Toward a Methodological Framework for Brownfield ...

Toward a Methodological Framework for Brownfield Database Development

ALeksandraDukic*DijanaSimonovic »Tijana Vujicic

A Sc i e n t i f i c M o n o g r a p h o f In t e r n a t i o n a l Si g n i f i c a n c e

B R O W N IN F O . T O W A R D A M E T H O D O L O G I C A L F R A M E W O R K F O R B R O W N F IE L D D A T A B A S E DEVELOPM ENT Editors: D.Sc. Aleksandra Đukic, M.Sc. Dijana Simonovic, Tijana Vujicic

Reviewers: D.Sc. Marija Maruna, University of Belgrade, Faculty o f Architecture D.Sc. Aleksandra Stupar, University o f Belgrade, Faculty o f Architecture D.Sc. Francesco Rotondo, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Proofreading: Svetlana Mitic Mijana Kuburic

Pre-press: Una Umićević

Cover design: Filip Markovic

Published by: University o f Banja Luka, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy

For Publisher: Milenko Stankovic, Dean

Printed by: GrafoMark

Print run: 300

D.Sc. A le k s a n d ra Đ u kić, M .Sc. D ija na S im o n o v ić , T ija n a V u jič ić

BROWNINFO T O W A R D A M ETHO DO LOG ICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BROWNFIELD DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

Banjaluka, N o v e m b e r, 2014.

T ab le of Contents INTRODUCTION In tro d u c tio n by th e e d itors

7 8

M e th o d o lo g ica l fra m e w o rk fo r b ro w n fie ld database d e v e lo p m e n t in th e Republic o f Srpska

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METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BROWNFIELD DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

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D. Sim onovic, T. Vujicic: VALUATION AND REACTIVATION OF THE 20THCENTURY INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR STRENGTHENING THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

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A. Peric: STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION IN BROWNFIELD REGENERATION: A THEORETICAL APPROACH

43

M. Ralevic, Dz. Beganovic, R. Bozovic: MARKETING STRATEGY FOR CAPITALISATION OF SPACE (MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES / REGIONS) FOR THE PURPOSE OF CAPITAL MARKET ACTIVATION AND INVESTMENT ATTRACTION 57 D. Filipovic: ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT AS A BASIS FOR BROWNFIELD REVITALISATION

73

T. Trkulja, D. Aleksic: CREATING DATABASES FOR BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

87

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO BROWNFIELD DATABASE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

103

M. Stankovic, A. Djukic, U. Umicevic: POTENTIAL OF BROWNFIELD SITES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRESERVATION OF THE IDENTITY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY ON THE RIVER VRBASl l 0 5 B. M iloje vic: LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR BROWNFIELD REGENERATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT

121

T. Vujicic, D. Sim onovic, D. Ilic: MODEL OF ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES AS A TOOL FOR THE CREATION OF BROWNFIELD DATABASES: A CASE STUDY OF THE INCEL INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN BANJA LUKA

135

A. Spiric: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF MILITARY BROWNFIELD SITES IN URBAN AREAS B. Bijelic: LARGE-SCALE BROWNFIELDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

157 173

M. Cvoro: PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS OF WATERFRONTS IN TOWNS AND CITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

191

T. Trkulja: DEFINING CRITERIA FOR THE CREATION OF DATABASES OF DEVASTATED INDUSTRIAL RAILWAY CORRIDORS

207

TOWARD BROWNFIELD REGENERATION: EUROPEAN AND REGIONAL CASE STUDIES

225

A. Djukic, B. A n tonie: URBAN VILLAGE MODEL AS A TOOL FOR BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

227

J. L. R. Navarro: FIGHTING THE MYTH AND NOSTALGIA: COLLECTIVE DATABASES FOR A CREATIVE CITY IN THE VEGA OF GRANADA

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B. V ojvodikova: BROWNFIELD INVENTORIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

259

F. Nepravishta: REGENERATION OF THE BROWNFIELD MILITARY HERITAGE IN ALBANIA

271

S. M ujkic, M. Niksic: LJUBLJANA TOBACCO FACTORY - LOCAL URBAN INTERVENTION FOR A CITY-WIDE EFFECT

287

G. Radovic: BROWNFIELD PROJECT OF THE FORMER 'OBOD' FACTORY IN CETINJE, MONTENEGRO BY MARINA ABRAMOVIC AND REM KOOLHAAS AS A CHANCE FOR RECONSTRUCTION DEVELOPMENT

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A. Krstic-Furundzic, M. Grbic, D. Grahovac: IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF BROWNFIELD SITES IN THE WIDER AREA OF THE CITY OF BELGRADE

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M. M ilju s: ESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL FOR BROWNFIELD REVITALISATION: THE FORMER WIRE FACTORY 'GLISA JOSIPOVIC', BELGRADE CONCLUDING REMARKS FROM THE EDITORS Concluding rem arks fro m th e e d itors

333 351 352

R ecom m endations and guidelines fo r carrying o u t b ro w n fie ld re g e n e ra tio n , w ith a special focus on th e Republic o f Srpska

354

Conclusion

359

A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts

360

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

363

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M ETH OD OLO G IC AL FR AM EW OR K FOR BROW NFIE LD DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

V A L U A T I O N A N D R E A C T I V A T IO N O F T H E 2 0 T H - C E N T U R Y IN D U S T R IA L H E R IT A G E A N D IT S R E L E V A N C E F O R S T R E N G T H E N IN G T H E C U L T U R A L ID E N T I T Y O F T H E R E P U B L IC O F S R P S K A D ijana S im o n o v ić 1 T ija n a V u jič ić 2 A bst r a c t

This paper opens with the problem o f non-recognition o f the 20th-century industrial heritage as an important segment o f the cultural heritage and cultural identity o f communities, with the aim o f stressing its development potential for the Republic o f Srpska, barely addressed at all in its legislation or dealt with by its institutions. It highlights the value and qualities o f the 20th-century industrial heritage, with a focus on its value as material evidence o f the processes o f industrialisation and urbanisation in the SFRY. In accordance with the principles o f cultural heritage protection as promoted by international charters and declarations, this paper insists on the initiation o f the process o f identification and valuation o f the industrial heritage for the purpose o f its preservation and reuse, as well as for the purpose o f strengthening the regional cultural identity o f the Republic o f Srpska. K e yw o rd s: industrial heritage, cultural identity, identification, valuation, reactivation

Z N A Č A J V A L O R IZ A C IJ E I R E A K T IV A C IJ E IN D U S T R IJ S K O G N A S L J E Đ A X X V IJ E K A Z A JA Č A N JE K U L T U R N O G I D E N T I T E T A R E P U B L IK E SRPSKE R e z im e

