The Possibility of Making a Composite Material from Waste Plastic

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International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES17, 21-24 April 2017, Beirut Lebanon The 15th on District Heating and Cooling The Possibility of International Making aSymposium Composite Material from Waste Plastic

Assessing theBoutoutaou feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor 1 1 1 Mehdi Seghiri *, Djamel , Abdelouahed Kriker , Mohamed Ibrahim Hachani1 temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast

1 Université

Université Kasdi Merbah of Ouargla, Laboratory of Exploitation and Valorization of Natural Resources in Arid Areas (E.V.R.N.Z.A.), Ouargla a,b,c a a 30000 Algeria b c c BP 511,

I. Andrić

*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre

a

IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

The plastic is the most used man-made material in the world through their specific characteristics such as easy manufacturing and shaping, cheaper cost and low density. It is very useful in in different areas such as medicine, architecture, construction and AbstractUnfortunately after the use are thrown in nature. Their accumulation poses an environmental problem. Due to the nontransport. biodegradable. The utilization of waste plastic in manufactory of another materiel is a partial solution environmental that will District networks areplastic commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the reduce theheating proportion of waste incineration or landfill. greenhouse emissions from the building sector. These systemsMaterial require high are returned theand heat This workgas focuses on the Possibility of Making a Composite frominvestments à sand dunewhich (A natural sourcethrough abounds) sales. Due to the changed climate(HDPEr) conditions building renovation heathas demand in the future decrease, recycled height density polythene by and mixing the amount. Thepolicies, composite been designated as could roof tile. An prolonging the return period. on the polymer roof tile containing different percentages (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% experimental testinvestment program was conducted The80%) mainofscope of this paper isfrom to assess the feasibility of usingExperimental the heat demand outdoor temperature function heat demand and recycled (HDPEr) the weight of the mixture. tests–were conducted on density, thefor breaking load of Alvalade, located in Lisbon used as aroof case of 665 byforecast. flexuralThe and district impermeability test. In this present study,(Portugal), the densitywas of polymer tilestudy. variesThe fromdistrict 1.379 is to consisted 1.873 g/ cm3. . buildings that vary inbyboth construction periodroof andtile typology. Three weather scenarios (low, roof medium, three district The breaking strength flexural of all polymer mix were below the resistance of Clay tile. Ahigh) goodand impermeability renovation scenarios were developed gives compared to the control roof tile. (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were results from a dynamic heatLtd. demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. ©compared 2017 Thewith Authors. Published by Elsevier © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The resultsunder showed that when only weather change is considered, of error could be acceptable for some applications Peer-review responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute the for margin Sustainable Development (EUMISD). Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Keywords: Dune Possibility, ; roof tileson the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). scenarios, the sand, errorPlastic valuewaste, increased up to Valorization 59.5% (depending The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the author. number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and * Corresponding Tel.; renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the E-mail address: [email protected] coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.065

Mehdi Seghiri et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 163–169 Mehdi Seghiri et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

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1. Introduction: Although plastic is an essential material in our life. It is used in automotive, electronics, buildings and other industries. This production of this material increased in recent years, which has led to a big environmental problem. The plastic waste is not a biodegradable material. Recycling of plastic waste to produce new materials is one of the solution for getting rid of the mountains of trash. A vast work has been done on the use of various plastic waste as aggregates or fillers or fibres in concrete such as height, polytelene terephthalate (pet) [1-4], polystyrene (PS) [5], expanded polystyrene [6], polyvinylchloride (pvc) [7], low density polythene (LDPE) [8], height density polythene (HDPE) [9], E-plastic waste [10], in mortars (pet) [11-13]. The researchers indicated that the waste plastic could be reused as partial substitutes for sand [14], [2, 7, 14] or coarse aggregate [10]. The research revealed that the incorporation of any types or form or size of plastic waste as aggregates generally decreases the dry density [2, 5, 10, 15]. [15] proposed the use of waste plastic with 10, 15, and 20 % plastic aggregates as replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. The results show that the compressive strength and the flexural strength decrease with increasing the waste plastic ratio. [10] studied the utilization of E-plastic waste as fine and coarse aggregate in concrete with percentage replacement ranging from 0%, 10%, 20 and 30%, the study show also that the mechanical properties of concrete contain the E-plastic waste are lower than the concrete without E-plastic waste. The use of plastics waste in the concrete give a good advantage to reducing the unit weight of it. But gives lower compressive strength and tensile strength.[1, 2, 7, 11, 12, 16] A review on the use of the plastic waste in manufacturing of concrete or mortar are available[16] however in this paper based to find a new method to valorized the recycled height density polythene and used a natural source abounds The recycled height density polythene (HDPEr) melted and mixed with the sand dune (SD) to produce new material used as roof tile. An experimental test program is conducted on composite containing different percentages of HDPEr. 2. Experimental program: The experimental program is:  Showed that the composite can be made with different percentage.  Studied the characteristic of this new material.  Compared the results obtained with a clay roof tile flat (without plastic) and with the standard. 2.1. Materials: 2.1.1. Sand: The dune sand used in this work was taken form Ain el Beida of Ouargla (Northern Algerian Sahara) (Fig. 1). The characterization tests were performed at the LTP-South. The results are present in the following table: Table 1. Properties of Dune sand (SD). Properties

