Theory and Engineering of Complex System

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case study for maintenance management processes performance in chosen pas- senger transportation company is investigated. Following this, the computer.
Maintenance Decision Making Process – A Case Study of Passenger Transportation Company Tomasz Nowakowski, Agnieszka Tubis, and Sylwia WerbiĔska-Wojciechowska Wroclaw University of Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Str., Wroclaw, Poland {tomasz.nowakowski,agnieszka.tubis,sylwia.werbinska}@pwr.edu.pl

Abstract. In the presented paper, the authors’ research work is focused on the analysis of maintenance decision making process performance with taking into account necessary operational data availability. Thus, in the Introduction section, the transportation systems maintenance issues are described. Later, there is a comprehensive literature overview in the analysed research area provided. This gives the possibility to present the decision making process in the transportation systems’ maintenance management area. Later, in the next Section, the case study for maintenance management processes performance in chosen passenger transportation company is investigated. Following this, the computer systems used for operational data gathering are characterised, and the data availability is investigated. Keywords: maintenance process, decision making, transportation system.

1

Introduction

Effective performance of transportation systems needs proper operational management performance on the one hand, and adequate maintenance performance determination on the other. The decision relevance strictly depends on their accuracy and dedicated decision time. Moreover, it influences the dependability state of the system [3], [25], [55] [60]. As a result, a lot of researchers and publications in the field of maintenance decision models and techniques have been published to improve the effectiveness of maintenance process (see e.g. [39] for review). One of the fundamental issue in the areas of technical systems operation and maintenance, both in theoretical and practical ways, is optimal decisions making problem which affects the used technical objects state and also influences other participants of the performed processes [31]. Optimal strategic decisions regard to e.g. technically, organizationally and economically reasonable deadlines for service and repair work performance, the residual lifetime of used facilities, long-term practices in the context of defined maintenance philosophy or types of performed maintenance and operational tasks [32], [26]. Natural way to support this type of enterprise activity is the use of computer tools - ranging from data management systems through to decision support systems based on Artificial Intelligence techniques implementation [4], [33]. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 W. Zamojski et al. (eds.), Theory and Engineering of Complex Systems and Dependability, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 365, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19216-1_29 s [email protected]

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However, the proper implementation of maintenance management issues in complex systems (also in transportation systems) performance cannot be done without taking into account the available and reliable operational data, which e.g. give the information about the state of the system, or the possible consequences of taken decisions [56]. Following this, the presented paper is aimed at performing an analysis of the maintenance decision making process being performed in chosen passenger transportation company taking into account the operational data availability. Thus, in the next Section, a literature review in the given research area is provided. Later, the maintenance decision making process in transportation companies is investigated. This gives the possibility to present a case study of chosen transportation company, which operates in one of the biggest city in Poland. The analysis is aimed at investigation of informational flows connected with maintenance management of transportation means. The computer systems used during every day operational process performance are characterized from the point of view of gathered operational data. As a result, the critical analysis of given data from the point of their usage in maintenance decision making processes is provided.

2

Maintenance Management Issues – Literature Review

In the literature there can be found many definitions of the term of maintenance management. Following the European Standard PN-EN 13306:2010 [43] maintenance management may be defined as all activities of the management that determines the maintenance objectives, strategies, and responsibilities and implement them by means such as maintenance planning, maintenance control and supervision, improvement of methods in the organization including economic aspects. In [15] authors define the maintenance management as all maintenance line supervisors, other than those supervisors that predominantly have crafts reporting to them. Following these definitions, maintenance objectives may be classified into five groups [10]: • • • • •

ensuring technical objects functionality (availability, reliability, product quality, etc.), ensuring technical objects achieve their design life, ensuring technical objects and environmental safety, ensuring cost effectiveness in maintenance, effective use of resources, energy and raw materials.

