Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology - Wiley Online Library

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Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology INVITED ADDRESS

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology that has to be glossed in order for psychological research to make sense. I discuss the consequences and suggest possible routes toward a resolution.

INVITED SYMPOSIUM

IA124 Cognitive psychology and functional psychology can be mutually supportive: Putting the functional-cognitive framework to work

IS102 Critical Psychology around the World (I): Theoretical psychology against the mainstream and local contexts for a global psychology

Jan De Houwer Ghent University, Belgium Psychology as a whole would benefit from a closer interaction between functional psychology (which focusses on environment-behavior relations; e.g., Skinner, 1938) and cognitive psychology (which focusses on mental mechanisms; e.g., Gardner, 1987). The functional-cognitive framework for psychological research (De Houwer, 2011, Perspectives on Psychological Science; Hughes et al., in press, International Journal of Psychology) specifies why and how this interaction can bear fruit. Ironically, the framework hinges on a stringent conceptual separation between the functional and the cognitive approach. This can be achieved by defining psychological phenomena in functional terms, that is, in terms of environment-behavior relations, without referring to explanatory mental concepts. I discuss a number of examples of how the functional-cognitive framework has inspired research on a range of topics including learning, attitude change, cognitive control, personality, and psychotherapy.

Organizers: Yasuhiro Igarashi (1), Henderikus J Stam (2) 1. Yamano College of Aesthetics, Japan; 2. University of Calgary, Canada Discussant: Thomas Teo York University, Canada Session Abstract: This symposium brings together four scholars and a discussant from diverse backgrounds and geographical regions (North America and Asia) to present original papers on developments in Critical Psychology from a local/national perspective. Stam will discuss the conditions of the profusion of positions in psychology and how a critical psychology can keep from being just one more "position" by using Canadian Psychology as a case study. Fu will compare changes from pre-1997 Hong Kong psychology (when Hong Kong was still a British colony) to post-1997 psychology, and suggest how political changes affect the dynamic between professional associations in psychology and public perceptions of psychology in Hong Kong. Igarashi will focus on the local context and present a Japanese perspective on critical psychology. Tsuge will discuss sexual identities in the LGBT community and psychology in Japan. These papers demonstrate the importance of local contexts in the making of critical psychologies.

IA125 The Ambivalence of Experience in Psychological Theory: Recognizing a Fundamental Historical and Theoretical Conundrum Henderikus J Stam University of Calgary, Canada Psychological studies of all stripes rely on responses and measures derived from the experience of a host of research participants. Furthermore, to legitimate their empirical undertaking those studies refer back to the broader categories of experience in people generally. Yet psychology has traditionally mistrusted most forms of experience relying on a multitude of research tools to discover what is "really" going on behind the facade of the surface experience of its participants. In that sense psychology shares its mistrust of the surface with psychoanalysis without having the latter’s metaphors of depth or mirroring. Theoretically, psychology manages this by utilizing a functionalist strategy that is indeterminate with respect to the ontological status of psychological objects. As a consequence psychological research and theory must manage a deep split

Possibilities of critical psychologies and reflexivity: A view of a Japanese theoretical psychologist Yasuhiro Igarashi Yamano College of Aesthetics, Japan Critical psychology is defined in a variety of ways by psychologists in different countries/regions depending on their aims and their local contexts. But broadly speaking, we can discern critical psychologists by a family resemblance on the stance to ask psychology to contribute to the welfare of people, considering power disparity, and to look for new ways of doing psychology overcoming the constraints of the mainstream that self-describes as a universal science of mind and behavior of people in general. In this paper I will discuss possibilities of critical psychology and the necessity of reflexivity from the viewpoint of theoretical psychologists working in Japan with examples including feminist psychology.

Japanese psychology was wholly Americanized after WW II. Cognitive-behavioristic psychology has been considered as the proper psychology in academia. But with reflexivity we can deconstruct the mainstream and construct new ways for doing psychology.

What is critical psychology a psychology of? Henderikus J Stam University of Calgary, Canada Critical psychological work takes seriously the socio-political nature of psychological phenomena. Yet we do not have a single critical psychology in the same way that we don’t have a single psychology in general, but multiple versions of psychological topics and multiple approaches to studying those topics. Critical psychology then becomes one more theoretical framework vying with multiple others. This is not necessarily bad if the multiplicity of psychological topics itself is theorized in critical psychology. A critical theory must be able to analyse the diversity of psychological topics, whose very pervasive and confusing nature keeps critical topics from being taken seriously at all. I will discuss the paradox of the profusion of positions in psychology and how a critical psychology can keep from being just one more "position" by using Canadian Psychology as a case study.

Critical psychology in post-colonial (?) Hong Kong Wai Fu Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong Statutory registration of psychologists in Hong Kong is still under stage of negotiation, Therefore, it seems that critical psychology is somewhat targeting to a phantom scene rather than an establishment. Yet, with a closer look to changing tides after 1997 handover, Hong Kong psychology is reflecting changes in political system, funding system, perception of "new colonialism" from Mainland, etc., and critical psychology is often mixed up with indigenous psychology movement. This presentation reflects the dynamic between professional association in psychology and public perception of psychology in HK, and the proposal for new research agenda related to Hong Kong scene will be discussed.

Sexual Minorities in Japan and the role of Psychologist Michiko Tsuge Hitotsubashi University, Japan In Japan, sexual minorities are now getting more attention than ever. However, sexual minorities are often misunderstood not only by the psychology profession but by the sexual minorities themselves. Gay and transgendered men struggle with the fact that they are biologically male but see themselves as female in nature. Bisexuals and lesbians are

© 2016 International Union of Psychological Science

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology most often ignored in the field of Japanese Psychology. Bisexual males are often seen as those men having sex with men, which includes both gay and bisexual men. Cisgender lesbians and transgender heterosexual males are often confused by Psychologists. The majority of Japanese psychologists have little experience dealing with sexual minorities and education on this topic is limited since up until recently it has been ignored. This presentation focuses on Japanese psychology’s lack of understanding of and experience with sexual minorities and how Japanese psychologists can begin to understand their role in helping these individuals.

IS103 An integrative study on the concept of self, body and mind: Beyond the dichotomy of East and West Organizer: Tetsuya Kono Rikkyo University, Japan Session Abstract: The concept of mind in the psychological science seems to have been strongly connected with the materialist version of Cartesian cogito: the substance which is absolute, individualized, disembodied, and isolated from the environment. This classical concept of "self" has been criticized for a long time in philosophy as well as psychology. In this symposium, however, we will try to not only criticize past thoughts but also propose alternative concepts of mind which meet the requisites of our globalizing, post-ethnocentrist, and post-colonial world, through an integrative study on the Western and Eastern concept of self, body and mind. We will compare a new vision on body-mind relationship emerging in the contemporary "Western" psychology and philosophy with the Eastern classical conceptualizations of body-mind relationship in Confucian, Buddhist, and Japanese Zen philosophy, and finally try to present a new integrative point of view on "self".

An alternative concept of mind from the perspective of ecological phenomenology Tetsuya Kono Rikkyo University, Japan Western psychological concept of mind, implicitly modeled on the materialist version of Cartesian Cogito or Lockean concept of self, has been constructed as such in a specific cultural, political, economic context of modern Western society. Contemporary psychology cannot neglect the movement of postcolonial thought. Post-colonialism has criticized colonialist, imperialist, ethnocentric, androcentric, misogynistic and even anthropocentric aspects of modern concept of "man" and "mind". I would like to present an alternative model of mind and self that overcomes the individualistic and solipsistic presupposition of the modern concept of mind and meets the requisites of

our postcolonial era. In integrating the perspectives from the recent philosophical theory of "extended mind", Japanese phenomenology of Kyoto school, and eco-philosophy of Arne Naess, I will propose a new concept of "mind/self as network" which makes possible the monistic understanding of mind/body relationship and focuses on enactive processes between mind/body and the natural and humanized environment.

