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The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300–1600 Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom, Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz Prelims

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THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MARITIME TRADE AROUND EUROPE 1300–1600

The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300–1600 explores the links between maritime trading networks around Europe, from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to the North and Baltic Seas. Maritime trade routes connected diverse geographical and cultural spheres, contributing to a more integrated Europe in both cultural and material terms. This volume explores networks’ economic functions alongside their intercultural exchanges, contacts and practical arrangements in ports on the European coasts. The collection takes as its central question how shippers and merchants were able to connect regional and interregional trade circuits around and beyond Europe in the late medieval period. It is divided into four parts, with chapters in Part I looking across broad themes such as ships and sailing routes, maritime law, financial linkages and linguistic exchanges. In the following parts – into the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic and North Seas – contributors present case studies addressing themes including conflict resolution, relations between different types of main ports and their hinterland, the local institutional arrangements supporting maritime trade, and the advantages and challenges of locations around the continent. The volume concludes with a summary that points to the extraterritorial character of trading systems during this fascinating period of expansion. Drawing together an international team of contributors, The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe is a vital contribution to the study of maritime history and the history of trade. It is essential reading for students and scholars in these fields. Wim Blockmans is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at the University of Leiden. His previous publications include Introduction to Medieval Europe, 2nd edition, with Peter Hoppenbrouwers (2014). Mikhail Krom is Professor of Comparative Studies in History at the European University at St Petersburg. Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz is Assistant Professor in Medieval History at the University of Amsterdam.


THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORY HANDBOOKS

THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST MANDATES Edited by Cyrus Schayegh and Andrew Arsan THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE HISTORY OF RACE AND THE AMERICAN MILITARY Edited by Geoffrey W. Jensen THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE HISTORY OF SETTLER COLONIALISM Edited by Edward Cavanagh and Lorenzo Veracini THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MATERIAL CULTURE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE Edited by Catherine Richardson, Tara Hamling and David Gaimster THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORY HANDBOOK OF MEDIEVAL REVOLT Edited by Justine Firnhaber-Baker with Dirk Schoenaers THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MARITIME TRADE AROUND EUROPE 1300–600 Edited by Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORY HANDBOOK OF GENDER AND THE URBAN EXPERIENCE Edited by Deborah Simonton


THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MARITIME TRADE AROUND EUROPE 1300–1600

Edited by Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz


First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz for selection and editorial matter, individual contributions © the contributors. The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Blockmans, Wim, 1945- editor. | Krom, M. M. (Mikhail Markovich), editor. | Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna, 1976- editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of maritime trade around Europe 1300-1600 / edited by Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz. Other titles: Handbook of maritime trade around Europe 1300-1600 Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016032747| ISBN 9781315278575 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138899506 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Europe—Commerce—History. Classification: LCC HF3495 .R68 2017 | DDC 382.094—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016032747 ISBN: 978-1-138-89950-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-27857-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo Std by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK


CONTENTS

List of figures viii Preface xi Notes on contributors xiii 1 Maritime trade around Europe 1300–1600: commercial networks and urban autonomy Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz PART I

1

Thematic aspects

15

2 Ships and sailing routes in maritime trade around Europe 1300–1600 Richard W. Unger

17

3 Capturing opportunity, financing trade Stuart Jenks

36

4 Trading spaces in European port cities: the architectural models of bourses, lonjas and exchanges Donatella Calabi

57

5 Lex Maritima? Local, regional and universal maritime law in the Middle Ages Albrecht Cordes

69

v


Contents

6 Trade and language: how did traders communicate across language borders? Agnete Nesse PART II

86

The Mediterranean

101

7 Venice: city of merchants or city for merchandise? Monique O’Connell

103

8 Collapse and continuity: Alexandria as a declining city with a thriving port (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries) Georg Christ

121

9 The maritime trading network of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century Lovro Kunčević

141

10 Genoa: a city with a port or a port city? Luisa Piccinno 11 The Genoese Casa di San Giorgio as a micro-economic and territorial nodal system Carlo Taviani

