Oct 5, 2009 - 5Faculty of civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, ... e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
The ScorePP Approach to Predict Releases of Priority Pollutants From Urban Sources Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft1, Erica Donner2, Veerle Gevaert3, Webbey De Keyser3, Tonie Wickman4, Matej Cerk5, Eva Eriksson1, André Lecloux6, Primož Banovec5 and Anna Ledin1 1DTU
Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK 3BIOMATH, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium 4Environmental Monitoring, Stockholm Stad, Stockholm, Sweden 5Faculty of civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 6Envicat Consulting, Avenue Montesquieu 36, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium 2Urban
ScorePP Dissemination Workshop Wendake, Quebec Monday 5 October 2009
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Aim The main project aim is to develop Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants from urban areas The specific aim of this task was to identify potential sources and to quantify releases of priority pollutants
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Approach Develop Source Classification Framework
Compile data on sources & releases
Classifying using the Emission String concept
Establish releases based on the compiled data
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Source Classification Framework Requirements Content should be structured and organised in a harmonised way Ensure that the different sources could be distinguished from each other To be valid EU wide Dynamic and to be used after this project ends
Inspiration US EPA SCC TGD Harmonised codes like CN, NACE and NOSE EINECS, CAS#
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Source Classification Framework – the Emission String concept CAS #: unique identification of each substance NOSE: unique identification of emission processes NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the source The ScorePP defined descriptors of Urban Structure, comprising e.g. Construction sites Facilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (i.e. legal entities) Households Rivers Roads Waste sites/landfills Release Pattern Temporal releases on a daily, weekly and yearly basis
Release Factor All data are stored in a database
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Compiling data Risk Assessment Reports from EU Hazardous Substance Data Bank and Household Product Database from US NLM Handbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Research articles
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Classifying sources using the ES concept Waste RP/RF
Waste RP/RF
Waste RP/RF
NACE
NOSE
H3C
H3C
O
O
US RP/RF Wear & tear
CH3
O O
CH3
CAS# Waste RP/RF
Waste RP/RF Disposal
RP/RF
SCF tested on a selection of WFD substances Substance
Major use/function
Representing
Anthracene Atrazine Benzene B(a)P Cl-alkanes Cadmium Chlorpyrifos DEHP Diuron Endosulfan Endrin HCB HCBD HCH Lead Mercury DCM Nickel NPs DDT PBDE PeCB TEL TBTs TCE Trifluralin
Intermediate (lower PAH) Pesticide, triazine Intermediate Combustion product (higher PAH) Flame-retardant/metal working fluid Metal. Wide variety of functions Pesticide, organophosphate Plasticizer Pesticide, urea Pesticide, cyclodiene organochlorine Pesticide, cyclodiene Impurity/by-product Impurity/by-product Pesticide, cyclodiene organochlorine Metal. Wide variety of functions Metal. Wide variety of functions Solvent, chlorinated methane Metal. Wide variety of functions Intermediate Pesticide Flame-retardant Impurity/by-product Alkyllead anti knocking agent Pesticide/stabilizer in plastics Solvent, chlorinated ethane Pesticide, selective soil herbicide
Naphthalene; fluoranthene Alachlor; simazine trichlorobenzenes Higher PAHs Chlorfenvinphos Isoproturon Alfa-endosulfan; partly PeCP Aldrin; dieldrin; isodrin Lindane; partly PeCP Alkyl mercury Cl-methanes Alkyl phenols DDT derivatives Alkyl lead Alkyl tin Cl-ethylenes Partly isoproturon
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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A Ai gric rt u C ra ltu on st B nsp re D ruc uild or iff t i t W use ion ngs as s sit te ou es di r c E l spo e s ec s Fa tric al c it Fo ilitiey r s H Ga estr ou rd y se en ho s O M lds th in e i R r u ng ai se lro s ad R Se iv s a Ro ers W tra a at n ds e r sp s u ort pp ly
No of ESs th ra At cen Be nz B raz e C o(a enz ine hl )p e o r y ne oa re C lk ne C a d ane hl m s or iu py m rif D os D CM E En D HP do iur su on En lfan dr H in H CB C B H D C H M Lea er d cu Tr Nic ry ifl ke ur l al i N n PB Ps PeDE C B TE TB L T TC s E
An
No of ESs
Aim
Aim
600 400 200
150
Approach
150
100
Approach
Substances
Substances
Results
Results
Conclusions
Number of ESs for each PP (ab 900 ESs in total)
Release Factors Loads Various releases No data
50
0
Substance
Conclusions
Number of ESs in each urban structure
(ab 900 ESs in total)
Release Factors Loads Various releases No data
100
50
0
Urban Structure
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Archetype sources Agriculture Construction sites and buildings
Facilities Households Roads Waste disposal