Reconsidering the self in Japanese culture from an embodied perspective Shogo Tanaka TOKAI UNIVERSITY, Japan In current cultural psychology, it is widely acknowledged that the self in Eastern cultures has characteristics of being interdependent and collective compared to the self in Western cultures. My aim is to reconsider this claim from the perspective of embodied self, through the case of Japanese culture as an example. The concept of embodied self has its source in phenomenology, especially that of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who represented the self as "I can" rather than Cartesian "I think." The self is profoundly based on embodied actions towards the environment and thus it is not isolated from, but intertwined with it. From this viewpoint, there is a specific type of interactions with the environment that underpin the characteristics of the self in Japanese culture. In my view, it is nonverbal and synchrony-oriented embodied interactions with others that form the non-individualistic character, since they bring a certain sense of unity through interpersonal communications.

Essays on Mind, Body and Human Nature: Reconsidering the Philosophical Terminology of Neo-Confucianism Takayuki Ito International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Japan The aim of my report is to re-examine modern Western intellectual framework, for example, the concept of Cartesian body-mind relationship, through reconsidering the traditional East Asian thought, especially Neo-Confucianism. The thought system of Chu Hsi teaches that mind and body are correlated through the mediation of benevolence that can be said to be humanity’s capability for empathy, as well as a universe that gives rise to the entire creation. It differs greatly from modern, common sense-based knowledge that advocates a duality between mind and body and subject and object. The teachings of Chu His presupposes that humans, while coexisting with the surrounding environment, are already embedded in that environment. Even in the field of modern philosophy, the philosophy of an ecological mind has been discussed along with environmental ethics and theories of the body.


1131 In this report, I aim to achieve collaborative research while keeping in tune with these trends.

The Self as Field: Overcoming the Binaries of Mental/Somatic, Autonomous/Conditioned, Individual/Collective, East/West Thomas P Kasulis The Ohio State University, United States of America Yuasa Yasuo’s The Body: Toward an Eastern Mind-body Theory (Japanese 1977, English 1987) brought into cross-cultural conversation Asian and Western philosophies, medical theories, and psychologies (both neurophysiological and Jungian). As a result, he characterized the self as an undivided, ever-developing bodymind complex that logically and ontologically precedes the split between body and mind. Expanding on Yuasa’s approach, I will draw on ideas from Japanese philosophy, in both its traditional and western-influenced modern forms, to present a model of the self as an inter-responsive and proprioceptive "field." I will explain how that model may clarify some perplexities in our ordinary discourse about who we are. Are we culturally and environmentally conditioned or autonomously responsible in our behavior? Are we each unique and discrete or interrelational and interpersonal? Are our judgments intellectually logical or affectively intuitive? Are we fundamentally social or individualistic?

CONTRIBUTED SYMPOSIUM CS127 Identity and Identity Research in Psychology and Neighboring Disciplines Organizer: Michael Bamberg Clark University, United States of America Discussant: Michael Bamberg Clark University, United States of America Session Abstract: Over the last two decades, identity theory and identity research in different disciplines has become the catalyst in accentuating disciplinary and interdisciplinary similarities and differences. Our symposium brings together international identity researchers from sociology, anthropology, education, and applied linguistics who all have close affinities with psychology to center on some of the four following key questions: whether identity is to be theorized (and feed empirical identity research) (i) as content and/or process; (ii) as individual/personal, cultural-contextual and/or as collective/social; (iii) as constituted and sustained cognitively, bodily, and/or discursively/interactive; (iv) and what kind of methodological orientations will turn out to be more productive.

1132 Introduction: How to make sense of Identity and Identity Research from the angle of different approaches Michael Bamberg Clark University, United States of America This opening presentation to our session outlines how identity has recently been theorized in Psychology (social, developmental, and organizational), Sociology, Linguistics (applied and socio-), Anthropology, and other neighboring disciplines. Three common organizational dimensions of how identity and identity research is being approached will be differentiated and theoretically elaborated: (1) identity as located within temporality (between constancy & change), (2) located synchronically between self and others (differentiating and integrating sameness and differences between people), and (3) locating identity as agency/responsibility (viewing the person as endowed with agency producing their own conditions versus being conditioned by world/culture/history and society). The contributions following this introduction will be foreshadowed along these three dimensions as a ‘catalytic recalibration’ that will prove helpful in viewing commonalities and differences between identity theories and enable the development of new empirical approaches to identity research.

The concept of identity capital. A contradiction to identity in flux? Meike S Watzlawik Sigmund Freud University Berlin, Germany Identity research usually refers to negotiating between constancy and change - pointing out that positioning oneself in a certain environment has always been a challenge, but has become even more challenging in the past decades. An example is the German work environment, in which individuals now often work on "projects" in temporary arrangements instead of being permanently employed. As a consequence, they often lack grand narratives about how their lives will unfold in organizations. Individuals repeatedly need to produce their own conditions and find niches, they need to create and find options and decide which paths to take. To support this navigation process through time and spaces, the concepts of identity capital and affective linking is introduced. Based on observations in counseling sessions, the hypothesis is posed that the more we know ourselves and the better our self-positioning strategies work to our liking, the easier it is to face uncertainties.

The "snap-shot" approach to identity research: Investigating self-narratives of a person with a severe language problem Masahiro Nochi The University of Tokyo, Japan

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology A person’s identity is often researched through narratives or conversations involving him or her. Some individuals with disability, however, possess limited language capacity, and it is difficult to obtain verbal data from them. Then, how can we understand such individuals’ identity? I conducted a longitudinal study on the identity of a man with severe aphasia, from whom extensive verbal data could not be obtained. I examined the individual’s images in snapshots taken at the vocational aid center that he had been attending for more than 10 years. I focused on the non-verbal expressions represented in his snapshots, including facial expressions, clothes, and his ways of responding to the photographers. I also collected complementary data from direct observation of the individual and interviews with people around him for further analysis. I will discuss the significance and possibility of this "snapshot" approach in identity research.

KYARA as an identity concept for linking socio-cultural theory with individual/personal psychology Yuko Hosaka University of Hyogo, Japan I start off from two basic dichotomies in identity theorizing: (a) identity as something stable (like a resource) versus as performed in-vivo and in-situ, and as such ever changing; (b) identity as socially prescribed (and again, as such more fixed) versus identity as at the command of individuals’ agency and desire (and as such more open and fluid). Borrowing and building on the Japanese concept of "KYARA," I will suggest that the concept of cultural mediation in cultural-historical activity theory can play a role to overcome these dichotomies. I will develop "KYARA" (which translates broadly as "character") as a cultural mediational tool, which mediates a sense of self between something that is given as a communal property, but at the same time as claimed by its owner. I will explicate this approach in more detail and explore its potential for identity research within the realm of learner/student identity practices.

The social origins of our internal sense of self: A theoretical framework for integrating evolutionary psychology and discursive analysis David C Laetsch Bern University of Applied Sciences, Division of Social Work, Switzerland In many cases, the safest way to appear as someone is to actually be that someone. For example, a person who communicates a commitment to the welfare of others when he is in fact concerned only with his own advantage will run the risk of eventually giving himself away. In the long run, this camouflage will often be uncovered and punished by others. Natural selection has provided us with a

safeguard against socially destructive egotism: authentic altruism. Along similar lines, forming a personal identity may be the safest way to appear predictable in our interactions: we develop a sense of self so as to be better capable of projecting an image of predictability. The study of identity should begin with an inspection of how identity is socially performed. The paper will present a theoretical framework for such analyses and how they connect to evolutionary theorizing about the functions of identity.