Polazeći od problema neprepoznavanja industrijske baštine X X vijeka kao bitnog dijela kulturnog nasljeđa i kulturnog identiteta zajednice, rad ukazuje na ovaj zna čajan razvojni potencijal Republike Srpske, koji u njenom referentnom zakonodavnom i institucionalnom okviru nije dovoljno zastupljen. Isti ču se zna čaj i vrijednosti industrijskog nasljeđa prošlog vijeka, s fokusom na materijalnim svjedočanstvima procesa industrijalizacije i urbanizacije u periodu SFRJ. U skladu sa principima međunarodnih povelja i deklaracija za zaštitu kulturnog nasljeđa, u radu se insistira na pokretanju procesa identifikacije i valorizacije nasljeđa industrijske prošlosti, u funkciji njegove zaštite i reaktivacije i u cilju ja čanja regionalnog kulturnog identiteta Republike Srpske. K lju č n e rije č i: reaktivacija

industrijsko

nasljeđe,

kulturni

identitet,

identifikacija,

valorizacija,

1 S e n io r T A D ijana S im o n o vić, M A rch , Fa culty o f A rc h ite c tu re and Civil E ngine ering , 7 7 / 3

S tepe S tepa novića St., 7 8 0 0 0 Banja Luka, d s im o n o v ic @ a g fb l.o rg 2 S e n io r T A T ijan a V ujičić, F a culty o f A rc h ite c tu re and Civil E ngine ering , 7 7 / 3 S tepe

S tepa novića S t., 7 8 0 0 0 Banja Luka, tv u jic ic @ a g fb l.o rg

B R O W N IN F O . T O W A R D A M E T H O D O L O G IC A L F R A M E W O R K FOR B R O W N F IE L D D A T A B A S E D E V E L O P M E N T

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1. B A C K G R O U N D Industrialisation, as part o f the w id e r modernisation process, arrived in Bosnia and Herzegovina w ith considerable delay, at the end o f the 19th century, during the Austro-Hungarian administration. The socio-economic changes introduced in that period w ith the aim o f gradually transform ing an agrarian feudal society positioned at a far end o f the Turkish Empire into a modern industrial and European one continued during the interbellum, in the Kingdom o f the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the Kingdom o f Yugoslavia. From the very beginning, modernisation to o k the fo rm o f tw o closely related processes, those o f industrialisation and urbanisation, which particularly intensified in the aftermath o f W o rld W a r II, in the Form er Socialist Republic o f Yugoslavia. In many parts o f the fo rm e r Socialist Republic o f Bosnia and Herzegovina (including the Bosanska Krajina region, whose te rr ito ry was approxim ately equivalent to today's Republic o f Srpska), the changes and consequences effected by these processes w ere similar, in strength and character, to the social change induced by the Industrial Revolution in the developed parts o f Europe a century o r tw o centuries earlier [1:175]. Today, in a tim e o f transition from the industrial society to the postindustrial one, o r from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based one, when the chapter o f history w ritte n during the period o f active exploitation o f industrial plants is slowly falling into oblivion [2:2], it is evident that the m ajority o f so-called brownfield sites - moribund and disused complexes - in the Republic o f Srpska are remains o f industrial complexes dating back to the socialist era, which especially marked the industrial past o f this community, quite similar to the industrial development o f Europe's o th e r socialist countries o f the period (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, etc.). Nevertheless, these complexes and facilities have n ot yet been valuated by the relevant local institutions and agencies in charge o f protection, despite th e ir cardinal importance in the second half o f the 20th century and the fact they strongly marked the social development o f the area. The industrial heritage in the Republic o f Srpska has not been specially valuated o r inventoried, w ith the exception o f some facilities and complexes, registered and appraised in accordance w ith the Cultural Property A ct (Official Gazette o f the Republic o f Srpska nos. 1 1/95 and 103/08) as immovable cultural property, based on th e ir natural, artistic, cultural, scientific and historical properties, and categorised as cultural monuments, cultural and historical sites, archaeological sites o r famous places. These inventoried and valuated buildings and sites originated in different historical periods, from very distant ones to the early 20th century. They are material evidence th at allows us to trace the technological and economic development o f communities in the te rrito ry o f the present-day Republic o f Srpska through history, and to study the effects o f m ajor innovations o f the Industrial Revolution, such as the invention o f new machines, industrial production techniques, and utility and transportation systems, on the

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V A L U A T IO N A N D R E A C T IV A T IO N OF T H E 2 0 T H - C E N T U R Y IN D U S T R IA L HERITA G E A N D ITS RELEV AN CE FORS T R E N G T H E N IN G TH E C U L T U R A L ID EN TIT Y OF T H E REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

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dynamics o f the birth and g row th o f its tow ns and villages and the modernisation o f all segments o f society, in o rd e r to put it all in the context o f the broader, o r global, development o f science and technology in the history o f the European society.

2. T H E C U R R E N C Y A N D R E L E V A N C E O F ( R E ) V A L U A T IO N O F T H E 2 0 T H - C E N T U R Y IN D U S T R IA L H E R IT A G E Seen from the perspective o f culture, many derelict and disused industrial facilities and complexes in the Republic o f Srpska are part o f its industrial heritage corpus, which is an integral part o f the cultural heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska and a m ajor m arker o f the cultural identity o f its communities. In a broader sense, this industrial heritage must be seen as part o f the European cultural heritage. According to the Nizhny Tagil C harter fo r the Industrial Heritage o f the International C om m ittee fo r the Conservation o f the Industrial Heritage (TICC IH ) from 2003, the industrial heritage consists o f remains o f industrial culture th at are o f historical, technological, social, architectural o r scientific value.3 This charter recognises the value o f the industrial heritage as physical evidence o f the products o f human civilisation w ith permanent and “ profound historical consequences,” recommending that the motivation fo r the protection o f the industrial heritage be based on the affirmation o f universal values, and not on the special o r unique qualities o f individual locations [3:2]. The industrial heritage should be seen by contem porary society as both a cultural and a development asset. The social value o f the industrial heritage lies in its role in preserving the m em ory o f the tim e in which it was created and o f the lives o f ordinary people, and as such it constitutes an im portant determ inant o f citizen identity [2:2]. According to the TIC C IH charter, the technological and scientific value o f the industrial heritage lies in the history o f manufacturing, engineering and construction, and it can also have significant aesthetic value because o f the quality o f its architecture, design and planning. Also, these values are at the core o f brownfield sites, th e ir use patterns, components, machinery and equipment, in the man-made industrial landscape, w ritte n documents, and in the intangible 'records' o f industry as the driving force o f com m unity development, embodied in human recollection and attitudes. Also, this list o f qualities is fu rth e r expanded by the rarity o r singularity o f brownfields, necessitating th e ir careful evaluation fo r the purpose o f preserving particular processes, places o r types o f landscapes [3:3]. However, not all brownfields possess the kinds o f qualities that make them significant remnants, those that marked a particular area o r comm unity in a