159

177

12 Marseille: a supporting role Thierry Pécout

192

13 Valencia: opportunities of a secondary node David Igual Luis

210

PART III

The Baltic

229

14 Lübeck and the Hanse: a queen without its body Carsten Jahnke

231

15 Danzig (Gdańsk): seeking stability and autonomy Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz

248

16 Reval (Tallinn): a city emerging from maritime trade Ivar Leimus and Anu Mänd

273

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Contents

17 Novgorod: trade, politics and mentalities in the time of independence Pavel V. Lukin

292

18 The city of Pskov in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: Baltic trade and institutional growth Alexei Vovin and Mikhail Krom

313

PART IV

The Atlantic and the North Sea

331

19 Lisbon: trade, urban power and the king’s visible hand Amélia Aguiar Andrade and Flávio Miranda

333

20 The maritime trade and society of La Rochelle in the late Middle Ages Mathias Tranchant

352

21 ‘The goodlyest Haven not of the Lowe Countries only but of all Christendome’: the Scheldt estuary as a gateway system 1300–1600 Louis Sicking and Arno Neele

366

22 The maritime trade networks of late medieval London Maryanne Kowaleski

383

23 Aberdeen and the east coast of Scotland: autonomy on the periphery Edda Frankot

411

24 Bergen 1300–1600: a trading hub between the North and the Baltic Sea Geir Atle Ersland

428

25 European integration from the seaside: a comparative synthesis Wim Blockmans and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz

446

General bibliography 482 Index490

vii


FIGURES

Cover illustration: Allegory of Danzig Trade, by Isaac van den Blocke. See further, Chapter 15 and Figure 15.2. Gdańsk History Museum, Main City Hall. 1.1 Map of Europe by Gerard Mercator, 1569 © Library of Congress, Geography and Map Divison 3.1 Bills of exchange 3.2 Some prominent centres of Italian bill trading (c.1350–c.1450) © Stuart Jenks 7.1 Map of the eastern Mediterranean. Monique O’Connell, Men of Empire: Power and Negotiation in Venice’s Maritime State, p. 20 © 2009 The Johns Hopkins University Press. Reprinted with permission of Johns Hopkins University Press 8.1 Alexandria: customs administration and zone of fondachi. Details from a view of Alexandria (Geography of Ptolemy) and Description de l’Égypte (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1809–1828), E.M. vol. II, planche 98 reprint on DVD Les grandes expéditions scientifiques du 19e siècle 1 (Alexandrie: Harpocrates Publishing, 2005) courtesy CEAlex, cf. Christ, Trading Conflicts, p. 58 8.2 Map of medieval Alexandria at the beginning of the fifteenth century. The map was drafted by Cécile Shaalan of the cartographical service at the Centre d’Études Alexandrines (CEAlex). A contemporary outline map of the city of Alexandria (dark grey) is plotted onto the map of the Description de l’Égypte (light grey). The localisation of all the key features is the author’s, as are all mistakes or shortcomings. It is probable that cardo and decumanus existed as streets in the

