While this might slightly skew the pattern for Tropical Kingbird, eliminating all non
- ... one Couch's Kingbird has been identified from the Pacific Coast states and ...
The Tropical North
g,
of Mexi
Thereare onlya handfulof spotsin ArizonaandTexaswhereTropicalKingbirds can be foundreliably--but vagrantindividualsturn up all over NorthAmerica.Thisstray• winteringat SantaBarbara,California,wasphotographed in lanuary1993. Photograph/Brian E. Small
STEVEN G. MLODINOW*
As its nameimplies,the TropicalKingbirdis primarilya bird of thetropics(technically, theNeotropics). Itsbreeding rangestretches asfar southascentralPeruandcentralArgentinaandasfar northas tiveflycatcher with a vibrantpersonality that matches itsbright southeastern Arizonaand, recently,extremesouthernTexas.This coloration. Most birders from the United States and Canada associspecies is residentthroughmostof itsrange,but thepopulationin atethissought-after species with southeastern Arizona.In fact,it has Arizonacompletely evacuates itsbreeding rangeduringwinter,and a verywiderangein the NewWorldand hasoccurredasa wanderer TropicalKingbirdsin northwestern Mexicoat leastpartiallywithacross a surprisingly largepartof theUnitedStatesandCanada. drawduringwinteraswell (HowellandWebb1995).Furthermore, the southernmost populations in SouthAmericaare knownto be '4819 Gardner Avenue, Everett. Washington 982.03 tForthepurposes ofthisarticle, non-calling kingbirds fromAlaska, British Columbia, partly migratory (AOU 1983). Vagabondindividualsin North
he Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) isalarge, attrac-
•ashington, Oregon, California, andNevada havebeenassumed tobeTropical. Thus, it is entirely possible thatoneortwoCouch's havebeenincluded under theguise ofTropical. While thismight slightly skew thepattern forTropical Kingbird, eliminating allnon-calling birds would distinctly alterourability tolookatthisspecies' status. especially since it isnot known which ofthemany California records pertain tovocalizing individuals. Todate,only oneCouch's Kingbird hasbeenidentified fromthePacific Coast states andprownces-anindividual thatspentthewinter of 1997-1998inOrange County, California. Western Interior records ofTropical, awayfromArizona, havea much lessestablished pattern, andCouch's havebeenseen(andheard)asfarwestasBosque delApache andCliff, NewMexico. Thepossibility ofCouch's Kingbird should always bekeptinmind when looking atmigrant orvagrant Tropical-type kingbirds. •tPleasenotethatseveralrecordshavecomefromPacific Coaststatesin areaseast
ofthePeninsular, Sierra, andCascade ranges. These s•ghbngs betterfitthe•stern Interior pattern andarediscussed there.
America
have been found as far northwest
as Alaska and as far
northeast as Maine and Quebec. Recordshave also come from
BritishColumbia,Washington, Oregon,California,Nevada,Arizona,Texas,Louisiana, Michigan,Connecticut, North Carolina,and Florida.As is oftenthe casewith birdshavingsuchan extensive range,the statusand distributionof the TropicalKingbirdin the UnitedStatesandCanadaisbestconsidered in parts.t PACIFIC
COA,•T
:1:
Alongthe PacificSlopeof the UnitedStatesand Canada,Tropical Kingbirdstypicallyoccurduringthe fall as northbound migrants. Presumably, theseareindividuals that havemigratednorthinstead FIELD NOTES
Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species
At first glance,a strayTropicalKingbirdmightbe mistaken for the muchmorenumerous WesternKingbird(seebelow). A secondlookwouldrevealthat the tail is duskybrown, andnotchedat the tip. Theyellowof the underparts extends well upontothe chest,andgradesinto olivethere,whereas the WesternKingbirdhasthe chestmostlypale gray. Thelargerbill of the Tropicalmayalsodrawattention. Photograph/Brian E. Small
At Celestun,Yucatan,easternMexico,bothTropical andCouch'skingbirdsare possible,sothis Tropicalwas identifiedcarefullybyvoice.Evenwithoutthat confirmation, we mightguessthat it wasa Tropicalbecausethis individual looksso Iong-billed•there is muchoverlap,but someTropicals are longer-billedthananyCouch's Kingbird. Photograph/Rick andNoraBowers
Couch's Kingbirdis virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbirdexceptfor vocal differences. Seeinga Couch's in an areawhereit is expected-such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio
GrandeValleyStatePark,Texas---one mightnoticesubtledifferences in proportion.Couch'sis, on average, a slightlylargerbirdwitha very slightlyshorterandstouterbill. This difference in ratio can create
a subtlydifferentfacialexpression. Photograph/Brian E. Small
gent view of a Couch's
Kingbird.The•'greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from
TropicalKingbird,but variationsin plumage andthe effectsof lighting conditions make this useless as a field
mark.Voiceis the only completelydiagnostic difference in the field.