3 Th e N iz h n y T a g il C h a rte r f o r th e Ind u s tria l H e rita g e T h e In te rn a tio n a l C o m m itte e f o r th e

C onse rvatio n o f th e In d u s tria l H erita ge, 2 0 0 3 . Accessed on 1 0 January at: w w w .m n a c te c .c a t/tic c ih /in d u s tria l_ h e rita g e .h tm


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Dijana Sim onović I T ijana Vujičić

particular period, i.e. the kinds o f qualities that make them the industrial and cultural heritage. The foregoing considerations point to the social and cultural value o f industrial heritage, the latter o f which also includes architectural qualities, which links this heritage to the cultural identity o f a comm unity o r area. Therefore, as a specific fo rm o f revision and re-evaluation o f the industrial past and o f the restoration o f civic pride in regard to the continuance o f communities and th e ir identity, the process o f regeneration o f brownfields (derelict and unused zones, complexes and buildings) is also seen as a convenient method o f comprehensive urban renewal particularly sensitive to the local characteristics o f identity [4:64]. Therefore, the need fo r the valuation o f the industrial heritage o f the second half o f the 20th century seems pressing, and the heritage itself multifariously significant fo r the cultural identity o f the local region. O u r failure to understand this multiple significance evidently inherent in the remains o f the industrial development in the stated period and the universal message they carry represents a real threat, in the sense o f th e ir disappearance, whose beginning is clearly evident from th e ir current state o f disrepair, inadequate use o r disuse, and gradual and continuous degradation and ruin. “ The first step o f the process o f revitalisation o f monuments o f industrial culture should involve the making o f a list o f existing monuments, follow ed by th e ir evaluation, which should be conducted by national institutions in charge o f protection o f the cultural heritage. The next phase should involve the revival o f the monuments w ith various appropriate uses” [5:3]. W h a t value, qualities and layers o f meaning should be pointed o ut to prove the necessity o f evaluating the industrial heritage o f the second half o f the 20th century? In observing the broader process o f spatial development o f the Republic o f Srpska, it is crucial to stress the urban significance o f tw o related processes, o f industrialisation and urbanisation, which to o k place concurrently. Namely, from its early days, industrial production developed in parallel w ith the process o f urbanisation, which grew in intensity and became increasingly peculiar in the fo rm e r Yugoslavia in the second half o f the 20th century. The beginning o f industrial production in Yugoslavian cities meant the relocation o f rural population to cities, i.e. centres o f industry, and th e ir transform ation into city dwellers, i.e. th e ir conversion from farmers to industrial and o the r w orkers. The construction o f industrial complexes to o k place simultaneously w ith the erection o f new to w n and city neighbourhoods and the planning o f th e ir physical grow th, the renovation o f the existing settlements and the intensive construction o f housing and amenities, as dictated by the proclaimed living standard (Figure 1).

Also, this was the period o f the birth o f those values and qualities th at make the industrial heritage o f the fo rm e r SFRY architecturally significant: the style typically found in industrial buildings and facilities included innovative

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structural systems and materials and special systems used fo r standardisation and prefabrication in design and construction.

F ig u r e 1. Banja Luka urban landscape in th e second half o f th e 20 th c e n tu ry as fo rm e d by indu strialisatio n and urbanisation (Source: w w w .s k y s cra p e rcity .co m )

In term s o f th e ir visual quality and perception, industrial zones and complexes are urban areas w ith a special character and a variety o f elements (textures, spaces, shapes, details, symbols, types o f buildings, purposes, activities, people, maintenance and condition, topography, etc.). The structures typically seen as part o f the industrial landscape (chimneys, tanks, overhead transmission lines, transportation structures) have considerable aesthetic and perceptual potential, which makes them clearly distinctive spatial elements o f the city image, contributing to its vividness and recognisability. The motives fo r the protection o f these distinctive elements o f the city image stem from th e ir estimated contribution to the preservation and enhancement o f the urbanity and visual identity o f the w id e r area [6:85]. In term s o f th e ir social and historical significance and m em ory preservation capacity, the richness and diversity o f industrial buildings constructed in the fo rm e r Bosanska Krajina region and all o f Bosnia and Herzegovina in the aftermath o f W o rld W a r II testify to the circumstances o f the socioeconomic and cultural-historical development o f the population that lived in the te rrito ry o f today's Republic o f Srpska. Considering the cu rren t situation and the fact the industrial heritage from the period o f the SFRY remains unvaluated, along w ith the risks threatening these structures o f indisputable historical, social, technological, architectural and identity value, the question arises: as we w ait fo r sufficient tim e to pass before this segment o f the cultural heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska is inventoried and evaluated, as a precondition fo r its adequate protection and regeneration, could it happen, in the meantime, th at we lose all material evidence o f it? 2.1. THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA A N D ITS RELEVANCE FOR THE REGENERATION A N D PROSPERITY OF ITS CITIES Pointing o ut the importance and value o f the industrial heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska dating back to the second half o f the 20th century necessitates putting an emphasis on the importance o f identification, evaluation, registration, protection, renewal and revitalisation o f these


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structures, complexes and industrial landscapes, as distinct identity markers and specific repositories o f the population's public and private memories. In this sense, the 'image' o f a typical socialist industrial city, which form ed in the period under consideration, included a number o f particular spatial characteristics, some o f which are still highly conspicuous elements o f space; as such it has represented the content and experience of the living space fo r the local population and provided them w ith a sense of local identity. If this valuable heritage is left to progressively deteriorate, the ‘image' o f our cities, o u r experience of th e ir landscape etched in o u r brains, the authentic outlines of th e ir industrial landscapes w ill vanish, as the most discernible part of the structure of th e ir space fo r decades, indeed the very substance of our experience o f them, leading to the permanent erasure o f the long-standing background of o u r image of o u r habitats, on which we grounded o u r relations o f identification w ith the space in which we live. This w ill also threaten communal identity, which is based precisely on the industrial past of the comm unity in question, as well as personal identity o f citizens, in the sense o f the feeling o f belonging to particular communal space [2:182]. Additionally, it is w o rth pointing o ut the importance o f observation and recognition of city physiognomy fo r local identity, in support of the initial premiss of this paper that the processes of valuation of the industrial heritage of o u r cities and registration of the cultural property falling in this special heritage corpus ought to be commenced as soon as possible. L. Hilberseim er points o ut that “ [c]ities are like individuals, each w ith a character and physiognomy o f its own. Each possesses a model and fo rm expressed through the creative forces o f its existence.” The three most im portant factors that essentially determine the character of the city are the nature of the place w here the city is located, the relationship of this place to the landscape whose part it is, the nature of that landscape, its geographic and topographic features, climatic conditions, available resources and natural tran spo rt corridors. The second m ajor factor is the people w ho make cities and live in them, th e ir character, spiritual and material aspirations; th e ir social and political concepts, as well as th e ir productive and creative capacity. The th ird factor is the role th at the city performs, its particularity in term s of uses and functions, the elements th at make its structure distinct, as well as w he th er it is independent and self-sufficient o r not [7:115-151]. It is therefore necessary to consider the seriousness o f the consequences fo r the cultural identity o f o u r cities ensuing from the disappearance o f the spatial structures o f the industrial heritage o f the m odernist period, which have been the distinguishing characteristics o f th e ir physiognomy and form ed th e ir character fo r decades (the cities o f w hat is the Republic o f Srpska today). Also im portant is the awareness of the negative effects of the disappearance of industrial buildings as authentic symbols characterising the silhouettes of o u r cities, stored in the brains of th e ir inhabitants, which can lead to individuals losing some im portant determinants of th e ir personal

