The Standard of Industrial Symbiosis. Environmental ...

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ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 744 – 751

International Conference on Sustainable Synergies from Buildings to the Urban Scale, SBE16

The Standard of Industrial Symbiosis. Environmental Criteria and Methodology on the Establishment and Operation of Industrial and Business Parks. M. Ntasioua and E. Andreoua,* a

Hellenic Open University, School of Science and Technology,18 p.Aristotelous, Patras 26335, Greece

Abstract The siting of an Industrial park with environmental criteria is an attempt to organize and develop the productive capacity of a region while seeking to reduce the burden of environmental conditions. The companies involved aim at reducing production costs by increasing the efficiency of materials and energy and recycling byproducts / waste. The establishment of an Environmental Industrial Park promotes the use of new environmentally friendly technologies, structures and infrastructure and reduces the sources of pollution and waste. The application of industrial ecology and eco-industry networks remains in an early stage in Greece. The Greek legislation does not incorporate or define Environmental Industrial Parks and the standard of "industrial symbiosis" has not yet been implemented. The paper examines the "industrial symbiosis" standard, through international practices and existing implemented examples. Also, the paper examines the principles, conditions and design criteria in locating a manufacturing / industrial park in accordance with environmental standards and legislation. A case study is being presented involving the proposal for siting and design of a Business Park in the municipality of Pili, Greece, with implementation of environmental criteria. A methodology of establishing the B.P. is being applied with emphasis on location criteria, since issues such as geographic proximity and spatial principles are considered to be of high importance. The methodology comprises certain steps, which examine the elements of the natural and human environment. An evaluation of alternative locations is carried out, which results in the final evaluation of the selected location. Finally, the compatibility of the location selected in relation to the elements of the natural and human environment is being assessed. The principles of industrial symbiosis are also applied through certain proposals for saving and reuse of energy, water, materials / by-products / waste and reducing the environmental burden. © Published by Elsevier B.V. This © 2017 2017The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SBE16. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SBE16. Keywords: Industrial ; Business; Parks; Symbiosis; Standard

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-2310952573 E-mail address: [email protected]

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SBE16. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.157

M. Ntasiou and E. Andreou / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 744 – 751

1. Introduction The present study investigates siting and organization issues of Manufacturing/ Industrial Parks according to environmental and bioclimatic criteria with consideration of the existing legislation. The paper also presents the investigation of a particular case study and a proposal for the siting, planning and organization of a Manufacturing/ Industrial park in an area at the Municipality of Pili, which is located in the wider area of the city of Trikala in central Greece, with emphasis on location criteria. The aim of the study is the location of a Manufacturing/ Industrial Park in an effort to organize and develop the productive potential of the area and reduce the environmental impact. The methodology examined could also be applied to other areas with common needs and conditions. 1.1. Eco Industrial Parks and Industrial symbiosis- Background An Industrial and Business Park is a concentration of manufacturing and service enterprises installed together in an area where the enterprises involved seek enhanced environmental, economic and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental issues, such as pollution reduction and conservation of water, energy and raw materials. Through cooperation the enterprises involved seek collective benefit which is greater than the sum of the individual benefits that each company could achieve by its individual optimization. Industrial ecosystems were originally theorized and envisioned as ecosystems in which “the consumption of energy and materials is optimized and the effluents of one process serve as the raw material for another process.” 1 Industrial Symbiosis is defined as the sharing of services, utility, and by-product resources among industries in order to add value, reduce costs and improve the environment. 2 Industrial Symbiosis is based on the concepts of industrial ecology where the objective is the net production for environmental protection and is a means of implementing the circular economy. Circular economy aims in minimizing disposal and "closing the loop" of product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use, eco design and waste prevention.3 To distinguish industrial symbiosis from other types of exchanges, Chertow4 adopted a “3–2 heuristic” as a minimum criterion. Thus, at least three different entities must be involved in exchanging at least two different resources to be counted as a basic type of industrial symbiosis. By involving three entities, none of which is primarily engaged in a recycling oriented business, the 3–2 heuristic begins to recognize complex relationships rather than linear one-way exchanges. According to Chertow et al,5 there are three primary opportunities for resource exchange:(1) By-product reuse—the exchange of firm-specific materials between two or more parties for use as substitutes for commercial products or raw materials. (2) Utility/infrastructure sharing—the pooled use and management of commonly used resources such as energy, water, and wastewater. (3) Joint provision of services— meeting common needs across firms for ancillary activities such as fire suppression, transportation, and food provision. A fully developed Eco Industrial Park has advanced features and includes all or a combination of the following characteristics: a) Exchange of by-products / waste or network of companies which perform such exchanges, b) Concentration of recycling enterprises, c) Concentration of enterprises using environmentally friendly technology d) Concentration of enterprises producing environmentally friendly products, e) Industrial park designed on a single environmental issue (eg a park operated by solar energy) f) Industrial park environmentally friendly construction and infrastructure, g) Mixed use development (industrial and commercial) 6 Industrial symbiosis can help companies: reduce raw material and waste disposal costs, earn new revenue from residues and by-products, divert waste from landfill and reduce carbon emissions and open up new business opportunities. This type of industrial synergy brings advantages to both parties, and is usually done for both commercial and environmental reasons.7 According to Chertow4 many motivations exist for pursuing industrial symbiosis, either directly or indirectly as a result of trying to meet other objectives. The most obvious motivations are conventional business reasons; for example, resource sharing can reduce costs and/or increase revenues. Also, industrial symbiosis can enhance long-term resource security by increasing the availability of critical resources while in some cases companies pursue symbiosis in response to regulatory or permitting pressure.

