Title: Arial, Title Case, Bold and 16

Revitalization of an Early Industrial Settlement An Educational Case Study in Beykoz-Istanbul

Elif Mihcioglu Bilgi, Ege Uluca Tumer Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey

Abstract: During Ottoman Period, Beykoz was known to be the faraway countryside on the north of th Bosphorus, Istanbul. With the establishment of Sumerbank Factory in the early 19 century, the district developed as an important area of industrialization. Due to law regarding the removal of industrial use from Bosphorus, industrial buildings have been evacuated to a great extent lately. As well as the historic residential fabric, the industrial complexes in Beykoz still preserve their major characteristics. Moreover, they have an important power and potential for strengthening the loose relationship of Beykoz with the city centre. Beykoz has been selected as the subject of an International Urban and Architectural Design Studio and the Department of Architecture at IKU (Turkey) studied Yalikoy and Merkez Quarters. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the analyses, evaluations and proposals made for the revitalization of an early industrial settlement through this educational experience.

Beykoz: A Case Study of Revitalization in Historic Environments and Industrial Settlements in 20th Century As Lefebvre underlines, beyond any doubt, the process of industrialization is the dynamic of transformations in society for the last century and a half, which defines the situation in many cases in the world, including Beykoz. He defines „industrialization‟ as the „inductive‟; for both urban development, and problems of urban growth and planning (Lefebvre, 1999:65). In this study, it can be clearly said that „history is the very basis of contemporary design, providing a parti (basic plan of a structure) for individual buildings and a way of relating buildings to their surroundings‟, as G. Wright states (Wright, 2003:171). As a part of the problem to be held within the context of the international design studio titled „Nature-Culture-City: Sustainability for Equilibrium‟ through the case study of Beykoz-Istanbul, „sustainability‟ was an aimed goal to be reached. Sustainability, which means „reducing the resource inputs and waste outputs, while simultaneously improving its livability‟, alternatively goes beyond to the limits of reconstructing the environment around the goals of local ecological and community values today (Newman-Kenworthy, 2003:235). For a historical context involving both residential, and industrial heritage, of conservation, urban and architectural design, which constitute „revitalization‟, are the necessary tools to be used to sustain and revitalize the „identity of place‟ of the physical environment. Lynch defines the „identity of place‟ as providing its individuality or distinction from other places, serving as the basis for its recognition as an entity. Consequently, each place is unique and it is identifiable (Relph, 2007:104). Eventually, for this identification, analytical techniques are inevitable to clarify the notion of identity and to justify the urban and architectural solutions as much as possible. As a partner of an International Urban and Architectural Design Studio, which has been realized by different programmes of Schools of Architecture [Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts from Istanbul (MSGSU), Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Grenoble (ENSAG) and Nancy Universities from France, Aristotales University from Greece and Porto th University from Portugal, Istanbul Kultur University (IKU)], 7 semester students of

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Proceedings, International IAPS-CSBE & HOUSING Network 2009

Keywords: BeykozIstanbul, industrial heritage, historic environment, urbanization, revitalization, education.

Contact Person: Instr. Elif Mihcioglu Bilgi IKU, Atakoy Yerleskesi, 34156 Bakirkoy Istanbul 902124984291 902124659308 embilgi@gmail .com

Department of Architecture at IKU, studied Beykoz, having many original characteristics and problems. Beykoz has been selected as the study area for the one week workshop that has been participated by all mentioned universities and for the whole semester study by IKU, MSGSU, YTU and ENSAG. Two tutors, Assist.Prof.Dr. Ege Uluca Tumer and Instr. Elif Mihcioglu Bilgi have instructed two groups of 15 students under the consultancy of Prof.Dr. Nur Akin. Historic quarters of Yalikoy and Merkez defined as sub-study areas with the emphasis on „historical environment‟ and „revitalization‟. After an extensive phase of analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were defined. Although methodology of analyses on the study area is common, outcomes and evaluation are unique to locus, which is Beykoz in this case, and to this project at IKU. As the final stage, proposals for the revitalization of the area have been discussed and developed at different scales through the contemporary problems of the area