Dune sand (SD)

Apparent density

1475 kg/m3

Specific density

2500 kg/ m3

2.1.2. Plastic waste: Plastic waste used is High density polyethylene recycled (Fig. 1) derived from crates used for transporting. It is in the form of granulate. The characteristics were performed in the laboratory of Polymed Company – Sonatrach- Skikda. (Fig. 2).


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Fig. 1. (a) Sand dune (SD); (b) recycled high density polyethylene.

The results are present in the following table 2: Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene. Properties

Test Method

Value

Unit

Melt flow index(2.16kg, 190°C)

ASTM D1238 [17]

0.9

g/10min

Density (23°C)

ASTM D1505 [18]

0.943

g/cm3

hardness, Shore D

ASTM D2240 [19]

54

Tensile Strength at Break

ASTM D882 [20]

12.71

Mpa

Elongation at break

ASTM D882 [20]

327

%

IZOD impact (23°C)

ASTM D256 [21]

24.33

j/m

General:

Mechanical:

Fig. 2. (a) tensile strength at break & Elongation at break; (b) IZOD impact; (c) hardness, Shore D.

2.2. Mixtures preparation: 2.2.1. Materials needed To facilitate the manufacture the roof tile we used mold size (100 x 100) mm. a mixer, Oven, Machine compression. In this research, a control clay roof tile and six mixes were studied. The compositions of polymer roof tiles are characterized by their proportion in 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% in weight. The compositions of the six proportions of roof tile presented in the table 3. The polymer roof tiles are fabricated according to the process described below:  Weigh the required quantity of sand dune (SD) and HDPEr.  Mix and melt the HDPEr with the sand dune (SD) in the Mixer for few minutes.  Place the mixture in the oven for 10 minutes than remove it  Put the composite in the mold and apply the load using a press.  Unmold after cooling the mixture to air.


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Table 3. Compositions of the tiles to study. Components

Proportion 01

Proportion 02

Proportion 03

Proportion 04

Proportion 05

Proportion 06

(30)

(40)

(50)

(60)

(70)

(80)

HDPEr (%)

30

40

50

60

70

80

HDPEr (g)

0.023

0.030

0.038

0.045

0.053

0.060

Dune sand (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

Dune sand (g)

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

After the manufacture of the roof tile tow proportion were eliminated: Pro 01 (30% HDPEr of with 70% SD) because haven’t the enough amount of plastic necessary to bond and get a completely tile. Pro 06 (80% of HDPEr with 20% SD) because it are deformed. 3. Results and discussion: 3.1. Density: The test of density was carried out according to NF P 18-554 [22]. The density of a composite polymer roof tile are presented in Fig. 3. The results indicated that the density tends to decrease with the increasing the plastic waste ratio in each roof tile mixture.

3

Density (g/cm )

1.4

0.7

0.0

Pro 2 (40)

Pro 3 (50)

Pro 4 (60)

Pro 5 (70)

the amount of HDPEr) in (%)

Fig. 3. The density of polymer roof tile.

3.2. The breaking load by flexural: The test of breaking load by flexural was carried out according to NF EN 538 [23]. The results of the breaking load by flexural tests for the polymer roof tile mixtures pro (0), pro (40), pro (50), pro (60), pro (70) are illustrated in Fig. 4. The results show that the breaking load values of all polymer roof tile mix tend to increase below the values of the roof tile reference and the standard with increasing of amount of HDPEr. This is logical. When the ratio of HDPEr (The binder) increased that gives the material enough bond strength which that led to increase the breaking load.

