Towards an environmental approach for the sustainability of buildings ...

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International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and International Conference on Technologies and21-24 Materials Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES17, Aprilfor 2017, Beirut Lebanon Sustainability, TMREES17, 21-24 April 2017, Beirut Lebanon

Towards an environmental approach for the sustainability of International Symposium on District and Cooling TowardsThean15th environmental approach for Heating the sustainability of buildings in Algeria buildings in Algeria Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor Hocine Tebboucheaa, Ammar Bouchairb,b, *, Saïd Grimescc Hocine Tebbouche Ammar Bouchair *, Saïd Grimes temperature function for a ,long-term district heat demand forecast Departement of architecture,Faculty of Sciences and technology, University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, B.P.98, Ouled Aïssa, 18000 Jijel,

a,b,c a,b,c

Departement of architecture,Faculty of [email protected]; Sciences and technology, University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, B.P.98, Ouled Aïssa, 18000 Jijel, Algeria; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] a,b,c a a b c c Algeria; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

I. Andrić

*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre

a

IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Abstract b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France Abstract c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Buildings Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Buildings Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Sustainable architecture (HQE in France, Green in the USA, Sustainable in Northern Europe) is a profound Sustainable architecture (HQE in France, Green Buildings in the USA, Sustainable Buildings in Northern Europe) is a and profound initiative whose objective is to achieve sustainability of buildings. This concept has spread throughout the world each initiative whose toobjective achieve(depending sustainability of its buildings. conceptconditions) has spreadtothroughout the negative world and each country worked develop is itstoapproach upon physical This and cultural minimize the impacts country worked approach (depending upon its cultural to minimize the negative impacts of buildings on tothedevelop naturalitsenvironment and improving thephysical comfortand and qualityconditions) of life. These international initiatives are Abstract of buildings on the natural environment and improving the and comfort and quality of life. should These be international initiatives are characterized by multi-criteria vision, contextuality, flexibility scalability. What strategy developed for sustainable characterized by multi-criteria vision, contextuality, flexibility and scalability. What strategy should be buildings in Algeria? This is the fundamental question for which we try to provide some answers. Ondeveloped the basis for of sustainable a thorough District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the buildings in Algeria? is the question for of which we try to provide some answers. the basis ofofa buildings thorough study of the Algerian This context, wefundamental aim at the presentation the foundations of an approach to theOn sustainability greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat study the Algerian context, aim atregions the presentation of theand foundations of an approach theconsideration sustainabilityofof the buildings which ofwould be adjustable to we different of the country whose peculiarity lies intothe major sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, which would adjustable to specificities. different regions of theforcountry whoserisk, peculiarity lies practices in the consideration of theasmajor concerns of ourbecountry and its Including, instanceand seismic sociocultural of the population, well prolonging the investment return period. concerns of our country and its specificities. Including, for instancedata seismic risk, sociocultural practices by of the population, as well as the diversity that characterizes the climatic and geographical of the entire national territory, following the existing The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand as the diversity thatregulations characterizes climatic and geographical data of the entire national territory, by following the existing national legislation, andthe standards. forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 national legislation, regulations and standards. buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district ©renovation 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were © 2017 by Ltd. scenariosPublished were developed (shallow, © 2017 The under Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for developed Sustainableand Development (EUMISD). Peer-review responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean for Sustainable Development compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model,Institute previously validated by(EUMISD). the authors. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications Keywords:sustainability; ecological building, green architecture; quality; environment; Algerie. (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Keywords:sustainability; ecological building, green architecture; quality; environment; Algerie. scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-345 02688; fax: +213-345 02688.of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee * E-mail Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-345 02688; fax: +213-345 02688. address:[email protected] Cooling. E-mail address:[email protected]

1876-6102© 2017demand; The Authors. Published bychange Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat Forecast; Climate 1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). Peer-review under responsibility ofthe Euro-Mediterranean Peer-review under responsibility ofthe Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.053