CS128 Critical Psychology Around the World (IV): Intersections of Psychological and Social Processes Organizer: Lorraine Radtke University of Calgary, Canada Discussant: Svend Brinkmann Aalborg University, Denmark Session Abstract: In this symposium, we address three distinctive psycho-social topics from the perspective of critical psychology. The topics are psycho-social in the sense that an adequate account necessarily entails both psychological and social processes. Bringing a critical psychology perspective to bear means considering how subjectivity or what is often identified as "experience" is inextricably connected to the individual’s socio-cultural and historical context. In addition, there is a concern with power and the political, especially in relation to knowledge, and the ways in which experience is constrained and shaped. Furthermore, the focus is on attending to social problems and motivating social change. The three papers focussed on feminist psychology in the Canadian and United States context, ethnic research in Japan, and peace research in Japan - illustrate what critical psychology brings to theorizing on the respective topics at the intersection of the psychological and the social.

Feminist Psychology in Canada and the United States and the Project of Critical Psychology Lorraine Radtke University of Calgary, Canada Sensitivity to power relations is central to both feminism and critical psychology. Importantly, power is implicated in how individuals make sense of themselves and their worlds in both enabling and constraining meanings and actions. One could say that power serves to link the individual and the socio-cultural and historical. Feminist researchers in particular have been concerned with understanding these linkages in an effort to explore possibilities for social change. Within psychology, however, feminists face theoretical obstacles in the form of psychology’s embrace of individualist, neoliberal discourse and post-positivism, which obscure how power works. In addressing how power is conceptualized within feminist


Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology psychology in Canada and the United States, this paper seeks to make this problem visible.

Minority Research in Japanese Social Psychology Tin Tin Htun Temple University Japan Campus, Japan The lack of psychological research on minorities in Japan highlights the need for mainstream Japanese social psychology to critically re-examine prevalent ideologies in psychological research, particularly in terms of social psychology’s contribution to society and groups that are marginalized in Japanese society. The striking absence of research on minority groups in Japan from a social psychological perspective has had a marked impact on social psychology’s contribution in understanding intergroup relationships between Japanese and minority groups My research on the social identities of long-established minority groups - Ainu, Buraku, and Korean residents - explores the complex nature of in-group and out-group relationships in Japan through the subjective representations of the social realities of minority individuals. More broadly, exploring the diverse and complex nature of the subjective representations of disadvantaged minority groups challenges the implicit notions of homogeneity, race and ethnicity that mainstream social psychology in Japan tends to accept without question.

Peace psychology in Japan from critical psychology perspective Takehiko Ito Wako University, Japan Peace psychology is a subfield of Psychology and Peace Research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars: (1) research, (2) education, (3) practice, and (4) advocacy. Peace psychological research can be analytically (research on peace) or normatively (research for peace) oriented. Sugita & Ito (2008) reviewed the history of peace psychology in Japan and found that the interconnection of the Galtung s notions of negative peace, positive peace and culture of peace is essential. This presentation will show recent development of Japanese peace psychology, including a new textbook published in 2014 and an animation DVD book of conflict resolution in 2013.

CS129 In search of the self: Embodiment and interaction Organizer: Shogo Tanaka Tokai university, Japan Session Abstract: Since the publication of the classic work by William James, psychologists have investigated the concept of the self from diverse perspectives. Recent studies based on the neurocognitive approach have suggested that the

minimal sense of self is embodied and experienced through both the sense of agency and the sense of ownership. Research has also indicated that psychopathologies such as schizophrenia can be explained as a disturbance of the minimal self. However, since the presence of another person is seemingly essential for the sense of the self, we plan to expand the discussion in this symposium from embodiment to embodied interactions. How do embodied interactions with others affect the sense of the self? Are such interactions necessary to foster the self in a developmental sense? Is the self and the other essentially interlaced? On this occasion, we plan to address these questions from neurocognitive, developmental, pathological and phenomenological perspectives.

Embodiment and interaction: Two moments of self-awareness Shogo Tanaka Tokai university, Japan William James made a distinction between “I,” the knowing self, and “me,” the known self. The self involves the reflexive structure of “I” and “me,” such that, I am aware of myself. Here, an important question arises: How do I become aware of myself? As is suggested by James’s inventory of material self, social self and spiritual self, it is possible to acknowledge two major moments of self-awareness. The first is bodily processes, such as sensations and movements, where I become aware of myself through my own body as an embodied agent. The second is interpersonal interactions with others, where I become aware of myself as a social agent corresponding to the partner. It is suggested that certain types of embodied interactions, such as being stared at, or being touched are keys to bridging these two moments of self-awareness.

The senses of ownership and agency for a robot hand controlled under delayed visual feedback Sotaro Shimada, M Arif F B Ismail Meiji University, Japan The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an illusion of the self-ownership of a rubber hand that is touched synchronously with one’s own hand. Here we investigated a similar self-ownership illusion of a robot hand that is moved synchronously with the subject’s hand movement, which is referred to as the ‘robot’ hand illusion (RoHI). We systematically introduced the delay in the robot hand movement and found that the participants felt significantly greater RoHI effects with temporal discrepancies of less than 200 ms compared with longer temporal discrepancies, both in terms of the senses of ownership and agency. Interestingly, participants still felt a significant, but weaker, sense of agency with temporal discrepancies


1133 of 300–500 ms, but not the sense of ownership. We discuss self-recognition models that can account for the relationship between the senses of ownership and agency based on our results.

Between self and other in sensorimotor system Tomohisa Asai NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Japan The sense of agency refers to the subjective experience of controlling one’s own action. This sense is sometimes regarded as a postdictive illusion of causality. However, agency has an important function in theory. When we move our own body, we implicitly attribute that movement to ourselves and utilize that sensory information in order to correct "our own" movement. The current study examined this intrinsic relationship between self-other sensory attribution and feedback control in motor control. The current study, where the participants were asked to trace a sine wave target using a pen tablet device, examined the effect of "self or other" visual feedback on the subjective agency rating as well as on the motor performance. The result indicates that the subjective ratings and motor performance highly depend on the self-other morphing ratio of the visual feedback, suggesting the sense of agency as the coordinator within the sensorimotor dynamics.

The experience of controlling a virtual character affects choice of the character among 8-month-olds Michiko Miyazaki Otsuma Women’s University, Japan When you control an on-screen character in a video game, you perceive yourself to be one with the character. The subjective experience of controlling external objects is called extended self-agency, and how this sense develops in infancy is especially important for elucidating the ontogenesis of self-consciousness. However, this evaluation is extremely difficult, because infants during their first year cannot explain their feelings or easily control objects with their hands. To overcome these problems, we developed gaze-contingent paradigms for estimating infants’ spontaneous object control (Miyazaki et al. 2014) and explored the related indices. We prepared two kinds of characters: one controllable by an infant’s gaze and one uncontrollable. We presented infants with both characters in turn and examined whether controlling the character affected the choice of that character among 5- and 8-month-olds. Results demonstrated that the 8-month-olds preferred the uncontrollable character, suggesting infants explicitly discriminate the controllable from the uncontrollable character.

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Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology

The Constitution of Selfhood as Ethical: A Phenomenological Perspective Marc Applebaum (1), Susi Ferrarello (2) 1. Saybrook University, United States of America; 2. University of San Francisco, United States of America Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological philosophy offers a complex and useful account of the arising of consciousness and subjectivity,and insists upon the embeddedness of self-hood in embodied self-other relations. For Husserl, the self is not an object that can be considered in strict isolation; rather, what we call"self"can be regarded as the evidence of a dynamic and multilayered process in which an"I"emerges that, in grasping itself as an "I" in lived-contexts that are intrinsically intersubjective, is always already in dialogue with others, and finds itself through its embodied relations with alter egos. Not surprisingly, phenomenology’s psychological implications have been a central focus of the tradition since its founding We will discuss the interplay of passive and active intentionality and self-other relations in the ongoing constitution of the ego,and its ethical dimension.

