The Tropical Kingbird North of Mexico

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While this might slightly skew the pattern for Tropical Kingbird, eliminating all non - ... one Couch's Kingbird has been identified from the Pacific Coast states and ...
The Tropical North

g,

of Mexi

Thereare onlya handfulof spotsin ArizonaandTexaswhereTropicalKingbirds can be foundreliably--but vagrantindividualsturn up all over NorthAmerica.Thisstray• winteringat SantaBarbara,California,wasphotographed in lanuary1993. Photograph/Brian E. Small

STEVEN G. MLODINOW*

As its nameimplies,the TropicalKingbirdis primarilya bird of thetropics(technically, theNeotropics). Itsbreeding rangestretches asfar southascentralPeruandcentralArgentinaandasfar northas tiveflycatcher with a vibrantpersonality that matches itsbright southeastern Arizonaand, recently,extremesouthernTexas.This coloration. Most birders from the United States and Canada associspecies is residentthroughmostof itsrange,but thepopulationin atethissought-after species with southeastern Arizona.In fact,it has Arizonacompletely evacuates itsbreeding rangeduringwinter,and a verywiderangein the NewWorldand hasoccurredasa wanderer TropicalKingbirdsin northwestern Mexicoat leastpartiallywithacross a surprisingly largepartof theUnitedStatesandCanada. drawduringwinteraswell (HowellandWebb1995).Furthermore, the southernmost populations in SouthAmericaare knownto be '4819 Gardner Avenue, Everett. Washington 982.03 tForthepurposes ofthisarticle, non-calling kingbirds fromAlaska, British Columbia, partly migratory (AOU 1983). Vagabondindividualsin North

he Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) isalarge, attrac-

•ashington, Oregon, California, andNevada havebeenassumed tobeTropical. Thus, it is entirely possible thatoneortwoCouch's havebeenincluded under theguise ofTropical. While thismight slightly skew thepattern forTropical Kingbird, eliminating allnon-calling birds would distinctly alterourability tolookatthisspecies' status. especially since it isnot known which ofthemany California records pertain tovocalizing individuals. Todate,only oneCouch's Kingbird hasbeenidentified fromthePacific Coast states andprownces-anindividual thatspentthewinter of 1997-1998inOrange County, California. Western Interior records ofTropical, awayfromArizona, havea much lessestablished pattern, andCouch's havebeenseen(andheard)asfarwestasBosque delApache andCliff, NewMexico. Thepossibility ofCouch's Kingbird should always bekeptinmind when looking atmigrant orvagrant Tropical-type kingbirds. •tPleasenotethatseveralrecordshavecomefromPacific Coaststatesin areaseast

ofthePeninsular, Sierra, andCascade ranges. These s•ghbngs betterfitthe•stern Interior pattern andarediscussed there.

America

have been found as far northwest

as Alaska and as far

northeast as Maine and Quebec. Recordshave also come from

BritishColumbia,Washington, Oregon,California,Nevada,Arizona,Texas,Louisiana, Michigan,Connecticut, North Carolina,and Florida.As is oftenthe casewith birdshavingsuchan extensive range,the statusand distributionof the TropicalKingbirdin the UnitedStatesandCanadaisbestconsidered in parts.t PACIFIC

COA,•T

:1:

Alongthe PacificSlopeof the UnitedStatesand Canada,Tropical Kingbirdstypicallyoccurduringthe fall as northbound migrants. Presumably, theseareindividuals that havemigratednorthinstead FIELD NOTES

Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species

At first glance,a strayTropicalKingbirdmightbe mistaken for the muchmorenumerous WesternKingbird(seebelow). A secondlookwouldrevealthat the tail is duskybrown, andnotchedat the tip. Theyellowof the underparts extends well upontothe chest,andgradesinto olivethere,whereas the WesternKingbirdhasthe chestmostlypale gray. Thelargerbill of the Tropicalmayalsodrawattention. Photograph/Brian E. Small