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identity, at the level o f th e ir identification w ith the physiognomy, character and importance o f the cities in which they live. Viewed from the socio-cultural perspective, the second half o f the 20th century in the fo rm e r Yugoslavia and Bosnia-Herzegovina gave rise to collectivism and its authentic social and cultural values , based on ideas o f equality, solidarity, unity and social equity, in accordance w ith the social and economic relations characteristic o f socialism. The social and organisational phenomenon o f self-management resulted in a peculiar relationship o f identification and attachment o f industrial w orkers to th e ir collectives. The industrial complexes that now fall into the category o f brownfields w ere planned, designed and built in line w ith high technical, technological, sanitary, functional and formal standards, which represented a concrete expression o f society's values [1:178]. Finally, because o f the connection between communal m em ory o f the type o f space characterised by the typical industrial landscape and the 'image' o f the city at that tim e on the one hand, and the local o r regional identity and the sense o f citizen pride on the other, the importance o f industrial heritage is indisputable in regard to the upgrade, renewal and creation o f a new urban identity fo r o u r cities, which can become a driving force o f th e ir sustainable urban regeneration and economic and cultural recovery, if it is regenerated itself.

3. T H E R E F E R E N C E F R A M E F O R T H E P R E S E R V A T IO N , M A N A G E M E N T A N D U S E O F T H E IN D U S T R IA L C U L T U R A L H E R IT A G E On the assumption that it is necesary to start the (re)valuation o f the industrial heritage as an essential part o f the cultural heritage and cultural identity o f o u r communities, in relation to the perceived problem o f insufficient recognition o f this significant development potential o f the Republic o f Srpska by the local legislation and institutions, the broader reference frame is hereafter considered fo r the purpose o f approaching the identified problem comprehensively. First, the cu rren t situation in the area o f protection and management o f the industrial cultural heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska is critically analysed and an overview given o f the recommendations and principles laid down by international charters on cultural and industrial heritage. Several examples o f the reactivation o f industrial cultural heritage in Germany and Serbia are presented to point o ut the effects o f utilising industrial heritage to strengthen regional identity. In addition to emphasising the regional relevance o f the applied measures o f protection and reactivation o f industrial heritage, these particular German and Serbian examples are examined because o f the integral approach used, covering a number o f aspects, such as physical, social, cultural and economic.


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3.1. THE LEGISLATIVE A N D IN S T ITU T IO N A L FRAM EW ORK FOR THE PROTECTION A N D M AN AG E M E N T OF THE INDUSTRIAL C ULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA The procedures o f preservation, management and use o f the industrial cultural heritage in the Republic of Srpska are carried o ut by authorised institutions and protection bodies in compliance w ith the Cultural Property A c t (Official Gazette o f the Republic o f Srpska nos. 11/95 and 103/08) and o th e r applicable laws (e.g., those that regulate spatial planning and environmental protection). However, no comprehensive process of evaluation and registration of the industrial heritage has taken place in the Republic of Srpska, w ith only some of these buildings and complexes valuated as part of the cultural heritage, m ore precisely, as immovable cultural property. According to the data o f The Institute fo r the Protection o f Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska, in June 2014 the list o f valuated and registered industrial cultural heritage numbered eight industrial plants o r complexes located in the te rrito ry of Banja Luka Municipality, dating back to a range of periods, from ancient times to the period of Austro-Hungarian administration.4 The list does not include industrial buildings from the second half of the 20th century, which are the focus of this paper, because relatively little tim e has elapsed since th e ir construction (as explained by the experts of the institution in charge of protection), despite th e ir relevance fo r the industrial past of o ur community. W hen it comes to strategies concerning cultural heritage, those which should guide the official policy in regard to its protection, there are also oversights considering the protection, management and utilisation of the local industrial cultural heritage, particularly th at from the period o f the fo rm e r SFRY. This indicates a failure to fully understand w hat industrial cultural p ro pe rty is and which o f its qualities are im portant fo r the comm unity and its identity, a fact that also points to a deficient strategy of management of th e ir protection, preservation and utilisation. This results in missed opportunities to make the industrial cultural heritage become a driving force of the economic and cultural development of the Republic of Srpska, o r a generator of the restoration of its collective identity and the revival of its cities and towns, which has been a trend in the last few decades in the m ore highly developed parts of Europe. Also, there are deficiencies when it comes to institutions, funding, legislation, education and heightening public awareness about the body of the local industrial cultural heritage.

4 This list o f th e in d u s tria l h e rita g e o f Banja Luka M u n ic ip a lity includes: B ron zani M ajdan

M e ta llu rg ic a l C entre; R om an m e ta l processing p la n t in S tra tin ska , P ranjici; w a te r to w e r, m ill and p a rt o f th e b re w e ry in D elibasin o Selo; w a te r p o w e r p la n t in D elibasin o Selo; old Jelsingrad m a n u fa c tu rin g plan t; T u le k M ill, 2 5 M a n ja ck ih U stan ika St. (S chool 1 ); N a n u t Mill, 1 Jesenjinova St.; and to b a c c o fa c to ry Banja Luka.