CS130 Critical Psychology around the World (II): Dialectics of critique in indigenous and global psychologies Organizer: Thomas Teo York University, Canada Discussant: Lorraine Radtke University of Calgary, Canada Session Abstract: In this symposium we discuss why, when, where, and how critical psychology has emerged as a counter-movement to traditional psychology around the world, elaborating on perspectives from China, Denmark, Canada, and Japan, representing the diversity of critical thought but also its nexus. The possibility of internationally "harmonious" critical psychologies are debated by pointing to shared principles regarding the societal nature of humans, the unity of theory and practice, the fact that descriptive and normative ideas are intertwined in the human sciences, the historicity of psychological theories, methods, and concepts, and the relationship between politics and psychology. The dialectics between the particular and the general, indigenous and universal approaches, the past and the present are reflected upon. Using examples from different continents, based on indigenous as well as international perspectives, the possibilities and limits of a globalized critical psychology are discussed.

Fatal Problems to Abstracting Others

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Hidekazu Sasaki Utsunomiya University, Japan

When psychologizing concrete human beings, researchers cannot help replacing them with abstract existences to some extent. Statisticians take this for granted when they assume that each individual is a part of a seemingly homogeneous group; in doing so, they can advance their statistical research under the premise that translates these human beings into pieces of an equation or parts of numbers. Certainly, such an academic position is inevitably on the basis of methodological necessity, but I believe that we should raise fundamental doubts about the abstraction of humans. For example, this way of thinking could potentially result in the sensibility of feeling it unnecessary to discern between real lives and inanimate objects. In this presentation, I will explain how and why the abstraction of others produces some fatal problems that have become so commonplace that many of us are no longer aware of the current situation and its flaws.

A Meta-theory of Chinese Indigenous Psychology Bo Wang Nanjing University, China A large body of literature on Chinese Indigenous Psychology bears on Chinese conception of thinking and reasoning, justice, personality, empathy, interpersonal relationship, and even child-rearing. It is believed that these Chinese indigenous concepts shaped by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are fundamentally different from the Western style. But the conditions of possibility of Chinese Indigenous Psychology have not been directly addressed. I plan to introduce new perspectives which would help lay foundations for Chinese Indigenous Psychology. It will include into the a priori principles of knowledge the founding principles of communicative experience, of repetitive truth and of hermeneutics, etc.

Critical psychologies, indigenous realities, and the problem of truth. Thomas Teo York University, Canada In my work on the backlash against American psychology it was argued that various forms of critical psychology, as are psychological approaches in general, are embedded in particular cultural traditions and geographical locations. Such philosophical traditions infuse the indigenousness of psychological approaches with particular ontologies, epistemologies, and ethical-political goals. As a consequence critical reflexivity needs to address competing truth and practice claims. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that social-constructionist critical perspectives struggle with traditional critical approaches and contradict each other. The primacy of these perspectives is debated on the background of differing epistemological claims, agnostic and pragmatic ontologies, and forms of resistance. It is suggested that critical

psychologists need to find a dialectical solution and that a "soft" critical-realistic position is indispensable when evaluation, change, and resistance have priority.

CS131 Natural cognition, natural emotion Organizer: Shigeru Watanabe Keio University, Japan Session Abstract: The exact relationship between cognition and emotion is becoming an important issue to fully understand the human mind. An example of such effort is seen in a project "Advanced research on logic and sensibility" at Keio University, which was selected among Japan’s prestigious global COE programs. The cognition-emotion relation is further complicated due to an increasing fuzzy distinction between "natural" and "artificial" in research of cognition and emotion. This problem was explicitly discussed at an international interdisciplinary symposium on "natural cognition," recently organized by Dolcini Novia. To tackle these problems systematically, speakers of the proposed symposium include researchers who use "area violation" approaches in diverse fields, such as psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy.Tentative speakers: Nevia Dolcini (Macao, China), Mario Piazza (Italy), Toru Shimizu (USA), Youcef Bouchekioua (France/Japan), Yutaka Kosaki (Japan) and Shigeru Watanabe (Japan ).

Evolution of Cognition and Emotion Toru Shimizu University of South Florida, United States of America Brains of all vertebrates share the basic common design that can be traced back over 500 million years. Nevertheless, the capacities and limitations of cognition and emotion appear to vary radically among different species. Studies of comparative neuroscience provide valuable insights into the nature and mechanism of the diversity. In this presentation, the focus will be on brain structures that are pertinent to cognition and emotion (forebrain and midbrain) in tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Differential evolution and development of these structures may explain various kinds of cognition and emotion observed in extant animals. Furthermore, the uniqueness of human brains will be discussed compared to other animals.

Optogenetics: shedding an artificial light on natural mechanisms Youcef Bouchekioua Keio University, Japan Whether in psychology, psychiatry or neuroscience, a direct short-term application of fundamental research is to propose new treatments, and ultimately, to prevent mental disease. To that aim, scientists put their efforts into


Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology unraveling the normal and pathological mechanisms of brain and behavior functioning. The means are numerous and varied, being invasive or not, in human or non-human animal, etc. But whatever the means, researchers are making use of the experimental methodology, which is, artificial by nature. What here appears to be a limitation, can also, to some extent, be an advantage if appropriate precautions are taken. We will discuss how artificial situations in experimental research can lead to a better understanding of natural processes, normal or pathological. Optogenetics will be invoked as an illustration of how artificial treatments are applied in the understanding of natural facts, with all the limitations that such a technology implies.

Logical commitments in belief revision Mario Piazza University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy In this talk we discuss some misunderstandings about the nature of logic in the mainstream cognitive psychology which have produced a black-and-white view of logic, making it largely irrelevant to cognition. In particular, against the influential view advanced by Gilbert Harman, we argue that logic is relevant to the dynamic process of belief revision, although, by its nature, it doesn’t have the final word. After sketching how logic (in a domain-sensitive way) has to do with the kinematics of the web of beliefs of an individual, we propose an evolutionary explanation for the existence of reasoning which integrates the one proposed by Mercier and Sperber.

Irrational Beliefs and (Collective) Emotions Nevia Dolcini University of Macau, Macao Emotions are usually regarded as essential ingredients of accounts of self-deception, a puzzling kind of irrational belief that seriously challenges the subject’s doxastic integrity. Philosophers typically consider self-deceptive beliefs as acquired and maintained by the subject in face of adverse evidence, under the pressure of motivations, desires, and/or emotions. My contribution will highlight the social and pragmatic dimension of self-deception, which I propose to be a ’tridimensional’ phenomenon, given that: (i) it is sensitive to the subject’s motivations and emotions, (ii) it stems from the belief vs. evidence tension, and (iii) it is triggered by the self-deceiver vs. spectators (doxastic) tension. The proposed account applies not only to individual self-deception, but also to the less explored phenomenon of collective self-deception, and thereby stimulates questions about the need for postulating ‘collective emotions’.

Towards an integrative understanding of cognitive and behavioural views of animal learning Yutaka Kosaki Keio University, Japan A dichotomy between ‘cognitive’ and ’associative’ processes can be found everywhere in the psychology literature, most notably in the studies of animal learning and cognition. Historically, it has been a major point of dispute whether animals are capable of anything more than just a mechanical association between stimulus (S) and response (R). Following a pioneering series of studies by Tolman, evidence has accumulated to indicate that animals are capable of both the S-R-based learning and more purposive, goal-directed forms of learning at the same time, relying on distinct neural circuits in the brain. Here I will present my recent studies that investigated 1) how one process comes to predominate over the other in the course of learning, 2) how the two systems potentially interact with each other, 3) their neural substrates, and 4) a correspondence between the two types of dual-process accounts found in instrumental conditioning and spatial learning.

THEMATIC SESSION TS120 Applying an Embodied Cognition Perspective to Cross-Modal and Cross-Domain Color Associations Organizer: Diana Löffler University of Würzburg, Germany Session Abstract: Many scholars demand more explanatory rather than descriptive research in the area of color psychology, emphasizing the need for a theoretical framework that does not reduce color associations to its observable manifestations, but explains and predicts on how color affects cognition and behavior. Embodied Cognition, currently discussed as a unifying perspective in psychology, may have the potential to explain and predict the relative importance of color attributes for both cross-modal as well as cross-domain color associations. Therefore, after a brief introduction of Embodied Cognition (15 minutes), we want to compile current research findings from both basic and applied contexts in the field of color psychology in three presentations (15 minutes each). In the subsequent discussion part (30 minutes), the speakers as well as the audience are invited to discuss how their findings fit into the Embodied Cognition framework and how this may advance the field of color psychology.