Historical Background The ancient name of the Beykoz is known to be „Amikhos‟, the name of the king of Thracians, who had come to Beykoz in 700 B.C. by sea (Gokcen,1988:31). There are two different etymologic analyses on the name of the town „Beykoz‟. The first one is based on the meaning of „koz‟, which is walnut, and the other one is based on „kos‟, which means village. The walnut trees, as one of the widespread tree type in the area and veteran th commandant of Osman Gazi, Akcakoca Bey, who dwelled in Beykoz in first half of 14 century may had given the town its name (Oral, 1973:14). th Beykoz, which was referred in famous book „Seyahatname‟ of 16 century ottoman traveller Evliya Celebi as „A well groomed town with its 800 houses, vineyards and gardens, mostly inhabited by woodsmen, fishermen and gardeners‟, (Gokcen,1988:34) th had the same physical and economic conditions until the end of 19 century. Same evaluation had been made by Ahmet Mithat Efendi, famous poet of Beykoz at the end of th 19 century as „Because there is sea in front, forest at the back and truck gardens in the middle of Beykoz, there you can find fishermen, woodsmen and gardeners‟ (Yesilbas, 2005:31). Introduction of industrial use had caused a rapid urbanization and population growth in th th Beykoz in 19 and 20 centuries. Social identity of the district had changed from a small town at the countryside to a labourers‟ settlement. Beykoz, having a closer relationship with the centre than the past, had an introverted character, defined by the operating systems of all factories in the district, but by Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory in particular. Until their evacuation in the early 2000s, the education and the social life of workers were shaped by the factories. Other important factories of Beykoz were Turkey (Pasabahce) Bottle and Glass Factory, Tekel Raki and Spirit (Liquor) Factory, Umit Glass Industry, Yenimahalle Plywood and Coating Factory, Incirkoy Brick Factory, Akbaba Crystal and Glass Industry (Gokcen, 1988:17). Oral stated in his book of 1973 on Beykoz that the immigrants from Rize, Erzurum, Corum, Kastamonu, Giresun, Ordu, Sinop, Romania and Bulgaria for job opportunities in factories had turned natives of Beykoz to minority in the area (Oral, 1973:15). This rapid increase in population had caused an uncontrolled growth of built areas and loss of forests and farmyards which were settled along streams (Alpman, 2009:210). Although the forest areas had been widened after the establishment of Republic of Turkey (Gokcen, 1988:34), many had been lost in last fifty years of uncontrolled building activities. Oral had mentioned about the shadeless forest roads, which were without any sunlight 30 years ago, in his book of 1973 (Oral, 1973:16). Other traditional economic activities were glass production since the period of Selim III, known as „Beykoz Style‟ (Oral, 1973:38) and granite production at quarry next to Sahinkaya Avenue (Alpman, 2009, 210). th Before 20 century majority of population in Beykoz is stated to be composed of Greeks, Armenians and Jews (Alpman, 2009:209) The population in Beykoz District was sequentially 21,308 in 1935; 41,492 in 1940; 58,317 in 1960; 114,612 in 1980; 217,316 in 2000 and 235,002 in 2007 (Gokcen, 1988: 9; www.tuik.gov.tr). In 1970, the population of