At Celestun,Yucatan,easternMexico,bothTropical andCouch'skingbirdsare possible,sothis Tropicalwas identifiedcarefullybyvoice.Evenwithoutthat confirmation, we mightguessthat it wasa Tropicalbecausethis individual looksso Iong-billed•there is muchoverlap,but someTropicals are longer-billedthananyCouch's Kingbird. Photograph/Rick andNoraBowers

Couch's Kingbirdis virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbirdexceptfor vocal differences. Seeinga Couch's in an areawhereit is expected-such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio

GrandeValleyStatePark,Texas---one mightnoticesubtledifferences in proportion.Couch'sis, on average, a slightlylargerbirdwitha very slightlyshorterandstouterbill. This difference in ratio can create

a subtlydifferentfacialexpression. Photograph/Brian E. Small

gent view of a Couch's

Kingbird.The•'greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from

TropicalKingbird,but variationsin plumage andthe effectsof lighting conditions make this useless as a field

mark.Voiceis the only completelydiagnostic difference in the field.

Tropicalsare sometimes aggravatingly silent, but Couch's Kingbirds tend to be fairlyvocal at all seasons.

Photograph/Brian E. $mnll

The "yellow-bellied"kingbirdthat wanders mostwidelyin NorthAmericais the Western, andsomeout-of-range-Tropicals mayhave beenpassedoff as that species.Asseen here,the whiteouteredgesof the outertail featherson WesternKingbirdcanbe very narrow(or practicallyabsentwhenthe bird is in verywornplumage).However, the tail is still black,not duskybrown,andWestern Kingbirdalso hasa smallerbill and much moreextensivepalegrayonthe chest thanTropicalKingbird. Photograph/Brian E. Small

Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species

At firstglance,a strayTropicalKingbird mightbe mistaken for themuchmorenumerous Western Kingbird(seebelow). A second lookwouldrevealthatthetail is duskybrown, andnotchedat the tip. Theyellowof the underparts extends well upontothe chest,andgradesintoolivethere,whereas theWestern Kingbird hasthe chestmostlypalegray. Thelargerbill of the Tropicalmayalsodrawattention.

At Celestun, Yucatan, easternHexico,bothTropical andCouch's kingbirds are possible,sothisTropicalwas

identified carefully byvoice.Evenwithoutthatconfirmation, we mightguessthat it wasa Tropicalbecause this individual

lookssoIong-billedl thereis muchoverlap,butsomeTropicals are longer-billedthananyCouch's Kingbird. Photograph/Rick and NoraBowers

Photograph/Brian E. Small

Couch's Kingbirdis virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbirdexceptfor vocal differences.Seeinga Couch's in an areawhereit is expected-such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio

GrandeValleyStatePark,Texas•ne mightnoticesubtledifferences in proportion. Couch's is, onaverage, a slightlylargerbirdwith a very slightlyshorterand stouterbill. This difference in ratio can create

a subtlydifferentfacialexpression. Photograph/Brian E. Small

Rear view of a Couch's

Kingbird.The"greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from

TropicalKingbird,but variationsin plumage andthe effectsof lighting conditions make this useless as a field

mark.Voiceis the only completelydiagnostic difference in the field.

Tropicalsare sometimes aggrevatingly silent, butCouch's Kingbirds tend to be fairly vocal at all seasons.

Photograph/Brian E. Small

The"yellow-bellied"kingbirdthat wanders

mostwidelyin NorthAmerica is theWestern, andsomeout-of-rangeTropicals mayhave beenpassedoff as that species.Asseen

here,the whiteouteredgesof the outertail feathersonWesternKingbirdcanbevery narrow(or practicallyabsentwhenthe bird is in verywornplumage).However, thetail is still black,notduskybrown,andWestern Kingbirdalsohasa smallerbill and much moreextensivepalegrayon the chest thanTropicalKingbird. Photograph/Brian E. Small