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Mehdi Seghiri et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 163–169 1200

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The breaking load Standard NF EN 538

The breaking load (N)

1000

800

600

400

200 0

pro 0 (0)

Pro 2 (40)

Pro 3 (50)

Pro 4 (60)

Pro 5 (70)

The am ount of HDPEr in (% )

Fig. 4. The breaking load of polymer roof tile

3.3. The Impermeability: The impermeability were measured according to NF EN 539-1 [24]. The test based on cutting the roof tile to pieces of 45 x 45 mm. Place the tube on the specimen surface sealing the gap between the two with a molten paraffin. Pour the water to reach a height of 10cm. weighing the whole. Then reweigh after 48 h. The difference in weight between the first and the second weighing is the volume of evaporated water (v1) Refer the same procedure by replacing the sample with a glass plate (v2). The impermeability is calculated as follows:

IF 

(V 1  V 2) A 2

(1)

Where V1: Volume of water passing in 48 hours, in cubic centimeter; V2: Volume of water evaporated in 48 hours, in cubic centimeters; A: Projected area of the test piece, in square centimeters

2

The impermeability (cm /cm par day)

The impermeability 0.08

3

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

pro 0 (0)

Pro 2 (40)

Pro 3 (50)

Pro 4 (60)

Pro 5 (70)

The amount of HDPEr in (%)

Fig. 5. Variation of average of impermeability in relation to the amount of HDPE.

Similarly to the breaking load, the Fig. 5 shows results of the impermeability coefficient. Irrespective of the amount of HDPEr added in mix, the average value of the impermeability coefficient of the test pieces after the test is below than the standard values 0.5 cm3 / cm2. The average value of the impermeability coefficient of polymer roof


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tile mix tend to increase with the increasing the ratio of HDPEr below the values of the reference roof tile reference (Clay roof tile). Table 4. Average values of impermeability. Components

Impermeability factor cm3 / cm2 per day

Pro (0)

< 0.09

Pro (40)

0.0543

Pro (50)

0.0049

Pro (60)

0.0049

Pro (70

0.0049

4. Conclusions In our study we have successfully demonstrated that it is possible to manufactured roof tile from recycled HDPEr and sand dune. This is one of the most effective methods that can be applied to get rid and save the world form the environmental pollutants. However two mixes are suspended because the pro6 (80) gives a very deformable tile and the second pro1 (30) does not have enough resin (binder) so that the mixture adhere. It is noticeable that the density decreases with the increase of the HDPEr ratio that gives the polymer tile to a light weight. And also the polymer roof tile containing 70% HDPEr with 30% sand dune gives the best quality. Further all polymer roof tile mix gives a good results in the permeability coefficient according the standard. As a mechanical result the breaking load of all polymer roof tile mix was lower than the clay roof tile reference as well as the standard. According the results this polymer roof tile has potential to be used as Clay roof tile. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the experimental facilities provided by the laboratory of Polymed Company – Sonatrach- Skikda- Algeria, Center for Studies and Technological Services of the Building Materials Industry. Boumerdes Algeria (CETIM) and the Company Sarl Cirta Ceramic- Didouche Mourad – Constantine Algeria References [1]. Choi, Y.-W., et al., Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2005. 35(4): p. 776781. [2]. Marzouk, O.Y., R. Dheilly, and M. Queneudec, Valorization of post-consumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites. Waste management, 2007. 27(2): p. 310-318. [3]. Albano, C., et al., Influence of content and particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios. Waste Management, 2009. 29(10): p. 2707-2716. [4]. Akçaözoğlu, S., C.D. Atiş, and K. Akçaözoğlu, An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste management, 2010. 30(2): p. 285-290. [5]. Tang, W., Y. Lo, and A. Nadeem, Mechanical and drying shrinkage properties of structural-graded polystyrene aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2008. 30(5): p. 403-409. [6]. Kan, A. and R. Demirboğa, A new technique of processing for waste-expanded polystyrene foams as aggregates. Journal of materials processing technology, 2009. 209(6): p. 2994-3000. [7]. Kou, S., et al., Properties of lightweight aggregate concrete prepared with PVC granules derived from scraped PVC pipes. Waste Management, 2009. 29(2): p. 621-628. [8]. Chaudhary, M., V. Srivastava, and V. Agarwal, Effect of waste low density polyethylene on mechanical properties of concrete. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR) Volume, 2014. 3: p. 123-126. [9]. Naik, T.R., et al., Use of post-consumer waste plastics in cement-based composites. Cement and concrete research, 1996. 26(10): p. 14891492.


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