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Yalikoy was 5,156 and the population in Beykoz Merkez was 3,592, out of 73,623 in whole Beykoz District in 1970 (Oral, 1973:17). Beykoz District was always involved in sports activities in Istanbul since the establishment of sports institutions in Istanbul. Beykoz Youth Club, founded as Terbiye-i Bedeniye in 1908, is the official sports club of the district. Football Team of Club used to play in premier league in different intervals, though it is playing in second league right now. Besides football; rowing, swimming, water polo, volleyball and basketball have been sports professionally being made at Beykoz Youth Club (Oral, 1973:37-38). There used to be organized rowing race festivals in Beykoz Bay, between Beykoz and Pasabahce (Yesilbas, 2005:122) and swimming races between Cubuklu and Kurucesme (Yesilbas, 2005:123). Music and cultural activities were also institutionalized by Beykoz Music Society, founded in 1955 and Beykoz Culture Association, founded in 1956. Beykoz has always benefited the advantages of Bosphorus for transportation. After the establishment of Sirket-i Hayriye in 1851, scheduled ferryboats started to ferry to Bosphorus villages, including Beykoz. First jetty building of Beykoz was built in 1851 as a timber structure (http://www.sirketihayriye.com). Beykoz Square used to be last stop for public vehicles until 1950s (Alpman, 2009:132). Beykoz Merkez and Yalikoy, the districts in the borders of study area, had been the centre th for many small villages and farms around until late 20 century. It has been stated by Gokcen that Beykoz Merkez had the biggest market area in the Beykoz District (Gokcen 1988: 59). The port and fishing activities along Beykoz coastline were also the reasons for crowding around Beykoz. Yalikoy, placed on north of Beykoz Merkez had been a comparatively later settlement. The mansions (yali) on the shore of Yalikoy had given its name (Gokcen, 1988:64). Mansions on the sea shore have always been the borderline formed by wealthy housing between backside middle/low class settlements and Bosphorus. Important monumental buildings and areas in the study area in history were Beykoz Field, Sultaniye Field, Beykoz Woods, Beykoz Mansion, Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory, Hunkar İskelesi (jetty), Beykoz Mosque, Ishak Agha Fountain (Oncesmeler) and Ahmet Mithat Efendi Mansion. Beykoz Field has been used as a „mesire‟, traditional recreational large open areas in Ottoman Period mostly by the sea and rivers. Beykoz Field, reaching up to Tokat Mansion, had a connection with Bosphorus through Hunkar İskelesi (Yesilbas, 2005:30). It had been used for military barracks, growing vegetables for orphans (Oral, 1973:40), football, graduation ceremony for shoemakers (Gokcen, 1988:47), and wrestling festivals in history. Tokat Stream, passing through the Field, used to have a wider creek mouth where rowing boats can sail into (Yesilbas, 2005:51). Glass factory, one of the important factories in the area, was built on the seaside of Sultaniye Field, which was once another famous mesire place on the south of the study area (Bilir, 2008:24). Beykoz Woods had been once named after Abraham Pasha who once owned the land. Beykoz Woods had been bought by Abdulhamid II and was opened to public as a park area in 1908. The nursery garden across the Woods was established in 1934 on the place of Arpaci Farm (Gokcen, 1988:50). Beykoz (Mecidiye) Mansion, on the top of the hill on the south of Hunkar Iskelesi, was built in 1855 by Governors of Egypt Mehmet Ali Pasha and Sait Pasha (Oral, 2007:141). It is the first palace built on Bosphorus following Topkapi Palace (Yesilbas, 2005:27). Beykoz Mosque, placed next to Ishak Agha Fountain, was first built by Serbostani th Mustafa Agha at the end of 16 century and rebuilt in 1809 (Bilir, 2008:51-52). Ishak Agha Fountain (Oncesmeler) was built in 1746 by Ishak Pasha in place of another fountain by Architect Sinan (Gokcen, 1988:39).

Location / Transportation / Access to the District and the Study Area Beykoz is the largest district of Istanbul, located on the north shores of Asian side. Although being close to city centres of Asian Side, Beykoz is comparatively peripheral.

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The neighbouring parts to Uskudar District, next to FSM Bridge are the central areas of the district. The coastal line of Beykoz starts in the middle of the Bosphorus and continues along a part of Black Sea. Beykoz has a strategic location on the main land routes of Istanbul. TEM Motorway (E-6), which is the ring road of Istanbul connecting to Europe via FSM Bridge passes through Kavacik-Beykoz. Despite the close relation with the main routes, the traffic is problematic due to the capillary character of traditional circulation network at the coastal side. Public transportation possibilities to the district are from Kadikoy, Mecidiyekoy and Uskudar, but not adequate. Minibus and “dolmus” routes within the district are irregular and unorganized. Although there are many connection points of maritime routes (ferries, sea buses and motorboats) along the Bosphorus, they are not sufficient to set a strong network and meet the demands of the district. The study area, comprising Yalikoy and Merkez Quarters, is located on the north side of Pasabahce Creek. It is defined by Camlibahce, Orta Cesme on the north, Beykoz Forest (Beykoz Ormani) on the east, Beykoz Woods (Beykoz Korusu) on the south-east and by the Bosphorus on the west. Major land connections to the study area are through TEM Motorway (E-6) and then Mehmet Yavuz Avenue, the Coastal Road, and the only sea route is through Beykoz Jetty (Beykoz Iskelesi).

