Severe oscillations in the range of 1 to 100 Hz have been encountered in ..... individual switches, switching times and dead times will cause ..... the magnitudes are different. .... Table 5.1 shows the measured data, where f is the frequency of ....
LUTEDX/(TEIE-1001)/1- .... both at the Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and .... Interpreting the mathematical model of the induction motor as.
Aug 29, 2011 - rotary position sensors for electrical machines used in an hybrid ... struction of the test setup and during the test phase. My family and ...... top model consists of (from left) a current controller, a modulator, an inverter, a PMSM
This work focuses on observers estimating flux linkage and speed for induction machines, mainly in the low speed region. With speed estimation, sensorless ...
simulation model that is used is verified by measurements on a Scania hybrid
fuel cell ..... electric urban bus equipped with AC, the auxiliary systems might well.
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based academic support model Supplemental Instruction (SI), as a possible ..... context in which the study was conducted
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were corrected from the template to the parameters of the specific linac being ... our clinical TPS (Oncentra MasterPlan by Nucletron B.V., Veenendaal, The.
Nyckelord: PMDS, arbetslivsbalans, kvalitativ, fenomenologisk ansats, sjukdomsbörda, ...... Efter avslutad intervju finns möjlighet för debriefing för din egen del.
can accomplish this thesis without her strict tutoring and kind encouragement. ..... internal reasons for the emergence
Mar 15, 2005 - (2) A weekend effect, consisting of a lower average flow rate and pollutant concentration during weekends compared to normal week days, ...
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Access to the published version may require subscription. ... microscopic
ammonium hydroxide droplets as target. The N VI ... 1995 American Institute of
Physics.
Subject Substation 303 Concrete and Steel Doc No P23-00445-C101A I Rev I 0.
ITEM DESCRIPTION SHEET TAB. 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION 2.
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Land use impact on water quality in two river systems in South Africa. Master degree thesis, 30 credits in Master in Geographical Information Sciences (GIS).
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Substation equipment. • Overhead lines. Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial
Electrical Engineering and Automation. 2 ... Monitoring point for control center.
Source: Lakervi & H Holmes
The substation
Olof Samuelsson
Outline
• The substation • Substation equipment • Overhead lines
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
2
From generator to customer
Generation | Transmission | Distribution | Consumption
Source: vattenfall.se
Östra mottagningsstationen, Lund At the city limit
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
3
Substation functions • Voltage transformation (reduction) – Power transformer • Connection point for local networks • Switchyard for network configuration – Bus bars, bars circuit breakers, breakers disconnectors • Monitoring point for control center – Potential and current transformers • Fuses and other protection
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
4
Substation equipment symbols ENGLISH Busbar Generator Two-wdg Two wdg transformer Line Circuit breaker Disconnector Surge arrester Current transformer Potential transformer
SVENSKA Samlingsskena g Transformator Ledning Effektbrytare Frånskiljare Ventilavledare Strömtransformator Spänningstransformator
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
5
Layout
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
6
Circuit breaker S d USA Sweden
Sourcee:ABB
Open Closed
• Interrupts large current – Several kA – Short-circuit current – Hidden contacts • Control – Protection systems – Manual remote • Design challenge – Speed and current
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
7
Disconnector / Isolator • Interrupts small current – Load current • Visible interruption • Manual control or motorized • Design challenge: Weather
Sweden USA Open Closed
Open p
Closed
Source: Nicklasson Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
8
Disconnecting circuit breaker • Combines breaker and disconnector • More reliable and compact
Lindome 400 kV station Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
9
Current transformer
B Source:ABB
• Reduces current – Typically 1000/2 A • Current monitored – Control center – Protection equipment – P, Q transducers
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
10
Sou urce:ABB
Voltage/potential transformer
• Reduces voltage – Typically x kV/110 V • Voltage monitored – Control center – Protection equipment – P, Q transducers Al C voltage lt di id • Also divider
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
11
Surge / lightning arrester
• O Overvoltage lt trap t • Alternative to air gap • Nonlinear resistance • Short-circuits high voltages o tages to ground g ou d
Source: ABB Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
12
GIS - Gas Isolated Switchgear SF6
Air
Source: Lakervi
• SF6 gas g – Isolates much better than air - reduces size – Greenhouse gas Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
13
Source: Nicklasson
Transmission towers
400 kV
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
750 kV
Substation
14
Insulator disks
Voltage level Source:Glover & Sarma
Flashover distance
Number of disks
Air humidity y Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Substation
15
Effects of short-circuit current • Vibration due to magnetic forces – Parallel conductors are attracted (F=B·i·l) • Arc – Compare with welding g from current and arc • Heating – Fire and explosion • See http://205.243.100.155/frames/longarc.htm
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