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1. Introduction Unlike bioclimatic architecture that addresses only the energy aspect of the buildings in order to save the consumption of conventional fossil fuels and promote the use of the so-called renewable energy, sustainable architecture is an approach that aims to control the different dynamic relations between built space and its external environment and harmonize the internal space with the social, natural and architectural surroundings. Although various research topics in bioclimatic architecture have dealt with traditional techniques of adaptation [1-5]. Stephan et al. [6] has shown that passive houses may not be energy efficient. They can have total energy consumption similar or more than a new standard building. It was shown that poorly insulated city apartments can use less energy than a very energy efficient passive house in the suburbs. The house size can significantly reduce the life cycle energy demand per capita. Current European building energy regulations and certifications do not always result in a lower overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Their policies should adopt wider system boundaries including embodied, transport energy requirements and other environmental impacts. Scofield [7] criticized the question of to what extent do LEED-certified buildings save energy studied earlier by Newsham [8]. He wonders that energy consumption in larger buildings is dominated by plug-loads and operating practices-which are not even addressed by LEED. Rather than to utilize a non-physical averaging technique that under-weighs large buildings, it would be better to change the LEED-certification process so that inefficient buildings do not gain LEEDcertification-particularly large inefficient buildings. Blengini [9] has recently conducted a detailed life cycle analyses study on a low energy house built in northern Italy. He has confirmed that the initial goal of environmental sustainability is reached, but to a lower degree than initially believed. In comparison to a standard house, while the winter heat requirements reduced by 10:1, the life cycle energy was only reduced by 2.1:1 and the carbon footprint by 2.2:1. Perez-Lombard [10] analyses offered data concerning energy depletion in buildings linked to HVAC systems. They addressed the questions of the availability of the necessary information, the main building types and the end uses which should be considered in the failure. Comparison using commercial buildings for some countries (USA, UK, Spain, etc.) is presented. According to them, energy consumption of buildings in developed countries comprises 20–40% of total energy use and is above industry and transport figures in EU and USA. However, available data is not sufficient and not proportional to its importance. The lack of information makes it difficult to understand the basic changes that affect energy consumption in this sector. Lausten [11] presents an overview and analyses current approaches for enhancing energy efficiency in building codes for new buildings. He then outlines some valuable recommendations related to energy efficiency promotion for new buildings. According to Anderson et al. [12] the built environment is the dominant source of energy consumption (62%) and greenhouse gas emissions (55%).Achieving environmental goals, including climate change mitigation, has led to the development of robust methods to assess the impacts from this sector. These methods focus on either individual buildings or on the urban scale. Anderson et al. [12] shows that these topics are strongly divided between the scales of analysis: the building and the urban scale. They think that separation per scale is problematic as it ignores the actual pattern of construction: new buildings within existing cities. A new approach is therefore needed to link the knowledge gap between the building and urban scale. Fabbri et al. [13] presented an Energy Retrofit simulation about an Italian case study: one building typology that is supposed realized in several different periods, having different thermo-physic parameters. For each period, four energy retrofit actions will be applied, together with the software evaluation of energy performance. Gillingham et al. [14] reviews literature on several types of energy efficiency policies: appliance standards, financial incentive programs, information and voluntary programs, and management of government energy use. They provide an overview of the relevant programs, along with available existing estimates of energy savings, costs, and cost-effectiveness at a national level. The literature examining these estimates points to potential issues in determining the energy savings and costs, but recent evidence suggests that techniques for measuring both have improved. Kaoula and Bouchair [15] showed that it is possible to assess energy performance and environmental impacts of three hotel buildings having various envelope configurations built in different climates using a life cycle analysis approach. The assessment was performed using PLEIADES software tools. Facing the environmental challenges of the early 21st century, the building sector is experiencing a real environmental revolution for the integration of eco- sustainable principles in the production process of the built environment. Some attempts were made by [16] to find a policy that addresses all the environmental challenges to gradually enter the era of multiple energy and sustainable developments, especially in the field of housing through a