Social, Economical and Organisational Structure The data on social, economical and organizational structure depends on the survey applied to forty households in the study area. Economical analyses are supported by the data from Turkish Statistical Institution. Social Structure: The population of Beykoz has a tendency in growing, as most of the districts in Istanbul. Still, the general inhabitant profile is mostly composed of natives of Beykoz who live in Beykoz for more than 30 years. The immigration to the district was from Black Sea Region since it was a fishing village till today. However, following the closing down of the factories, the population profile and social life have slightly changed. The major reasons for satisfaction of residences in the study area are calmness and the natural environment. Inhabitants, residing at upper levels, mostly state the beautiful view as a reason for their pleasure. The major reasons for dissatisfaction are transportation difficulties and lack of maintenance. The other negative sides mentioned were inadequate social, cultural and shopping facilities in the area. There are no theatres or art galleries while the number of libraries and culture centres are limited (one each) in the study area. Beykoz Municipality Culture Centre involves one cinema hall and two multi-functional halls. In general, the rate of owners, which is two-third, is double of the rate of tenants. The share of primary school graduates in Merkez Quarter is more than half, while in Yalikoy Quarter the majority is high school graduates with the rate close to half. The education level of half of the questionnaire given households is below secondary school. The age groups in the study area are distributed as; between 0 to 13 is 23%, between 1325 is 23%, between 25 to 40 is 11%, between 40 to 60 is 36% and over 60 is 7%.

Land Use and Ownership There are a few basic uses dominating in the study area, which are residential, evacuated industrial and greenery. On the north, old Sumerbank Leather and Shoe Factory buildings cover a huge land along the Bosphorus on the north of Yalikoy, bordered with the forest. Neighbouring historical Beykoz Field (Beykoz Cayiri) is a link between the coast and the forest at the backside. Similarly, on the west and south borders of the study area, there lay large green areas including Beykoz Forest and Beykoz Woods (Beykoz Ormani ve Korusu).

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In between the green areas, the built-up area is mostly residential. Additionally, commercial use, comprising of shops, bank offices, cafes/restaurants, take place from Mehmet Yavuz Avenue up to Cayir Avenue along the coastline. Along this commercial axis, there also exist the offices of a few political parties and non-governmental organizations, as well as public and health-care buildings. The military use, located on the south side of Sumerbank Leather and Shoe Factory is defined by Tokat Stream and the Bosphorus. The educational use includes five primary schools and two high schools scattered through the residential area, whereas religious use is composed of nine mosques and one Armenian church. When the ownership pattern in the study area is searched, it is seen that the primary owner groups are; private, Istanbul Municipality, State Treasury (Hazine), and the secondary owner groups are Istanbul Governorship (Istanbul Valiligi), Monuments Association (Anitlar Dernegi), Directorate of Foundations (Vakiflar Genel Mudurlugu), Beykoz Municipality (Beykoz Belediyesi) and Turkish Education Foundation (Turk Egitim Vakfi). The green areas on the south belong to Istanbul Municipality, the ones on the east and on the north belong to State Treasury. The area at the south bank of Tokat Stream where the Military and Beykoz Mansion are located, also belongs to State Treasury. On the other hand, built-up areas mostly belong to individuals. Some residential areas, which can be expected to be illegal, are located on the lands of Istanbul Municipality, Monuments Association and State Treasury. Additionally, two important potentials of the study area, Beykoz Field and Sumerbank Leather and Shoe Factory are owned by individuals.