viii

xx 43 45

105

123


List of figures

period in question. However, the exact location and angles cannot be determined, nor whether they existed continuously all along their theoretical course (from Christ, Trading Conflicts, p. 56) 10.1 The port of Genoa in the seventeenth century. Genoa Pegli, Civico Museo Navale. © De Agostini Picture Library/ A. de Gregorio/Bridgeman Images 11.1 San Giorgio’s western dominions © Carlo Taviani 11.2 San Giorgio’s dominions and trade posts in the Black Sea © Carlo Taviani 12.1 Map of the city and port of Marseille © Thierry Pécout 12.2 Marseille’s main connections in the western Mediterranean © Thierry Pécout 13.1 Ports in the kingdom of Valencia © David Igual Luis 15.1 The connections of Danzig in the late Middle Ages. Map based on H. Samsonowicz, ‘Dynamiczny ośrodek’, p. 149. © Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz 15.2 Mercury and merchants, Allegory of Danzig Trade, by Isaac van den Blocke (fragment). Detail from cover illustration. The photo comes from the collection of Gdańsk History Museum 16.1 Detail of the high altarpiece of St Nicholas Church in Reval. Niguliste Museum. Photo: Stanislav Stepashko 17.1 A map of Muscovy and neighbouring countries. Basle: Johannes Oporinus, 1551, second edition. ©Arenberg Foundation, Edingen, Belgium 19.1 Lisbon’s domestic network in the later Middle Ages © Amelia Andrade and Flavio Miranda 19.2 Lisbon’s European commercial network © Amelia Andrade and Flavio Miranda 20.1 Plan of La Rochelle and its harbour © Bibliothèque nationale de France, GED-1538 21.1 Map of the Scheldt estuary and the siege of Antwerp 1584–1585 © Louis Sicking and Arjo Neele 21.2 Map of the roadstead on the east of the island of Walcheren © Louis Sicking and Arjo Neele 22.1 London’s share of England’s total wool exports, 1279–1543. By courtesy of © C.M. Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2004), figure 5.3 22.2 London’s share of England’s total cloth exports, 1348–1513. By courtesy of © C.M. Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2004), figure 5.4 24.1 Bergen’s network 1250–1324 (A) and 1325–99 (B) © Geir Atle Ersland

ix

128 167 184 184 195 201 224 249 255 287 295 338 344 354 368 372 395 396 436


List of figures

25.1 Germania Inferior qua Oceanum attingit. Detail of map, printed in Utrecht 1557, depicting the Low Countries as seen from the North Sea up to the Rhine and the Moselle, with Trier in the top right-hand corner © Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique

x

459


PREFACE

This project has come a long way before materializing in the present volume. Its genealogy can be traced back to the conference ‘The Republican Tradition: From the Hanseatic League to the Era of the Enlightenment’ held in December 2012 at the European University at St Petersburg (EUSP) under the auspices of the Res Publica Research Centre led by the EUSP Rector, Professor Oleg Kharkhordin. It was there that two of the three future editors met for the first time, and a number of the contributions to this collection originated from the 2012 conference papers. In the course of further discussions, the project, which was initially titled Merchants’ World, gradually took shape. It took on its present title in 2014; that same year, Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz joined Wim Blockmans and Mikhail Krom and shared editorial responsibilities. We are happy that scholars from many European countries, the United States and Canada have accepted our invitations and invested their energy, expertise and friendly spirits in this collective enterprise. In June 2015 we met at a workshop, again hosted by the European University at St Petersburg, to discuss the first drafts of chapters and to work out guidelines for their further elaboration. All the contributors, including those who were not able to attend the 2015 workshop, collaborated with great enthusiasm and willingly adapted their drafts to enhance the volume’s coherence. The editors would like to express their special gratitude to Professor Richard W. Unger (University of British Columbia, Vancouver), the éminence grise of maritime history, who graciously advised them with regard to the Introduction and the concluding chapter. We wish to thank the European University at St Petersburg for its hospitality and generous support.We willingly acknowledge the active involvement of the EUSP Research Centre Res Publica, which is currently supported by the Bank Otkrytie Financial Corporation, in the realization of our project from its very beginning till the end. We are also most grateful to institutions that made our meeting at the EUSP possible, xi


Preface

including the Russian Federal State Company Goznak, the Netherlands Institute in St Petersburg and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Katie Marshall (EUSP), our marvellous language editor, did her job with fantastic speed, efficiency and good humour. Finally, at Routledge we enjoyed the competent and tactful guidance of Ms Catherine Aitken. To all the aforementioned persons and institutions we express our sincere gratitude. None of them, however, is responsible for any errors that might be detected in the present volume. Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz