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concept of ecological habitat conducted in Tlemcen city, in Algeria. They found that the achievement of ecological homes is no more than the choice of ecological means.Combining socio-economic development and environmental protection, sustainable development, finds its meaning in building sector by the notion of "sustainable architecture", which is defined as a new practice in the production of healthy, environmentally friendly buildings efficient in terms of natural resources, economically efficient and offering maximum comfort and safety to their users [17]. This has led in practice to the implementation of a multitude of approaches to the environmental quality of sustainable buildings. Following the global energy and climate issues, the first appearance of these efforts goes back to early 90s of 20th century in Europe and in the USA. The number of labels and certifications resulting has been in constant development. Most of multiple criteria approaches were initially simple and entirely voluntary. However, the importance of making these approaches more compatible with the sustainability principles has led to the development of varied number of standards and normative requirements for certification of sustainable construction by offering a series of eco-labels and certifications. 2. The existing environmental approaches for sustainable buildings Recognizing the importance of the environmental quality of their housing stock, many developed countries have developed in recent years environmental quality measures applied to building sectors. For these, environmental parameters that take into account their geographical situation and culture were determined and integrated into the process of design, implementation and management of future construction and evaluation of the quality of existing ones with a view to a possible improvement in their performance without denaturing them[18, 19]. Dascalaki et al. [20] presented an overview of the database and its available tools, and the main results from a case study on Hellenic buildings that reveals relevant characteristics. The Hellenic database included as ample of 250 buildings from different regions in Greece, with a breakdown that is representative of the national building stock. The main results focus on the buildings’ energy performance, thermal envelope characteristics and the exploitation of solar thermal energy. In Germany and Austria, for example, all stakeholders (designers, builders and occupants) are involved in an empirical environmental approach. In France, the UK and Scandinavia, the approach is often based on simple goals grids to quantify. It is based on individual mobilization of every citizen motivated by tax incentives and very precise regulations. Most of these processes are dynamic and subject to change based on the results of experimental achievements [21].Many initiatives have been launched in this area since early 1990s. There are now around the world sixty approaches for sustainable buildings [22, 23]. All these approaches deliver environmental certification for sustainable buildings today both existing and future buildings. These are: The U.K BREEAM, the US LEED, the Japanese CASBBE the German DGNB, the Swiss MENERGIE, Green Star in Australia and South Africa, as well as HQE in France, Estidama for the United Arab Emirates, EDAMA for Jordan and Lebanon approach ARZ Building Rating System(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Logos of some environmental approaches for sustainable buildings.

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All existing approaches at the Mediterranean area, such as HQE in France, Spain VERDE, Lider Portugal and Protocollo ITACA-Italy, were developed by the of southern European countries. Noting that there is currently a project called "OPEN HOUSE" initiated by the European Union, which aims to develop and promote a method of assessing the environmental quality of buildings and a certification that will be common managed by a European council. This will may complete or replace all existing approaches [24]. However, most of these multi-criteria approaches were contextual and entirely voluntary. They are now beginning to rely more and more on labelling and certification systems to integrate the dimension of eco-sustainability in the building sector. These environmental labels developed according to precise standards are often referred to as the only ones that integrate all objectives of the construction known as "sustainable" [25]. A significant increase in interest and research in the development of environmental analysis methods of the buildings is observed in recent years around the world (Fig. 2). Now, owners and designers have a multitude of choices for the large number and variety of approaches and existing tools. The evaluation can be performed at different levels, from the simple assessment (or opinion poll) to a complete analysis of the life cycle.

Fig. 2. Creative spaces of certification systems for some buildings sustainability.

3. The criteria and building sustainability assessment indicators Most approaches try to standardise the sustainability of both existing or future buildings in order to improve their environmental and energy performances [26].According to the geographical, environmental and sociocultural of buildings, these initiatives can be outlined as follows: • • • • •

Those focusing exclusively on energy; Those with quantified or qualified performance targets; Those with obligation to use an environmental management system (EMS); Those which have issues or criteria to be fulfilled; Those with obligation results [27].