Urban Structure and Character of the Study Area The study area is composed of mainly three hills and two valleys in between. The residential areas are located on the inclined hillsides, which brings the opportunity of splendid viewpoints at different levels towards Bosphorus and the forests. In contrast to this, the coastal line is quite flat, excluding the small crest where Beykoz Mansion is situated. The buildings in the study area are commonly one to three storied, which are generally single-family houses with gardens. Four to five storied buildings are gathered on the dense axes like the coastal line and Mehmet Yavuz Avenue, also on Kuyu Street at Yalikoy Quarter. The urban fabric, divided into two by the green open space of Beykoz Field, has an organic character in general, except the central grid-iron district. At the central historic quarters, the buildings are in detached order, conversely the late labourers‟ houses, the military lodgements and the squatter housing areas towards the forestry are in contiguous order. Most of these buildings are arbitrarily scattered within large building blocks and do not have any defined access due to lack of planning. th The historic timber structure buildings, which are mostly from 19 century, constitute the qualified building stock in the study area, on the waterside, on the grid-iron area at Yalikoy, on Mehmet Yavuz and Sahinkaya Avenues. The reinforced concrete buildings comprise the majority increasing towards the higher levels. Ruined buildings are denser in the historic urban fabric where timber structure buildings are located.

Environmental Problems Major environmental problems are as „series of unqualified façade‟; „noise pollution due to dense traffic‟, „waste water mixed into Tokat Stream‟; „inconvenient roads for pedestrians‟; „disorder of coastline use due to fishing boats‟ arbitrary parking‟; „lack of security in green areas‟; „arbitrary parking spots‟; „indefinite use of open areas‟; „buildings without any defined use‟; „buildings without defined access due to lack of planning‟; „incompatible hard flooring or buildings in Beykoz Field‟.

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Outcomes of the Analyses After an extensive phase of analyses; the following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats the study area within Beykoz District were defined. The strong features of the study area were stated after the abovementioned analyses as; „an important coastline along Bosphorus‟; „closeness to the city centre‟; „important green areas, including Beykoz Forest, Beykoz Woods and Beykoz Field‟; „unique historic residential urban fabric (especially on Sahinkaya and Mehmet Yavuz Avenues)‟; „monuments (Beykoz Mansion) and industrial heritage (Sumerbank Factory) constituting urban identity‟; „many view points towards the city, Bosphorus and the greenery‟; „transportation convenience through Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, TEM (Trans European Motorway) and the coastal road‟; „single houses or low rise buildings forming the general building typology‟; „environment still keeping its tranquillity‟; „local inhabitants constituting the majority‟. The weaknesses of the area were stated as „narrow and congested coastal road as the major internal transportation axis‟; „limited possibilities of maritime transportation‟; „lack of conservation of historical heritage (severely damaged historic buildings, historic urban fabric integrity and historic green areas)‟; „widespread restoration problems of historical heritage‟; „illegal and unqualified building areas, mostly destroying the historic green areas‟; „lack of social, cultural, recreational and shopping facilities‟; „large unused spaces and ruined buildings of industrial heritage‟. The aspects identified as „opportunities‟ of the study area were specified as „potentials of transportation through the sea‟; „potentials of recreational use along the coastal line‟; „steep topography enriching urban and architectural qualities‟; valuable historic residential urban fabric (especially on Sahinkaya and Mehmet Yavuz Avenues)‟; „monuments (Beykoz Mansion) and industrial heritage (Sumerbank Factory) to be conserved and revitalized‟. The threats for study area were specified as; „spreading illegal and unqualified building areas, mostly destroying the green areas and threatening the identity of place‟; „destruction of historical heritage due to lack of conservation‟; wrong interventions to historical heritage‟. According to this SWOT analysis, proposal areas have been determined as; 1) The Coastline Area 2) Sumerbank Leather and Shoe Factory 3) Historic Urban Fabric at Merkez Quarter 4) Historic Urban Fabric at Yalikoy Quarter 5) Beykoz Field and the Military Area (Hünkar Iskelesi)

Evaluation and discussions on the proposals for the revitalization of Beykoz As the final stage, proposals for revitalization of the area have been discussed and developed at different scales through the contemporary problems of the area. The aim of this paper is to introduce the education methods and process in the studio and discuss the proposals for the revitalization of Beykoz, as an early industrial settlement.