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3.2. THE IN T E R N A T IO N A L FRAM EW ORK FOR THE PRESERVATION, M AN AG EM EN T A N D USE OF INDUSTRIAL C ULTURAL HERITAGE Bosnia and Herzegovina straggled behind the m ore highly developed European countries on th e ir path o f modernisation and industrialisation in the 19th century, which became a trend fo r it in the 20th century, as its economic g row th continued to be slow. This trend seems to have continued to this day, as the country is transitioning from a manufacturing-oriented economy to a service-oriented economy, o r from an industrial society to a post-industrial one, a process that ended in Europe's developed countries several decades ago. Also, the period o f the fullest exploitation o f industrial facilities in the socialist Yugoslavia, including those on the te rr ito ry o f today's Republic o f Serpska, coincided w ith the post-crisis period in Europe's highly developed economies (the economic crisis and recession that started in 1973 and lasted until the end o f the 1970's), when the first advanced industrial technologies appeared in W e ste rn Europe and obsolete industries closed down. Back in the 1980's, Europe responded to the consequences o f industry restructuring (with abandoned and devastated industrial sites turning into hot spots fo r cities) by starting a period o f 'urban renaissance' (reuse and urban 'recycling' o f industrial complexes); meanwhile, industrial production was still very much at its peak in the fo rm e r Yugoslavia [8:3]. The field o f protection, preservation, management and utilisation o f industrial cultural heritage started to open up internationally in the mid-20th century in Great Britain, w ith the appearance o f the first texts and projects related to the problems o f industrial heritage, follow ed by o the r European countries, where many problems o f devastated industrial areas o r brownfields situated in historic city centres have been successfully and sustainably solved to date. The main goal o f the preservation and rehabilitation o f industrial heritage is the preservation and prom otion o f the identity o f European cities, as connected to tw o processes, th at o f urban renewal and th at o f attracting foreign investment, as im portant factors that help the strengthening o f identity at the local level [8:4]. The International C harter fo r the Conservation and Restoration o f Monuments and Sites (Charte internationale sur la conservation at la restauration des monuments et des sites), known as the Venice Charter, was adopted in Venice in 1964 and published subsequently in 1966 by the newly founded International Council on Monuments and Sites - ICOMOS. Ever since its adoption there have been various international initiatives and activities aimed at interdisciplinary collaboration, which have largely contributed internationally to a proper understanding o f industrial cultural heritage and the prom otion o f its protection, conservation, management and use. In the final decades o f the 20th century, this progress to o k the fo rm o f a number o f international charters, recommendations and guidelines initiated by and arriving from the ICOMOS, as well as the application o f the international instruments recommended in the W o rld Heritage Convention, adopted by the UNESCO in Paris in December 1972. These efforts w ere


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follow ed by the foundation o f the International C om m ittee fo r the Conservation o f the Industrial Heritage (TIC C IH ) in 1973, when industrial heritage finally received special treatm ent. TIC C IH is the w o rld organisation representing industrial heritage and is special adviser to ICOM OS on industrial heritage. The te x t of The Nizhny Tagil C harter fo r the Industrial Heritage was adopted by the assembled delegates at the triennial National Assembly of TIC C IH held in Moscow on 17 July 2003.5 The International C om m ittee fo r the Conservation o f the Industrial Heritage recommends the implementation of measures aimed at its legal protection and the establishment of independent expert advisory bodies to assist local communities in dealing w ith issues of protection and preservation of the industrial heritage. It has been proposed to develop programmes of protection of the industrial heritage th at would be incorporated in economic development policies and regional and national planning, as a vital step to adopting a pro-active attitude to the problems of preservation of industrial heritage [3:4]. W hen it comes to Europe's efforts in the field of cultural heritage preservation, of particular significance are the key principles laid down in the Council of Europe Fram ework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage fo r Society (Faro, 2005), which are reform atory in term s of understanding the role of cultural heritage and the tools recommended fo r heightening people's awareness about its value and importance [9:16], of which the principles concerning the process evaluation of the cultural heritage are given below:

of

identification

and

•

Compliance w ith principles o f sustainable development;

•

Synergy of competencies among all the public, institutional and private actors concerned;

•

Enhancing the value of the cultural heritage through its identification, study, interpretation, protection, conservation and presentation;

•

Raising awareness of the cultural heritage and how communities are connected w ith it;

•

Utilising the economic potential of the cultural heritage;

•

Interdisciplinary research on cultural heritage [10:6-10].

Taking into account the special nature of the phenomenon of industrial heritage and all the problems and threats affecting it, as a result of the current conditions in the economic, legal, cultural and natural context, the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the International C om m ittee fo r the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage extended th e ir

5 TICCIH XII In te rn a tio n a l Congress, July 2 0 0 3 , T h e N iz h n y T a g il C h a rte r f o r th e Ind ustria l

H e rita g e [N iz h n y Ta gil: 2 0 0 3 ], 1 , (accessed in F e bruary 2 0 1 4 ) h ttp ://w w w .m n a c te c .c a t/tic c ih /p d f/N T a g ilC h a rte r.p d f

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cooperation to include the adoption, prom otion, dissemination and implementation o f common principles intended to support the documenting, protection, conservation and appreciation o f the industrial heritage as part o f the w o rld heritage, published in 2011 as The Dublin Principles - The Joint IC O M O S -TIC C IH Principles fo r the Conservation o f Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes [11:1]. Early in the te x t a definition is given of the industrial heritage, according to which it reflects “ the profound connection between the cultural and natural environm ent“ , “ including the complex social and cultural legacy that shaped the life of communities and brought m ajor organisational changes to entire societies and the w o rld in general“ [11:2]. The Dublin Principles are divided into fo u r key groups of activities, namely, those intended to: I - D ocum ent and understand industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes and th e ir values; II - Ensure effective protection and conservation of the industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes; III - Conserve and maintain the industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes; and IV - Present and communicate the heritage dimensions and values of industrial structures, sites, areas and landscapes to raise public and corporate awareness, and support training and research. The stated principles serve as binding instruments fo r the adoption of relevant policies and legal and administrative measures that need to be properly implemented to ensure the protection and conservation of the industrial heritage, and they also tend to connect the industrial heritage w ith industrial production and the economy. W hen it comes to industrial facilities still in operation o r sites of importance as heritage, they insist th at they stay in operation as long as optimal conditions fo r th e ir physical and economic sustainability are ensured, taking into account th e ir special technical properties when implementing the applicable building o r environmental regulations [1 1:4]. 3.2.1. In d u strial c u ltu ra l h erita g e re ac tiva tio n stre n g th e n in g regional and local id e n tity

as

a

m o d el

fo r

The foregoing analysis of the international documents and principles dealing w ith the protection, conservation, management and sustainable use of the industrial cultural heritage shows th at a concept of reactivation, adaptation and reuse of derelict and unused industrial buildings has been framed in European countries and adopted as “ the generally accepted model fo r accomplishing the mission of the cultural sector in the field of heritage, i.e., fo r adequatly protecting and rehabilitating the buildings / structures representing monuments of culture” ,6 meant to ensure that projects of 6 C onclusions and re c o m m e n d a tio n s o f th e c o n fe re n c e 'R ivers and Ind u stria l H e rita g e - The

P ossibilities o f (R e )-A c tiv a tio n o f A b a n d o n e d Ind ustria l Facilities in Serbia: C hallenges and P ractices' ['R eke i in d u s trijs k o nasleđe - M o g u ć n o s ti (re )a k tiv a cije na pu šte n ih in d u strijs kih o b je k a ta u Srbiji: izazovi i prakse']. K u ltu rk la m m e r - c e n ta r za k u ltu rn e inte rakcije, N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 8 . w w w .k u ltu rk la m m e r.o rg