Cross-Modal Color Associations: Impact of Color on Apparent Weight and Apparent Size


1135 Hiroko Ohuchi Japan Color Research Institute, Japan It is empirically well-known that colors affect apparent weight and apparent size. Regarding weight, many scholars over the past decades investigated the influence of color on weight perception, as color serves as a cue for object materiality (e.g., brown for wood). While many of them agree that brightness has the most profound influence, the literature on effects of color on size perception are more mixed and suggest that different mechanisms are involved. This talk will provide an overview of a series of research findings of color effects on weight and size perception carried out in Japan, including the author’s own studies. Differences in the results of past and present experiments are discussed, as well as how well these cross-modal color associations fit into an Embodied Cognition framework. The talk ends with proposing directions for future research.

Cross-Domain Color Associations Between Weight, Importance and Color Takashi Toriizuka Nihon University, Japan Literature shows that the perceived importance of an object influences estimates of its weight. For example, important books or data storage devices containing important digital information were estimated to be heavier than non-important books and devices containing non-important data. Scholars therefore conclude that the physical experience of weight is part of people’s abstract representation of importance. As it is empirically well established that colors, and more specifically brightness, affects weight perception, the study presented in this talk aims at investigating if the perceived importance of an object biases not only its perceived weight, but also its perceived brightness, since brightness and weight are strongly associated with each other. The findings are discussed in light of an Embodied Cognition perspective and implications for design are suggested.

Color and Haptic Attributes in Cross-Domain Mappings Diana Löffler, Jörn Hurtienne University of Würzburg, Germany Conceptual metaphor theory as one approach to Embodied Cognition defines the relationship between physical experiences and abstract concepts, e.g. important is heavy. Physical experiences include haptic attributes like physical weight, but also visual sensations like color. The study presented in this talk investigates how easily participants can identify 15 conceptual metaphors instantiated in four experimental conditions: haptic (e.g. important is physical weight), color (e.g. important is dark color), haptic-color congruence (e.g. important is physical weight and dark color), haptic-color incongruence (e.g. important is

1136 physical weight and bright color). The results indicate that the haptic-color congruent condition works best and color can replace haptic attributes in metaphoric mappings. In addition, designers need to explicitly design for color, because metaphor-incongruent colors hamper the effectiveness of cross-domain mappings. The results also indicate that an Embodied Cognition view can circumvent arguing about specific colors with high-level symbolic meanings.

TS121 Development of qualitative psychology in Japan: What can we contribute to the world? Organizer: Masahiro Nochi The University of Tokyo, Japan Discussants: Jaan Valsiner (1), Gyuseog Q Han (2) 1. Niels Bohr Centre of Cultural Psychology, Aalborg University, Denmark; 2. Chonnam national university, Republic of Korea Session Abstract: Qualitative research in psychology ostensibly originated in Western countries, but it has also developed in a unique way in Japan. Although qualitative researchers have been increasing in number here, the results of our inquiry are unlikely to be introduced in other countries. Qualitative research tends to produce local knowledge rooted in a specific culture and society, but this knowledge should be developed and expanded to inter-local spheres through communication and dialogue. In this symposium, three presenters will introduce the results of their inquiry, more or less grounded in Japanese culture and society, and associate them with common topics in qualitative psychology. Two overseas researchers will then comment on the presentations, basing their comments in their own cultural contexts. Through this symposium, we aim to explore the potential for cooperation and collaboration among cultures, and to consider what qualitative psychology in Japan can contribute to the world.

Visual narratives and visual mediation in triadic relationships Yoko Yamada Ritsumeikan University, Japan Narrative psychology seems to have the assumptions underlying Western philosophy, which privileges concepts such as a dialogical self-other relationship, the structure of language, and a linear perspective on time. I propose a "visual turn" in narrative theory that offers a new approach to qualitative research. A dialogical relationship can consist of opposite selves and can divide between self and other. My visual narrative model is based on a triadic relationship that incorporates a visual mediator along with self and other. In this model, self and other are positioned side by side, pay their joint attention to the same visual mediator, can

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology share coexistent selves, and they can construct we-selves. Visual narratives are more effective than linguistic ones for communicating images and feelings in diverse and multicultural contexts. Visual narratives can overcome the limits inherent in linear concepts of time and notions of fixed sequences of past, present, and future.

Action research in disaster reduction studies Katsuya Yamori Kyoto University, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Japan Action research is one of the characteristic methods in qualitative psychology. This does not mean that action research uses qualitative data only, but suggests that action research must always take the subtle and complex texture of specific social phenomena into consideration when addressing issues of a practical field. Doing so makes action research more collaborative compared with standard empirical psychology: collaboration between outsiders (e.g., researchers) and insiders (e.g., local people), collaboration among researchers representing different disciplines, and collaboration between quantitative analyses which provide overall and general trends, and qualitative, which capture more individual and specific phenomena. I will introduce one example of action research that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative approaches and is applied to the field of disaster reduction. It is called the "single person drill" for tsunami evacuation and was conducted in the aftermath of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

Trajectory Equifinality Approach (TEA) Tatsuya Sato Ritsumeikan University, Japan The TEA is a new integrated methodology for cultural psychology. Its basic ideas derive from cultural psychology(Valsiner, 2003) and developmental science. The equifinality originates in the Driesch’s idea of equifinality on embryology (1898). Equifinality as a research interest is set on any given phenomenon(life experience) and it may be reached in two or more ways. TEA consists of three sub-components(Sato, Yasuda, Kanzaki & Valsiner, 2014). These are the Three Layer Model of Genesis(TLMG), Historically Structured Invitation(HSI) and Trajectory Equifinality Model(TEM). First, TEA proposes to use inviting instead of sampling(HSI). Second, TEA proposes the three layers construction(like Mt. Fuji in Japan) for a dialogical system of self instead of Freud’s iceberg model. Lastly, TEM is a methodology for describing life within irreversible time. In this session, important notions of TEA and some researches using TEA are introduced.

TS122 Self-organized Mind: Fluctuation, Rhythm, and Development

Organizer: Haruo Okabayashi UNIVERSITY OF YAMANASHI, Japan Session Abstract: The dispersive fluctuation of each cell of a human heart produces a rhythmical beating at the heart; moreover, the rhythm of the heart produces a human behavior (Kuramoto, 2014; Koori & Morita, 2011). Similarly, the fingertip plethysmogram that shows a human biological signal produces a rhythm based on the fluctuations; moreover, each person’s rhythm produces the entrainment rhythm when a person meets others, which is called development. The effects of self-organization which is a process in which the internal organization of a system, normally an open system, increased in complexity without being guided or managed by an outside source have tied the relationship among fluctuation, rhythm, and development. Self-organizing systems typically exhibit emergent behavior. In this symposium, we propose the new framework of psychology through the data using the Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) from the point of view of dynamical systems.

Fluctuation in life phenomena, rule, mechanisms and observations Tiejun Miao TAOS Institute, China Fluctuation is a natural phenomenon which occurs widely in brain waves, pulse waves, body sway, and so on, due to nonlinear interactions. As a result, mind complexity is created by chaotic fluctuation having a determined rule. Fluctuation is described by an attractor or a pattern of orbit distribution on phase space. It provides all possible orbits having potential flexibilities to adapt environment changes in keeping dynamical balance. We study the emerging mechanisms of chaos fluctuation using an example of mathematical model of fingertip plethysmogram, where fluctuation is found being produced by a self-organization among difference biological hierarchy. Also we give a brief description to reconstruct chaos attractor from time series of data in practice. Further we propose a method of chaos resonance to measure and extract essentials of chaos attractor, which is demonstrated by a series of experiments concerning human behaviors.

