invent better than candles that burn without smoking`` could be realised (J. W .v. ... Paraffin wax is a mixture of straight-chain hydrocarbons that are formed as by.
Review
Therapy Candle for illnesses
Alireza Yousefi * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran;
Introduction Candles are now a common decoration item in homes. Candles are primarily used to create ambiance and relieve stress. we will and can use a variety of colors, shapes, sizes, and type of candle. Colors will vary according to the purpose of the ritual. Sizes should be appropriate to the task. A small, fast burning candle wouldn‟t be appropriate for a seven-day ritual and a large, glass encased candle may be over-kill for a quick one hour ritual. But remember, we can adapt any candle to any purpose. If a need arises and we only have birthday candles, we can successfully use them (Faraday, Michael 1960). It was only as late as the mid nineteenth century that stearin and paraffin wax offered further high quality raw materials available for the manufacture of candles alongside bees wax. During the same period decisive improvements were made to wicks, in particular the braiding techniques and chemical treatments. So further prerequisites for candles that burnt well were fulfilled and Goethe‟s dream ´´ I know not what you could invent better than candles that burn without smoking`` could be realised (J. W .v. Goethe, Sprüche in Reimen; 1977). Key words: Candles,ambiance,manufacture,Wax, paraffin, stearin.
What is Aromatherapy? Aromatherapy is the name given to a unique branch of herbal medicine that uses the medicinal and therapeutic properties of the oils found in various plants. These special oils are called essential oils and are incredibly potent. The name “aromatherapy” is actually a little misleading, because it implies that the “aroma” of essential oils is the primary healing agent. Actually, essential oils can be used in many different ways: “The real beauty of aromatherapy is that the essences work
on a cellular and physical level, and also in the emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic areas of your life” (Aromatherapy J. Spring, 2013). First, the scent fills the room, and can help create an intended atmosphere. This becomes especially important when you‟re trying to affect the overall mood of a space. Second, the “aroma” of aromatherapy is a bridge to very physiological responses. When you breathe in a scent, your olfactory nerve cells send an electrical message to the brain. This information from the olfactory nerve cells is processed by the limbic system, “an area of the brain that initiates mood and memory formation” (Bowles, pg. 12).
Wax Candles are made up of one or more wicks surrounded by a solid material, the wax, which can be burnt. The term „wax‟ coves a variety of different products of mineral, animal or vegetable. Burn soy candles rather than oil based candles. Soywax candles burn cleaner and slower, are non toxic and do not emit petrol-carbon soot. Soy is both a renewable and a biodegradable resource. Beeswax candles are a better choice than paraffin wax but often times a bees wax candle will contain some paraffin wax. Beeswax candles produce a „cleaner burn‟compared to paraffin wax –a petroleum product(Wax Company,Arlington Heights, IL, 2002). These are mainly synthetic waxes from the polymer-chemistry branch e.g. poly ethylene waxes and copolymers as well as high melt Fischer-Tropsch paraffin waxes. To achieve special effects other natural waxes e.g. carnauba wax, montan wax etc. are employed as additives. Colours, lacquers and fragrances complete the range of materials used in candle production.
Potential for Paraffin Paraffin wax is a mixture of straight-chain hydrocarbons that are formed as by products during petroleum distillation. At room temperature, paraffin wax exists in a solid state but its melting point varies widely depending on the ratio of component hydrocarbons (Nasser WE. Waxes, 1999). There are two types of paraffin wax described: low melt point paraffin has a melting point around 130oF and is used in container candles because it tends to be amorphous at room temperature; high melt point paraffin has a melting point >130oF and is used for pillar candles since it is harder. Because most candles contain both types, the
melted wax should have a minimum temperature of 130oF. Additionally, paraffin has a specific heat capacity of 2.5 joules per gram kelvin (Diracdelta.co.uk, 2007), making it an excellent material to store heat. Application of any material at this temperature to living tissues will generate thermal tissue injury and impair healing. the reaction for Paraffin can be summarized by the following equation: C25H52(g) + 38O2(g) → 25CO2(g) + 26H2O(g These refined paraffin waxes are subject to constant quality controls and are toxicologically harmless. Their environmentally compatible properties are characterised by biodegradability as well as the lack of eco-toxic and bioaccumulating properties.
