Theory and criteria for improved understanding of

Theory and criteria for improved understanding of CST, following by an assessment of adequate methodologies and indicators to use in evaluations Scientific Week, 3 – 4 November, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica Andreas Jenet Panel: Jacob Van Etten, Cristóbal Villanueva, Óscar Sanabria Moderator: Claudia Sepúlveda Rapporteur: Alejandra Martínez-Salinas

Why, how and what do we measure….. Not only that we have to understand biophysical complex data such as adaptation, mitigation and food security of different livelihood systems that are woven and interconnected to each other, but we also understand, based on our own research that farmers decisions and social capacities are actually maybe even more important to define the state of a Climate Smart Territory (CST).

Why, how and what do we measure when we assess and analyze comparatively Climate Smart Territories? When to assess and analyze CST we rapidly are reaching limitations with traditional research methods that many of us are used to.

After eliminating: not actionable, military actions = non violent actions remain • Engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs • Fair, transparent economic development

Why, how and what do we measure….. • For this reason our hypothesis to be discussed in plenary is about the need of methodologies to enable decision makers to assess the readiness and connectedness of a territory in order to enable a “climate smart” development. • Once defined, we provide a brief overview of selected methodological options to assess social and biophysical data at different scales.

How is Climate Smart Agriculture in an territorial approach defined FAO: Mitigation + Adaptation + Food Security Wageningen Statement: • Sustainable Farm and Food Systems: Options for sustainable intensification, agro ecosystem management and food systems; Food security within uncertainty of future climate and ongoing degradation of the resource base • Landscape and Regional Scales: Land use, ecosystem services and regional resilience; • Integrative and Transformative Institutional and Policy Aspects: Bridging across scales to link science and practice to ensure food security and nutrition, poverty alleviation and multiple ecosystem services.

How is Climate Smart Agriculture in an territorial approach defined Davis Statement: • Sustainable intensification – producing more with more efficient use of inputs and with less of an environmental impact • Integrated scientific approach • Breeding for a 2030 world • Climate change mitigation • National decision policies and support to overcome barriers to climatesmart agriculture • Climate risk management • Communicating Science

How is Climate Smart Agriculture in an territorial approach defined

Smart People • Smart territory • Mitigation • Adaptation • Food Security

Defining territories… Defining territories • Institutional ability of transformation • Productive transformation dynamic • Social capacity territorial rural development as a strategy Social Dimension - ability of the players involved to act effectively together on the basis of shared conceptions about the project, and encouraged by cooperation between the various institutional levels; Environmental Dimension - ability of the players involved to make the most of their environment by making it a “distinctive” element of their area, whilst at the same time ensuring that their natural resources and heritage are preserved and revitalized Economic Dimension - ability of the players involved to create and retain maximum added value in the area by strengthening links between sectors and by turning their combined resources into assets for enhancing the value and distinctiveness of their local products and services; Global context - ability of the players involved to find the area’s role in relation to other areas and to the outside world in general, in such a way as to develop their territorial plan to the full and to ensure its viability within the global context.

Scales of actors

Conclusion: How is Climate Smart Agriculture in an territorial approach defined From here we define four essential pillars: • Sustainable Intensification and Food Security, • Resource conservation and strengthened ecosystem services, • Mitigation and Adaptation to climate change, • Enhanced Territorial Governance Socio-geographical spaces where actors collaboratively and equitably manage ecosystem services to improve the welfare of the population, continuously optimizing land use, mitigation and adaptation to climate change (Wallace Conference, 2013)

Describing Global Change on an Intermediate Functional Scale (Petschel-Held et al. 1999 Syndromes of Global Change) a) Utilisation Syndromes SAHEL SYNDROME: Overcultivation of marginal land OVEREXPLOITATION SYNDROME: Overexploitation of natural ecosystems RURAL EXODUS SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through abandonment of traditional agricultural practices DUST BOWL SYNDROME: Non-sustainable agro-industrial use of soils and bodies of water KATANGA SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through depletion of non-renewable resources MASS TOURISM SYNDROME: Development and destruction of nature for recreational ends SCORCHED EARTH SYNDROME: Environmental destruction through war and military action

b) Development Syndromes

ARAL SEA SYNDROME: Environmental damage of natural landscapes as a result of large-scale projects GREEN REVOLUTION SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through the introduction of inappropriate farming methods ASIAN TIGERS SYNDROME: Disregard for environmental standards in the course of rapid economic growth FAVELA SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through uncontrolled urban growth URBAN SPRAWL SYNDROME: Destruction of landscapes through planned expansion of urban infrastructures

DISASTER SYNDROME: Singular anthropogenic environmental disasters with long-term impacts c) Sink Syndromes SMOKESTACK SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through large-scale diffusion of long-lived substances WASTE DUMPING SYNDROME: Environmental degradation through controlled and uncontrolled disposal of waste CONTAMINATED LAND SYNDROME: Local contamination of environmental assets at industrial locations

Syndromes of Global Change

Petschel-Held et al. 1999 Syndromes of Global Change

Syndromes of Global Change Core mechanism of the original version of the SAHEL-SYNDROME. The symbols attached to the connecting lines uniquely encode qualitative relations as used within the concept of qualitative differential equations

CASO PROYETO GEF SILVOPASTORIL

Acciones de los proyectos GAMMA en la región central de Nicaragua (Muy Muy, Matiguás, Río Blanco). El objetivo de los proyectos fue desarrollar sistemas ganaderos intensivos que mejoren los ingresos, la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.