Changes in the Relationship between Two PartiesThrough Conversation Based on Finger Plethysmography as an Index Haruo Okabayashi University of yamanashi, Japan While people have conversation, they think of what they want to say and what the other is talking about. During the exchange of communication, the feeling that one is on or not on the same wavelength with his conversation partner arises and the human relationship between


Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology them comes to change. The author et al. followed the changes in the human relationship between conversation partners through finger plethysmograms of their biological signals. When their rhythms were coordinated, their finger plethysmograms caused entrainment phenomena and bounced back accompanied by some fluctuation. Such changes were scrutinized by cross-correlation of their finger plethysmograms and the behavior of the attractor. The mood state of the two parties and the characteristics of mood development are thought to be apparent through the process of human relationships changing during conversation.

A general non-Newtonian n-body problem and dynamical scenarios of solutions Naohito Chino Aichi Gakuin University, Japan A general non-Newtonian n-body problem is discussed and various possible dynamical scenarios for solutions to some difference equation models are shown whose state space is either a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space or an indefinite space. By the problem we mean formation of a group structure and its change over time through interactions among members of a group. These members can be nations, humans, animals, neurons, cells, electrons, and so on, and it is assumed that these interactions are generally asymmetric. In analyzing the dynamical scenarios for solutions we utilize not only methods of linear time series analysis but also those of non-linear (chaotic) time series analysis. We shall show that even a dyadic relation model, which is a special case of our models, includes a Mandelbrot set as a special case. The relation of the formation of a group structure simulated in our models to dissipative structure is discussed.

TS123 New Perspectives of the Theory and Method of Psychology: The Eastern Paradigm of Sciences of Human Being as a Whole Organizers: Genji Sugamura (1), Yosuke Sakairi (2) 1. Kansai University, Japan; 2. University of Tsukuba, Japan Session Abstract: It has been more than a century since psychology was established as a science in the West. Today, psychology has considerably grown and spread across the world. However, how much and how deep have we known about the complexity and variability of human mind? The first speaker will talk about the implicit metaphors of sciences upon which Western psychologists unconsciously relied, and propose alternatives for a more functional theory of psychology. The second speaker will focus on the complex psychological phenomenon that cannot be adequately elucidated by conventional probabilistic statistics

but instead by the recent method to deal with the self-organized chaotic dynamics in nonlinear systems. The third speaker will introduce the newly developed idea of "comprehensive parameter" to better predict the targeted end result in the real-world settings where individual differences count. Throughout the session, the distinction and dialectics of basic/applied, natural/human, and Western/Eastern science will be discussed.

Metaphors Theorists Live by Genji Sugamura Kansai University, Japan Theories are usually “constructed” or “built” frequently based on some sort of “foundations” and sometimes have several principal “pillars,” whether they are science or not. These hierarchical architectural metaphors that researchers use without even realizing they are using are often unable to function to understand human complexity and wholeness especially in such multidisciplinary science as psychology. Alternatively, the heterarchical control metaphors, by which different or occasionally contradictory ideas can be functionally connected to each other, will be proposed. This idea is partially inspired by the Taoist and Buddhist philosophy of relations, and the argument will be made in terms of constructivist metatheory.

Psychology as a complex system Taira Suzuki Obirin University, Japan Since approximately the 1990s, studies have focused on chaos and complex systems. Various studies have reported that psychological phenomena are chaotic and chaos is involved in maintenance and improving mental and physical health. This study examined the relationships between different variables based on the assumption that psychological phenomena are chaotic. The results indicated that raw data, such as pulse waves, respiration, and gravity center sway among others did not show strong simple correlations, or synchronization, whereas Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) showed strong correlations. Moreover, synthetic variables of these physiological data also indicated chaos. Our data suggested that chaos also intervened in interpersonal communications. It is suggested that the mind might be chaotic, as well as communication.

Natural Science for Gods, Human Science for Mortals. Yosuke Sakairi University of Tsukuba, Japan The main purpose of basic natural sciences is to verify mechanisms of universal laws. However, systems of natural sciences do not always apply to human sciences. The aim of applied human sciences is to fulfil human needs by optimizing outcomes. Because the purposes are different, it is necessary to develop new methods for human sciences to replace the current use of natural sciences, by prioritizing the


1137 improvement of end outcomes based on individual differences over the verification of general mechanisms. An indispensable element of this new research paradigm would be selecting "comprehensive parameters" to better predict targeted end outcomes in real-world settings, where individual differences are important. Momentary psycho-physiological states that are responsive to evaluation using the Diagram of Mood States could be used as a predictive parameter. It is also proposed that such studies utilize not only subjective psychological indices, but also objective physiological and behavioral indices.

ORAL PRESENTATION OR2056 A perspective on collaboration based on diversity in psychology for promoting social contribution by psychologists Masaru Arai Health Science University, Japan For the problems and needs of the mental health in human society, how it will be able to solve them by collaboration based on diversity in psychology? In fact, diversity in psychology is an asset, but also poses problems and risks. The main problems lie in communications and collaboration - internal (difficulties with identification and commitment within the community of psychologist) and external (difficulties in exploiting psychology’s potential for addressing human society’s problems and needs) (Roe, 2011). The purpose of this presentation is to explore and provide theoretical perspective for effective collaboration utilized diversity in psychology to contribute solutions to the problems facing human society. In particular, professional competencies of psychologists about innovative research, clinical practice and social activity are discussed from the point of view of biopsychosocial model to be able to understand human existence comprehensively and collaboration between psychological science and practice (between basic and applied psychology).

OR2057 The »five elements« psycho-dynamic model

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Christian Dewanger European University of Flensburg, Germany In a globalized world western psychological categories are also globalized. In respect of the worldwide subject »psyche«, I propose it is important to investigate differences and common assumptions. Therefore, and for a better understanding of human behavior, it is necessary to work through western models of analytical thinking based on synthetic models of the Asian region so as to contrast and merge both perspectives. By mapping the psychological constructs of behavior, thinking, identity,

1138 motivation and the unconscious onto the Daoist model of the five elements, a concept emerges which focuses on connections and interactions between these constructs. In this first step, I will transfer the traditional descriptions of the five elements and their interactions to the matching psychological constructs, in order to then arrive at a second step regarding psychological conceptualizations. Finally (the third step) the results thus obtained are compared with existing theories, models and concepts of Western psychology.

OR2058 Is this still Julie? Study participants’ use of proper names is not indicative of their intuitions about personal identity Vilius Dranseika Vilnius University, Lithuania In a typical empirical study in Psychology on folk intuitions about numerical identity of persons, study participants are provided with a hypothetical case of transformation of a human being (e.g. teleportation, amnesia, brain transplantation) and then it is measured whether the participants use the same proper name to refer to both pre- and post-transformation individual. Participant’s use of proper names is then treated as indicative of their judgments about (A) numerical identity of individuals (e.g. Rips, Blok, and Newman 2006; Johnson 1990) and, in addition to that, of (B) personal identity judgments (e.g. Nichols and Bruno 2010; Strohminger and Nichols 2014). In this paper I challenge this reliance on study participant’s use of proper names by providing (i) new empirical data and (ii) theoretical arguments to the effect that sometimes proper names can be used even if the post-transformation individual is no longer judged to be a person.

OR2059 States of being and modes of acting-in-the-world: An extension of Heidegger’s terminologies via an exploration of marathon runners Tomoaki D Imamichi City University of New York/LaGuardia Community College, United States of America This project proposes an extension of Heidegger’s terminologies (Zuhanden (ready-to-hand) and Vorhanden (present-at-hand)), which have been developed via the exploration of marathon runners focusing on the dynamics of the self-body-environment relations. As marathon runners undergo several transformations in training over the course of months while cultivating their bodies, and in the race over the course of hours while spending their bodies, they can provide insights into various self-body-environment relationships or states of being and modes of doing in the

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology world. An in-depth interview with 27 recreational marathon runners about their marathon experience led to a construct of additional Heidegger inspired terminologies describing more nuanced self-body-environment relations: Unvorhanden (not-at-hand), Abhanden (no-longer-at-hand), and Wiedervorhanden (at-hand-again). These terminologies can be applied to various contexts beyond the marathon.