According to Ahmad et al. [1] most of the maintenance research focuses on maintenance decision making process. Authors in their work investigated three maintenance research categories: maintenance theories, mathematical models and frameworks (management models), providing a literature review in these areas. As a result, in the presented article, authors mostly focus on the third category – maintenance management models. This research category includes tasks connected with the

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performance of decision-making process, by defining guidelines, procedures, or scheduling operation processes [1]. It allows managers to solve problems in a systematic way, using many known methods and statistical tools (see e.g. [1], [48]). In response to the needs of decision-making in the area of technical objects’ maintenance management many models have been developed, which comprehensive overview is provided e.g. in works [16], [48]. Moreover, in [49-50] the author presented the results of a survey of users of information computer maintenance management systems, and pointed out the main elements of systems use in practice. The computer systems supporting maintenance management problems are developed since 1960s [30]. The literature review in the area of decision support systems designing and applications issues may be found e.g. in [2], [11-12], [34], [44], [47], and [62]. The computerized information systems used to support exploitation processes performance can be found e.g. in [22]. In this work, authors focused on Belt Conveyor Editor performance. The similar problem was investigated in [23], where authors focused on the problem of operation planning processes for machinery room. The main assumptions and structure of the system for supporting operating, repair and modernisation decisions for the steam turbines was given in [27]. The example of decision support system implementation in the area of aviation maintenance can be found in [61]. The model was based on Fuzzy Petri Nets use. The example of decision support system implementation for supporting the management of railcar operation was given in [6]. In work [37], the expert system for technical objects’ reliability prediction with the use of EXSYS Professional system was developed. The similar problem for production system performance planning was also investigated in [24]. The problems of diagnostic processes supporting are analysed e.g. in works [51] and [63]. In the area of passenger transportation processes performance, the decision support systems issues being analysed in the literature regarded to e.g. timetable adjustments (e.g. [35]), scheduling means of transport maintenance activities (e.g. [17]), transportation system planning process supporting (e.g. [7], [18]), traffic control (e.g. [4041]), transport system operation information modelling (e.g. [36]), or transportation system safety during emergencies (e.g. [59]). Moreover, the decision making process in the analysed research area is usually a multi-criteria problem [52]. The most often used methods which support the performance of maintenance management decision systems include: • • • • • •

Analytic Hierarchy Process implementation (e.g. in works [5], [57]), knowledge based analysis (e.g. [29]), neural networks implementation (e.g. in [19], [58]), Fuzzy Logic implementation (e.g. in [46]), Bayes theory use (e.g. [8]), Petri nets implementation (e.g. [21]).

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Maintenance Decision Making Process in Transportation Companies

Transportation system is a system in which material objects are moved in time and space. Thus, the function of transportation is to execute the movement of people and goods from one place to another in a safe and efficient way with minimum negative impact on the environment [14]. Following authors of the works [14], [28], a transportation system is a very complex one with different functional characteristics depending on medium of movement, particular technology used and demand for movement in the particular medium. Aspects of these modes are e.g. vehicle, the way, control of the system, the technology of motion, intermodal transfer points, payload, drivers and pilots. As a result, the main decisions in transportation systems may be classified into three groups [14]: • maintenance tasks which includes the definition of maintenance strategies of transportation infrastructure, system elements, or operation control systems, • technical systems safety tasks (e.g. protection from hazard occurrence, unwanted events consequences avoidance), • transportation tasks performance (transportation processes management), and three major areas which include [14]: • identification of components of a system, • identification of activities involved in putting a transportation system in place, from planning to operation and maintenance, • identification of issues that may not be included in a transportation decisionmaking processes, although they may be affected by decisions. Taking into account these considerations, and based on the Fig. 1, where the transportation system with its exploitation system elements is illustrated, the maintenance management of transportation systems may be defined as effective performance of transportation tasks consisting in 1) the selection of means of transport in quantitative and structural way, 2) their operation and maintenance according to the intended specification, 3) continuous maintenance of operational readiness, by monitoring changes in the technical status and by conducting technically and economically reasonable replacement/repair of used vehicles, maintenance materials and spare parts. According to this, the model of transportation system (MST) requires four basic properties implementation, which are: the structure, characteristics of elements of the structure, transportation flows and organization [20]:

where:

 ൌ ‫ܩۃ‬ǡ ‫ܨ‬ǡ ܲǡ ܱ‫ۄ‬

G – transportation system structure graph F – set of functions defined over structure graph elements P – volume of transportation tasks/cargo or persons flow O – transportation system organization

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(1)

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Fig. 1. Transportation system and its exploitation system’s elements Source: Own contribution based on [9], [17], [20], [31], [42], [53]

The decision making process includes three steps, information gathering and analysis, available decisions definition, and optimal solution choice [45]. Exploitation decision-making process should be considered in the multi-aspect context, because decisions can regard to both, simple service and repair work for technical objects, as well as complex and multi-dimensional problems of determining the long term maintenance policy for analysed company [31]. In the area of transportation means’ exploitation performance, the main decision process elements are presented in Fig. 2. Following this, based on the literature where the maintenance decision making models are developed (see e.g. [1], [10], [31]), the exploitation decision making model (EDM) for transportation systems can be defined as a function of:

where: Xin

where: OS MS ES EP Xout

‫ ܯܦܧ‬ൌ ‫ܺۃ‬௜௡ ǡ ܺ௢௨௧ ǡ ܻǡ ‫ۄݖ‬

(2)