TROPICAL

KINGBIRD

beenresident there,or aretheyrecentnewcomtherearefiverecords, all betweenearlyJuneandearlyOctober:Oc- is:Havetheyalways tober1, 1947,at Topock;August16,1954,at BillWilliamsDelta;June ers?Thisconfusion arisesfromthenearlyidenticalappearance of the 10, 1973, at Tacna;June5, 1978,at Bill Williams Delta; and June6 to Couch's Kingbird,whichisa commonsummeranduncommon winby the former 9, 1980,in theDomeValley.Assuggested byRosenberg et al. (1991), ter residentin southernTexas,and is compounded statusof Couch'sandTropicalunderthe nameTropical theearlysummerrecords mayrepresent migrantsovershooting be- conspecific Kingbird.Thesetwo taxawerenot splituntil 1983(AOU 1983),priyondbreedingareasin Arizonaor northwestern Mexico. Recordsawayfrom Arizonaare far-flung.The region'smost marilybasedontheworkof Traylor(1979a).Perhaps notcoincidennorthwesterly Tropicalappearedat MalheurNationalWildlife tally,it wasin the 1980swhenthe recentTexasreportsof Tropical Refuge,HarneyCounty,Oregon,on September 27, 1995(NASFN Kingbirdbeganappearing. 50 108). The easternmost regionalrecordis of threebirdsat Big In anycase,the TropicalKingbirdcurrentlyseemsto be estabBendNationalPark,Texas,from June24 to August3, 1996.Twoof lishedasa year-round residentin CameronCountyand,perhaps, theseattemptedto nestbut failed(NASFN50:971).Othernon-Ari- HidalgoCounty.Whetheror notthisrangeincreases will remainfor zonaTropicalsincludeeightfrom easternCaliforniaandtwo from time to tell. Nevada.Additionally, a birdthatmaywellhavebeena Tropicalwas NORTH AMERICA photographed at Rodeo,New Mexico,in December1980(Mortson EASTERN and Phillips1981).However,giventhe existence of fall andwinter The statusof TropicalKingbirdin easternNorth Americais almost Couch's Kingbirdrecords fromBosque delApache, NewMexico(AB completely obfuscated by the Tropical-or-Couch's question. There 40 153,AB 40:314)and nearCliff, Grant County,New Mexico(K. are about40 easternTropical/Couch's records,and manyof these Kaufman,pers.comm.),the possibilitythat this bird might have sightings werefromtheeraduringwhichthesespecies wereconsidbeena Couch's cannotbecomfortably eliminated. eredconspecific. Furthermore, bothTropicalandCouch's kingbirds Outsideof the BigBendrecord,non-ArizonaTropicalKingbirds arevagrants in theeastandoftenfailto dousthefavorof calling.Of havebeenseenonlyduringspringandfall.Springrecordsstretch the 17eastern records thatwereidentified byvoice,camera, or shotfrommid-Marchto mid-JuneandfallrecordsspanlateSeptember to gun,ninewereconsidered Couch's, sevenwerereportedlyTropical, m•d-December. SOUTH

TEXAS

Beforethe 1980s,theTropicalKingbirdwasknownfromTexasonly onthebasisof a 1909specimen fromBrownsville (G. Lasley,in litt.). Then,duringthe 1980s,a fewunverifiedreportsof thisspecies surfaced,but the TropicalKingbird'spresence in southernTexasreally remainedunestablished until February9, 1991,when two were foundin Brownsville, Cameron County(AB45:292).Laterthatsummer,theynestedandfledgedtwoyoung(AB45:1137).By1994,there werefourpairsnestingin CameronCounty(NASFN48:318),andby 1995,TropicalKingbirdswereknownto breedat six southTexas s•tes, fivein CameronCountyandonein HidalgoCounty(NASFN 49 951). Thesenestingbirdshavegenerallyprovento be residentat theirbreedingareas,andsightings awayfromtheselocations remain

and onespecimen wasidentifiedasboth.Hopefully,with time and increased observer awareness, thepatternof thesespecies in eastern North America will become less confused.