OR2060 Giambattista Vico as a forerunner of discoursive approaches in psychology Gordana R Jovanovic University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Serbia In this paper I shall argue that Giambattista Vico is an inspiring forerunner of contemporary discoursive approaches in psychology. Vico’s views on language, outlined in the first decades of the 18th century, belonged to an advanced Sprachhumanismus (linguistic humanism), an alternative to both formal and mystic approaches. Language was to Vico a communicative tool that shapes both human mind and human world. Thus, Vico considered language and signs in general as a defining feature of human beings anticipating in this way Cassirer’s symbolic turn in the 20th century. Vico analysed historical transformations of language, but he was also able to use language as a critical tool oriented both to discovering traces of domination in the past and showing shortcoming of modern education ideals (for example, their neglect of rhetoric). In opposing intellectualism, internalism and individualism and fostering sensus communis, Vico left a lasting legacy to psychology and humanities.

OR2061 Alternative Constructions of the Self for Sri Lankan Contexts Shamala Kumar University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka To cater to the growing need for those with an understanding of psychology, a growing number of universities in Sri Lanka now offer psychology programmes. The content of these programmes are fairly standard, in that course listings, the topics covered and the texts used are, for the most part, similar to one offered in a university in North America. Much of these courses directly or implicitly address concerns of the self. For instance, in education, the self is often the student, in organizations, it is the worker, and in clinical settings, it is the client. It is rare that these courses, however, critically examine the assumptions of which the self is constructed. This paper presents alternative constructions of the self that could provide the foundations to different orientations to the client in psychotherapeutic settings that may better reflect the needs of clients in Sri Lankan settings. / /

OR2062 On the Prediction of Subjective Well-Being from a more Comprehensive Viewpoint Stephanie Laux, Udo Rudolph Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany Many concepts have been identified within Positive Psychology research, and their significance on subjective well-being (SWB) has been studied. We analyzed the most prominent concepts (e.g., optimism, hope, happiness, personal growth, meaning, gratitude, social support, depression, Big Five) and addressed the question whether these theoretically distinct concepts are also empirically distinct, or whether they can be traced back to fewer superior factors. We further examined their impact on SWB from a more comprehensive viewpoint. Results reveal five superior factors: Positive Attitudes towards Self & Life, Social Support, Depressive Symptoms, Personal Growth Goals & Will-Power, Search for Meaning in Life (N = 632). Structural equation models are presented, suggesting that Positive Attitudes towards Self & Life predict each of the SWB facets the best. Depressive Symptoms predict only negative experiences. Concluding, these concepts and their common impact on SWB should be studied more comprehensively to take their complex interplay into account.

OR2063 Indigenous Psychologies A Meta-Analysis of an emerging field Linda Waimarie Nikora, Waikaremoana Waitoki, Bridgette Masters, Mohi Rua University of Waikato, New Zealand We performed a systematic review and meta analysis of literature in the emergent field of indigenous psychologies to understand the totality of the field, that is, to determine its scope, foci, methodological and theoretical advancement and to consider future directions. We identified 181 papers published between 1979–2015. Our data set included ‘journal articles’ (n=132), ‘handbook entries’ (n=8), ‘book sections’ (n=17), ‘book reviews’ (11), ‘editorials and introductions’ (n=9), and ‘commentaries and replies’ (n=4). In this paper, the authors will present the results of this study with a particular emphasis on future directions and engagement with Fourth World indigenous peoples. Given their minority status and challenges faced enacting life in the presence of a dominant majority that is biased towards the discipline of western world psychology, the emergence of an indigenous psychology is complex, urgent and political.

OR2064 Relating through differences: Affective relationality of disabled care recipients and their paid care providers within the U.S. public health-care assemblage


Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology Akemi Nishida University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America Using affect theory, this presentation examines the psychological theorization of relationship building as well as the conceptualization of difference that occurs in the process of theorization. The examination occurs by looking into cases of relationality emerging disabled people who require long-term care and their paid care providers (who are disproportionately lower-income, non/immigrant women of color) in the context of the U.S. public health-care structure. Narratives of those people are collected with focus groups and individual interviews. A concept of affective relationality is developed in the presentation to expand the psychological theorization of relationship building. Such relationality emerges based on the ontological, haptic connection of bodies; it develops through recursive practices of a task co-conducted by and between those bodies; and it is cocapacitative. Then, the concept of affective relationality is brought into the political arena by contemplating what relationality does in the larger public health-care structure.

OR2065 Principles for Psychology as a Natural Science David Nussbaum University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada Psychology is challenged by the recent non-replications of 61% of published landmark studies (Baker, Nature, 31/04/2015.) Despite technical difficulties endemic to empirical replications, the core issue remains Watson’s (1908) descriptive, non-reductionist definition of behavior that conceptually severed psychology from neurobiology. A second issue is the scarcity of true interval and ratio scales in psychology following from an absence of true zero points on typical norm-based scales. Remedying these epistemological and measurement issues, behavior is redefined as "Expressed Information." Utilizing Russel and Whitehead’s (1924) concept of a "One-to-One Correspondence" as the basis of logic, defines "Information" as a "Reduction in Uncertainty." Behavioral Scales can then be constructed within limits of random responding (0% reduction in uncertainty) to perfect responding (100 % reduction in uncertainty.) These are translated into correspondences between neuropsychological processes such as attention, information encoding and learning, decision-making and observed behaviors. Psychobiological modeling and scaling will be illustrated.

OR2066 Escapism: interdisciplinary analysis of approaches to the phenomenon and research prospects in personality psychology

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Oxana Olkina (1,3), Tatiana Savchenko (1,2) 1. Institute of Psychology RAS, Russia; 2. Higher School of Psychology, Russia; 3. Academy of Social Management, Russia The paper is an investigation of current tendencies of studing escapism in social sciences. Particular interpretations of the phenomenon exist in philosophy (neutral, as a universal pattern), sociology (negative, as a deviation), literature (positive, as a source of inspiration). Contrasting with early Russian psychological studies where the escapism was mentioned briefly due to issues of fantasy, nowadays it is usually associated with, or affected by, emerging technology, being studied in cyberpsychology. Most researchers highlight the negative pole of escapism and rarely take into account that it cannot be reduced to a submersion into virtual reality. It also refers to a daydreaming, immersion into illusions caused by altered states of consciousness, fantasizing while reading fantasy books, watching pieces of art etc. Thus, studies balancing the two poles of the escapism, e.g. defining it as a meta-activity aimed to decrease interpersonal conflicts, may become a prospect research line in a nowadays psychology.

Lloyd H Robertson Athabasca University, Canada The root of such concepts as self-esteem, self-concept, and self-efficacy has been described as a self-referencing cognitive structure. With consideration given genetic and environmental factors, this cognitivist understanding is presented as a product of cultural evolution with implications for determinism and free will. Graphic illustrations of the self are presented taken from original qualitative research and from case studies. Therapeutic implications of this method of mapping the self are discussed. It is proposed that graphic representations depicting cognitive self-structures combined with psychological and environmental determinants could benefit counsellors and their clients in planning transformative change. Further research is recommended exploring the effect of self-mapping on client empowerment, the structure of client selves, and the use of mapped cognitive pathways in treatment.