The evaluation criteria which constitutes the system of indicators of the environmental quality evaluation operations of buildings is not only limited to energy considerations. These include many other crosswise dimensions of sustainable development, sanitation (eco-materials) and environmental (land, waste, water) as well as economic (development of eco-construction sector). Based on a global approach, they cover all the technical parameters that would be improved which revolve around the following main themes:

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• • • • • • •

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Insertion of the building in the site; Water management; Energy efficiency; Hygiene and waste management; Quality of indoor environments, (acoustic comfort, hygrothermal, visual, olfactory and quality of indoor air); Quality of materials and construction products; Measures of security and protection against dangerous.

The divergences between the different qualitative sustainable environmental approaches of buildings, relate primarily to the nature and number of criteria considered by their evaluation systems, and the importance they place on certain indicators compared to other. These are naturally selected and classified according to the environmental, climatic and socio-cultural characteristics for each region and the legislative and regulatory context specific to each country. For example, the major concern of the Japanese system "CASBEE" considered the most complex and most complete echo-sustainable construction certification system is the use of the land, while the "MINERGIE Switzerland and "DGNB" German are much more focused on energy performance. However, it is not surprising that the approach of the United Arab Emirates "Estidama" gives more importance to water management. It is important to note, that existing environmental approaches to the sustainability of buildings in different countries do not respond to of sustainable architecture requirements, given the fact that their environmental assessment systems put much more emphasis on environmental performance, whereas socio-cultural and economic parameters are given less consideration. Table 1. Comparison between some key sustainability approaches used for evaluating sustainability. HQE

BREEM

LEED

Harmonious relationship between buildings and their immediate environment

Management

Site sustainability

Integrated choice of processes and construction products

Health and comfort

Water management

Building low nuisance

Energy

Energy and atmosphere

Energy management

Transport

Materials and resources

Water management

Water

Quality of interior environment

Waste management activities

Materials

innovation

Care and Maintenance

Waste

Hygrothermal comfort

Management of site and ecology

Acoustic comfort

Pollution

Visual Comfort Olfactory comfort Health conditions of spaces Air quality Water quality

Even though for Newsham [8], these approaches seem rather simplistic, exigent, technical and sometimes obscuring the social and cultural dimensions which remain very subjective assessment. The complexity and the cost of certification process are often excessive and confusing due to multiple concept meanings used. Environmental approaches to sustainable buildings offer many advantages. In addition to a guarantee for the building, they are considered as a support for the promotion of sustainable environmental quality of construction projects. They provide the design offices, builders, building owners and their companies’ repositories to optimize the design of their projects [25].

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4. The Algerian context Despite the quantitative evolution of the housing stock, many buildings have not been conceived, designed and built with regard to the specific nature and context of the environment where they are located. The issue of sustainability and environmental quality of buildings in Algeria remains central for the development of green buildings. The recent achievements in the construction sector are inadequate with the requirements imposed by the rapid scientific development and technological knowledge as well as modern information and communication occurred in different areas such as sustainable building. The imbalanced distribution of the population and the economic activities across the territory, desertification, irrational use of natural resources, seismic hazards, degradation of living conditions, the diversity of socio-cultural practices of the population and the climatic and geographic data throughout the national territory, are the main features which characterize the Algerian context. To face these major challenges impeding the implementation of the national strategy for the environment and sustainable development, several actions have been launched at various levels affecting several areas of development [28]. 4.1. Legislative, institutional and regulatory framework From the beginning of the 21st century Algeria initiated institutional and legal reforms to incorporate the requirements of sustainable development into national development policy. Thus, the number of laws and legal texts implementing the 2nd generation for sustainable development has been promulgated. Strategically, several programs have been developed to ensure better management of this policy within the framework of the National Action Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development NEAP-DD developed in 2002 including: • • • • • •

National Action Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development; National Plan of Special Wastes Management; Improvement Programme for Built Environment; National Integrated Household Haste Management Program; National Energy Management Program; National Programme for Integrated Management of Household and Assimilated Waste.

