COLLOQUIA PSYCHOLOGICA Psycho/Neuroeconomics: the decisional process
6 giugno 2006
THEORY OF MIND AND EMOTIONS IN THE ULTIMATUM GAME
Antonella MARCHETTI, Ilaria CASTELLI Theory of Mind Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Catholic University, Milano
e-mail:
[email protected]
GOALS Joint look on ToM and decision-making: the mentalistic abilities implied - explicitly or implicitly in the predictions and explanations of the outcomes of a decisional process.
Hypothesis: decision-making into an economical context requires theory of mind (Rilling, Sanfey et al., 2004), and the experience of emotions (Sanfey et. al, 2003, 2006).
TASKS AND PARTICIPANTS 150 undergraduates have been submitted to the following tasks: 1) UG adapted into 6 conditions (Marchetti, Castelli, 2006): • partner’s description (a physical description vs a mentalistic description of “selfish” vs “generous”); • fairness (60 vs 40) or unfairness (90 vs 10) of the received offer; • coherence or incoherence of the offer with the partner’s description (selfish partner-unfair offer and generous partner-fair offer, and vice-versa); 2) selection of Strange Stories (Happè, 1994; Happè et al., 1999; Mazzola, Camaioni, 2002); 3) Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Serafin, Surian, 2004); 4) Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew, Horowitz, 1991; Farma, Cortinovis, 2000). We discuss here only the results obtained in UG and SS and the relationships between them.
RESULTS UG 52% accept and 48% refuse the offer QUESTION 1: DECISION UG TYPE *
ACCEPTATION F (%)
REFUSAL F (%)
PF
19 (76%)
6 (24%)
PU
11 (44%)
14 (56%)
FC
19 (76%)
6 (24%)
UC
5 (20%)
20 (80%)
FI
13 (52%)
12 (48%)
UI
11 (44%)
14 (56%)
* UG TYPE PF = Physical Fair FC = Fair Coherent FI = Fair Incoherent
PU = Physical Unfair UC = Unfair Coherent UI = Unfair Incoherent
TABLE 1: Frequencies and % of acceptation - refusal in each UG condition. (χ2= 23,077 df = 5, p < 0,01) • PF, FC: the same high % of acceptation (76%); • PU, UI: the same % of acceptation (44%); • UC: the lowest % of acceptation (20%); • FI: fair offer, partner mentally selfish: acceptation not high (52 %)
QUESTION 2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE DECISION UG TYPE
REFUSAL
ACCEPTATION J1* F(%)
J2** F( %)
J3*** F (%)
J1* F(%)
J2** F( %)
J3*** F (%)
TOT.
PF
19 (100%)
5 (83,3%)
1 (16,7%)
N=25
PU
11 (100%)
13 (92,9%)
1 (7,1%)
N=25
FC
16 (84,2%)
FI
2 (10,5%)
1 (5,3%)
2 (33,3%)
1 (16,7%)
3 (50%)
N=25
5 (100%)
12 (60%)
7 (35%)
1 (5%)
N=25
UC
13 (100%)
7 (58,3%)
3 (25%)
2 (16,7%)
N=25
UI
10 (90,9%)
11 (78,6%)
1 (7,1%)
2 (14,3%)
N=25
1 (9,1%)
* J1 = justification referred only to the offer ** J2 = justification referred only to the description of the partner *** J3 = justification referred to the perception of the coherence/incoherence between the partner description and the received offer
TABLE 2: Frequencies and % of justification of the decision in each UG condition.
RESULTS FOR QUESTION 2 (JUSTIFICATION OF THE DECISION) •
•
ACCEPTATION: justifications quite homogeneous: – in all the conditions: “It is better to earn this amount of money rather than nothing”, or “the offer seems good”; – partner description: in FC (10,5%)only; – coherence/incoherence: only in FC (5,3%) and UI (9,1%). REFUSAL: justifications more heterogeneous: – in all the conditions: “It is better to earn nothing rather than such amount of money”, or “the offer seems bad”; – FI: a high % of J1 (60%), the partner description (selfish) shadows the perception of a fair offer; supported by the highest % of J2 in this condition; – the highest % of J3 is in FC: a generous partner should equally divide the money.
UG3 GENERAL SAMPLE UG1
1*
1 F ACCEPTATION
2 REFUSAL
Total
3***
4****
19
16
35
8
78
% within UG1
24,4%
20,5%
44,9%
10,3%
100,0%
% within UG3
90,5%
66,7%
37,6%
66,7%
52,0%
% of Total
12,7%
10,7%
23,3%
5,3%
52,0%
2
8
58
4
72
% within UG1
2,8%
11,1%
80,6%
5,6%
100,0%
% within UG3
9,5%
33,3%
62,4%
33,3%
48,0%
% of Total
1,3%
5,3%
38,7%
2,7%
48,0%
21
24
93
12
150
% within UG1
14,0%
16,0%
62,0%
8,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0% 100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
8,0%
100,0%
F
F
% of Total * Positive emotions
2**
Total
** Absence of emotions
14,0%
16,0%
62,0%
*** Negative emotions
**** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3: Frequencies and %of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=78) and those who refuse (N=72) on the general sample.