xii


CONTRIBUTORS

Amélia Aguiar Andrade ([email protected]) is Full Professor of Medieval History at the Nova University of Lisbon and Director of the Institute for Medieval Studies (IEM). She chaired the Scientific Committee of the European Association for Urban History between 2012 and 2014. Her research focuses predominantly on relations between space and power in the urban contexts of medieval Portugal. Her main publications include La ville médiévale en débat (co-ed.), 2013; Ser mujer en la ciudad medieval europea (co-ed., 2013); Gentes de mar en la Ciudad atlántica medieval (co-ed., 2012). Wim Blockmans ([email protected]) is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at Leiden University and former Rector of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. He has published mainly on late medieval and early modern institutional and economic history of the Low Countries in a comparative perspective. His recent publications include Metropolen aan de Noordzee: de geschiedenis van Nederland, 1100–1560 [Metropolises at the North Sea] (2010) and Carlos V: La utopía del imperio (2015). Donatella Calabi ([email protected]) was chair of Urban History at the University IUAV of Venice until 2014. She has published and co-edited several books on the early modern European city: Les Etrangers dans la ville, (1999); La città del primo Rinascimento (2001); Storia della città: Età moderna (2001); Cities and Cultural Exchanges 1400–1700 (2008); Le ghetto de Venise: 500 ans (2016) and Venezia e il ghetto: 500 anni (2016).

xiii


Notes on contributors

Georg Christ ([email protected]), PhD in Medieval History (University of Basel, 2006), has been a Senior Lecturer in Medieval and Early Modern History at the University of Manchester since 2012. Previously, he was a Research Group Leader at the University of Heidelberg. Recent publications include Trading Conflicts:Venetian Merchants and Mamluk Officials in Late Medieval Alexandria (2012), ‘Did Greek wine become Port? Or why institutional interventions matter (c.1350–1780)’, Quaderni Storici 143, no. 48/2 (2013). His current work focuses on maritime trade regimes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea in the fourteenth century. Albrecht Cordes ([email protected]) holds the chair for Medieval and Early Modern Legal History and for Civil Law at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. He has published on the communal constitution of villages and small towns in the Upper Rhine valley and in Northern Switzerland (1400–1800) (1992) and on Hanseatic company law in the late Middle Ages (1998). He is co-editor of the second edition of the Handwörterbuch für Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte (2004). His research is centred on the history of pre-modern commercial law and conflict resolution. He has co-edited and/or contributed to recent volumes on conflict resolution in commercial and maritime law (2012), Conflict Resolution with Friendship or with Law (2014), and Dealing with Economic Failure (2016). Geir Atle Ersland ([email protected]) is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Bergen. His main fields are urban history, in particular medieval morphological and property history, Hanseatic history and the Hanseatic Archives with relevance to Norway. His third subject is medieval military history. Edda Frankot ([email protected]) is Editorial Research Fellow and Project Manager on the Law in the Aberdeen Council Registers 1398–1511 project at the University of Aberdeen. She is the author of Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen: Medieval Maritime Law and Its Practice in Urban Northern Europe (2012) and has published on maritime law in Scotland, the Netherlands and the North Sea and Baltic regions. Carsten Jahnke ([email protected]) is Associate Professor of Medieval History at the SAXO-Institute, University of Copenhagen. He is researching the history of the Hanseatic League, the history of the city of Lübeck and Scandinavian history. His main book is Das Silber des Meeres: Fang und Vertrieb von Ostseehering zwischen Norwegen und Italien vom 12. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert (2000). Recently he published a monograph Die Hanse (2014) and articles about the structure of the Hanse and the trade in the Baltic. At the moment he is preparing a volume on the history of Lübeck. Stuart Jenks ([email protected]) was educated at Harvard College, Harvard Divinity School, Yale Graduate School and the Free University of Berlin. He is currently preparing a complete edition of the London customs accounts (1280–1560) and documents on the papal plenary indulgences (1300–1517) as well as continuing to publish the Enrolled Customs Accounts (English trade statistics). xiv