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The implementation of IS has been studied through investigation and evaluation of cases in practice and on a theoretical basis 4,5,8,9. Special attention has also been given on the study of Industrial Symbiosis evolution over time 8,9,10, . In practise, Industrial Symbiosis models are characterized by diversity. According to Lombardi et al, 9 given the diversity of IS models in practice, there have been continuing debates among researchers concerning the nature and definition of IS. It is also believed that the success of Industrial Symbiosis networks depends on many factors including but not limited to the legislative framework, the private initiative, the use of advanced technologies, the financial incentives and the market value of products and businesses.11 The importance of technological innovation and commercial application of actual reuse approaches has been documented and relevant tools such as the ‘reuse potential indicator’ have been proposed. 12 Also, issues such as geographic proximity and “colocation” of firms are considered to be of high importance and thus spatial principles have been investigated through certain approaches4,13. Industrial Symbiosis has now been documented on several parts of the world and it has been incorporated at all levels of policy—local, regional, national, and international9. According to literature4 two basic stylized models of symbiosis can be described. The first one is the Planned Eco-Industrial Park model, which includes a conscious effort to identify companies from different industries and locate them together so that they can share resources across and among them. Typical examples of this model can be indentified in the U.S and in Europe, involving the formation of a stakeholder group and the participation of at least one governmental agency. The second model is the Self-organizing symbiosis model, according to which an industrial ecosystem emerges from decisions by private actors motivated to exchange resources to meet goals such as cost reduction, revenue enhancement, or business expansion. The individual initiative to begin resource exchange faces a market test and if the exchanges are successful, more may follow if there is on-going mutual self-interest. Examination of several examples4 has led to the conclusion that this model tends to be more successful. Typical example of this category is the early symbiosis example in Kalundborg, Denmark14, which emerged from self-organization initiated in the private sector to achieve certain goals, such as cost reduction, revenue enhancement, business expansion, and securing long term access to water and energy. The symbiosis in Kalundborg, began because of the low availability of groundwater and the need for a surface water source which, became a key part of the resource exchange network. Also a coordinative function was found to be helpful in organizing more exchanges and moving them forward. Literature includes several other well studied examples of self-organizing properties within a community or within a broader regional area. 8 Additional models have also been described and assessed by literature8, such as: the Build and Recruit model, where public or private developers create an industrial park or zone and then seek compatible tenants. Also the Retrofit Industrial Park Model, where existing industrial parks are targeted for conversion to eco-industrial parks after build and recruit has occurred. Finally, the Circular Economy Eco-Industrial Park model, which is a new form emerging in China with a goal to continue growing the economy while at the same time reducing environmental impact. Chertow and Ehrenfeld8 have also developed a three-stage theory of IS evolution, beginning with the sprouting stage, when a random formative stage in which actors begin to engage in synergies for any number of reason, followed by Uncovering, with the realization that some networks have created positive environmental externalities. The third stage is Embeddedness and institutionalization, when in addition to self-organization, further expansion of the network becomes intentionally driven by an institutional entity created at an earlier stage. 1.2. Legislative background for the establishment and operation of Eco-Business Parks As it has been reported15, at all levels in Europe—local, regional, national, and international—industrial symbiosis is increasingly being seen as a strategic tool for economic development, green growth, innovation, and resource efficiency and is probably part of the solution to the current dept crisis because it promotes economy growth. The European Commission has adopted a Circular Economy Package, which includes revised legislative proposals on waste to stimulate Europe's transition towards a circular economy which will boost global competitiveness, foster sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs.3 The launch of the Resource Efficiency Flagship Initiative, which is part of the Europe 2020 Strategy, led to the publication of the Roadmap for a Resource Efficient Europe,16 in which IS is embedded with the recommendation that opportunities to exploit resource efficiency gains through IS should be a priority for all member states 15. The European Commission adopted the European List of Waste (LoW) by Decision 94/3/EC, while today it has been amended and is in force the Annex of Decision 2002/532/EC. LoW is an extremely useful tool, as it provides a