Wick The wick is mainly made up of braided cotton threads which are usually treated with inorganic compositions. Long, fibrous cotton with a uniform structure produces the best results. The fibres have a major influence on capillary action, wick stance and ultimately the ability of the wick to self trim.The inorganic elements of the wick treatment prevent after glow of the wick when it is extinguished. The formation of a crystal skeleton after the chemical treatment process increases the stability of the wick.Choose candles with thin, braided wicks. Avoid candles with very thick wicks and those with a wire core holding the wick upright.Wicks with metal down the middle are the most hazardous, as they contain leadAvoid multiple wick candles (Wolfgang Weidenfeld,1983).
Scented and Fragrance candles Materials used for aroma can be divided into two groups, essential oils/ plant extracts or fragrant chemicals. Read the labels carefully before purchasing your candles. Consumers can be fooled by product descriptions which lead them to believe they are buying healthy, aromatherapy candles, when in reality the candle is primarily a petroleum wax, with synthetic scent, synthetic fixatives and a small amount of plant essential oil (Meta Studies,2012). Essential oils are extracted from trees, shrubs and flowers from all over the world. It is not uncommon for candle manufactures to combine artificial fragrances with essential oils, or to dilute the essential oils with synthetic fragrance. Many synthetic fragrance chemicals can
pose a wide range of immediate and long-term health hazards. Up to 95 percent of chemicals used in fragrances are synthetic compounds derived from petroleum.Avoid aromatic candles. If you do use a scented candle make sure the fragrance used was specifically formulated for candle use. Avoid wax that contains volatile aromatic hydrocarbons.The evaluation of a candle fragrance, besides the assumed fidelity of the odor character to the customer‟s expectations, hinges on “cold throw” and “hot throw”. Cold throw is the impact of the fragrance in the candle before burning. A candle is not customarily lit in a retail store; so a purchaser almost invariably selects a candle based on its cold throw. It is crucial that the fragrance balance emphasizes the top and the middle notes. Bottom notes, often the most expensive part of a fragrance, have little place in a candle. Hot throw is the odor impact when the candle is burning, particularly when the pool of molten wax on the top has completely formed. The fragrance should give a strong and characteristic odor, filling an average room with scent (Figure 1). It is essential that the fragrance performs well in the customer base. Most candles are paraffinbased. Paraffin is a complex mixture, and the detailed chemical composition of a particular material is rarely available. The standard specifications for wax are melting point and penetration. Changing suppliers of 1450F paraffin – based on the assumption that all 1450F paraffins are essentially the same – has been the cause of countless difficulties. The key determinants of paraffin chemistry are the source of the petroleum oil and the refining process. Some oil fields have aromatic or cyclic components, while others do not. Most paraffins are straight chains, but some paraffins contain a significant amount of branched-chain compounds. The melting point rises with increasing chain length, and branched chains are lower-melting than straight chains. The boiling range, melting point, and paraffin composition can all be controlled, in theory, to fairly tight specifications by the refining operations, but rarely is the paraffin purchased by candle companies actually held to these rigid standards (Faraday, Michael,1960).
Figure 1. Schemaic candle
Regardless of the exact composition of the paraffin, the key fact is that paraffin is non-polar. There are a few non-polar aroma chemicals, but the majority of the fragrance ingredients have some polarity: aldehydes, esters and alcohols are a few examples. The choice of solvent can also be used to adjust the flash point of the fragrance, which is a critical factor for shipping.Besides solubility, the fragrance must not adversely affect the burning characteristics.Burn tests are commonly performed by manufacturers, both on new submissions and on each individual lot of fragrance oil received for production. The flame must burn well both initially and when relit. In a properly burning system, the paraffin will totally combust, yielding carbon dioxide and water A special cut of mineral oil, having a high flash point, was gelled. The composition is approximately 92% mineral oil and 8% polymer. Fragrances, which have specific solubility and flash point characteristics, are specified. The fragrances non-polar must be completely soluble in mineral oil in blends of 25% fragrance and 75% mineral oil, and 75% fragrance and 25% mineral oil.
Soot Soot is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, usually petroleum-based. Soot results from use of candles and other indoor combustible materials like incense, potpourri and oil lamps. Soot particles are very small and are easily inhaled and deposited deep in the lungs. Soot discolours walls and furniture, and makes its way into the ventilation system in your home. The very young, the elderly and those with respiratory diseases like asthma should avoid exposure to candle soot. In order to obtain the romantic bright yellow and white light, candle flames produce soot. If there was such a thing as a a soot-free candle, it would produce a blue flame similar to those seen from a gas stove (Asthma Society of Canada.com).