Tropicalsare sometimes aggravatingly silent, but Couch's Kingbirds tend to be fairlyvocal at all seasons.
Photograph/Brian E. $mnll
The "yellow-bellied"kingbirdthat wanders mostwidelyin NorthAmericais the Western, andsomeout-of-range-Tropicals mayhave beenpassedoff as that species.Asseen here,the whiteouteredgesof the outertail featherson WesternKingbirdcanbe very narrow(or practicallyabsentwhenthe bird is in verywornplumage).However, the tail is still black,not duskybrown,andWestern Kingbirdalso hasa smallerbill and much moreextensivepalegrayonthe chest thanTropicalKingbird. Photograph/Brian E. Small
Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species
At firstglance,a strayTropicalKingbird mightbe mistaken for themuchmorenumerous Western Kingbird(seebelow). A second lookwouldrevealthatthetail is duskybrown, andnotchedat the tip. Theyellowof the underparts extends well upontothe chest,andgradesintoolivethere,whereas theWestern Kingbird hasthe chestmostlypalegray. Thelargerbill of the Tropicalmayalsodrawattention.
At Celestun, Yucatan, easternHexico,bothTropical andCouch's kingbirds are possible,sothisTropicalwas
identified carefully byvoice.Evenwithoutthatconfirmation, we mightguessthat it wasa Tropicalbecause this individual
lookssoIong-billedl thereis muchoverlap,butsomeTropicals are longer-billedthananyCouch's Kingbird. Photograph/Rick and NoraBowers
Photograph/Brian E. Small
Couch's Kingbirdis virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbirdexceptfor vocal differences.Seeinga Couch's in an areawhereit is expected-such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio
GrandeValleyStatePark,Texas•ne mightnoticesubtledifferences in proportion. Couch's is, onaverage, a slightlylargerbirdwith a very slightlyshorterand stouterbill. This difference in ratio can create
a subtlydifferentfacialexpression. Photograph/Brian E. Small
Rear view of a Couch's
Kingbird.The"greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from
TropicalKingbird,but variationsin plumage andthe effectsof lighting conditions make this useless as a field
mark.Voiceis the only completelydiagnostic difference in the field.
Tropicalsare sometimes aggrevatingly silent, butCouch's Kingbirds tend to be fairly vocal at all seasons.