Diffuse and other not immediately classifiable sources
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Environmental releases due to Heating households Fertilizers and pest control
Anthracene: 0,8-102 mg/kg wood Benzo(a)pyrene: 2,7 mg/kg coal Benzo(a)pyrene: 27 µg/kg wood
Diuron: 7,5-25 mg/application Cd: from fertilizers
Building materials
Smoking
Ni: 0,3-0,8 mg/m2 stainless steel/yr Cd: 0,01-10 kg/yr from Zn-materials DEHP: 16 tonnes/yr
Clothes DEHP: 950 kg/yr
Greywater Hg: 17µg/PE/d Cd: 5 kg/yr TCE: 8-100 µg/L Ni: jewellery, coins, washing etc. Benzo(a)pyrene: 1,8 µg/PE/d
Painting and car wash DEHP: 12 kg/yr
Anthracene: 34 ng/cigaret Benzene: 10-100 µg/cigaret Benzo(a)pyrene: 5-1600 ng/cigaret
Clothes and building materials DEHP:250 kg DCM: 10-80 µg/m2/h TCE: 3,6 µg/m2/h
Fertilizers Cd: 500 g/yr
Building materials DEHP:600 kg/yr
Plus releases of HCB, HCH, PeCB, TBTs, chlorpyrifos, endrin, Pb, trifluralin and NPs
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on roads Anthracene Combustion: 5,2-28 µg/kg fuel burned, depending on vehicle and fuel type
Benzene Combustion: 4-10 mg/km driven, depending on vehicle type
Benzo(a)pyrene Combustion: 1-8 µg/km driven, without and with catalyst
Cadmium (from both break linings, tyres, fuel and asphalt) 7 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants
DEHP (from undercoating) 200 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants
Mercury Tyres: 4-240 µg/km depending on vehicle type Roads: 3-17 µg/km depending on vehicle type
Nickel Combustion: 21-107 and 3,2-2310 ng/km driven, for gasoline and diesel, respectively Brake-linings, tyres and asphalt: 91-182 ng/km
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Statistics for Denmark year 2007 Data on driven km and use of fuel (Danish Statistics, 2009) Person cars (both diesel and gasoline)
35·109 km
Taxis (both diesel and gasoline)
51·107 km
Motorbikes
76·107 km
Mopeds
90·106 km
Total
36·109 km
Vans (both diesel and gasoline)
79·108 km
Lorries
14·108 km
Semi-trailers
92·107 km
Busses
62·107 km
Total
11·109 km
Fuel used for vehicle engines
2,4·109 kg
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on roads Release of nickel from Danish highways: 108 kg
Depending on fuel and vehicle type: Anthracene: 12-67 kg Nickel: 4,4-117 kg
Benzene from busses, lorries etc: 105 tonnes
Benzene from cars: 154 tonnes
Cadmium: 49 kg
Benzo(a)pyrene: 360 kg
Mercury: 0,3-12 tonnes
DEHP: 1,41 tonnes
Plus releases of anthracene from wear & tear of tyres and asphalt and release of anthracene, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene due to leakage & spillage Thomas Ruby Bentzen, PhD thesis (2008)
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Use of emission strings in a framework of consistent approach towards the management PP emissions As standardized framework for the exchange of information Defined in different processess: Monitoring Permitting Public participation Non-compliance meausres Green taxes Benchmarking (national, sectorial) Institutional analysis (shared responsibilities i.e. emergency response and regular pollution flow) Impact assessment (shared responsibilities for the impacts) Other
University of Ljubljana
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Further elaboration of the classification efforts – beyond emission strings (ES as a core definition) definition) Definition of emission barriers Definition of emission control measures Definition of emission control strategies Definition of substitution options Adaptation matrix (adaptation of ES to city/watershed level) Definition of economic dimensions of PP pollution (related benefits, costs) Definition of perception of the DPSIR concept by individuals – behaviour of households Definition of the emissions from product use (not only activities)
University of Ljubljana
Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Process definitions applied: applied: ES + AM + EB = emissions = Localized emission load
Emission control measures (ECM) Emission control strategie (ECS)
University of Ljubljana
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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Aim
Approach
Substances
Results
Conclusions
Conclusions SCF established – based on literature knowledge about sources About 900 ESs established for the 25 WFD substances Overall 16% with concrete knowledge about release quantities Overall 65% without any quantitative data on release into the technosphere
WFD substances occur in a wide variety of sources and activities in urban settings and are released to all studied compartments Most sources are related to production activities Other large categories are households, waste disposal, agriculture, construction and transport
Classifying the sources according to the Urban Structure descriptor enables Sources to be linked to GIS, thus enhancing visualisation Definition of archetype sources and thus a better targeting of mitigation options and Emission Control Strategies
Acknowledgement The presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.
02, 02FEB2010, HC Holten Lützhøft, DTU Environment and P Banovec, University of Ljubljana
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