far, such MOUs have been agreed with South Afnca, Sri Lanka and Surinam. Both the ... is a means to cater for better management of the heritage. 9' In the ...
Publications on Ocean Development Volume 55 A Series of Studies on the International, Legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects of Ocean Development
General Editor: Vaughan Lowe
The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage National Perspectives in Light of the UNESCO Convention 2001 .
Chichele Professor of Public International Law and Fellow ofAll Souls College, Oxford University
Second Edition
edited by
SARAH DROMGOOLE
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volurne.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN / BOSTON
beek
Thijs J. Maarleveld . :
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Chapter 8: The Netherlands
In the relationship between professional and avocational archaeologists, the Charter proved to be a very important instniment. Compliance with the Charter would make non-professional operators, such as recreational divers with an interest in archaeology, into acceptable partners in heritage management. It is the basis on which the Dutch organisation of recreational underwater archaeologists, 'Am-LWAOW', opera te^.^' It is the basis on which the National Service permits activities 'directed at' UCH by nonprofessional operator^.^^ In the international arena also, the Charter - and the political cornmitrnent to the operational rules of the UNESCO Convention that reflect it - have guided policy development. This is not to say that all tension between approaches based on heritage management and approaches based on title have disappeared. But it is no longer undiscussed that any operator who has procured himself with a Dutch contract can bluff his way into another State's waters without any heritage-related conditions. The Charter is an important instrument in all negotiations where parties can be addressed on the basis of their intentions, regardless of jurisdiction and detailed legal rules. beek
3.2
NVVACode of Ethics and registration of professionals
Decisions on durable preservation or destructive research of archaeological values are henceforth taken in a system of shared responsibilities. In such a system the need for
62
l(6) and (7)), leads to different solutions for the two situations. Blanket protection hinges on the intentions of the operator. Requirements of operators undertaking activities 'incidentally affecting' UCH, who, incidentally, are becoming the largest clients for archaeological work, hinge on the significance of the cultural heritage to be affected. Unavoidably, the differential approach leads to dilemmas and apparent inconsistencies which are quite tenable if properly explained. ' A m ' (Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland, est. 1951) is an organisation of arnateur archaeologists of long standing. In 1994 the 'LWAOW' (Landelijke Werkgroep Archeologie Onder Water) was formed, uniting those divers that regularly report archaeologicalfinds and that want to be interlocutor with the National Service under AWN's aegis. The LWAOW engages in promotion of knowledge and skills, and collaborates with the Nautical Archaeology Society in that respect. A.P. van den Band and E.H.P. Cordfunke Archeologie in veelvoud (Utrecht, 2001). The development of commercial archaeology has limited the role of non-professionals to survey-work and sarnpling in a non-commercialcontext; that is to say, archaeology that is not led by an intended development or by a client from another context. The divide is the more stringent in that in 1995 strict regulations for diving at work were introduced. Employment and safety law are not dealt with in this essay. Information can be found on www.ndc.nl including A.D. Vos Arckeologisch werk onder water (2005). Guidelines such as on equipment maintenance are in practice interpreted as stringent and binding regulations. For the policy consequences related to co-operation between professionals and recreational divers, see "Beroeps" en "niet-beroeps" in duiken en archeologie. Duikwetgeving en samenwerking Policy Guidance Note, National Service, Alphen aan den Rijn 28 June 1995. For the consequencesin international co-operation in underwater archaeology, see M. Mainberger Report EAC Position Paper, Health and Safety Regulations across Europe and the Possibilities for Co-operation between Professionals and Amateurs and International Exchange of Diving Persomel 2003.
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