Photograph/Brian E. Small
The"yellow-bellied"kingbirdthat wanders
mostwidelyin NorthAmerica is theWestern, andsomeout-of-rangeTropicals mayhave beenpassedoff as that species.Asseen
here,the whiteouteredgesof the outertail feathersonWesternKingbirdcanbevery narrow(or practicallyabsentwhenthe bird is in verywornplumage).However, thetail is still black,notduskybrown,andWestern Kingbirdalsohasa smallerbill and much moreextensivepalegrayon the chest thanTropicalKingbird. Photograph/Brian E. Small
TROPICAL
KINGBIRD
beenresident there,or aretheyrecentnewcomtherearefiverecords, all betweenearlyJuneandearlyOctober:Oc- is:Havetheyalways tober1, 1947,at Topock;August16,1954,at BillWilliamsDelta;June ers?Thisconfusion arisesfromthenearlyidenticalappearance of the 10, 1973, at Tacna;June5, 1978,at Bill Williams Delta; and June6 to Couch's Kingbird,whichisa commonsummeranduncommon winby the former 9, 1980,in theDomeValley.Assuggested byRosenberg et al. (1991), ter residentin southernTexas,and is compounded statusof Couch'sandTropicalunderthe nameTropical theearlysummerrecords mayrepresent migrantsovershooting be- conspecific Kingbird.Thesetwo taxawerenot splituntil 1983(AOU 1983),priyondbreedingareasin Arizonaor northwestern Mexico. Recordsawayfrom Arizonaare far-flung.The region'smost marilybasedontheworkof Traylor(1979a).Perhaps notcoincidennorthwesterly Tropicalappearedat MalheurNationalWildlife tally,it wasin the 1980swhenthe recentTexasreportsof Tropical Refuge,HarneyCounty,Oregon,on September 27, 1995(NASFN Kingbirdbeganappearing. 50 108). The easternmost regionalrecordis of threebirdsat Big In anycase,the TropicalKingbirdcurrentlyseemsto be estabBendNationalPark,Texas,from June24 to August3, 1996.Twoof lishedasa year-round residentin CameronCountyand,perhaps, theseattemptedto nestbut failed(NASFN50:971).Othernon-Ari- HidalgoCounty.Whetheror notthisrangeincreases will remainfor zonaTropicalsincludeeightfrom easternCaliforniaandtwo from time to tell. Nevada.Additionally, a birdthatmaywellhavebeena Tropicalwas NORTH AMERICA photographed at Rodeo,New Mexico,in December1980(Mortson EASTERN and Phillips1981).However,giventhe existence of fall andwinter The statusof TropicalKingbirdin easternNorth Americais almost Couch's Kingbirdrecords fromBosque delApache, NewMexico(AB completely obfuscated by the Tropical-or-Couch's question. There 40 153,AB 40:314)and nearCliff, Grant County,New Mexico(K. are about40 easternTropical/Couch's records,and manyof these Kaufman,pers.comm.),the possibilitythat this bird might have sightings werefromtheeraduringwhichthesespecies wereconsidbeena Couch's cannotbecomfortably eliminated. eredconspecific. Furthermore, bothTropicalandCouch's kingbirds Outsideof the BigBendrecord,non-ArizonaTropicalKingbirds arevagrants in theeastandoftenfailto dousthefavorof calling.Of havebeenseenonlyduringspringandfall.Springrecordsstretch the 17eastern records thatwereidentified byvoice,camera, or shotfrommid-Marchto mid-JuneandfallrecordsspanlateSeptember to gun,ninewereconsidered Couch's, sevenwerereportedlyTropical, m•d-December. SOUTH
TEXAS
Beforethe 1980s,theTropicalKingbirdwasknownfromTexasonly onthebasisof a 1909specimen fromBrownsville (G. Lasley,in litt.). Then,duringthe 1980s,a fewunverifiedreportsof thisspecies surfaced,but the TropicalKingbird'spresence in southernTexasreally remainedunestablished until February9, 1991,when two were foundin Brownsville, Cameron County(AB45:292).Laterthatsummer,theynestedandfledgedtwoyoung(AB45:1137).By1994,there werefourpairsnestingin CameronCounty(NASFN48:318),andby 1995,TropicalKingbirdswereknownto breedat six southTexas s•tes, fivein CameronCountyandonein HidalgoCounty(NASFN 49 951). Thesenestingbirdshavegenerallyprovento be residentat theirbreedingareas,andsightings awayfromtheselocations remain
and onespecimen wasidentifiedasboth.Hopefully,with time and increased observer awareness, thepatternof thesespecies in eastern North America will become less confused.