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industrial heritage revitalisation are considered as projects contributing to environmental protection and sustainability [5:2]. The social, economic, ecological, spatial and o the r aspects o f the problem o f brownfields have led to the recognition o f the need fo r a multidisciplinary approach and the cooperation o f the many actors concerned w ith th e ir protection and regeneration. The first step to w ard the re-activation o f brownfield sites must be the development o f a regeneration strategy, integrated into a set o f spatial regeneration strategies o f municipalities, regions and entities. Brownfield regeneration is an alternative to a society that 'grows' and recklessly exploits natural resources, a m ore economical solution that encourages sustainable urban development, based on a m ore efficient and judicious use o f urban spatial resources. The establishment o f a single register o f brownfield real estate is a prerequisite fo r the sound management o f spatial resources in the RS. The establishment o f such a registry must invariably include the activities o f identification, inventory and m ulti-criteria evaluation o f brownfields. It also allows th e ir classification, assessment o f th e ir development potential and finally, the media presentation o f brownfields in a way consistent w ith modern communication and information exchange [12:2]. In this sense, the industrial architectural heritage is considered as im portant material evidence o f Europe's industrial past, and its regeneration is used as a means to strengthen local, regional and national identity [2:3]. The activities th at have shaped the current practice o f reactivation o f the inherited industrial structures in Europe's most highly developed countries in the last tw o decades are seen as a result o f the re-evaluation and revision o f the industrial past o r o f dealing w ith the fact that de-industrialisation has led to communities losing a part o f th e ir history and th e ir original inherent characteristics as ingrained in the traditional industrial landscape, as well as testimonies o f the period o f industrialisation and the corresponding social development o f regions. Thus, fo r example, in Germany, some buildings, machinery, equipment, infrastructure o r entire industrial complexes are declared valuable cultural and historical monuments, and not only are they afforded protection, but they are also revitalised and included in the life o f communities through re-adaptation into theaters, museums, music pavilions, galleries, sports and recreation facilities, shopping centres etc. “ The te rm 'industrial tourism ', although new in scientific literature and everyday life, is increasingly associated w ith the range o f activities taking place in old industrial zones,” because the experience o f Germany, which has transform ed “ from an old industrial country to a modern service-oriented society, w ith the glamour o f the old buildings from the industrial era restored and now shining in full splendour, is a an example o f good practice well w o rth follow ing” [2:4, 8]. Industrial tourism has proved to be an effective means fo r transform ing the area o f protection, conservation and use o f European industrial heritage into a driving force o f economic g row th o f regions suffering fro m decline due to de-industrialisation. A project th at has had remarkable success, the European

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V A L U A T IO N A N D R E A C T IV A T IO N OF T H E 2OTH -CEN TU RY IN D U S T R IA L HERITA G E A N D ITS RELEV AN CE FORS T R E N G T H E N IN G TH E C U L T U R A L ID EN TIT Y OF T H E REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

I


Route o f Industrial Heritage (ERIH), is a to u ris t information n e tw o rk o f the most im portant industrial heritage sites in Europe, linking manufacturing plants, industrial landscape parks and interactive technology museums. The Industrial Revolution initially to o k place in northw estern Europe, and its remains are the key element of Europe's identity, as evidence of the most radical economic changes in its past. Correspondingly, the route follow s the so-called anchor points, which are cities w ith most prom inent industrial monuments in the key countries o f the Industrial Revolution - Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany. The ERIH n etw o rk branches off to 43 European countries and comprises m ore than 1,000 locations, w ith 80 anchor points form ing its virtual main route. There are also virtual theme routes serving the needs of information exchange between experts and special interest groups. Sixteen regional theme routes have been designed and are offered to visitors, w here Europe's industrial past can be discovered and its industrial landscape experienced, allowing one to see both its diversity and its common roots. Twenty-five anchors o r anchor points connect to the main route, where visitors can see industrial facilities fo r themselves and also learn about the special machinery and processes they used, along w ith 16 loo kou t points fo r a panoramic view o f industrial landscapes and 13 interesting settlements dating back to different periods (Figure 2) [1 1:8]. In addition to the main route, there is also the Industrial Heritage Cycle Route (Route der Idustriekultur per Rad), a 700-km-long n e tw o rk of cycle routes, offering an alternative way to discover the industrial past of the Ruhr Area (Ruhr Metropolis).

F ig u r e 2. Industrial H eritage Trail / R oute d e r In d u s trie k u ltu r (Map source: w w w .ro u te in d u strie ku ltu r.d e )


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The Cluster o f Cultural Routes (Klaster puteva kulture) is a Serbian organisation that designs and develops cultural routes as special products o f cultural tourism , prom oting the cultural heritage and raising awareness o f the need to preserve it and place it in the to u rist market, fo r the purpose o f cultural and economic g row th o f the entire region. The Cluster o f Cultural Routes thematically links various actors, helping to 'brand' selected areas by creating cultural routes. Some o f the many projects specially created by this organisation and dedicated to the prom otion o f the cultural and natural heritage and science are 'Tesla Ways', 'Dragon Routes' and 'Mining Routes: The Balkans, a Cradle o f Metallurgy'. The first project and route created by the organisation, 'Tesla and Stanojevic W ays' (Figure 3), promotes science and the history o f the development o f the electric pow er industry in Serbia. It is examplary fo r the theme o f the industrial heritage and appropriate fo r the prom otion o f the 'industrial axes' running across the te rrito ry o f Bosnia and Herzegovina and the fo rm e r Yugoslavia. Such projects w ould support intercultural dialogue and connect the countries o f the region on the basis o f the development o f creative industries and the jo in t development o f special products o f cultural tourism through cultural routes, as well as prom ote cooperation and netw orking in the fields o f culture, education, science, tourism and the economy in general [14]. For the purpose o f a m ore objective and m ore comprehensive understanding and positioning o f the above positive example o f contem porary cultural practice in the actual circumstances o f conservation, management and utilisation o f the industrial cultural heritage in Serbia, we refer to the conclusions and papers o f the conferences th at dealt w ith this subject ('Rivers and Industrial Heritage - The Possibilities o f (Re)-Activation o f Abandoned Industrial Facilities in Serbia: Challenges and Practices', Belgrade, 2008; Fourth Conference on Integrative Protection, Banja Luka, 2010). According to the authors [5:2-3] [15:27-31] [16:72-76] [9:16-26], Serbian society does not sufficiently recognise the value and importance o f its cultural and industrial heritage, which does n ot have a righful place in the national strategic documents (for lack o f a coherent strategy in the field o f culture), nor is it present in Serbia's strategic plans o f sustainable development. The lacking strategy w ould make the cultural (and industrial) heritage a generator o f Serbia's cultural and economic development [15:28]. Also, it was concluded that the country lacks the clear and stimulative legislation pertinent to the revitalisation o f its industrial heritage, as well as to public-private partnerships, in the sense o f long-term inter-sectoral cooperation [16:74]. There are a number o f industrial complexes across Serbia that no longer serve the needs o f the industries they w ere originally built fo r and which

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have not been invested in fo r years. N o t only are these complexes no longer in operation, they have also been left to physical degradation. The best ways and solutions are searched fo r to ensure th e ir protection, as well as to ascertain the actual needs, reasons and potential fo r th e ir transform ation and reuse. Adaptive reuse is stressed as one possible method o f protection and revitalisation o f the building heritage in general, and when it comes to the industrial heritage, a distinction is drawn between those buildings and complexes that are still in operation and those which have been abandoned and have fallen into disuse, w ith o u t any production taking place in them, which should be given a new use in accordance w ith the needs and interests o f the comm unity [5:3].