Maryanne Kowaleski ([email protected]) is Joseph Fitzpatrick SJ Distin guished Professor of History and Medieval Studies at Fordham University, New York. Her publications include: Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter (1995), Medieval Towns: A Reader (2006), two volumes of edited port customs accounts (1993, 2001), and four co-edited volumes of essays, three on medieval gender issues and the most recent, Peasants and Lords in the Medieval English Economy: Essays in Honour of Bruce M. S. Campbell (2015). She has also published articles on maritime history, marine fishing, port towns, demography, bioarchaeology, women and work, and family. Her current projects are an edition of maritime accounts and a monograph on maritime communities in medieval England. Mikhail Krom ([email protected]) is Professor of Comparative Studies in History at the European University at St Petersburg. His research interests include medieval and early modern history of Russia and Eastern Europe, historical anthropology, history of concepts, historiography and comparative methodology. His recent books are: Between Russia and Lithuania: Borderlands in the System of Russo-Lithuanian Relations at the End of the Fifteenth and in the First Third of the Sixteenth Centuries, in Russian (2010); three chapters of the book are also available in English as a special issue of Russian Studies in History, 40/4, 2002; A Widowed Tsardom: The Political Crisis in Russia in the 1530s and 1540s, in Russian (2010); Historical Anthropology: A Textbook, in Russian (2010), and An Introduction to Comparative History: A Textbook, in Russian (2015). Lovro Kunčević ([email protected]) is a research associate at CASA, Institute for historical sciences in Dubrovnik. He received his PhD in Medieval Studies at the Central European University, Budapest, in 2012. He has published on topics such as republican ideology, diplomatic rhetoric, image of the Other, and political institutions of pre-modern Ragusa. His main interest is the comparative history of medieval and early modern republics, especially their political cultures and ideologies, reasons for their political (in)stability, and modalities of decision-making. He has recently published a monograph about the discourses on collective identity in the Republic of Ragusa (fourteenth to seventeenth century). Ivar Leimus ([email protected]) is a researcher-curator and head of the numismatic collection at the Estonian History Museum. He obtained his PhD in 1989 from the Institute of History of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Among his books are: Das Münzwesen Livlands im 16. Jahrhundert (1515–1581/94), 1995, and Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 51. Estonian Collections. Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and later British Coins (2001), with Arkadi Molvõgin. He has edited Tallinna mündiraamatud 1416–1526 = Revaler Münzbücher (1999). He is currently working on medieval and pre-modern prices, monetary and trade history as well as on Viking age coinages. David Igual Luis ([email protected]; webpage: https://uclm.academia.edu/ DavidIgualLuis) is Profesor Titular (Associate Professor) in Medieval History at the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. His recent publications include: ‘Social xv