The sevenbirdsidentifiedasTropicalKingbirdsareasfollows:a specimencollectedat Scarborough, Maine, on October31, 1915 (Norton1916);a bird seenandheardat KeyWest,Florida*,winter 1956to April 15, 1957 (Stevenson and Anderson1992);a specimen from GrandIsle,Louisiana,collected May 12, 1984(AB 38:923);a bird photographed at the westernend of AnticostiIsland,Quebec,
June16,1984,thatwasidentifiedby measurements fromthephoto (M. Gosselin,pers.comm.);a callingbird presentnear Fairfield,
North Carolina,from December29, 1985,to January3, 1986 (AB 40:270-271);a callingbird photographed in New HavenCounty, Connecticut, November11-14, 1990(AB 45:77);and a callingbird well-described from EagleHarbor,Keweenaw County,Michigan, scarce.The farthest afield include a record from Falcon Dam, Starr May 23, 1997(L. Dombroski, pers.comm.). County,on June26, 1991(AB 45:1137),and an unverifiedreport The origin of easternTropicalKingbirdsis virtuallyunknown from Falfurrias, BrooksCounty,duringthe springandsummerof The Mainespecimen wasidentifiedasT.m.chloronotus (AOU 1957) 1992 (AB 46:449,AB 46:1155).Outsideof one recentrecordfrom which,by the taxonomyof the time,wasconsidered to occurfrom B•gBend(seediscussion underWestern Interior),therearecurrently southernMexicointo northernColombia(Hellmayr1927;Miller et no Texasrecordsawayfrom thesesouthernmost locales.In the fu- al. 1957).The birdwasanimmaturein freshplumage,thusconfirmture, however,it would not be surprisingto find that someof the ing that it waslikelyfrom a northernhemisphere origin.William silentTropical/Couch's Kingbirds strayingnorthwardalongtheGulf Glandsof the Universityof Mainewaskind enoughto re-examine CoastareTropicals. the specimenand confirmedits identityas a Tropical.This bird's MostTropicalKingbirds in Texashavebeenfoundat sitessome- subspecific identity,in currentterms,remains unknown. TheLouisiwhatbereftof naturalhabitat,includingfootballfields,powersta- ana specimenwas identified as T.m. satrapa(S. Cardiff, pers tions,golf courses, and suburbanneighborhoods (G. Lasley,pers. comm.),the subspecies whichoccursin Texasand easternMexico comm.).This is in distinctcontrastto the closelyrelatedCouch's Of the ninebirdsidentifiedasCouch'sKingbirds, fourwerefrom •ngbird (Tyrannus couchii), whichfavorsmorenaturalhabitat.This Florida,one wasfrom Arkansas,three were from Louisiana(includdiscrepancy canbe explained, at leastin part,by the habitatprefer- ing two specimens), and one wasfrom Alabama.The four Florida
encesthesespecies showin easternMexico,wherethey are sym- records*are as follows:one callingbird presentat Loxahatchee patr•c.The Couch'sKingbirdprefersthornscrubforest,whereit
mostlyfeedsfromthecanopy, whereas theTropical Kingbirdismore a bird of openhabitatssuchasbeachscruband savannah (S.N.G. Howell,pers.comm.).Artificialhabitats,suchas golf courses and playingfields,aremoreopenandthusmoresuitedto TropicalKingbirds,andprobablyarelessto thelikingof Couch's.
NationalWildlife Refugefrom December6-23, 1985 (AB 40:273), one heardand photographed at St.Mark'sLight on September 2627, 1986(Stevenson andAnderson1994);onecallingbird presentat
*Therehasnotbeena consistent approach regarding members ofthiscomplex bythe committees reviewing Florida's birdrecords. Though thisdifficulty islikely tosoonbe I amcurrently following Stevenson andAnderson's (1994)treatment ofthetopic The big questionrelatingto TropicalKingbirdsin southernTexas rectified,
VOLUf4E 52 (1998), ISSUE1
9
BelleGladefromFebruary 2 toApril 7, 1991(AB45:266,AB45'437),
VAGRANT TROPICAL KINGBIRDS
and one heard and seen near Loxahatchee N.W.R. from December
Thistableincludes allrecords fromstates andprovinces inwhichtheTropical Kingbird isconsidered a vagrant.AllTropical/Couch's kingbirds fromPacific Coast statesandprovinces havebeenassumed to be Tropicals unless thereisspecific reasons to believeotherwise.Excepting sightings from FloridaandBritishColumbia, noneof thefollowing recordshasbeenrejectedbystateor provincial records committees aseitherTropcialKingbird or Tropical/Couch's Kingbird.In FIorid• therehasnotbeena consistent approach regarding members of thiscomple•andI amthereforefollowing Stevenson andAnderson's (1994)treatmentof thesebirds. In BritishColumbia, onlythe mostrecentreportshavebeenreviewed bythe )rovincial committee, andthosehavebeenrejectedin theirentiretyif not calling. Consequendy, I haveincluded allpublished sightings fromthisprovince.