F ig u r e 3. ’Tesla and Stanojevic W a y s ’ - th e de ve lo p m e n t o f th e e le c tric p o w e r in d u s try in Serbia (Map source: h ttp //w w w .teslaw ays.rs)

4. IN F A V O U R O F T H E R E - E V A L U A T IO N O F T H E IN D U S T R IA L P A S T O F T H E R E P U B L IC O F S R P S K A In an effort to point o u t the necessity to challenge the prevailing treatm ent o f the industrial heritage in the Republic o f Srpska (especially o f th at from the second half o f the 20th century) because o f its great value and cultural and social importance, the limits o f these considerations are extended to address the historical and social aspects o f the issue. In support o f this, because o f the connection o f the tw o vital development processes which to o k place in


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Dijana Sim onovic I T ijana Vujičić

the period under consideration, namely, those o f urbanisation and industrialisation, emphasised below is the architectural and urban value o f the collective residential architecture and related amenities that ensured the prescribed standard o f living, an im portant segment o f the modernist architectural heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which also belong to the category o f endangered structures and sites in the Republic o f Srpska. The focus is on the universal urban and architectural principles o f the vernacular architectural heritage o f Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the special qualities o f the m odernist legacy, as inherent in the abandoned and unused w o rk e r settlements and to u ris t resorts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. W hen these facts are considered together, n ot only do they confirm our initial premiss th at the re-evaluation o f the country's industrial past is unavoidable and urgent, but they also pose the question of the revision and revaluation o f the entire material legacy o f the m odernist era. 4.1.

UNIVERSAL A N D SPECIAL QUALITIES OF THE 20TH -C EN TU RY BU ILD IN G HERITAGE IN B-H AS A FACTOR OF REGIONAL ID EN TITY STRENGTHENING

Recognising the importance o f industrialisation fo r the overall development o f the fo rm e r SFRY, Juraj Neidhardt, a key figure in architecture and tow n planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina, emphasised the importance o f running industrial axes across the te rrito ry o f this central republic as early as the mid-1950's. Together w ith the architect Dušan Grabrijan, he researched the specifics o f the architectural heritage o f Bosnia and Herzegovina, looking fo r the universal in its architecture and to w n planning, and published his findings and conclusions in the book A rch itectu re o f Bosnia and the W a y of M odernity [A rhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno] (1957) [17]. Among o the r things, this book contains a study o f the urban physiognomy of Bosanski Brod, Zenica, Mostar and Trebinje, fo u r Bosnian and Herzegovinian cities located along the axis connecting the Posavina region w ith the Mediterranean via Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on this study, they framed new w ritte n principles fo r both individual places and the 'backbone' o f Bosnia, the Posavina-Mediterranean industrial axis. The book initiated the study o f the various regions o f the fo rm e r Yugoslavia in the fo rm o f running similar transverse axes, in o rd e r to solve those problems o f spatial development definable as 'complex-regional', which might assist w ith comprehensive problem identification in the present day and the m ore rapid identification and valuation o f the industrial heritage o f the period in question. N eidhardt observed the concept underlying the m orphology o f the tow ns set along the regional axis running from Slavonski and Bosanski Brod ('a tow n next to a to w n ') across Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Adriatic, recognising in it an industrial 'axis' o r belt and making comparisons between the principles on which they evolved, based on which he d rew lessons and made decisions concerning his new urban concepts fo r these places. O w ing to

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th e ir being lowland tow ns and having corresponding physiognomies, N eidhardt started from the jo in t and unitary approach to planning Slavonski Brod and Bosanski Brod, tw o tow ns on the opposite banks o f the Sava River, as an organic whole comprising tw o administratively distinct units. The key element o f his design is a diagonal street plan reducing the distance between the suburbs o f the towns, organised on the principle o f a garden city w ith microsuburbs, composed o f urban cores o r neighbourhoods (groups o f residential buildings) w ith schools, playgrounds and o the r amenities [18:287]. He believed it crucial to specify that which set each o f these places apart - a criterion, module, lifestyle th at best corresponded to the area o f each tow n, which w ould help find the shortest route to those factors influencing the related decision-making. W e wish to draw attention to the special value o f the m odernist heritage, as enshrined in the degraded housing and resorts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. W o r th pointing o ut is the morphological variety o f these buildings and complexes, which typically share common (collective) patterns o f use o f space, resulting from the aspiration to w ard a just policy o f communal life, ensuring a balance between common and particular interests, as well as public and private property, i.e. a synthesis o f individuality and community, as stemming from the currently disputed values o f collectivism, but also from considering architecture in the w id e r context o f socio-political and economic conditions, the way N eidhardt used to consider it [18:227]. His plans and projects fo r regulating, i.e. designing blue-collar and w hitecollar suburbs across Bosnia and Herzegovina (1939-1945) w ere based on the above premisses, w ith a special approach adopted fo r each one o f them. He designed the future o f settlements according to the principles o f modern organisation o f civic and collective life, filtering them through the created and inherited values and models o f living, building and social relations, taking account o f all significations present in a given area, and incorporating in his solutions assumptions about the cultural needs o f the population that were rather fo rw a rd fo r the period and the region: they included public buildings, housing, places o f worship, libraries, schools, health facilities, and recreational green areas around industrial complexes. Morphologically, the housing he designed to constitute those suburbs w ere special houses w ith several types o f w o rk e r dwelling units o r flats, which he named according to the number o f the units contained; e.g., houses w ith tw o flats w ere called twins, master houses w ith fo u r flats quads, single-family houses clerk homes, follow ed by quintuplets, sextuplets, etc. [19:1 10]. The previously stated universal principles underlying the architectural heritage o f Bosnia and the special qualities o f its m odernist architecture may provide a firm basis fo r a set o f criteria fo r the recognition o f the value o f the industrial heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska, and fo r the upgrade o f the information platform o f its brownfields, especially the m odernist industrial heritage still awaiting valuation, including both the early m odernist architecture o f the interbellum and its postwar, social-realist counterpart. Also, the aforementioned industrial axes, which once cut across the te rrito ry


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Dijana Sim onovic I T ijana Vujičić

o f the fo rm e r Yugoslavia and represented its development axes, can be exploited as potential cultural, historical and to u ris t routes o f the industrial heritage, suitable fo r connection to the established European to u ris t and inform ation netw orks o f the industrial and cultural heritage.

