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Jan 28, 2014 ... 1. The syntax and semantics of causative constructions in Balsapuerto Shawi. Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen).
The syntax and semantics of causative constructions in Balsapuerto Shawi Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Jan 28th Fieldwork Forum-UCB Grammar profile (1) a-sahka-te-r-awe CAUS-trabajar-PAS-PROG-1ª P.SG.SUJ. ‘I cause (someone) to work.’ (2) pa’-kir-awe INMIN-romper-1ª P.SG.SUJ ‘I break something.’ Table 1: Oblique cases in Shawi

Case Genitive Ablative Locative Essive Comitative Benefactive Limitative

Suffix -ken -eran -ke -we -re -mare -ware

(3) Ina-ken ni’ni-ne-n

he-GEN dog-ALIEN-3ªP.POS ‘His dog (of him)’

(4) Ka tanan-k-eran a’na-wi pantapi-ø masa-r-aw(e). I jungle –LOC-ABL one-CLAS banana-ABS pick-SUP -1ªP.SG.SUJ. ‘I pick one banana from the jungle.’ (5) Ina Nunshinisha’-ke yahpiri’-ø ya-ka’n-in. I Canoapuerto-LOC juane-ABS DESID-eat-3ªP.SG.SUJ. ‘He was to eat a juane in Canoapuerto.’ 1

(6) Ina sahkata-r-in he work-SUP-3ªP.SUJ ‘He works as a teacher.’

(7) Ka nansa-r-aw(e)

mayistru-we.

teacher-ESIV

ina sanawi-ru-ku

I dance-SUP-1ªP.SG.SUJ this woman-COMIT-1ª P.SG ‘I dance with this woman.’ Table 2: Grammatical relations in Balsapuerto Shawi

Grammatical phenomenon

Alignment

Case marking

Ergative-Absolutive

Verbal agreement

Intransitive/Transitive:

Nominative-Accusative

( Active-stative?) Ditransitive: Primative-secundative Word order

Ergative-absolutive

Causatives in Shawi 1. Lexical causatives (8) Wa’an-ø pei-n-en-ke chimin-in. apu-ABS house-ALIEN-3ªP.POS-LOC die-3ªP.SG.SUJ ‘The apu dies/died at home.’ Causative version: (9) Ka-ri a’na-pi yo-ERG one-CLAS ‘I kill a woman’.

sana-pi-ø tehpa-r-aw(e). woman-CLAS-ABS kill-SUP-1ªP.SG-SUJ 2

(10)

Pei-n-ewe-(e)ran ka-ø house-ALIEN-1ªP.POS-ABL I-ABS ‘I’m going out of my house.’

pihpi-ra-r-aw(e). go out-PROG-SUP-1ªP.SUJ

Causative version: (11)

Ka unkui-ra-r-aw(e) ya’wi caja-n-ewe-(e)ran. I take out-PROG-APOY-1ªP.SG-SUJ pijuayo box-ALIEN-1ªP.POS-ABL ‘I’m taking out pijuayos from the box.’

(12)

Mi’ne ya’-ki-r-in. mocahua ANTICAUS-break-APOY-3ªP.SG.SUJ ‘The mocahua breaks.’

Causative version: (13)

Mi’ne-ø pa’-ki-r-awe mocahua INMIN-break-APOY-1ªP.SG.SUJ ‘I break the mocahua’.

2. Causatives with ichi-

3

Tabla 3: Causativisation process cwith ichiFormal process Intransitive (S)

Non-causativised form (14)

Transitive (A-O)

Ina-ø nansa-r-in.

Causativised form (15)

Ka-ø

ichi-nansa-r-awe

ina-ø.

S

A

O

he-ABS dance-APOY-3ªP.SG.SUJ

I-ERG

‘He dances.’

‘I make him dance (but i participate in the dance as well; but I help

CAUS.ASOC-dance-APOY-1ª.P.SG.SUJ

él-ABS

him dance).’