rise of the mercantile elite in cities of the medieval Kingdom of Valencia’, in M. Asenjo-González (ed.), Urban Elites and Aristocratic Behaviour in the Spanish Kingdoms at the End of the Middle Ages (2013); ‘Los grupos mercantiles y la expansión política de la Corona de Aragón: nuevas perspectivas’, in L. Tanzini and S. Tognetti (eds), Il governo delleconomia: Italia e Penisola Iberica nel basso Medioevo (2014); ‘La producción y el comercio del alumbre en los reinos hispánicos del siglo XV’, in Mélanges de lÉcole Française de Rome – Moyen Âge (http://mefrm.revues.org/1567) 126/1 (2014). Pavel V. Lukin ([email protected]) is Senior Researcher in the Centre of Old Rus Studies at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences. He defended his dissertation habilitation, ‘The Veche (assembly) in the social and political system of medieval Novgorod’ in 2015. He has authored two monographs, Popular Political Beliefs in the 17th Century Russia, in Russian (2000) and The Veche of Novgorod, in Russian (2014), and many articles on various aspects of political culture in pre-Petrine Russia in Russian, English and French, including ‘The Veche and the “Council of Lords” in medieval Novgorod: Hanseatic and Russian data’, Russian History 41/4 (2014). Anu Mänd ([email protected]) is the head of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Art History at Tallinn University. She gained her PhD in medieval studies in 2000 from the Central European University in Budapest. She has published several monographs, including Urban Carnival: Festive Culture in the Hanseatic Cities of the Eastern Baltic, 1350–1550 (2005), and edited Images and Objects in Ritual Practices in Medieval and Early Modern Northern and Central Europe, with Krista Kodres (2013), and Art, Cult and Patronage: Die visuelle Kultur im Ostseeraum zur Zeit Bernt Notkes, with Uwe Albrecht (2013). She is currently working on medieval merchants’ networks, guilds and confraternities, gender and memoria. Flávio Miranda ([email protected].) is a FCT post-doctoral fellow in medieval economic history at the Instituto de Estudos Medievais (FCSH-Nova University of Lisbon) and at the Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar Cultura, Espaço e Memória (University of Porto). His research interests include economic, maritime and urban history. His main publications are ‘Network takers or network makers? The Portuguese traders in the medieval West’, in A. Caracausi and C. Jeggle (eds), Commercial Networks and European Cities, 1400–1800 (2014); and ‘Before the empire: Portugal and the Atlantic trade in the late Middle Ages’, Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 5/1 (2013). He is currently coediting a special issue on merchants and conflict management in Europe (with J. Wubs-Mrozewicz) and writing a book on Portugal’s commercial expansion. Arno Neele ([email protected]) received his PhD from the University of Utrecht. He works on the medieval and early modern history of the Dutch province of Zeeland with an emphasis on urban networks and the relationships between city and xvi



countryside. His publications include a book chapter in Rise of Economic Societies in the Eighteenth Century (2012) and several book chapters in the four-volume Geschiedenis van Zeeland (2012–14). Currently he works as a researcher at the Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Cultural Education and Amateur Arts (LKCA), Utrecht. Agnete Nesse ([email protected]) is Professor of Norwegian Linguistics at the University College of Bergen. Her research on historical linguistics includes the language contact between Low German and Norwegian during the Hanse era, where both text-oriented and sociolinguistic approaches are applied to the 400-year-long language contact period. One of her publications is Four Languages, One Text Type: The Neighbours Books of Bryggen 1529–1936 (2012). Her research also includes work on more recent linguistic history, such as the Norwegian radio language of the twentieth century and the de-standardization process that followed the cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s. Nesse is one of two main editors of the four-volume work on Norwegian language history: Norsk språkhistorie (to appear in 2016 and 2017). Monique O’Connell ([email protected]) is Associate Professor of History at Wake Forest University. She studies the political and social history of Renaissance Venice. She is the author of Men of Empire: Power and Negotiation in Venice’s Maritime State (2009), and, together with Eric R. Dursteler, The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon (2016). She also edits the Rulers of Venice, 1332– 1524 database and has written numerous articles on Venice and its Mediterranean colonies. Thierry Pécout ([email protected]) is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Saint-Etienne. He published on royal and ecclesiastical institutions in the Angevin domains, especially in Provence, and directed the edition of ten volumes of a general survey ordered by the king of Sicily: L’Enquête générale de Leopardo da Foligno en Provence (1331–1334) (2008). His most recent publication is: Y. Codou and T. Pécout (eds), Cathédrales de Provence (2015). Among his works on Marseille are: ‘Pourquoi Marseille ne fut-elle jamais capitale?’, in É. Malamut and M. Ouerfelli (eds), Villes méditerranéennes au Moyen Âge (2014); ‘Marseille au Moyen Âge’, in R. Bertrand (ed.), Histoire d’une ville: Marseille (2012); T. Pécout (ed.), Marseille au Moyen Âge, entre Provence et Méditerranée: Les horizons d’une ville portuaire (2009). Luisa Piccinno ([email protected]) is Associate Professor in Economic History at the University of Genoa, where she teaches Economic History and Business History. Her major area of expertise is the economic history of the Republic of Genoa and of the Mediterranean and early modern period. Her research interests are focused on maritime history (private investments, sea trade, routes, risks), on the development of the port of Genoa (logistics, administration and labour), and on inland and sea transport: Economia marittima e operatività portuale. Genova, secc. XVII–XIX (2000); Unimpresa fra terra e mare. Giacomo Filippo Durazzo e soci a Tabarca (1719–1729) (2008); xvii