The sevenbirdsidentifiedasTropicalKingbirdsareasfollows:a specimencollectedat Scarborough, Maine, on October31, 1915 (Norton1916);a bird seenandheardat KeyWest,Florida*,winter 1956to April 15, 1957 (Stevenson and Anderson1992);a specimen from GrandIsle,Louisiana,collected May 12, 1984(AB 38:923);a bird photographed at the westernend of AnticostiIsland,Quebec,

June16,1984,thatwasidentifiedby measurements fromthephoto (M. Gosselin,pers.comm.);a callingbird presentnear Fairfield,

North Carolina,from December29, 1985,to January3, 1986 (AB 40:270-271);a callingbird photographed in New HavenCounty, Connecticut, November11-14, 1990(AB 45:77);and a callingbird well-described from EagleHarbor,Keweenaw County,Michigan, scarce.The farthest afield include a record from Falcon Dam, Starr May 23, 1997(L. Dombroski, pers.comm.). County,on June26, 1991(AB 45:1137),and an unverifiedreport The origin of easternTropicalKingbirdsis virtuallyunknown from Falfurrias, BrooksCounty,duringthe springandsummerof The Mainespecimen wasidentifiedasT.m.chloronotus (AOU 1957) 1992 (AB 46:449,AB 46:1155).Outsideof one recentrecordfrom which,by the taxonomyof the time,wasconsidered to occurfrom B•gBend(seediscussion underWestern Interior),therearecurrently southernMexicointo northernColombia(Hellmayr1927;Miller et no Texasrecordsawayfrom thesesouthernmost locales.In the fu- al. 1957).The birdwasanimmaturein freshplumage,thusconfirmture, however,it would not be surprisingto find that someof the ing that it waslikelyfrom a northernhemisphere origin.William silentTropical/Couch's Kingbirds strayingnorthwardalongtheGulf Glandsof the Universityof Mainewaskind enoughto re-examine CoastareTropicals. the specimenand confirmedits identityas a Tropical.This bird's MostTropicalKingbirds in Texashavebeenfoundat sitessome- subspecific identity,in currentterms,remains unknown. TheLouisiwhatbereftof naturalhabitat,includingfootballfields,powersta- ana specimenwas identified as T.m. satrapa(S. Cardiff, pers tions,golf courses, and suburbanneighborhoods (G. Lasley,pers. comm.),the subspecies whichoccursin Texasand easternMexico comm.).This is in distinctcontrastto the closelyrelatedCouch's Of the ninebirdsidentifiedasCouch'sKingbirds, fourwerefrom •ngbird (Tyrannus couchii), whichfavorsmorenaturalhabitat.This Florida,one wasfrom Arkansas,three were from Louisiana(includdiscrepancy canbe explained, at leastin part,by the habitatprefer- ing two specimens), and one wasfrom Alabama.The four Florida

encesthesespecies showin easternMexico,wherethey are sym- records*are as follows:one callingbird presentat Loxahatchee patr•c.The Couch'sKingbirdprefersthornscrubforest,whereit

mostlyfeedsfromthecanopy, whereas theTropical Kingbirdismore a bird of openhabitatssuchasbeachscruband savannah (S.N.G. Howell,pers.comm.).Artificialhabitats,suchas golf courses and playingfields,aremoreopenandthusmoresuitedto TropicalKingbirds,andprobablyarelessto thelikingof Couch's.

NationalWildlife Refugefrom December6-23, 1985 (AB 40:273), one heardand photographed at St.Mark'sLight on September 2627, 1986(Stevenson andAnderson1994);onecallingbird presentat

*Therehasnotbeena consistent approach regarding members ofthiscomplex bythe committees reviewing Florida's birdrecords. Though thisdifficulty islikely tosoonbe I amcurrently following Stevenson andAnderson's (1994)treatment ofthetopic The big questionrelatingto TropicalKingbirdsin southernTexas rectified,