Transitive

(A-O) (16)

Kema-ø

i’sha’-ø

Ditransitive

A

O

(A1-A2-O)

you-ERG?

water-ABS

(18)

u’u-r-an.

(17)

drink-APOY-

Ka

i’sha’-ø ichi-u’u-r-an-(n)ke.

A1

O

I-ERG

A2

water-ABS CAUS.ASOC-drink-1ªSG.SUJ-2ªSG.OBJ

2ªP.SG.SUJ

‘I make you drink water (and I drink water with you/ I help you drink

‘You drink water.’

wate)r.’

Ka wina-we’-ri man-ini nu’pa-ø. (19)

I’ya’

1

A1

son-1ªP.POS-ERG

plow-3ªP.SG.SUJ

mashu-ri ichi-man-ini

nu’pa’-ø ka wina-we’-ø O

A2

tierra-ABS

brother oldman-ERG CAUS.ASOC-plow-3ª.P-SJ soil-ABS 1 son-1ª.P.POS-

‘My son plows the soil’

ABS

‘My brother makes my son plow the soil (but he plows the soil with him/ but he helps him plow it)’.

3. Causatives with a-

4

Table 4: Causativisation process with aFormal process

Non-causativised form (20)

Ina-ø

sahka-te-r-in.

Causativised form (21)

S

Intransitive (S)

Ka-ri

a-sahka-te-r-aw(e)

ina-ø.

A

Transitive

he-abs

work-PAS-APOY-3ªP.SG.SUJ

(A-O(ex S))

‘He worked.’

O

I-ERG

CAUS-work-PAS-1ªP.SG.SUJ

he-ABS

‘I make him work/ I make him work while supervising him.’

(22)

Ka-ri A

Transitive (A-O) Ditransitive (A1A2(ex A)-O )

tanta-ø

ka’-n-aw(e)

O

(23)

Kema-ri tanta-ø a-ka’-n-an-ku. A1

O

A2

I-ERG bread-ABS eat-APOY-1ªP.SG.SUJ

you-ERG

bread-ABS CAUS-eat-SUP-2ªP.SG.SUJ-1ªP.SG.OBJ

‘I eat bread.’

‘You make me eat bread/ You make me eat bread and you see me doing it.’

(24) Ka-ri A I-ERG

nara-ø a’ne-r-aw(e). O tree-ABS cut-APOY-1ªP.SG.SUJ

‘I cut a tree.’

(25) Ina-ri nara-ø A1

a-a’ne-r-in-ku.

O

I-ERG tree-ABS

A2 CAUS-cut-SUP-3ªP.SG.SUJ-1ªP-SG.OBJ

‘He makes me cut a tree/He makes me cut a tree while watching me doing it.’

5

Tabla 5: Equivalence between morphological causative a- and periphrastic causatives Morphosyn tactic

Example

Translation

mechanism Preffix a-

(26)

Ka-ri-nke

a-yunkat-au-(n)ke.

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ

CAUS-swim-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ

(27) Ka-ri-nke

a’pa-r-an-(n)ke

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ

yunk-asu’.

order?-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ swim-

2ªP.SG.INF.PSOAL

(28) Ka-ri-nke

aku-r-an-(n)ke

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ

yunk-asu’.

put-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ

swim-

2ªP.SG.INF.PSOAL

(29) Ka-ri-nke Periphrasis

nin-an-(n)ke

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ

yunk-asu’.

make-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ swim-

‘Ι make you swim.’

2ªP.SG.INF.PSOAL

(30) Ka-ri-nke

sha’wi-te-r-an-(n)ke

yunk-asu’.

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ tell-APL? -1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ

swim-

2ªP.SG.INF.PSOAL

(31) Ka-ri-nke

ten-an-(n)ke

yunk-asu’.

I-ERG-2ªP.SG.OBJ say-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.OBJ swim-2ªP.SG.INFPSOAL

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