In terms of institutional strengthening of the integration of sustainable development, it is worth noting the creation of several specialized agencies including: • • • • • •

National Observatory of the Environment and Sustainable Development; High Council for Environment and Sustainable Development; National Waste Agency; Development Centre of Biological Resources; National Agency for Integrated Management of Water Resources; National Agency of Waste [29].

4.2. Physical and territorial environment Algeria, one of the largest countries of Africa has a vast area of 2,381,741 km². The temperature difference reaches 25 degrees during the same day and in the same season between its regions. Algeria is a rich country and has natural and multicultural potential. It has a rate of urbanization of the order of 70%. Twenty two million Algerians live in cities (63% of the overall population) spread mainly on the North of the country that represents only 4% of the national territory (Fig. 3).This northern part of the country is characterized, among others, by: • High density (high urbanization), with lack of urbanized land which stops the development of these cities; • An area subject to major natural hazards (floods, earthquakes etc.); • Insufficient renewable energy sources (solar);

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Fig. 3. Population densities per wilaya Algeria [30].

The rebalancing of the urban framework is among the priority concerns listed by the National Land Planning Scheme, prepared by the Ministry of Spatial Planning and the Environment in 2008, which consists of: • • • •

The stabilization of the growth of large cities in the littoral band; Stabilization of the increase in medium-sized cities of the Tell strip; Strengthening of urbanization in the highlands; Development of urbanization in the south;

It is with this objective that a new set of cities integrating sustainability principles into the process of their design, implementation and management. Designed to accommodate a large number of housing projects, in addition to administrative public facilities, educational, cultural and others, the future new towns, are aimed to decongest existing large urban centers and ensure balanced distribution of the population throughout the country (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.Geographical location of the new sustainable cities of Algeria [31].

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4.3. Energy management The building sector, whose energy consumption accounts about 40% of the total energy, is responsible for 20 % of global emissions of greenhouse gases. As part of a global environmental dimension, energy efficiency in building sector has been a fundamental worldwide concern since 1970. It aims to fight against waste and exhaustible conventional fossil resources by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the development of renewable energy.In Algeria, energy management is regulated by the laws: 99-09 of 28/07/1999 and 04-09 of 14/ 08/2004 on the promotion of renewable energy within the framework of sustainable development. They promote the implementation of measures and other actions for the rational use of energy and reduction of the impact of the energy system on the environment. As part of the national energy conservation policy, the government has launched in 2011, the national program for the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency. It is conceded as a social and economic development pedal. This ambitious program aims to diversify sources of energy, and promotion of everlasting resources, especially solar, which are expected to produce 22000 megawatts by 2030, including 12000 megawatts for the domestic market which represents 37% of electricity needs. In Algeria, the building sector (residential and commercial) consumes more than 30% of the total national energy production (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Distribution of final energy consumption by sector in Algeria [32].

The agency for the promotion and rationalization of the use of energy launched, in partnership with the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, a pilot project called "Eco- pack ". This involves the construction of 600 housing units with high energy performance across three climatic zones in 11 provinces of the country. These are: 50 homes in Algiers, 50 homes in Skikda, 80 in Oran, 80 in Blida, 30 in Tamanrasset, 82 in Mostaganem, 30 in Bechar, 32 in Laghouat, 80 in Djelfa, 32 in El Oued and 54 in Setif. The objectives of the project included in the national energy control program (PNME), whose construction works started in June 2011, are: • • • •

The improvement of thermal comfort in homes and reduction of energy consumption for heating and cooling, Activating the actors of buildings on the issue of energy efficiency ; Conducting a demonstrative action to show the achievability of the high energy performance projects in Algeria, Provoking a flow effect of consideration practical aspects of energy management in architectural design [32].