VOLUf4E 52 (1998), ISSUE1

9

BelleGladefromFebruary 2 toApril 7, 1991(AB45:266,AB45'437),

VAGRANT TROPICAL KINGBIRDS

and one heard and seen near Loxahatchee N.W.R. from December

Thistableincludes allrecords fromstates andprovinces inwhichtheTropical Kingbird isconsidered a vagrant.AllTropical/Couch's kingbirds fromPacific Coast statesandprovinces havebeenassumed to be Tropicals unless thereisspecific reasons to believeotherwise.Excepting sightings from FloridaandBritishColumbia, noneof thefollowing recordshasbeenrejectedbystateor provincial records committees aseitherTropcialKingbird or Tropical/Couch's Kingbird.In FIorid• therehasnotbeena consistent approach regarding members of thiscomple•andI amthereforefollowing Stevenson andAnderson's (1994)treatmentof thesebirds. In BritishColumbia, onlythe mostrecentreportshavebeenreviewed bythe )rovincial committee, andthosehavebeenrejectedin theirentiretyif not calling. Consequendy, I haveincluded allpublished sightings fromthisprovince.

18, 1993, to March 28, 1994 (Florida Field Naturalist22:123) The

non-Floridarecordsare asfollows:onephotographed and tapedat Lake Millwood, Arkansas,on December 5, 1995 (NASFN 50 181), one collectedin CameronParish,Louisiana,on October9, 1965 (S

Cardiff,pets.comm.);oneseen,then collected, in CameronParish, Louisiana, on December20-21, 1986(S. Cardiff,pets.comm), one

seenin St.CharlesParish,Louisiana, on February10-11,1991(AB 45:285);andoneheardat FortMorgan,Alabama,onOctober4, 1988 (AB 43:119).

ALASKA RECORDS

controversial specimenresultedfrom a bird photographed _•-ct.23-24,1976 D.Gibson, pers commandThe then collected about 25 miles west of Boca Raton, Florida,

Ketchikan Ketchikan

-•ct.•9-13,1992 A•:135 --

SeaIsland

Oct. 20-23.1976

Roberson 1980

Colwood,VancouverI. Metchosin,VancouverI.

Oct. 26-50,1977 Oct. 22-25,1978

Roberson1980

February1 to March2, 1996(NASFN50:163). It wasinitiallyconsidereda Couch's by several well-respected ornithologists at Louisiana StateUniversity whowereusingTraylot's(1979a)criteria.Thespecimenwasrecently reviewed by Traylorhimself,whofeltthatit wasa Tropicalwith anaberrantwingchord(S.Cardiff,pers.comm.) The remainingunidentifiedTropical/Couch's Kingbirdsinclude

AB 33:208

five from Louisiana,one from Alabama, about 18 from Florida, one

Colwood, Vancouver I.

Nov.14-25,1982 _

AB37:217

from Maine, and one from Nova Scotia. All have been between

Tofino/Ucluelet,VancouverI. (3

Oct. 22-30,1985

AB40:323

September 7 andMay 20, excepting the NovaScotiarecord,which wasfromJuly18(Tufts1986).

BRITISH COLUMBIA RECORDS

French'sBeach,VancouverI.

Feb.1923

Victoria, Vancouver I. Tofino, Vancouver I.

Kermode1928

_.__ _Oct. 17-22,1972 Oct.11,197•6

Roberson 1980 Roberson 1980

__

birds) Nanalmo, Vancouver I. Torino, Vancouver I.

I Oct.24,1986 Nov.5,1987

Campbell etal.1997•_ Campbell 1988

Torino, VancouverI.

Oct. 3-Nov. 1,1989

AB44:148

Torino, Vancouver I. Delta Jordan River, Vancouver I.

Oct.24-Nov.8.1990 Campbellet al.1997 Oct.28-Nov.1,1990 AB45:144 Nov.2,1990 Campbell etal.1997

IonaIsland

Sept. 26,1992

Torino, Vancouver I.

Oct. 10-21,1992 _Carn•b ellet•1.1997

AB47:138

CentralSaanich,VancouverI.

Oct. 27,1992

AB 47:138

Central Saanich, Vancouver I. Esquireair Lagoon, Vancouver L Courtnay, VancouverI.__

N_ov. _4-8,1992 Nov.10-12,1994 Oct.15-18,•1995

AB47:138 NASFN49:91 NASFN50:103

Torino,VancouverI. Near Sooke,VancouverI. JordanRiver,VancouverI.