18, 1993, to March 28, 1994 (Florida Field Naturalist22:123) The
non-Floridarecordsare asfollows:onephotographed and tapedat Lake Millwood, Arkansas,on December 5, 1995 (NASFN 50 181), one collectedin CameronParish,Louisiana,on October9, 1965 (S
Cardiff,pets.comm.);oneseen,then collected, in CameronParish, Louisiana, on December20-21, 1986(S. Cardiff,pets.comm), one
seenin St.CharlesParish,Louisiana, on February10-11,1991(AB 45:285);andoneheardat FortMorgan,Alabama,onOctober4, 1988 (AB 43:119).
ALASKA RECORDS
controversial specimenresultedfrom a bird photographed _•-ct.23-24,1976 D.Gibson, pers commandThe then collected about 25 miles west of Boca Raton, Florida,
Ketchikan Ketchikan
-•ct.•9-13,1992 A•:135 --
SeaIsland
Oct. 20-23.1976
Roberson 1980
Colwood,VancouverI. Metchosin,VancouverI.
Oct. 26-50,1977 Oct. 22-25,1978
Roberson1980
February1 to March2, 1996(NASFN50:163). It wasinitiallyconsidereda Couch's by several well-respected ornithologists at Louisiana StateUniversity whowereusingTraylot's(1979a)criteria.Thespecimenwasrecently reviewed by Traylorhimself,whofeltthatit wasa Tropicalwith anaberrantwingchord(S.Cardiff,pers.comm.) The remainingunidentifiedTropical/Couch's Kingbirdsinclude
AB 33:208
five from Louisiana,one from Alabama, about 18 from Florida, one
Colwood, Vancouver I.
Nov.14-25,1982 _
AB37:217
from Maine, and one from Nova Scotia. All have been between
Tofino/Ucluelet,VancouverI. (3
Oct. 22-30,1985
AB40:323
September 7 andMay 20, excepting the NovaScotiarecord,which wasfromJuly18(Tufts1986).
BRITISH COLUMBIA RECORDS
French'sBeach,VancouverI.
Feb.1923
Victoria, Vancouver I. Tofino, Vancouver I.
Kermode1928
_.__ _Oct. 17-22,1972 Oct.11,197•6
Roberson 1980 Roberson 1980
__
birds) Nanalmo, Vancouver I. Torino, Vancouver I.
I Oct.24,1986 Nov.5,1987
Campbell etal.1997•_ Campbell 1988
Torino, VancouverI.
Oct. 3-Nov. 1,1989
AB44:148
Torino, Vancouver I. Delta Jordan River, Vancouver I.
Oct.24-Nov.8.1990 Campbellet al.1997 Oct.28-Nov.1,1990 AB45:144 Nov.2,1990 Campbell etal.1997
IonaIsland
Sept. 26,1992
Torino, Vancouver I.
Oct. 10-21,1992 _Carn•b ellet•1.1997
AB47:138
CentralSaanich,VancouverI.
Oct. 27,1992
AB 47:138
Central Saanich, Vancouver I. Esquireair Lagoon, Vancouver L Courtnay, VancouverI.__
N_ov. _4-8,1992 Nov.10-12,1994 Oct.15-18,•1995
AB47:138 NASFN49:91 NASFN50:103
Torino,VancouverI. Near Sooke,VancouverI. JordanRiver,VancouverI.