common terminology for EU waste.11 In Directive2008/98/EC the Commission has already enacted the establishment of byproducts and end-of-waste criteria for a number of specific recyclable materials including metal scrap of copper, aluminium and iron, waste glass and compost.17 By-Products and End-of-waste criteria which are defined and clarified in Articles 5 and 6 of the above Directive respectively, correspond to Articles 12 and 13 of the Greek Law 4042/12. Also, the new National Strategic Reference Framework (ESPA) 2014-202018 aims to support innovation and entrepreneurship of products and services for environment upgrading. Existing legislation in Greece does not define the Environmental Industrial Parks. Only Business Parks (BPs) are organized and developed, as part of the national spatial planning, and promotion of green development and entrepreneurship. Former relevant national legal framework on industrial areas was replaced by the 2545 Law in 1997. According to the new Law 3982/2011, 19 on the design and management of industrial areas, the name for Industrial Areas changes from Industrial and Business Areas to Business Parks (B.P). Moreover, Industrial and Business Parks may be established either by public or private bodies. The current national legislation is more adaptive and provides powerful incentives for companies to choose to set up or relocate in Business Parks. The new Law though, does not incorporate the concept of Industrial Symbiosis or any type of provision to facilitate collaboration and business networking. It has been reported11 that a major problem for Industrial Symbiosis in Greece is the fact that according to the existing institutional framework for Industrial Areas, the categorization depends on the level of disturbance they cause. According to that, industrial units that belong to a different level of disturbance are not allowed to be together, in the same Industrial Area, not taking into account either the relationships needed or the flows of matter, energy and water in order to develop synergy. Generally, the lack of a unique legislation in Greece dedicated to promotion and implementation of industrial symbiosis as well as the lack of vision towards industrial symbiosis have been identified as fundamental barriers. 11 1.3. Organization Principles of Business Parks According to current legislation the premises of Business Parks should be organized on principles such as: x Development in areas identified in accordance with the directions of general or specific spatial frameworks of relevant laws, the General Urban Plan or land use regulations and intended for the reception of secondary and tertiary sector activities. x A BP is intended solely to serve its own development objectives and its infrastructure may not be used by any third party without the permission of the Business Park Development Company. x The minimum size for the establishment, organization and operation of BPs is set in 150 acres for type A, 100 acres for type B and 50 acres for type C and special type BPs. x A BP area may be interrupted by road network, provided that functional unity and traffic safety is ensured. x The space reserved for the development of a BP must meet the following conditions: a) appropriate location according to the type of BP b) provision of easy transport of raw materials and goods, c) limited risk of floods or other natural disasters, d) accessibility to road, energy, telecommunications and other networks. Also, the criteria for the siting of a BP according to the relevant legislation are: x Criteria related to spatial organization characteristics. x Instructions related to specific institutional arrangements and area categories such as woodland islets, highly productive agricultural land, NATURA network areas, Special Protection Zones, coastal zones, touristic priority zones, suburban zones, etc. 2. Implementation of proposed methodology In the Municipality of Pili, in central Greece, most manufacturing businesses and industries already established are located within the administrative boundaries of the Municipal Unity of Gomfoi. It is therefore considered essential to implement the proposed methodology in this Municipal unity, since the relocation of many businesses is considered to be uneconomical and impractical. The area was selected to be studied because it