5. C O N C L U S I O N Internationally, the industrial and cultural heritage is treated as a nonrenewable strategic resource (cultural, social and economic), and strategic priorities are determined on the basis o f the concept o f its valuation and reactivation, as grounded on integrative and interdisciplinary approaches [15:28]. It is thus effectively used to support economic development and strengthen and build the regional and local identity o f communities. So, fo r the cultural and industrial heritage o f the Republic o f Srpska (especially the unvaluated and uninventoried heritage from the second half o f the 20th century) to be given a chance to tu rn its own regeneration into a driving force o f sustainable urban renewal and economic and cultural rehabilitation, it is necessary to apply interdisciplinary and integrative approaches to this sensitive field (combining protection, valuation and use o f the cultural heritage and the creation o f regional identity). Finally, because o f the indisputable value and importance o f the industrial heritage o f the second half o f the 20th century, a m ajor m arker o f the industrial past and social development o f the studied area, a strong emphasis is placed on the necessity to (re)valuate the industrial heritage and inventory the cultural pro pe rty belonging to this corpus o f the cultural heritage. This w ould stop the degradation o f this valuable heritage o f the industrial past and the disappearance o f the authentic outlines o f the industrial landscapes created in the m odernist era, which have made up the character and represented the essential features o f the physiognomy o f tow ns and cities in the Republic o f Srpska fo r decades. Also, it w ould help preserve the long-standing background o f the image the local population has o f its towns and cities, in relation to which a sense o f belonging to communal space and the key determinants o f regional identity w ere built. Therefore, these facts do n ot only support the initial premiss o f this paper o f the indispensability o f the re-evaluation o f the industrial past o f the Republic o f Srpska, but they also necessitate a revision and revaluation o f the entire tangible heritage o f the m odernist era.

6. B IB L IO G R A P H Y [1 ]

D. Sim onovic, “ H idden Values and D isputed C olle ctivism o f B row nfie lds in th e C ity o f Banjaluka,” in C on fe re n ce Proceedings, Internationa l C onferen ce and E xhibition O N A R C H IT E C T U R E , Strand, Belgrade: D e c e m b e r 2013, pp. 171-182.

[2 ]

T . V ujičić, “ Revitalizacija indu strijske a rh ite k to n s k e baštine N jem ačke kao fa k to r jačanja regionalnog id e n tite ta ,” in C o n fe re n ce Proceedings [e le c tro n ic source],

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Interna tiona l Scientific and Professional C on fe re n c e ‘A rc h ite c tu re and U rban Planning, C ivil Engineering, G eodesy - Past, Present, Fu ture’, Banja Luka: Faculty o f A rc h ite c tu re and C ivil Engineering, 2011, pp. 395-402. [3 ]

T IC C IH X II Interna tiona l Congress, July 2003, T h e N izhny Tagil C h a rte r fo r th e Industrial H eritage [N iz h n y Tagil: 2003], 1,

[4 ]

D . Sim onovic, D . Ilič, “ Izazovi o s p o re n ih v rije d n o s ti i značaja regeneracije napuštenih i

h ttp ://w w w .m n a c te c .c a t/tic c ih /p d f/N T a g ilC h a rte r.p d f [Feb. 12, 2014]. n e d o v o ljn o iskorišćenih p ro s to ra u Republici Srpsko j,” A G G + , 1, 2013, pp. 54-69. [5 ]

C onclusions and re com m e nda tions o f th e C o n fe re n c e “ Rivers and Industrial H eritage - T h e Possibilities o f (R e )-A c tiva tio n o f A bandoned Industrial Facilities in Serbia: Challenges and Practices.” K u ltu rk la m m e r - ce n ta r za ku ltu rn e interakcije, w w w .k u ltu rk la m m e r.o rg [N o v . 23, 2008].

[6 ]

K. Lynch, T h e Image o f th e C ity. C am bridge M A: M IT Press, I960.

[7 ]

L. H ilberse im er, T h e N a tu re o f C ities. Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co., 1955.

[8 ]

Đ u k ić , T. V ujičić, “ U rban regene ratio n o f b ro w n fie ld locations,” in A . Đ u k ič , M. Surbock, V. V ukovič, M. Stankovič, C. Luchsinger, & P. N ig st (eds.), Reassembling th e C ity. U rban R egeneration o f th e B row nfie ld A re a Rudi Cajavec in Banja Luka, Banja Luka: U n iv e rs ity o f Banja Luka Faculty o f A rc h ite c tu re and C ivil Engineering, Vienna U n ive rs ity o f Techno lo gy In s titu te o f U rban Design and Landscape A rc h ite c tu re , C a rin th ia U n iv e rs ity o f A pplied Sciences School o f C ivil Engineering & A rc h ite c tu re , 2014, pp. 25-57.

[9 ]

S. Vujovič, “ M u ltid is cip lin a rn o s t - o k v ir za jačanje svesti o značaju i vre dnosti k u ltu rn o g nasleđa,” in C on fe re n c e Proceedings, The F o u rth C o n fe re n c e on Integrative P ro te c tio n , Banja Luka: 2 0 10, pp. I 6-26.

[1 0 ]

C oun cil o f E urope F ra m e w o rk C o n v e n tio n on th e Value o f C u ltu ra l H eritage fo r Society, 2005 (Serb. tra nslation ) h ttp ://w w w .k u ltu ra .g o v .rs [A p r. 15, 2014].

[1 1 ]

J o in t IC O M O S - T IC C IH Principles f o r th e C o n s e rva tio n o f Industrial H eritage Sites, S tructures, A reas and Landscapes (T he D u b lin Principles).

[1 2 ]

h ttp ://w w w .in te rn a tio n a l.ic o m o s .o r g /P a ris 2 0 II/G A 2 0 II_ IC 0 M 0 S _ T IC C IH _ jo in t_ p ri

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711.168 BROWNINFO : toward a methodological framework for brownfield database development / editors Aleksandra Đukić, Dijana Simonović, Tijana Vujičić. - Banja Luka: Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy =Arhitektonsko-građevinski fakultet, 2014 ([Laktaši]: Grafomark). - 377 str .: ilu str.; 25 cm Tiraž 300. - Napomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. - Rezimei na engl. i srp. jeziku. ISBN 978 -99955- 752-3-6 COBISS.RS-ID 4608536