Oct. 28, 1995 Oct. 20-25,1996 Oct. 22-30,1996

NASFN50:103 NASFN51:107 NASFN51:107

Destruction Island, Clallam Co. Westport, Grays HarborCo. Hoquiam, Grays HarborCo. Ocean Shores, Grays Har.bor Co.

Nov.18,1916 Nov.26,1927 Nov•. 17,1953 Nov.6-16,1976

sli•p1942 Sli•_•1942 WBRC WBRC

Tokeland,PacificCo.

Oct. 1,1984

WBRC

WASHINGTON

RECORDS

Aberdeen, Grays HarborCo. PortAngeles, Clallam Co.

Oct.4,1984 ____ Oct.6,1984

Tokeland,PacificCo.

LaPush, Clallam Co.

Nov. 16, 1986

__._ _Oct. 10,1987

Ocosta, Grays HarborCo. __ RubyBeach, Clallam Co._. Samish Flats, Skagit Co. Ocean Shores, Grays HarborCo. Ocean Shores, Grays HarborCo. PortTownsend,Jefferson Co.

WBRC WBRC AB41:135

AB42:125

Oct.21-26,1991 WBRC Oct.30,1992 AB47:142 .... Nov.15-28,1992 AB47:142 Oct.16,1995 ___ NASFN50:108 _ Nov•. 2,1995 WBRC Nov. 2,1996

NASFN51:112

Nov. 14, 1965 Oct. 13,1973 Nov. 3,1973

AFN20:85 AB 28:97 AB28:97

HarrisBeach, CurryCo. _

Oct.9-10,1976__

AB31:215

Bandon,CoosCo.

Oct. 27,1979

AB 34:193

Oct.14,1981

AB36:211

Garibaldi,TillamookCo.

Oct. 17,1981

AB 36:211

Langlois, CurryCo.

Oct.22,1981

AB36:211 __

OREGON

RECORDS

Tillamook,TillamookCo. Taft, LincolnCo. Devil'sElbowSt.Pk.,LaneCo.

Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo.

__

SUMMARY

North of the Mexicanborder,the TropicalKingbirdis a verylocal nesterbut a far-flungwanderer. Nestingtakesplaceat scattered locations in southeastern Arizona and, recently,at a few locationsin southernmost Texas.Comefall,theArizonabirdsleave,presumably migratingsouth,whilethe Texasbirdsstayput. At the sametime, thereis a pushof TropicalKingbirdsnorthwardalongthe Pacific Coastconsisting of mostlyimmaturebirdsthatwerelikelyrearedin northwestern Mexico.This movementresultsin about40 sightings peryear,mostlyin southern andcentralCalifornia,andmostlyfrom mid-September throughmid-November. Thegreatmajorityof these vagabonds simplyseemto disappear, but duringmostyearsa couple do survivethroughthe winter in southernCalifornia.Otherwise, winteringTropicalsarenormallyfoundonlyin the small,resident, andrecently established SouthTexaspopulation. Comespring,Tropicalsreturnto theirbreeding sitesin southeastern Arizona,usually by mid-May. The one or two winteringin southernCaliforniahave usuallydeparted by mid-April,andtheTexasbirdsremainon terrrltory.

Outsideof the above"typical"pattern,therearesomeextraordinaryrecords. TwoTropicalKingbirdshaveventuredasfar northas Ketchikan,Alaska,on the PacificCoast, and one made it to Malheur

NationalWildlife Refuge,Oregon,in the WesternInterior.To the east,Tropicals havewandered at leastasfar asScarborough, Maine, AnticostiIsland,Quebec;andKeweenaw County,Michigan.The ongin of vagrantbirdsawayfromthePacificCoastis uncertain. Some of thesemaybe mirror-image migrants,asthewestcoastbirdsare Othersmaybe spring"overshoots" thathaveoverflown theirbreed-

ing grounds,andyet otherscofildbe from the migratorySouth Americanpopulation, arrivingherein muchthesamemannerasthe Fork-tailedFlycatcher. In the future, greatereffortsat separatingTropicalKingbirds fromCouch's, combined withstudyof specimens, will furtherclarify the pattern and sourceof TropicalKingbirdvagrancyin North America north of Mexico.