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is considered representative and because of the fact that there is already a number of manufactures operating in the area, which is considered to be a key advantage. 2.1. Description of the area examined- Environmental and natural resources degradation mechanisms x Soil degradation. In the area, there is abstraction of river material (gravel - cobble) from Pinios river and its local tributaries. The territory faces pollution problems, mainly because of intensive agricultural methods. Pollution is also caused by reckless and illegal dumping of solid waste in different places of the region and especially in riverside areas. x Air pollution caused by vehicles in national and local road network. x Acoustic environment. The main source of noise is the movement of vehicles on the highway and especially in areas where it crosses settlements. x Water resources degradation. The biggest problem that occurs in Portaikos River (tributary of Penios river), is the water pollution caused by waste from dairies, livestock facilities and food processing plants. Other pollutant sources is the concentration of pesticide and fertilizers residues, washings of pesticide spraying machines, the disposal of solid waste in riverside areas and the ending of residential wastewater, through underground movement. Contamination of subsurface water is caused to unknown extent by the fertilizers and pesticides and by leakage of septic or absorptive cesspits of settlements and food processing plants, because of lack of sewerage system or wastewater treatment plants. x Effects on flora and fauna emanated mainly from the intensive cultivation of agricultural land and intense human presence and activity, resulting in vast reduction of biodiversity. 2.2. Siting selection The methodology, which is based on relevant literature 20,21,22 and on the principles of environmental design, can be analyzed in the following steps. x Step 1: Description and study of the natural and human environment of the wider Municipal Unity of Gomfoi. The wider area comprises highly productive agricultural land and the hydrographic network of the area consists of two large rivers and small streams. A large number of manufacturing and processing activities take place within the limits of the area examined while no institutionalized receptors for productive activities exist. x Step 2: Selection of the appropriate position for locating the BP. In the study area there is no institutionalized Industrial Park area. A Master Plan study though 23, has proposed a land use plan which defines two positions for the location of an Industrial Park in the area (locations 1 and 2) (Fig. 1a). The examination of the terrain and the consideration of the positions where industrial / manufacturing units have already been established, lead to the determination of two additional candidate positions (locations 3 and 4). x Step 3: Evaluation of selected positions. Locations 1 and 2: In this position there is the advantage of a minimum need for relocation of companies. Furthermore this position has almost zero territorial inclinations, is located away from agglomerations and is already serviced by a highway and a local road network. There is also an established electricity grid. The establishment of the Business Park will contribute to the rationalization of the energy consumption and natural resources balance as a whole and to the upgrading of the area. Locations 2 and 3: The short distance from urban areas and settlements and the need for relocation of existing industrial activity are restrictions related to the human environment. Also, there are several limitations related to the natural environment, such as land being classified as of high agricultural productivity. Locations 4 and 1: The short distance from a local settlement and the need for relocation of existing industrial activity are restrictions related to the human environment. Also, limitations related to the natural environment. x Step 4: Final evaluation and final selection of the position of the BP. It is obvious that the locations 1 and 2 qualify for the installation of the Business Park because they involve no constraints as to the natural and human environment, as do the other test sites.


Fig. 1. (a) Alternative locations examined (b) General plan of the BP.