UG TYPE: PF UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
UG3 1* F
Total
4****
4
5
5
19
% within UG1
26,3%
21,1%
26,3%
26,3%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
45,5%
100,0%
76,0%
20,0%
16,0%
20,0%
20,0%
76,0%
0
0
6
0
6
% within UG1
,0%
,0%
100,0%
,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
,0%
,0%
54,5%
,0%
24,0%
% of Total
,0%
,0%
24,0%
,0%
24,0%
5
4
11
5
25
% within UG1
20,0%
16,0%
44,0%
20,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
20,0%
16,0%
44,0%
20,0%
100,0%
F
F
% of Total
* Positive emotions
3***
5
% of Total 2 REFUSAL
2**
Total
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.1: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=19) and those who refuse (N=6) in the PF condition.
UG TYPE: PU UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
UG3 1* F
9
0
11
% within UG1
9,1%
9,1%
81,8%
,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
50,0%
50,0%
45,0%
,0%
44,0%
4,0%
4,0%
36,0%
,0%
44,0%
1
1
11
1
14
% within UG1
7,1%
7,1%
78,6%
7,1%
100,0%
% within UG3
50,0%
50,0%
55,0%
100,0%
56,0%
4,0%
4,0%
44,0%
4,0%
56,0%
2
2
20
1
25
% within UG1
8,0%
8,0%
80,0%
4,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
8,0%
8,0%
80,0%
4,0%
100,0%
F
F
% of Total
* Positive emotions
4****
1
% of Total Total
3***
1
% of Total 2 REFUSAL
2**
Total
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.2: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=11) and those who refuse (N=14) in the PU condition.
UG3
UG TYPE: FC UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
2 REFUSAL
Total
*Positive emotions
1* F
2**
Total 3***
4****
9
2
7
1
19
% within UG1
47,4%
10,5%
36,8%
5,3%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
50,0%
63,6%
100,0%
76,0%
% of Total
36,0%
8,0%
28,0%
4,0%
76,0%
0
2
4
0
6
% within UG1
,0%
33,3%
66,7%
,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
,0%
50,0%
36,4%
,0%
24,0%
% of Total
,0%
8,0%
16,0%
,0%
24,0%
9
4
11
1
25
% within UG1
36,0%
16,0%
44,0%
4,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
% of Total
36,0%
16,0%
44,0%
4,0%
100,0%
F
F
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.3: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=19) and those who refuse (N=6) in the FC condition.
UG3
UG TYPE: UC UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
2 REFUSAL
Total
*Positive emotions
1* F
Total
2**
3***
0
1
4
5
% within UG1
,0%
20,0%
80,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
,0%
25,0%
20,0%
20,0%
% of Total
,0%
4,0%
16,0%
20,0%
1
3
16
20
% within UG1
5,0%
15,0%
80,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
75,0%
80,0%
80,0%
% of Total
4,0%
12,0%
64,0%
80,0%
1
4
20
25
% within UG1
4,0%
16,0%
80,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
% of Total
4,0%
16,0%
80,0%
100,0%
F
F
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.4: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=5) and those who refuse (N=20) in the UC condition.
UG3
UG TYPE: FI UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
2 REFUSAL
Total
*Positive emotions
1* Count
2**
Total 3***
4****
3
5
4
1
13
% within UG1
23,1%
38,5%
30,8%
7,7%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
83,3%
28,6%
50,0%
52,0%
% of Total
12,0%
20,0%
16,0%
4,0%
52,0%
0
1
10
1
12
% within UG1
,0%
8,3%
83,3%
8,3%
100,0%
% within UG3
,0%
16,7%
71,4%
50,0%
48,0%
% of Total
,0%
4,0%
40,0%
4,0%
48,0%
3
6
14
2
25
% within UG1
12,0%
24,0%
56,0%
8,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
% of Total
12,0%
24,0%
56,0%
8,0%
100,0%
Count
Count
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.5: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=13) and those who refuse (N=12) in the FI condition.
UG3
UG TYPE: UI UG1
1 ACCEPTATION
2 REFUSAL
Total
*Positive emotions
1* Count
2**
Total 3***
4****
1
3
6
1
11
% within UG1
9,1%
27,3%
54,5%
9,1%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
75,0%
35,3%
33,3%
44,0%
% of Total
4,0%
12,0%
24,0%
4,0%
44,0%
0
1
11
2
14
% within UG1
,0%
7,1%
78,6%
14,3%
100,0%
% within UG3
,0%
25,0%
64,7%
66,7%
56,0%
% of Total
,0%
4,0%
44,0%
8,0%
56,0%
1
4
17
3
25
% within UG1
4,0%
16,0%
68,0%
12,0%
100,0%
% within UG3
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
% of Total
4,0%
16,0%
68,0%
12,0%
100,0%
Count
Count
** Absence of emotions
*** Negative emotions **** Ambivalent/mixed emotions
TABLE 3.6: Frequencies and % of emotions at the moment of the offer (question 3) distinguished between those who accept (N=11) and those who refuse (N=14) in the UI condition.
STRANGE STORIES bluff (story n. 1), persuasion - manipulation of feelings (story n. 2), white lie (story n. 3), misunderstanding other’s intentions (story n. 4). AND UG: in PF those who accept: sign. higher score at SS (t= -,799, df=23, p