Oct. 28, 1995 Oct. 20-25,1996 Oct. 22-30,1996
NASFN50:103 NASFN51:107 NASFN51:107
Destruction Island, Clallam Co. Westport, Grays HarborCo. Hoquiam, Grays HarborCo. Ocean Shores, Grays Har.bor Co.
Nov.18,1916 Nov.26,1927 Nov•. 17,1953 Nov.6-16,1976
sli•p1942 Sli•_•1942 WBRC WBRC
Tokeland,PacificCo.
Oct. 1,1984
WBRC
WASHINGTON
RECORDS
Aberdeen, Grays HarborCo. PortAngeles, Clallam Co.
Oct.4,1984 ____ Oct.6,1984
Tokeland,PacificCo.
LaPush, Clallam Co.
Nov. 16, 1986
__._ _Oct. 10,1987
Ocosta, Grays HarborCo. __ RubyBeach, Clallam Co._. Samish Flats, Skagit Co. Ocean Shores, Grays HarborCo. Ocean Shores, Grays HarborCo. PortTownsend,Jefferson Co.
WBRC WBRC AB41:135
AB42:125
Oct.21-26,1991 WBRC Oct.30,1992 AB47:142 .... Nov.15-28,1992 AB47:142 Oct.16,1995 ___ NASFN50:108 _ Nov•. 2,1995 WBRC Nov. 2,1996
NASFN51:112
Nov. 14, 1965 Oct. 13,1973 Nov. 3,1973
AFN20:85 AB 28:97 AB28:97
HarrisBeach, CurryCo. _
Oct.9-10,1976__
AB31:215
Bandon,CoosCo.
Oct. 27,1979
AB 34:193
Oct.14,1981
AB36:211
Garibaldi,TillamookCo.
Oct. 17,1981
AB 36:211
Langlois, CurryCo.
Oct.22,1981
AB36:211 __
OREGON
RECORDS
Tillamook,TillamookCo. Taft, LincolnCo. Devil'sElbowSt.Pk.,LaneCo.
Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo.
__
SUMMARY
North of the Mexicanborder,the TropicalKingbirdis a verylocal nesterbut a far-flungwanderer. Nestingtakesplaceat scattered locations in southeastern Arizona and, recently,at a few locationsin southernmost Texas.Comefall,theArizonabirdsleave,presumably migratingsouth,whilethe Texasbirdsstayput. At the sametime, thereis a pushof TropicalKingbirdsnorthwardalongthe Pacific Coastconsisting of mostlyimmaturebirdsthatwerelikelyrearedin northwestern Mexico.This movementresultsin about40 sightings peryear,mostlyin southern andcentralCalifornia,andmostlyfrom mid-September throughmid-November. Thegreatmajorityof these vagabonds simplyseemto disappear, but duringmostyearsa couple do survivethroughthe winter in southernCalifornia.Otherwise, winteringTropicalsarenormallyfoundonlyin the small,resident, andrecently established SouthTexaspopulation. Comespring,Tropicalsreturnto theirbreeding sitesin southeastern Arizona,usually by mid-May. The one or two winteringin southernCaliforniahave usuallydeparted by mid-April,andtheTexasbirdsremainon terrrltory.
Outsideof the above"typical"pattern,therearesomeextraordinaryrecords. TwoTropicalKingbirdshaveventuredasfar northas Ketchikan,Alaska,on the PacificCoast, and one made it to Malheur
NationalWildlife Refuge,Oregon,in the WesternInterior.To the east,Tropicals havewandered at leastasfar asScarborough, Maine, AnticostiIsland,Quebec;andKeweenaw County,Michigan.The ongin of vagrantbirdsawayfromthePacificCoastis uncertain. Some of thesemaybe mirror-image migrants,asthewestcoastbirdsare Othersmaybe spring"overshoots" thathaveoverflown theirbreed-
ing grounds,andyet otherscofildbe from the migratorySouth Americanpopulation, arrivingherein muchthesamemannerasthe Fork-tailedFlycatcher. In the future, greatereffortsat separatingTropicalKingbirds fromCouch's, combined withstudyof specimens, will furtherclarify the pattern and sourceof TropicalKingbirdvagrancyin North America north of Mexico.