– input parameters, which include: ܺ௜௡ ൌ ‫ܱܵۃ‬ǡ ‫ܵܯ‬ǡ ‫ܵܧ‬ǡ ‫ۄܲܧ‬

(3)

– operational strategy – maintenance strategy – exploitation structure (e.g. infrastructure, human resources, materials) – exploitation policy (guidelines for the evaluation of the exploitation process performance) – output parameters:

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where: PD EA Y z

T. Nowakowski, A. Tubis, and S. WerbiĔska-Wojciechowska

ܺ௢௨௧ ൌ ‫ܦܲۃ‬ǡ ‫ۄܣܧ‬

(4)

– process decision (maintenance or operational decision) – exploitation activity (maintenance or operational activity) – measures of decision making process quality – relation: Xin ĺXout

Fig. 2. Decision process in the area of transportation means’ exploitation performance Own contribution based on [13], [31], [38]

Following these considerations, in the next Section there is analysed the chosen passenger transportation company’s informational flows connected with maintenance management of transportation means.

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Case Study

In the presented paper authors focus their research analyses on the municipal transport services provided by a common carrier, which operates in one of the biggest city in Poland. This company employs around 2000 workers in various positions from human resource, research department to transport and operation department. The company transports nearly 200 million passengers per year and has about 300 buses. During the year, the buses are passing about 34 million kilometres on the bus network which covers the most area of the city and is supplemented by two service depots. To achieve daily effectiveness and continuous performance of passenger transportation tasks, maintenance and operation management plays an important role to minimize the failures and other hazard event occurrence. Following this, there can be analysed the main means of transport maintenance tasks performed in the company. There can be defined two main types of maintenance tasks: • •

daily maintenance – activities performed daily by the driver to ensure technical readiness of the buses, periodic maintenance – specific actions to take when a bus reaches defined time between maintenance action performance and activities performed before winter and summer times.

During the daily service performance, the driver is responsible for checking in the bus the following: • • • • • • • • •

the level of exploitation fluids (including fuel and engine oil levels), efficiency of fire suppression system for engine compartment, tire pressure and their condition, brakes, exterior and interior lighting, efficiency of all electrical devices, cleanliness of windows, external cleanliness of the vehicle and passengers area, fire extinguishers validity, vehicle and operational documents completeness.

In the case of periodic maintenance performance, the type and quantity of inspected vehicle’s elements depend on the type of maintenance action performance (resulting from travelled kilometres or season). The list of maintenance activities also results from the service manual which has been prepared by a producer for every bus. 4.1

Computer Systems Used in the Area of Maintenance Management and Types of Gathered Data

Recently, the company has implemented a package of IT solutions, which are aimed at improving its main and supporting processes performance. The investments concerned in particular the passenger information system implementation. Moreover, there have been developed and bought Internet service passenger system, systems for logistics warehouses and purchasing activity of the company, exploitation processes of the vehicles (mainly buses) and measurements of vehicles filling up with passengers.

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The measurements area for the buses operational and maintenance process performance is supported by two main computer systems, which gather data on the basis of units being installed in vehicles. The first of the analysed systems collects data which regard to buses operational and maintenance processes. The second one records passenger movement (getting in/out at the bus stops). In the computer system which supports maintenance management, there can be identified the exemplary software modules which collect data about: neutral gear use, engine working hours, rapid acceleration and braking, drivers login time, power supply voltage, low level of oil pressure in the engine, or fuel consumption. The exemplary window screen of this computer system is given in the Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. The exemplary window view of Sims System

In the set of data being gathered in the computer system, one may distinguish information which are relevant to the maintenance management process performance, monitoring information of additional equipment and some information which are useless from the point of view of vehicle operation performance. The comprehensive analysis is presented in the Table 1. Additionally, there is generated in the system a detailed report concerning: • • • • • • • • • •

the number of sudden braking use (also per 100 km), the number of sudden acceleration (also per 100 km), the number of exceedances of engine rpm (also per 100 km), the maximum engine rpm below the acceptable level, maximum speed, fuel consumed by the engine during transportation task performance, working time in neutral gear, the percentage of engine working beyond the permissible range, the percentage of working time in neutral gear, the average fuel consumption, and the average fuel consumption per time unit [l/h].