AB = AmericanBirds,AFN= AudubonFieldNotes,NASb?4=NationalAudubon

Society Field Notes, WBC_=_ from o•f thefiles the•Washin_g_to_ nB_i•r__d Records Committee lO

FIELD NOTES

TROPICAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

VAGRANT TROPICAL KINGBIRDS (continued)

Specialthanksaredueto RichardErickson,GregLasley,GuyMcCaskie,and

GaryRosenberg, whowerekindenoughto givein to my badgering andre-

OREGON RECORDS(cont.)

v•ewearlierversionsof thismanuscript.Their commentsand insightswere mostvaluable.I wouldalsoliketo thankBruceAnderson, CaseyBeachell, Jeff

Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo. CoosBay,CoosCo.

Boyd,Steven Cardiff,MarianCressman, GaryDavidson, JodyDespres, Louie

SunsetBaySt.Pk.,CoosCo.

Nov.3-15,1982 Nov.4,1982 Oct.20,1983

AB37:217 OBRC

Oct.23,1983 ___ Sept.30,1984 Feb.18,1985 Oct.19,1986

AB38:239 OBRC Oregon B 11:105 AB41:135

NehalemMeadows,Tillamook Co.

Nov. 4-11,1986

AB41:135

NehalemMeadows,Tillamook Co.

Nov. 4-15,1986

AB41:135

Yaquina Bay,Lincoln Co.

Oct.24,1990

AB45:34

Hammond,Clatsop Co.

Nov.17,1991

AB46:308

Newport, Lincoln Co. CapeBlanco, CurryCo. Astoria, Clatsop Co. Malheur NWR,HarneyCo. CapeBlan_co, CurryCo.

Nov.7,1993 Nov.16,1993 Nov.1,1994 Sept.27,1995 Oct.5,1995

AB48:146 AB48:146 NASFN49:94 NASFN50:108 NASFN50:108

Florence,LaneCo.

Nov. 18-24,1995

NASFN50:108

S.JettyColumbiaRiver,OatsopCo.

Nov.27,1995

NASFN50:108

SauvieIsland,Multnomah Co.

Nov. 1-17,1996

NASFN51:112

Brookings, CurryCo.

Oct.17,1996

OBRC

Dombroski, Ben Garmon, Daniel D. Gibson, William Glands, Michel Gos-

Winchester Bay,Douglas Co. sehn,SteveHeinl, S.N.G. Howell, Harry LeGrand,Phil Mattocks,Harry Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo. Nehls,P.William Smith,RichardStallcup,Mark Szantyr,Bill Tweit,Peter CapeArago, CoosCo. %ckery,and S.O.Williamsfor the informationand stimulating discussions Yaquina Bay,Lincoln Co.

theyprovided. LITERATURE

KINGBIRD

CITED

AmericanOrnithologists' Union.1983.TheA.O.U. Check-list ofNorthAmericanBirds,6th ed.TheAmericanOrnithologists' Union,Lawrence, Kansas. Campbell,R.W. 1968.WickaninnishProvincialPark summernaturalistreport, 1968.BritishColumbiaMinistryof Recreation and Conservation (ParksBranch).UnpublishedReport,Victoria. Campbell,R.W.,N.K. Dawe,I. McTaggert-Cowan, J.M.Cooper,G.W.Kaiser, M C.E.McNall,andG.E.J.Smith.1997.TheBirdsofBritishColumbia, vol.3. University of BritishColumbiaPress, Vancouver. Garrett,K.,andJ.Dunn.1981.BirdsofSouthern California. LosAngeles AudubonSociety, LosAngeles, California. Hellmayr,C.E.1927.Catalogue ofBirdsoftheAmericas andAdjacent Islands, part V: T?rannidae. FieldMuseumof NaturalHistory,Chicago,Illinois. Howell,S.N.G.,andS.Webb.1995.A GuidetoBirdsofMexicoandNorthern CentralAmerica. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford,England. Kermode,F.1928.The Lichtenstein KingbirdonVancouver Island.Condor

NEVADA AND NEW t4EXICO

OBRC

RECORDS*

NearDavisDam,ClarkCo.,NV Rodeo, HidalgoCo.,NM (photo)

LateMay1980 Dec.14-21,1980

Rosenberg etal.1991 Mortson & Phillips

Pahranagat NWR,LincolnCo.,NV

Nov.7,1982

M. Cressman, pers

1981

30 251.