‘Genoa, 1340–1620: early development of marine insurance’, in A. Leonard (ed.), Marine Insurance: Origins and Institutions, 1300–1850 (2016). Louis Sicking ([email protected]) is Aemilius Papinianus Professor in the History of Public International Law at VU University Amsterdam and lectures on Medieval and Early Modern History at Leiden University. He has published primarily on maritime and overseas history, including La naissance d’une thalassocratie: Les Pays-Bas et la mer à l’aube du Siècle d’Or (2015). Among his (co-)edited volumes is Diplomacia y comercio en la Europa atlántica medieval (2015). He has contributed chapters to handbooks, including ‘European naval warfare’, in H. Scott (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750, vol. 2, Cultures and Power (2015). He is currently working on a project on maritime conflict management in pre-modern times. Carlo Taviani ([email protected]) is currently Fritz Thyssen Fellow of the Deutsches Historisches Institut in Rome. He received his PhD at the University of Perugia. Among his recent publications are: ‘An Ancient Scheme: The Mississippi Company, Machiavelli and the Casa di San Giorgio (1407–1720)’, Political Power and Social Theory 29 (2015); ‘La paga floreni: Utilisations politiques d’un impôt sur les dividendes à Gênes (fin du XVe siècle)’, in K. Béguin (ed.) Ressources publiques et construction étatique en Europe: XIIIe–XVIIIe siècle (2015); ‘Peace and revolt: oath- taking rituals to form unions between and against the factions in early sixteenthcentury Italy’, in S. Cohn Jr. et al. (eds), Symbols and Rituals in Late Medieval and Early Modern Italy (2013). Mathias Tranchant ([email protected]) obtained his doctorate from the École Pratique des Hautes Études (IVe section) in Paris, and has taught at the University of La Rochelle since 1999. He has published extensively on the economy and society of La Rochelle and its region in the Middle Ages, and directed research programmes on the local and national level in the pluridisciplinary framework History and Sciences of the Sea, on maritime history and coastal activities. Since 2008, he has been Vice-President of the Board of Trustees of his university. Richard W. Unger ([email protected]) is Professor Emeritus in the history department of the University of British Columbia. He has published extensively on maritime history and the history of brewing in the Netherlands and throughout Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. His most recent publications include ‘Commerce, communication and empire economy, technology and cultural encounters’, Speculum 90 (2015); ‘Trade, taxation and government policy in the High Middle Ages’, Viator 46 (2015); ‘The technology and teaching of shipbuilding 1300– 1800’, in M. Prak and J. L. v. Zanden (eds), Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy in the East and the West (2013); and, with John Thistle, Energy Consumption in Canada in the 19th and 20th Centuries: A Statistical Outline (2013). xviii



Alexei Vovin ([email protected]), PhD (The Russian Academy of Science, 2015) is research fellow at the European University at St Petersburg. He has published a series of articles on the history of Pskov in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in comparative perspective. Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz ( [email protected]) is Assistant Professor in Medieval History at the University of Amsterdam. She has published on the institutional, social and cultural history of the Hanse and Scandinavia. Her recent publications include The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2013) (co-edited with Stuart Jenks) and ‘Mercantile conflict resolution and the role of the language of trust: a Danzig case in the middle of the sixteenth century’, Historical Research 88/241 (2015). Together with Flávio Miranda, she is co-editing a special issue of Continuity and Change on conflict management (2017).

xix

Valencia

Genoa Marseille Corsica

Venice

Figure 1.1 Map of Europe by Gerard Mercator, 1569

Lisbon

La Rochelle

London Arnemuiden

Aberdeen

Bergen

Ragusa

Danzig Lübeck

Reval Pskov

Crimea

Novgorod

Alexandria