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This initiative is still very reluctant and insufficient. Algeria has a significant potential green energy, where the solar exposure time on almost the national territory exceeds 2500 hours per year which can reach 3900 hours per year. The energy used in buildings remains largely based on fossil and non-renewable conventional energy. The reality on the ground shows many deficiencies regarding the energy mastering in buildings including: • The absence of technical means and equipment for the rationalization of energy consumption, such as using lowenergy bulbs, or the double glazing which, according to experts, could reduce consumption energy 30% compared to single glazing thin; • Lack of constructive and architectural design measures which can ensure better control of consumption of conventional energy resources and reducing the impact of energy fossil on the environment (location and orientation, size and location of the glass surfaces, volume and depth of local, composition of walls and choice of materials, insulation and inertia, ...); • Lack of initiatives to promote the use of new and renewable energies, clean and sustainable; • Lack of motivations for the use of renewable energy. 4.4. Water management The global water need could exceed the supply by 40% by the horizon 2030 according to the report "Measuring the use of water in a green economy" of the United Nations Environment Programme. As an element vital to our life, water requires special attention and effective and thoughtful management that relies primarily on the economy of the so-called safe, clean and unpolluted. According to experts from UNEP, one of the keys to better manage water today would be to estimate the available resources, prioritize the uses and identify their impacts on ecosystems. Algeria is not a country with high rainfall; it has always considered the water resources sector as a strategic sector. Its management is primarily by the law no. 05-12 of 4/08/2005 on water which stresses the importance of integrating the long term and sustainability in the use and management of this important natural resource. By the early 2000s important actions were taken by the government through a comprehensive action program to mobilize new water resources and qualitatively ensure their mastery and their rational management. Currently, the water resources sector in Algeria, which has grown significantly in recent years, has 72 dams with a capacity of seven billion cubic meters per year, 9 seawater desalination plants in operation and 165 treatment plants wastewater. Despite all the efforts, for the development and management of water resources in Algeria, it should be noted that the consumption and management of water in the building sector is experiencing a multitude of failures including: • Irrational consumption in the absence of measures to limit water waste, • Absence of development strategy for rainwater harvesting techniques; • Damaged network for drinking water distribution which requires urgent therapy works; • Lack of efficient strategy in the supply of drinking water; Table 2.Drinking water supply – indicators evolution between 1999- 2015 [33]. Indicators

1999

2011

2012

2014

1015

Linear network of sanitation and rain water (5Km)

50 000

102 000

105 000

112 000

116 000

Rate of linking (*)

78%

94%

95%

96%

98%

Staffing litter/day/inhabitant

123

170

175

175

180

Water production (billions of m3/year)

1.25

2.9

3.1

3.6

3.6

Frequency of distribution Daily

45%

73%

75%

75%

75%

1 day of 2

30%

17%

17%

16%

16%

1 day of 3 and plus

25%

10%

10%

9%

9%

The connection national average rate (including rural) reached 96 %. Urban area; the connection rate is around 100 %.

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4.5. Waste management With very diverse sources: food, chemical and ferrous, plastic and other paper, garbage require special attention and a very strict management to limit their negative impact on health and the environment. Waste from construction sites and public works are an important part of the total waste generated annually at the global level, according to the construction sites, demolition or rehabilitation of structures. Algeria according to the National Waste Agency, annually produces around 10.5 million tonnes of household waste including more than 7 million tonnes is municipal waste (14 million of M3). The area of Building and Public Works generates a significant proportion of total waste. Before these amounts, the challenge of sorting and recovery of building waste remains crucial to ensure sustainable management. Sixty two (62) % of waste collected annually in Algeria are organic materials. The remains are of paper and cardboard (9%), plastics (12%), glass (1%), metals (2%) and others (14%). Waste from construction and demolition are generally disposed in uncontrolled landfills (Fig. 6).Sixty two (62) % of waste collected annually in Algeria are organic materials. The remains are of paper and cardboard (9%), plastics (12%), glass (1%), metals (2%) and others (14%). Waste from construction and demolition are generally disposed in uncontrolled landfills (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6.Ratios of municipal solid waste in Algeria for 2009 [34].