Proposals The Coastline Area Proposal 1 (by Ipek TANGUNER): As a member of the group, studying the „Coastline Area‟ to upgrade it to a more qualified and satisfactory center within Beykoz District, the project includes the area starting from the south side of the square, where Oncesmeler Fountain and the Mosque are located, coming to the jetty and the neighbouring historic buildings facing Bosphorus at the north. Like the other group members, ergonomically dimensioned 2.5x2.5 sq.m., multi-functional, flexible cubes are utilized to create a common language in the project area. The square, which is an important focus in the study area, is reorganized. The defined coastal area is

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studied with the motive of purification from the unqualified buildings, building additions and changes, as well as developing it as the major recreational area. Within this context, the buildings at two ends of the defined coastal area are handled as parts of this project. A culture centre in the south-end proposes a design including the neighbouring ruined historic building, whereas on the other end, the jetty building with harmonious architectural appearance is kept, but redesigned at the interior.

Proposal area in plan (fig.1) and in sections (fig.2)

Project 2 (by Asli ELMACI): The other detailed project on the conceptual project by Demet Ozdemir and Asli Elmaci, is located between Panayir and Zindeler Yurdu Streets. In this project, apart from the extension to coastline and expansion of coastal areas, inefficiency of Oncesmeler square and the green areas behind Beykoz Jetty are also handled as problems. Oncesmeler Square and the roads passing through square are pedestrianized by burying the Coastal Road. The traffic on the Mehmet Yavuz Street is given to Panayir Street for the pedestrianization of Haci Alibey and Husniye Streets. Sahinkaya Road is also connected to this axis with Mescit Street. By the help of pedestrianization both square and roads running to the square became safer/freer for recreational and commercial uses. A new building complex, comprising two theatre/music/conference halls, exhibition halls and ateliers for various courses, is designed as a junction point for one of the connections to the sea, the square and the open space behind it. Proposed project in coastal area (fig.3).

Beykoz Field and the Military Area (Hunkar Iskelesi Area) Proposal 3 (by Tufan UZUN): As another part of the above mentioned group, this project is located at the south of Tokat Stream. Having the main idea of „flexibility‟ and regarding square /cube modules are utilized with the aim of multiple public uses. Both residents of Beykoz and all inhabitants of Istanbul coming through maritime are expected to be hosted at the „bazaar area‟, „amphitheatre‟, „public training centre including a nursery‟, „view terraces‟ related with „gastronomic places‟, „green areas‟ and the „jetty‟. The concrete ground area, next to Beykoz Mansion land, is reversed back to greenery, without touching the existing greenery around the Mansion. The program of the design becomes simpler and lighter, changing from closed spaces to recreational open areas, as approached towards the sea. The functions are located perpendicular to one major linear axis and linked to the other side of Tokat Stream with bridges and towers. Only the amphitheatre is located on the edge of the surrounding greenery of Beykoz Mansion.

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General overview (fig.4) and the linkage area to the otherside of Tokat Stream (fig.5).

Historic Urban Fabric at Merkez Quarter Project 4 (by Ayse SAGLAM): The project area includes the building block located at the intersection of Mehmet Yavuz Avenue and Panayir Street, as well as the area facing this building block. A cultural focus and a partial revitalization are aimed to be proposed through harmonious infill buildings in this historic context. The complex comprising of library, theatre and workshops is preferred to be a part or natural continuation of this environment, instead of a separately defined entity. A rather light urban fabric is created through proposing new buildings linked with bridges, upper structures or canopies, taking the greenery inside. The closed or open-air gastronomic places constitute the extraverted functions in the area. The inclined area in the middle of the building block behind the workshops facing Mehmet Yavuz Avenue from the other side, is proposed as an open area for the residential buildings including a newly organized pedestrian axis, as a solution to the dense vehicular traffic in this area. Images from the area and the proposal (fig.6).