AB = AmericanBirds,AFN= AudubonFieldNotes,NASb?4=NationalAudubon
Society Field Notes, WBC_=_ from o•f thefiles the•Washin_g_to_ nB_i•r__d Records Committee lO
FIELD NOTES
TROPICAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
VAGRANT TROPICAL KINGBIRDS (continued)
Specialthanksaredueto RichardErickson,GregLasley,GuyMcCaskie,and
GaryRosenberg, whowerekindenoughto givein to my badgering andre-
OREGON RECORDS(cont.)
v•ewearlierversionsof thismanuscript.Their commentsand insightswere mostvaluable.I wouldalsoliketo thankBruceAnderson, CaseyBeachell, Jeff
Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo. CoosBay,CoosCo.
Boyd,Steven Cardiff,MarianCressman, GaryDavidson, JodyDespres, Louie
SunsetBaySt.Pk.,CoosCo.
Nov.3-15,1982 Nov.4,1982 Oct.20,1983
AB37:217 OBRC
Oct.23,1983 ___ Sept.30,1984 Feb.18,1985 Oct.19,1986
AB38:239 OBRC Oregon B 11:105 AB41:135
NehalemMeadows,Tillamook Co.
Nov. 4-11,1986
AB41:135
NehalemMeadows,Tillamook Co.
Nov. 4-15,1986
AB41:135
Yaquina Bay,Lincoln Co.
Oct.24,1990
AB45:34
Hammond,Clatsop Co.
Nov.17,1991
AB46:308
Newport, Lincoln Co. CapeBlanco, CurryCo. Astoria, Clatsop Co. Malheur NWR,HarneyCo. CapeBlan_co, CurryCo.
Nov.7,1993 Nov.16,1993 Nov.1,1994 Sept.27,1995 Oct.5,1995
AB48:146 AB48:146 NASFN49:94 NASFN50:108 NASFN50:108
Florence,LaneCo.
Nov. 18-24,1995
NASFN50:108
S.JettyColumbiaRiver,OatsopCo.
Nov.27,1995
NASFN50:108
SauvieIsland,Multnomah Co.
Nov. 1-17,1996
NASFN51:112
Brookings, CurryCo.
Oct.17,1996
OBRC
Dombroski, Ben Garmon, Daniel D. Gibson, William Glands, Michel Gos-
Winchester Bay,Douglas Co. sehn,SteveHeinl, S.N.G. Howell, Harry LeGrand,Phil Mattocks,Harry Yaquina Bay,LincolnCo. Nehls,P.William Smith,RichardStallcup,Mark Szantyr,Bill Tweit,Peter CapeArago, CoosCo. %ckery,and S.O.Williamsfor the informationand stimulating discussions Yaquina Bay,Lincoln Co.
theyprovided. LITERATURE
KINGBIRD
CITED
AmericanOrnithologists' Union.1983.TheA.O.U. Check-list ofNorthAmericanBirds,6th ed.TheAmericanOrnithologists' Union,Lawrence, Kansas. Campbell,R.W. 1968.WickaninnishProvincialPark summernaturalistreport, 1968.BritishColumbiaMinistryof Recreation and Conservation (ParksBranch).UnpublishedReport,Victoria. Campbell,R.W.,N.K. Dawe,I. McTaggert-Cowan, J.M.Cooper,G.W.Kaiser, M C.E.McNall,andG.E.J.Smith.1997.TheBirdsofBritishColumbia, vol.3. University of BritishColumbiaPress, Vancouver. Garrett,K.,andJ.Dunn.1981.BirdsofSouthern California. LosAngeles AudubonSociety, LosAngeles, California. Hellmayr,C.E.1927.Catalogue ofBirdsoftheAmericas andAdjacent Islands, part V: T?rannidae. FieldMuseumof NaturalHistory,Chicago,Illinois. Howell,S.N.G.,andS.Webb.1995.A GuidetoBirdsofMexicoandNorthern CentralAmerica. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford,England. Kermode,F.1928.The Lichtenstein KingbirdonVancouver Island.Condor
NEVADA AND NEW t4EXICO
OBRC
RECORDS*
NearDavisDam,ClarkCo.,NV Rodeo, HidalgoCo.,NM (photo)
LateMay1980 Dec.14-21,1980
Rosenberg etal.1991 Mortson & Phillips
Pahranagat NWR,LincolnCo.,NV
Nov.7,1982
M. Cressman, pers
1981
30 251.