x Step 5: Compliance assessment of selected location, in relation to the natural environment. The land inclination is minimum and therefore suitable. The test area is suitable for construction of buildings, safe from flooding phenomena. As for the vegetation, the installation of the BP will not intervene in the riverine ecosystem but will occupy abandoned agricultural land and possibly some land with annual crops. x Step 6: Compliance Assessment of selected location in relation to the elements of the human environment. a)Land use. The land consists mainly of farmland (abandoned or not) and the rest is occupied by existing manufactures / industries and businesses. As regards ownership, the greater part of the land occupied by private land, but there is some community land. b) Infrastructure. b1) Access to the area is provided via primary road network. The secondary road network is quite satisfactory. b2) Social infrastructure - services. Since there is no immediate vicinity of infrastructure and social services it is necessary to create a Central Services Building to provide Banks Annex and other Services. b3) Industrial infrastructure. There is already a number of manufactures and it is proposed that they join the BP. Regarding the manufactures located in the broader area it is proposed that they relocate, so that they process their liquid wastes to the BP processing unit. b4) Water supply. It is proposed that water supply of the BP is provided either by extension of the municipal network or by water drilling in combination with recycling and water saving measures. B5) Industrial waste drainage. An innovative investment involving the construction of anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment plant and production of biogas has already been installed in the area by the largest dairy industry. Waste from other industries, within or outside the area, is processed by private treatment plants or they are illegally discharged into Penios River. B6) Drainage of surface waters. The drainage of surface water is via streams which result in the local rivers. Some facilities have a rainwater collection network. B7) Electricity. The region is provided by the interconnected national electrical power system. There is no district heating or natural gas network in the area. For the biogas plant that operates in the area an electricity generation license has been issued. It is concluded that there is high compatibility of the location to the human environment, except for the fact that most of the land is private. x Step 7: Environmental impact assessment of the establishment and operation BP. According to legislation the BP is classified in category A1 and in Middle disturbance category. Some of the quantifiable environmental impacts such as gaseous waste, liquid and solid waste, odors and noise are evaluated. Also, the total of the environmental impacts that may arise from the establishment and operation of the BP is assessed. The assessment is made for each effect separately and includes brief reference to tackling proposals. The operation of businesses in the BP will produce waste, odors and noise, which can be minimized by suitable measures. The change of the existing land use from agricultural to industrial has been proposed and approved by the Environmental Master Plan.

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x Step 8: Landscape Sensitivity Rating. Landscape sensitivity is assessed based on the criterion of viewing. According to this approach, the more visible a landscape is by those who move on the road network, the more sensitive it is 20. In our case, the roadside vegetation of the local highway is quite thick and the natural vegetation boundaries of the fields are sufficiently developed. Therefore the area is sufficiently not visible. Furthermore, the compliance of the new facilities to building regulations including minimum distances from the highway, will contribute to the reduction of landscape sensitivity. 2.3. Planning of the Business Park- Implementation of the Industrial Symbiosis standard For the design of the BP, the appropriate layout was originally identified in compliance with applicable legal and environmental commitments. A street layout and a spatial organization plan were carried out. Regarding insolation conditions, a minimum distance of 19m between buildings was estimated to be required in order to ensure adequate insolation of buildings and open spaces. The distance between buildings was also determined taking into account ventilation conditions, in accordance with bioclimatic criteria24. The layout of the road network, the sizing of the lots, the placement and orientation of buildings was also carried out in accordance with bioclimatic criteria (Fig. 1b). Building terms were established, and green areas, utilities, public spaces and infrastructure were determined. Energy and water saving measures are also being proposed. Infrastructure projects include: roads, parking areas, construction of a Service center building, storm water and industrial waste management systems. In order to meet the energy resources, water and materials balances, the ‘industrial symbiosis’ standard is being proposed. Under the industrial symbiosis of businesses an exchange of byproducts is taking place, namely an activity uses and consumes byproducts of another (energy resources, water, waste / by-products), with the ultimate goal of "zero" emissions to the natural environment. The installation of a power plant using biogas is proposed as well as the use of sawdust from furniture manufactures as fuel for the drying and incineration of sludge at the sewage treatment unit that already exists. The anaerobic biogas production unit can primarily accept the whey of cheese dairies and salad residues of which biogas can be produced. Then liquid low polluting load waste is driven to the aerobic system (sewage treatment plant) where the liquid stream and the resulting slurry are produced. The sludge will be led to drying and burning, where the fuel is mainly sawdust and biogas when required. The ash produced from the drying system will be transferred to the local concrete industry where it can be recycled. The produced biogas will be led both to the power plant and to boilers for steam production. The electricity produced will be used by all of the BP facilities, according to operational requirements. The above flowchart will help neutralize the byproducts of the BP and contribute in sustainable development and environmental protection and in saving non-renewable resources (oil, gas), that otherwise would be used as fuel. Office space in food industries can use the produced steam for heating and cooling, since these spaces are adjoining with the production area networks, in order to minimize losses. The other type of enterprises do not require large office space and therefore the use of steam is not proposed for heating purposes, since the development of such a large pipeline for such low energy consumption has a poor cost- benefit relationship. Solar heating systems are proposed for these types of buildings. The heating or hot water requirements of production areas of other activities is nil or negligible. For this reason it is proposed that steam from the above scheme is only used by businesses with production spaces that have large heating needs. The creation of an autonomous water supply system in the BP is proposed, which will be supplied by drilling, to meet the need for industrial and drinking water. Also the recycling water from the final effluent of sewage treatment is proposed and the collection of rainwater from the roofs of buildings and outdoor areas of the BP to meet the needs of secondary uses of water. Finally, it is proposed to connect the sewage network of the BP with the network of waste, biogas and power processing units in order to enable the processing of generated waste for conversion into water, ash and electricity. 3. Conclusions The paper has examined the industrial symbiosis standard, issues related to the establishment and operation of Eco industrial Parks and relative legislative framework issues. It is shown that although legislation in Greece does not incorporate or define Environmental Industrial Parks, nor does it incorporate industrial symbiosis, it gives guidelines on the process, conditions and limitations in the location of Business Parks, which lead, specifically for