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Table 1. Analysis of gathered data taking into account their potential use in maintenance management performance

Gathered data

Main- Opera- MoniUseless tenanc tional toring data e data data data

Working time on neutral gear

X

Time of ticket counters locking

X

Engine working time during stoppage

X

Driving style of drivers analyses

X

X

X

X

WEBASTO use analyses

X

Accelerating/breaking analyses Travelled distance, time and fuel consumptions analyses

X

X

Frequency of use of the horn

X

Air conditioning working time

X

Drivers login to the system and working parameters analyses

X

Power supply voltage analyses

X X

Oil pressure analyses

X

Lowering the floor of the vehicle

X

Analysis of time, travelled distance and fuel consumption during engine working time

X

X X X

Analysis of speed limit exceedance

X

X

Analyses of time, travelled distance and level of engine rpm exceedance

X

X

Analyses of time, travelled distance and level of temperature exceedance

X

X

X

Switching on the “stop on demand” and number of bus stopping

X

X

Time and distance travelled during the course, GPS status

X

X

Advertisement availability

X

Fuel level analysis

X

The inclusion of key switch, activation time

X

On-board computer state

X

Turn on and turn off the lights, the type of lighting

X

Date refueling, the amount of fuel refueled Breaking use analysis

X

Retarder use analysis

X

Fuel consumption analysis, distance travelled

X

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X X X X X

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4.2

Maintenance Analyses Performance in the Chosen Company

Taking into account the types of data being gathered by the computer systems, and following the literature in the maintenance management research area, there can be defined the types of maintenance and operation analyses in the chosen company, e.g.: Ÿ fuel consumption divided into : • maximal, minimal, average fuel consumption, • fuel consumption per bus/driver/ network route/ performed course, Ÿ driving style of drivers which takes into account the following: • maintenance of average speed per vehicle/network route/performed course, • rapid acceleration and braking, • road being passed in the neutral gear, • average fuel consumption per vehicle/ network route/ performed course, • exceeding the engine rpm, Ÿ punctuality of performed courses per driver/ network route/ course/vehicle, Ÿ network route/course requirements which include especially: • number of bus stops and number of bus stops “on demand”, • average fuel consumptions per specified course, • engine working time, • rapid acceleration and braking per driver, • punctuality of specified course finishing, Ÿ vehicle load taking into account the information included in detailed report, Ÿ passenger flows intensity taking into account: • maximal, minimal and average passenger transportation per network route/course, • maximal, minimal and average passenger flow between bus stops. Moreover, there is also possible carrying out the relevant cause and effect analyses. The exemplary ones are connected with the influence analyses of: • • • • •

driving style of the driver on vehicle’s average fuel consumption, driving style of the driver on course performance punctuality, driving style of the driver on vehicle’s failure rate, driving style of the driver on vehicle crash risk occurrence, type of performed network route on the number of rapid acceleration and braking and maximal speed level.

The presented above types of possible analyses regard to the performance of single- and multi-criteria analyses. Their results should be used in operational and maintenance planning processes performance for: • • •

vehicles periodic maintenance actions planning (required inspections, repairs, replacements and conservations), daily maintenance actions planning (requirements connected with daily inspection of chosen elements, notifications of recorded errors), transportation tasks scheduling (vehicle selection and drivers assignment for network route/courses performance).

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Summary

Increasingly higher demands of the market for the service quality, flexibility and timeliness of transportation processes are making ever greater challenges for maintenance managers responsible for continuous operation of means of transport in road passenger transport companies. Presented in the article example clearly shows that decisions taken in the area of planning processes related to the maintenance and operation of large fleet of vehicles requires including a growing number of factors and conduction of extensive analysis on the current exploitation of vehicles. For this reason, managers need strong support in providing the necessary information from the IT systems that will provide their information needs. However, in order to fully exploit the potential of the data collected, it is necessary to determine their completeness and to define the range of needs of analysis used by managers in the decision-making processes. These activities may be supported by the maintenance management controlling system whose task is to assist managers in planning, control and information supply. For this reason, the concept of maintenance management controlling intended for road passenger transport companies is the subject of further research conducted by the authors. The presented article is the continuation of authors’ research works presented e.g. in [54], where author focused on the issues connected with maintenance management processes performed in the chosen transportation company.

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