McCaskie, G., E DeBenedictis, R.Erickson, andJ.Morlan.1988.Birdsof NorthernCalifornia.GoldenGateAudubonSociety, Berkeley, California. McCaskie, G., andM.A. Patten.1994.Statusof theFork-tailedFlycatcher (T?rannus savana)in theUnitedStatesandCanada.Western Birds
* Thesebirdswerenotheardandprobablyshouldbeconsidered Tropical/ Couch's
K•birds.
25 113-127.
Miller, A.H., H. Friedmann, L. Griscom, and R.T. Moore. 1957. Distribution-
alcheck-list oftheb{rds ofMexico, part2.Pacific Coas. t Avifauna, no.33.
EASTERN NORTH
At4ERICAN
RECORDS
Scarborough, Cumberland Co.ME
Oct.31,1915
Norton1916
Monson,G., andA.R.Phillips.1981.Annotated Checklist of theBirdsofArizona.University ofArizonaPress, Tucson.
KeyWest,MonroeCo.,FL
Winter 1956-1957
Stevenson &Anderson
Norton, A.H. 1916. Noteson someMaine birds.Auk 33:376-383.
GrandIsle,LaFourche Parish, LA Anticosti Island, PQ
May12,1984 June16,1984
AB38:923 M Gosselin, petscorem
Near Fair•eld, NC?
Dec. 29,1985-Jan. 3, AB40:270-1
New Haven Co., CT
Nov. 11-14,1990
AB45:77
EagleHarbor, Keweenaw Co.,MI
May23,1997
L.Dombroski,
Roberson, D. 1980.RareBirdsoftheWestCoast. Woodcock Publications, Pacific Grove, California.
Rosenberg, K.V.,R.D. Ohmart,W.C.Hunter,andB.W.Anderson.1991.Birds oftheLowerColorado RiverValle),. University of ArizonaPress, Tucson. Slipp,J.W.1942.Vagrantoccurrences of T),rannus melancholicus in North America. Auk 59:310-312.
1992
1986
pers. comm.
Small,A. 1994.CaliforniaBirds.IbisPublishing Co.,Vista,California. Stevenson,H.M., and B.H. Anderson.1994. The Birdlife of Florida. Universi-
ty of FloridaPress, Gainesville. Taylor,R.C.1995.A Birder's GuidetoSoutheastern Arizona.AmericanBirding Association, ColoradoSprings,Colorado. Traylor,M.A.,Jr.1979a.Twosiblingspecies of T),rannus (Tyrannidae). Auk 96 221-233.
? Thiskingbird fromNorthCarolina wasidentified asaTropical, byvoice, byseveral experienced observers. Owingtothelackofataperecording, however, thestatecommittee chose to accept it onlyasaTropical/Couch's (H. LeGrand, perscomm). AB = AmericanBirds,AFN = AudubonFieldNotes,NASFN = National Audubon
Society FieldNotes, OBRC= fromthefilesoftheOregon BirdRecords Committee,
,W__B_•R•.•f.r•).•t_._hefi_ !?•.•f. ?W ashi_ th •.•t__9nBirdRecordsC••_o__m•_.m_itt_ ee._________•_ -
Traylor,M.A.,Jr.1979b.Subfamily Tyranninae. In M.A. Traylor,Jr.,editor. Check-list ofBirdsoftheWorld.Vol.VIII. Museumof Comparative Zoology,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tucson AudubonSociety. 1995.DavisandRussell's FindingBirdsin Southeastern Arizona.TucsonAudubonSociety, Tucson, Arizona. Tufts,R.W.1986.BirdsofNovaScotia, 3rded.:NimbusPublishing CompanyandtheNovaScotiaMuseum,Halifax.
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