McCaskie, G., E DeBenedictis, R.Erickson, andJ.Morlan.1988.Birdsof NorthernCalifornia.GoldenGateAudubonSociety, Berkeley, California. McCaskie, G., andM.A. Patten.1994.Statusof theFork-tailedFlycatcher (T?rannus savana)in theUnitedStatesandCanada.Western Birds

* Thesebirdswerenotheardandprobablyshouldbeconsidered Tropical/ Couch's

K•birds.

25 113-127.

Miller, A.H., H. Friedmann, L. Griscom, and R.T. Moore. 1957. Distribution-

alcheck-list oftheb{rds ofMexico, part2.Pacific Coas. t Avifauna, no.33.

EASTERN NORTH

At4ERICAN

RECORDS

Scarborough, Cumberland Co.ME

Oct.31,1915

Norton1916

Monson,G., andA.R.Phillips.1981.Annotated Checklist of theBirdsofArizona.University ofArizonaPress, Tucson.

KeyWest,MonroeCo.,FL

Winter 1956-1957

Stevenson &Anderson

Norton, A.H. 1916. Noteson someMaine birds.Auk 33:376-383.

GrandIsle,LaFourche Parish, LA Anticosti Island, PQ

May12,1984 June16,1984

AB38:923 M Gosselin, petscorem

Near Fair•eld, NC?

Dec. 29,1985-Jan. 3, AB40:270-1

New Haven Co., CT

Nov. 11-14,1990

AB45:77

EagleHarbor, Keweenaw Co.,MI

May23,1997

L.Dombroski,

Roberson, D. 1980.RareBirdsoftheWestCoast. Woodcock Publications, Pacific Grove, California.

Rosenberg, K.V.,R.D. Ohmart,W.C.Hunter,andB.W.Anderson.1991.Birds oftheLowerColorado RiverValle),. University of ArizonaPress, Tucson. Slipp,J.W.1942.Vagrantoccurrences of T),rannus melancholicus in North America. Auk 59:310-312.

1992

1986

pers. comm.

Small,A. 1994.CaliforniaBirds.IbisPublishing Co.,Vista,California. Stevenson,H.M., and B.H. Anderson.1994. The Birdlife of Florida. Universi-

ty of FloridaPress, Gainesville. Taylor,R.C.1995.A Birder's GuidetoSoutheastern Arizona.AmericanBirding Association, ColoradoSprings,Colorado. Traylor,M.A.,Jr.1979a.Twosiblingspecies of T),rannus (Tyrannidae). Auk 96 221-233.

? Thiskingbird fromNorthCarolina wasidentified asaTropical, byvoice, byseveral experienced observers. Owingtothelackofataperecording, however, thestatecommittee chose to accept it onlyasaTropical/Couch's (H. LeGrand, perscomm). AB = AmericanBirds,AFN = AudubonFieldNotes,NASFN = National Audubon

Society FieldNotes, OBRC= fromthefilesoftheOregon BirdRecords Committee,

,W__B_•R•.•f.r•).•t_._hefi_ !?•.•f. ?W ashi_ th •.•t__9nBirdRecordsC••_o__m•_.m_itt_ ee._________•_ -

Traylor,M.A.,Jr.1979b.Subfamily Tyranninae. In M.A. Traylor,Jr.,editor. Check-list ofBirdsoftheWorld.Vol.VIII. Museumof Comparative Zoology,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tucson AudubonSociety. 1995.DavisandRussell's FindingBirdsin Southeastern Arizona.TucsonAudubonSociety, Tucson, Arizona. Tufts,R.W.1986.BirdsofNovaScotia, 3rded.:NimbusPublishing CompanyandtheNovaScotiaMuseum,Halifax.

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