2006. Boomburbs: The Rise of America’s Accidental Cities. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press (forthcoming). Nelson, Arthur C. and Thomas W. Sanchez. 1999. Debunking the Exurban Myth: A Comparison of Suburban Households, Housing Policy Debate, 10(3): 689-709.

Brownstein, Ronald and Richard Rainey. 2004. GOP Plants Flag on New Voting Frontier. Los Angeles Times. November 22, pp. 1, 12.


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Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech County Codes

COUNTY

METRO

STATE

Baltimore City Suffolk Cook Cuyahoga Wayne Orleans Bronx Hudson Kings New York Queens Philadelphia San Francisco St. Louis City Pinellas Norfolk Washington Barrow Bartow Cherokee Coweta Douglas Fayette Forsyth Henry Newton Paulding Rockdale Spalding Walton Hays Williamson Carroll Harford Howard Shelby

Baltimore-Towson, MD Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA St. Louis, MO-IL Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Austin-Round Rock, TX Austin-Round Rock, TX Baltimore-Towson, MD Baltimore-Towson, MD Baltimore-Towson, MD Birmingham-Hoover, AL

Maryland Massachusetts Illinois Ohio Michigan Louisiana New York New Jersey New York New York New York Pennsylvania California Missouri Florida Virginia District of Columbia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Texas Texas Maryland Maryland Maryland Alabama

COUNTY CODE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE CORE ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES


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St. Clair Plymouth Rockingham Strafford Cabarrus Union York De Kalb Kane Kenosha Lake McHenry Porter Will Boone Campbell Clermont Warren Geauga Medina Delaware Fairfield Licking Collin Denton Johnson Rockwall Adams Douglas Livingston St. Clair Middlesex Tolland Fort Bend Montgomery Hamilton Hendricks Johnson Clay

Birmingham-Hoover, AL Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Columbus, OH Columbus, OH Columbus, OH Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Denver-Aurora, CO Denver-Aurora, CO Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Jacksonville, FL

Alabama Massachusetts New Hampshire New Hampshire North Carolina North Carolina South Carolina Illinois Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Illinois Indiana Illinois Kentucky Kentucky Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Texas Texas Texas Texas Colorado Colorado Michigan Michigan Connecticut Connecticut Texas Texas Indiana Indiana Indiana Florida


ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES

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St. Johns Clay Leavenworth Platte Clark Bullitt Clark Floyd Oldham Shelby De Soto Tipton Palm Beach Ozaukee Washington Anoka Carver Dakota Scott Sherburne Washington Wright Rutherford Sumner Williamson Wilson St. Bernard St. Charles St. John the Baptist St. Tammany Hunterdon Ocean Putnam Rockland Somerset Sussex Cleveland Lake Osceola

Jacksonville, FL Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Memphis, TN-MS-AR Memphis, TN-MS-AR Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA Oklahoma City, OK Orlando, FL Orlando, FL

Florida Missouri Kansas Missouri Nevada Kentucky Indiana Indiana Kentucky Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Florida Wisconsin Wisconsin Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana New Jersey New Jersey New York New York New Jersey New Jersey Oklahoma Florida Florida



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Bucks Burlington Cecil Chester Gloucester Maricopa Beaver Butler Washington Westmoreland Clackamas Clark Washington Yamhill Newport Washington Chesterfield Henrico Prince George Riverside Wayne Placer Yolo Tooele Comal Guadalupe Contra Costa Marin Pierce Snohomish Franklin St. Charles Hernando Pasco Chesapeake Gloucester James City Mathews Poquoson City

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh, PA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Rochester, NY Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA Salt Lake City, UT San Antonio, TX San Antonio, TX San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC

Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland Pennsylvania New Jersey Arizona Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Oregon Washington Oregon Oregon Rhode Island Rhode Island Virginia Virginia Virginia California New York California California Utah Texas Texas California California Washington Washington Missouri Missouri Florida Florida Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia



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Suffolk York Calvert Charles Frederick Fredericksburg Loudoun Manassas City Manassas Park City Prince William Butts Carroll Dawson Haralson Heard Jasper Lamar Meriwether Pickens Pike Bastrop Caldwell Queen Annes Bibb Blount Chilton Walker Anson Grundy Jasper Kendall Newton Bracken Brown Dearborn Franklin Gallatin Grant Ohio

Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Austin-Round Rock, TX Austin-Round Rock, TX Baltimore-Towson, MD Birmingham-Hoover, AL Birmingham-Hoover, AL Birmingham-Hoover, AL Birmingham-Hoover, AL Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN

Virginia Virginia Maryland Maryland Maryland Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Texas Texas Maryland Alabama Alabama Alabama Alabama North Carolina Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Kentucky Ohio Indiana Indiana Kentucky Kentucky Indiana

ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX


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Pendleton Madison Morrow Pickaway Union Delta Ellis Hunt Kaufman Parker Wise Clear Creek Elbert Gilpin Park Lapeer Austin Brazoria Chambers Liberty San Jacinto Waller Boone Brown Hancock Morgan Putnam Shelby Baker Nassau Bates Caldwell Cass Clinton Franklin Lafayette Linn Miami Ray

Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Columbus, OH Columbus, OH Columbus, OH Columbus, OH Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Denver-Aurora, CO Denver-Aurora, CO Denver-Aurora, CO Denver-Aurora, CO Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS

Kentucky Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Michigan Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Indiana Indiana Indiana Indiana Indiana Indiana Florida Florida Missouri Missouri Missouri Missouri Kansas Missouri Kansas Kansas Missouri

EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX


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Harrison Henry Meade Nelson Spencer Trimble Washington Crittenden Fayette Marshall Tate Tunica Chisago Isanti Pierce St. Croix Cannon Cheatham Dickson Hickman Macon Robertson Smith Trousdale Plaquemines Pike Canadian Grady Lincoln Logan McClain Salem Pinal Armstrong Fayette Columbia Skamania Amelia Caroline

Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Louisville, KY-IN Memphis, TN-MS-AR Memphis, TN-MS-AR Memphis, TN-MS-AR Memphis, TN-MS-AR Memphis, TN-MS-AR Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma City, OK Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh, PA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA

Indiana Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky Indiana Arkansas Tennessee Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi Minnesota Minnesota Wisconsin Wisconsin Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Louisiana Pennsylvania Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma New Jersey Arizona Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Oregon Washington Virginia Virginia



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Charles City Cumberland Dinwiddie Goochland Hanover King William Louisa New Kent Petersburg Sussex Livingston Ontario Orleans El Dorado Summit Atascosa Bandera Kendall Medina Wilson San Benito Bond Calhoun Clinton Crawford Jersey Lincoln Macoupin Monroe Warren Washington Currituck Isle of Wight Surry Clarke Fauquier Jefferson Spotsylvania Stafford

Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Rochester, NY Rochester, NY Rochester, NY Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA Salt Lake City, UT San Antonio, TX San Antonio, TX San Antonio, TX San Antonio, TX San Antonio, TX San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan St St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia New York New York New York California Utah Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas California Illinois Illinois Illinois Missouri Illinois Missouri Illinois Illinois Missouri Missouri North Carolina Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia West Virginia Virginia Virginia



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Warren Fulton Baltimore Jefferson Erie Niagara Du Page Hamilton Franklin Dallas Denver Hartford Harris Marion Wyandotte Los Angeles Jefferson Shelby Dade Milwaukee Hennepin Ramsey Jefferson Essex Nassau Richmond Union Camden Delaware Allegheny Multnomah Providence King and Queen Powhatan Richmond City Monroe Hampton Newport News Portsmouth

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Baltimore-Towson, MD Birmingham-Hoover, AL Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Tonawanda, NY Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Tonawanda, NY Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Columbus, OH Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Denver-Aurora, CO Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Indianapolis, IN Kansas City, MO-KS Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Louisville, KY-IN Memphis, TN-MS-AR Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Pittsburgh, PA Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Rochester, NY Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC

Virginia Georgia Maryland Alabama New York New York Illinois Ohio Ohio Texas Colorado Connecticut Texas Indiana Kansas California Kentucky Tennessee Florida Wisconsin Minnesota Minnesota Louisiana New Jersey New York New York New Jersey New Jersey Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Oregon Rhode Island Virginia Virginia Virginia New York Virginia Virginia Virginia

EX IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS


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Alexandria Arlington Prince Georges Clayton Cobb De Kalb Gwinnett Travis Anne Arundel Essex Middlesex Norfolk Gaston Mecklenburg Lake Butler Kenton Lake Lorain Tarrant Arapahoe Jefferson Macomb Oakland Galveston Duval Jackson Johnson Orange Broward Waukesha Davidson Bergen Middlesex Monmouth Morris Passaic Suffolk Westchester

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Austin-Round Rock, TX Baltimore-Towson, MD Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Denver-Aurora, CO Denver-Aurora, CO Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX Jacksonville, FL Kansas City, MO-KS Kansas City, MO-KS Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA

Virginia Virginia Maryland Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Texas Maryland Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts North Carolina North Carolina Indiana Ohio Kentucky Ohio Ohio Texas Colorado Colorado Michigan Michigan Texas Florida Missouri Kansas California Florida Wisconsin Tennessee New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey New York New York

IS IS IS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS


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Oklahoma Orange Seminole Montgomery New Castle Bristol Bristol Kent Colonial Heights Hopewell San Bernardino Sacramento Salt Lake Bexar San Diego Alameda San Mateo Santa Clara King Jefferson Madison St. Clair St. Louis Hillsborough Virginia Beach Williamsburg Fairfax Fairfax City Falls Chruch Montgomery

Oklahoma City, OK Orlando, FL Orlando, FL Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Richmond, VA Richmond, VA Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA Salt Lake City, UT San Antonio, TX San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis, MO-IL Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

Oklahoma Florida Florida Pennsylvania Delaware Massachusetts Rhode Island Rhode Island Virginia Virginia California California Utah Texas California California California California Washington Missouri Illinois Illinois Missouri Florida Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Maryland

MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS


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