the area examined, to the achievement of the following key objectives: a) The protection of the natural environment, especially rivers, forests and areas of outstanding natural beauty or ecological interest. b) Compatibility of land uses to the wider environment. c) Creating conditions for economic development of the region and preserve the character of the area d) The development of the primary sector, particularly in terms of farming, the preservation and productive utilization of agricultural land as much as possible and the organization of the secondary sector so as to continue to grow under regulations. It is also concluded that the siting process of a BP, taking into account the complexity of the process and the importance of spatial principles and proximity issues, should be done in steps, during which the less suitable locations will be each time excluded. A methodology of eight steps is proposed and implemented for the determination of the most suitable location. The fact that there is already a number of manufactures operating in the area, is considered to be a key advantage. The specifications concerning the organization of space and the BP networks should have as main objectives to minimize the impact on the natural environment, minimizing risks in BP by the physical environment, adapting to the natural landscape, to maximize efficiency and water, energy and raw materials reuse. In this context bioclimatic criteria must be implemented in space organization and operation of a BP. Although the standard of industrial symbiosis has not yet been implemented in Greece, the potential of implementing this standard in the area examined has been investigated, which resulted in the articulation of certain organizational and operational proposals. References 1. Frosch, R. A. and Gallopoulos N. E.. Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American; 1989; 261(3):144–152. 2. Agarwal A. and Strachan P. Is Industrial Symbiosis only a Concept for Developed Countries? The Journal for Waste & Resource Management Professionals, The Chartered Institution of WastesManagement; 2008;42 3. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy. Last retrieved 10-3-2016 4. Chertow M. R. “Uncovering” industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2007; 11(1); p11–30. 5.Chertow M. R., Ashton W., and Espinosa J. Industrial Symbiosis in Puerto Rico: Environmentally Related Agglomeration Economies. Regional Studies, 2008;vol. 42:10, pp. 1299-13125. 6. http://www.indigodev.com. Last retrieved 10-3-2016 7 http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/what-industrial-symbiosis. What is Industrial Symbiosis?, Last retrieved at 10-3-2016 8. Chertow M. R., Ehrenfeld J. Organizing Self-Organizing Systems. Toward a Theory of Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012; 16(1); p13–27. 9. Lombardi D. R, Lyons D, Shi H, and Agarwal A. Industrial Symbiosis. Testing the Boundaries and Advancing Knowledge. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012; 16(1); p2–7. 10. Paquin R. L and Howard-Grenville J. The Evolution of Facilitated Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012; 16(1); p83–93. 11. Papathanasoglou A, Panagiotidou M, Valta K,. Loizidou M. Investigating the adequacy of the institutional framework for implementing industrial symbiosis in practice: the case of Greece. Symbiosis International conference. June 2014, Athens, Greece 12. Park Y, Chertow M. Establishing and testing the “reuse potential” indicator for managing wastes as resources. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014;137 pp.45-53 13. Schiller F, Penn A, Druckman A, Bason L, Royston K. Exploring Space, Exploiting Opportunities. The Case for Analyzing Space in Industrial Ecology. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2014; 18(6); 792–798 14. Ehrenfeld, J. and N. Gertler. Industrial ecology in practice: The evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology 1997; 1(1): 67–79. 15. Laybourne P, Lombardi P R. Industrial Symbiosis in European Policy. Overview of Recent Progress. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012; 16(1); p11–12. 16. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/. Last retrieved at 10-3-2016. 17. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives, Official Journal of the European Union L 312/11 22/11/2008. last retrieved at 10-3-2016