colores The addition of color increases the potential stability problems. Generally, these colors contain nitrogen in the form of an azo bond (–N=N–), which can react with
aroma chemicals. Stray metal contamination can also come from the wick, wick tab, a poor grade of wax, or iron present in the processing equipment. Dark perfume oils, usually yellow, orange or amber, when incorporated at 5%, can add significant color to a base, making a blue into a green or a white candle yellow. Light, either from the sun, fluorescence or UV, can trigger unwanted color reactions. UV absorbers, chelating agents and antioxidants, alone or in combination, may eliminate or alleviate some unwanted reactions – sometimes. Raw material studies on the fragrance in the colored base may be necessary (National Candle Association, 2002). Titan which is used to stabilize the color of the candle. Liquid dye provides you with a solution to the color accuracy problem, but all liquid dye that I have ever had any experience with does have a slight chemical smell to it. Therefore, we do not use liquid dye when we need to produce rich colors. Resistant colored resin and pigments increased of silicon, aluminum (resistant up to 400 ° C).
odor The chemical interactions with hair provide an additional source of odor problems. Permanent waves have a severe base odor, both in product and in use. The characteristic smell comes from such as thioglycolates, usually ammonium thioglycolate (C2H4O2S·H3N) or glyceryl thioglycolate (2).
Figure 2.formula glyceryl thioglycolate
No fragrance can mask the odor completely. Sagarin and Balsam published the basic reference (Sagarin, E. and Balsam, M. 1956).concerning perfume materials in these bases in 1956, offering data on 200 aroma chemicals, and surprisingly little information has since been published. Sagarin and Balsam found it impossible to draw conclusions based solely on structure. Aldehydes would be expected to react with thioglycolates, but some proved stable, such as methyl nonyl acetaldehyde. Some materials mask but do not retain their odor value; cinnamon oil and
citronellal change odor but have good masking ability. Phenylethyl alcohol maintains its character but covers poorly. Some materials can maintain odor and coverage but exhibit other problems, such as trichlorostyralyl acetate, which is useful, except for the deep yellow color it produces.The odor stability and coverage achieved by blends of aroma chemicals are hard to predict. Some materials perform better in mixtures; others require careful blending to be effective. Certain materials that tested well, such as cade oil and methyl acetophenone, are unpleasant by themselves and must be carefully added in small proportions to be useful. An approach to reducing the thioglycolate odor was disclosed in US patent 5,554,363 (Nandagiri, A., Solka, B.H. and Kocis, J.A.1996). In 1888, Bongartz observed that thioglycolic acid combines with benzaldehyde over a span of a few hours, and with cinnamic aldehyde in minutes,with the release of significant heat. The patent builds on these observations. It specifies benzaldehyde, methyl hydrocinnamic aldehyde, and mixtures of the two, for being more reactive with the cysteamine reducing agent, than with the aldehydes that naturally occur in hair. The reducing agent thus attacks the fragrance aldehydes rather than the hair aldehydes, resulting in reduced odor during the permanent waving process.Today is some produce a characteristic odor of alcohol ethoxylates, HLB(23.5 / 6) used.
Burning the candle Burning petroleum based candles release pollutants such as benzene, styrene, toluene, acetone and particulate matter into the air. Candle soot contains many of the same compounds given off from burning diesel fuel.Scented candles give off odours that often aggravate asthma symptoms. Monitor asthma symptoms closely. Do not use candles when asthma symptoms are present. Candles that are not properly manufactured, or that contain quantities of fragranced oils that are not suitable for combustion can add to indoor to indoor pollution (Asthma Society of Canada.com). Even though candles are used in many cases as decorative ornaments for rooms, the use as a source of light remains the ´real use` for the consumer. The criteria of the flammability of the wick makes special quality demands on the burning mass with relation to the burning process(temperature, combustion products). Crystal salt releases negative ions and there by regulate the heart,
adrenal, glands, and the thyroid.Hence it can be said rock salt air vitamin manufacturer.
Conclusion Color therapy is widely used in both mainstream mental health fields and in metaphysics. Different colors radiate at different frequencies and have specific effects on our minds and bodies.It is also important for clients to be confident that the substances used in the manufacture of their candles such as additives, fragrance and colorants are safe.We advise them to perform a toxicological assessment which Intertek can also offer. The most important objective for setting up quality standards for the candle is the protection of the consumer. For this reason the preparation of such quality standards must be approached from the viewpoint of the consumer.
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organic compounds in materials for candle production and human exposure to candle emissions“ Chemosphere 34 (5-7), 1623-1630. Wolfgang Weidenfeld (1983)."Wichtige Kriterien bei der Herstellung von Qualitätskerzen", Verlag für chemische Industrie H. Ziolkowsky GmbH, Augsburg.