Waste management policy has in recent years, through the Household Waste Management Programme and the National Plan of Special Wastes Management, enormous progress. In this context, it is planned including: closure and rehabilitation studies of landfills; the realization of landfills; achieving 300 landfills; the introduction of recycling and the production of several centres Burial Techniques for special industrial waste. Unfortunately, the current situation regarding waste management in the construction sector remains totally ineffective. It is characterized by: • • • •

Lack of strategy to reduce the production of harmful of waste; Lack of clear strategy for waste collection; Lack of waste sorting; Failure in the treatment recycling and recovery of waste.

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4.6. Materials and construction techniques With the major concern to mop up the increased insufficiency registered since independence in terms of infrastructure, Algeria has resorted to the use of all kind of prefabricated construction systems, to abusive use of new materials issued from technology and industry of buildings, up to the almost universal standardization of equipment projects prototyped to adapt to different sites, neglecting both the geographical, bioclimatic characteristics of climatic zones and socio-cultural practices of the local population. It is important to note that some materials harmful to health of customers were widely used by domestic and foreign construction companies in the construction of some buildings during the eighties in Algeria such as asbestos, lead and oils ASKARELS etc. 5. Discussion and recommendations Despite all the efforts and resources deployed by the public authority for the application of the concept of sustainable development in all active sectors, it is noted that building sector is still shortage of sustainable architecture. The development and implementation of an environmental approach to the promotion of sustainable buildings, suitable for Algeria, seems to be imperative. However, the utmost importance should be given to the choice of construction implantation site to ensure good land management. It is also recommended to strengthen the existing national legislative and regulatory framework, through implementing legislation and regulations and the establishment of control and monitoring of the application of these texts. For the integrated choice of construction materials, the return to the use of local materials with high thermal inertia, healthy, recyclable and environmentally friendly, widely used in vernacular architecture, such as raw land and natural stone should be strongly encouraged. In terms of energy, and in order to ensure maximum energy efficiency, the energy strategy to rationalize consumption is by using energy efficient appliances. It is also suggested to develop he exploitation of solar energy especially in the southern part of the country where the solar thermal potential, photovoltaic and wind power is the highest in the country. Citizens should be encouraged by the authorities help to use renewable energy such as the installation of solar water heaters. Finally, for better waste management, efficacy techniques should aim in improving the collection, sorting, transport, treatment, disposal and recovery of waste sites by their reuse and recycling. Particular attention should be paid to water management to preserve this vital natural resource increasingly scarce in Algeria in particular by: • • • •

The awareness of water saving and its valorisation; The judicious choice of water-saving equipment; The rainwater collecting; The treatment and reuse of wastewater.

6. Conclusion It is well recognized today that the field of standardization of sustainability of constructions through the different environmental approaches knows a great spread in all countries of the world. Although, these systems tend to be voluntary and non-compulsory, the fact remains that they are effective in promoting sustainable urban and architectural production of high environmental quality. They also contribute to improving the quality of the built environment in general and participate in a mature reflection on the most relevant and the most appropriate approach to achieve design and build buildings where quality and environment are optimally taken into account. Algeria cannot under any circumstances be marginalized in this worldwide dynamic. It is imperative to acquire technical, human and material necessary for the establishment of an appropriate national strategy. In light of the results of our study, the environmental approach we advocating for sustainable buildings in Algeria would be a flexible, easily adaptable to different regions according to their physical characteristics, geographic and climatic and socio-cultural practices that characterize their populations; an approach whose parameter priorities are adapted with the major concerns of our country such as the rebalancing of the urban structure, energy management, water and waste management. Remaining within the legal, regulatory and national normative framework, it would

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