OR2067 Dialogical Approach to Interpreting the Meaning of Daily Experiences of "Subjective Well-Being"

Andranik Suleimanian Moscow state University of Psychology and Education, Russia The chronic crisis in psychology leads to unreasonable increase models of personality and one-sided study of abstract human being. The new paradigm is based on the combination of science, art, philosophy. This will solve global problems of humankind, having psychological rather than economic and political reasons. Art is the most suitable for ideographic approach: in-depth study of personality, the comprehension of the national character and image of the world of other cultures. Philosophy will make it possible to solve difficult methodological problems of psychology: the psychophysical problem, the influence of the "cultural-historical type" on science and other of activities, the mission of psychologists in the modern world. All religions have accumulated unique material about the spiritual side of life that needs to be introduced in scientific use for solving the existential problems. The new paradigm must be transdisciplinary and psychology must go beyond its limits to effect a new synthesis.

Qiumeng Qi, Hirofumi Minami Kyushu University, Japan We explored how dialogues engender the meaning of subjective well-being (SWB) constituted through daily experiences. A revised, "Day Reconstruction Method" (Kahneman, D., et.al, 2004) was used to episodically describe the previous day of participants, followed by semi-structured interviews for dialogical explication of those episodes. Qualitative analyses of structure and content of discourses in interview data of six participants indicated the following: (1) participants construe the meaning of daily experiences by organizing them in individualized ways; (2) during the interview the expression of SWB was not explicated as "I’m happy," but expressed implicitly using their own words, which were interpreted through a collaborative dialogue; (3) features of SWB in daily experiences were different among participants and changed during the course of interviews. Previous research of SWB using preexisting elements and frameworks is considered problematic. The emergent quality in the dialogical process is crucial for understanding the nature of "subjectivity" in SWB.

OR2068 An Exploration of the Self as an Applied Conceptual Paradigm in Psychology


OR2069 How can psychology become the center of human sciences: overcoming the crisis and finding a new paradigm.

OR2070 Who Feels and Expresses an Emotion? : Rethinking on Self and Consciousness Zenko Takayama Hiroshima University, Japan As already well-known, the concepts of subject and object are to describe only one aspect of human beings. Though we can be both

1140 "self-as-subject" and "self-as-object," those concepts do not describe us since each concept indicates only one aspect. We, actual beings, cannot be reduced to either. In this presentation, I will rethink the "self" from the viewpoint of Nishida Kitaro, a pioneer of Japanese philosophy. With the non-religious description on the state of unity of subject and object in A Study of Good, he tried to demonstrate the concrete state of actual beings which is not reducible to either concept. Further, because "consciousness" is not working in the concept of self-as-subject, the image of "subject’s consciousness" is incorrect. It must be of actual beings. For this, his thought will also help to apprehend the concrete state of consciousness working in the actual beings.

OR2071 Chinese indigenous psychology and its features Xinjian Wang, Zhe Xu, Yao Zhang Nankai University, China Chinese indigenous psychology is not scientific psychology, but psychology in form of commonsense or philosophy. Based on Chinese nationality’s characteristic understanding of psychological phenomena, it is a result of "layer-by-layer sedimentation". It does not mean to find scientific laws; its aim, however, is to give help to the secular life. Its ultimate meaning lies in the realm of ethics: seemingly descriptive, it is actually a set of moral prescriptions. Without goal directedness, it is a kind of meditation rather than problem solving. Chinese indigenous psychology cannot evolve into scientific psychology; it can only supply some materials for the indigenisation of the latter. It is unnecessary, and probably unhelpful, for Chinese psychologists to try to rescue as many materials as possible from Chinese indigenous psychology.

OR2072 Inevitability and Occasionality: The Difference between Scientific Psychology and Humanistic Psychology Liangshi Yan (1), Xiaofeng Wang (1,2), Junfeng Bian (3), Guoguang Zhang (1), Tao Wang (1) 1. Hunan Normal University, China; 2. Central South University of Forestry and Technology, China; 3. Changsha Normal University, China Everything in the world has two existent conditions, one is occurred inevitably, the other happened by accident. Human mind focus on two states correspondingly: inevitability and occasionality. Scientific Psychology only emphasizes inevitability, so it pays great attention to ordering and the law of causation through analysis, reasoning and experiment. But accidents are also objective existences, and they

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology are often disordered, one-off and can’t be measured. As Scientific Psychology, it is absolutely right to stress inevitability because it is the natural need for the science. However,occasionality should also be emphasized as the meaning and value of life often up to chance factors. The value of Humanistic Psychology lies in the focus on occasionality. It pursues the law of relation by intuition, introspection and comprehension. Scientific Psychology and Humanistic Psychology are complementary as they have different research objects, space and methods respectively. Only contain the two domains can psychology be complete.

OR2073 Indigenised psychology and indigenous psychological studies in China Yao Zhang, Xinjian Wang, Jingna Wang Nankai University, China "Indigenisation" is to render non-local things local. In the process of indigenisation, things to be indigenised must undergo some change. In China, according to different extents to which they are changed, three kinds of indigenised psychological studies can be distinguished, whereof the third kind, i.e. the one which is changed to the highest extent and in which the western psychological "axiom system" is replaced by the Chinese, should be strictly distinguished from indigenous psychological studies. The latter, though as a particular way to explore the world has its own value, is not in the realm of science. Psychology will remain an "alien" thing in China until its indigenisation is fully accomplished or at least the essence of scientific methodology is absorbed by Chinese psychologists.

POSTER PRESENTATION P2734 Cognitive Processes of Posttraumatic Growth in Chinese Culture: A Conceptual Framework Kathleen Alias Hiu Man Chim (1), Linda Dubrow-Marshall (1), Peter Eachus (1), Andrew Check Wing Tang (2) 1. University of Salford, United Kingdom; 2. The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to psychological or personal positive changes which occur as a result of struggling with a major life crisis. Despite socio-cultural influences have been conceptualised to play an important role in the cognitive processing underlying the development of PTG, very few growth researchers have examined how cultural beliefs may shape the ways in which individuals perceive themselves, the triggering event, and how they respond to such major life

changes. The present paper proposes a conceptual framework which is developed based on the functional-descriptive model of PTG to examine the role of Chinese cultural beliefs in the PTG process. The propositions developed in the present paper would provide scope for future research to validate and refine the proposed conceptual framework, and begin to disentangle the importance of the under-explored cultural influences in the PTG process in the Chinese culture.

P2735 New Approaches to Adolescent Development: Discussion on Tanaka’s Theory of Hierarchies and Stages on the Reversible Operations in Human Development Junko Nishigaki Osaka City University, Japan The purpose of this study is to introduce new approaches to lifelong human development based on the Theory of Hierarchies and Stages on the Reversible Operations in Human Development (THS). Constructed primarily by Masato Tanaka(1932–2005), THS describes development from birth to old ages and contains many unique suggestions. However, its explanations on the period after childhood have not been sufficiently organized, because Tanaka passed away before completing his research on life after early adolescence. This study pulls together Tanaka’s various descriptions in order to construct a full developmental model from late childhood to adulthood. The important interaction between the formation of scientific and historical recognition gained through higher education and the development as a citizen in democratic society with a sense of personal solidarity is shown to be a unique implication of THS. THS also shows a critical implication on Japanese political trends on education for youth.

P2736 The Pyramid of Needs: A new explanation in terms of evolutionary psychology Zhimin Wu School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, China The humanistic psychology in which hierarchy of need theory had an immense influence on various fields was founded by Maslow. The lack of experimental test is the chief problem of Maslow’s humanistic psychology. The development of evolutionary thought just makes up for this defect. The theory of evolutionary psychology may analyze Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The selfish genes, natural selection, and sexual selection may interpret the physiological needs at the bottom of the hierarchy. The kin selection and parental investment


Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology theory may expound the safety needs at the second level of the hierarchy. The reciprocal altruism and indirect reciprocity may explicate the belongingness needs at the third level of

the hierarchy. The evolutionary game theory, social attention holding, and multilevel selection theory may commentate the esteem needs at the fouth level of the hierarchy. The group


1141 selection and absolute altruistic behavior can construe self-actualization at the top of the hierarchy.

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology - Wiley Online Library

Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology - Wiley Online Library

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