BIOSFERA Conservación y restauración de bosques

ATMÓSFERA Adaptación y mitigación al CC

Contaminación de agua

Intensificación sust. producción ganadera

Servicios ambientales

POBLACIÓN

HIDROSFERA

PEDOSFERA Erosión del suelo

ECONOMÍA Productividad e ingresos

Pasturas arboladas PSA

ESFERA PSICOSOCIAL

ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL

Grupos de productores según sitios

CIENCIA/TECNOLOGÍA Transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología SSP

MAP - N

En el caso de MAPN se tiene un mayor cobertura de factores y por eso mismo más esferas cambian de color. El reto es como brindar la dosis de esfuerzo necesaria de CATIE y los socios para atender las interacciones / flujos entre los factores de cambio.

ATMÓSFERA

BIOSFERA Adaptación y mitigación al CC

HIDROSFERA Mayor seguridad hídrica

Aumenta densidad y riqueza arbórea

POBLACIÓN

PEDOSFERA

ECONOMÍA Equidad y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional

Capacidad gerencial de las organizaciones

Diversificación productiva

ESFERA PSICOSOCIAL

ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL

Equidad de genero y étnica

Escuelas de campo Escuelas empresariales

Co-gestion territorial

CIENCIA/TECNOLOGÍA Transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología

ADAPTACIÓN - CHIAPAS

BIOSFERA

Acciones del proyecto Adaptación Chiapas-México. El objetivo de los proyectos fue mejorar las adopción de sistemas silvopastoriles y buenas prácticas ganaderas para mejorar la productividad y la conservación de la biodiversidad

perdida de la diversidad de especies

Cambios de la escorrentía terrestre

Mayor efecto invernadero

Sobreexplotación de la vegetación

La escasez de agua dulce

el Cambio climático regional

Hundimiento de las aguas subterráneas

la conversión de los ecosistemas

POBLACIÓN Crecimiento de la población

ECONOMÍA

PEDOSFERA

Menos ingresos

Perdida de la fertilidad (materia orgánica, nutrientes)

Degradación de la tierra

ESFERA PSICOSOCIAL Equidad de genero (grupos vulnerables)

( Adaptado de Schellnhuber et al., 1997)

HIDROSFERA

ATMÓSFERA

La expansión de las tierras agrícolas Menos productividad

Una mayor regulación de las políticas económicas

ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL Mas inequidad social y económicas i Participación de ejidos y asambleas de ejidatarias

Usos dek credito

Aumento de la frontera

Vínculos con mercados verdes

CIENCIA/ TECNOLOGÍA ICAAL La transferencia del conocimiento y la tecnología Escuelas de cambio

Assessment of the readiness and connectedness in a territory • Methodologies are necessary that provide an Vervoort, J. et al (2012) assessment of the readiness and connectedness in a territory in order to enable a “climate smart” development, or to develop a climate smart strategy. • Basis of this approach are individual persons representing different scales in the society (Field, Household, Institutions, Businesses, Development Actors, Local Administration, Regional Administration) and how they incorporate particular climate smart knowledge and how this is characterized by a connectivity. • Result is the readiness of the territory in order to grow Climate Smart.

Scales: Perspectives of Change Agents in Social–ecological Systems (Vervoort, J et al. 2012) GEF - Silvopastoril Payment of Environmental Services

EC LEDS Low Emission Development Strategies Regional

Regional

Guidelines for MRV & NAMA

Territory

NAMA Manuals & articles on LEDS farming

Community

MRV

Insumos para políticas locales (exención de impuestos uso de tierra) y Nac. PSA CR)

Territory

LEDS Private sector

Community

Capacitated Pilot Farms

Farm

Insumos políticas nacionales (Ganadería en Colombia) y certificación sostenible RA

Farm

Plot

Artículos de metodología índice de Serv Ecol (carb, biod., agua): manuales,

Plot

1y

5y

20y

50y

1y

5y

20y

50y

Scales: Perspectives of Change Agents in Social–ecological Systems (Vervoort, J et al. 2012) MAPN Food Security in family farming Regional

Publicaciones para diversos usuarios sobre TCI para escalamiento.

Territory

Manuales/Guias plataforma de gestión territorial con enfoque TCI Programas de entrenamiento para organizaciones (familias y empresas): producción diversificada y empresarial – cadenas de valor

Community

Manuales y artículos producción diversificada, equidad de genero y SAN

Farm

Plot

1y

5y

20y

50y

Scales: Perspectives of Change Agents in Social–ecological Systems Once this is assessed and clarified activities in the territory can be assed to which extent they are Climate Smart (see GHG calculators). Different tools are available to determine variables • Vulnerability Analysis (P. Imbach) [Territory] • Starbucks UTZ [Farm] • Cambio II (IFOAM) [Farm] • Gold Standard (Clean Development Mechanism) [Farm] • Voluntary Carbon Market [Farm] • REDD+ • Certification for Sustainable Prod (Rainforest Alliance) [Farm]

Example of emission measurement tools

Sources: Bernoux et al. 2012 Scale: + indicates 1 month

PREGUNTA CENTAL: Cual métodos/herramientas y variables serian importante de determinar un Territorio Climáticamente Inteligente?