Project 5 (by Ela BINGOL): The project area, the green area at the backside of Beykoz Jetty, has given the opportunity for overcoming many problems; major transportation problem from/to jetty, for the inhabitants settled on hillsides, lack of public spaces like library, cinema/conference/exhibition halls and art education ateliers, improper and ineffective use of open/green areas. There has been proposed a cable-car for settling a strong connection between upper parts of Merkez District and Beykoz Jetty, which is the main sea transportation terminal. There are three cable-car stations, also serving as public junctions. The main station is next to Oncesmeler Square. This building complex accommodates a bookstore- library, a conference hall, exhibition halls, two cinema halls, cafés and restaurants. The building also provides a pedestrian passageway for the users of open/green areas behind the coastline buildings. The second station lodging fine art ateliers and the third one lodging a small temporary exhibition hall, are at the junction points on two different levels. Pedestrian ways, a playground, and an open air theatre are designed in the steep green area around these stations.

General overview (fig. 7) and close view (fig.8) from Proposal 6.

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Historic Urban Fabric at Yalikoy Quarter Project 6 (by Busra SIK): The project area is defined amongst Beykoz Jetty and Beykoz Field, where the discontinuity / disconnection between coast line and hillsides is handled as the problem. The communication problem of users generated by the steepness of slope and lack of the social areas within the squatter areas, which are in tendency of expansion, formed the main starting points of the project. „Enhancing the Communication Channels‟ is defined as the concept of the project, which the obstructions formed by the steepness of slope and disconnections are aimed to be overcome. For this aim, pedestrianization of Baharatci and Seyrek Selviler Streets and city lifts/staircases at the steepest points are proposed. Social open and built spaces for adults, youths and kids are designed next to the lifts, located within proper lots for these spaces. The traffic is reorganized and car parks are placed around pedestrianized streets. Open Space next to Serbostani Mustafa Mosque, next to coastline is designed for recreational use and connected with Baharatci Mosque by an overpass on the Coastal Road and a lift. Images of Proposal 7 (fig.9) ).

Project 7 (by Demet OZDEMIR): Starting point for the conceptual study was the insufficient use of coastline, which has a remarkable Bosphorus view, mainly because of the heavy traffic on Coastal Road and insufficiency of public facilities. There have been proposed connections with the roads cut by Coastal Road and the sea. This attempt is realized by burying the road in front of Oncesmeler Square, so as to unite the square with coastline. On the other hand, the connections with Baharatci and Gokturk Streets are with crossovers, while the connections with Seyrek Selviler Street, Zindeler Yurdu Street and connection on the east of Beykoz Jetty are with pedestrian crossings. The concept of this project is defined as „Extending to the Coastline, Defragmenting the Urban Pattern‟ and left over spaces within the building lots are used not only for defragmentation of pattern, but also as connections of pattern with the extensions to the coastline. Residential use is continued on Mezarlik Ustu Street next to Gokturk Street connection and social use, together with a jointly designed open space within the building lot, is inserted next to Seyrek Selviler Street connection. Identity and language of the pattern is taken into consideration for these two different infill projects.

General Overview (fig.10) and and close view (fig.11) from Proposal 8.

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Conclusion th

Beykoz, as one of the industrialized seaside districts of 19 century, is in a need of redefinition of urban structure. In the above mentioned process of studio education, analysis, evaluation and projects were aimed to contribute to this redefinition. Projects produced for the revitalization of the „Coastline Area‟, „Sumerbank Leather and Shoe Factory‟, „Historic Urban Fabric‟ and „Beykoz Field and the Military Area (Hunkar Iskelesi)‟ were all handled in this meaning. The improvement of social and economic structure in the area was objected through these proposals. Mainly, creating attraction areas; improvement of transportation opportunities; transforming undefined or undervalued green areas into well functioned recreation spaces; extending the usage opportunities of coastline; reinforcing the connections within the urban fabric and surrounding environment; improving the sustainability of natural resources like Tokat Stream and green areas; making Bosphorus more visible and usable, as one of the best advantages of the area; reintegration of historic urban fabric through conservation, implants and new interventions were studied in projects. Most important benefit of this project has been the opportunity of challenging advantages and disadvantages of historical context, industrial heritage, natural resources, illegal interventions/building areas, and inefficiencies of cultural/social/economic conditions concurrently. During this studio period, small scale interventions in comprehensive approaches were encouraged rather than radical decisions as the basic understanding. As a result, studying Beykoz as an educational case study in these aspects has been beneficial and illuminating for contemporary problem areas worldwide.

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