Towards the design of Automatic Translation System

Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Computing and Informatics (ICICI 2017) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number: CFP17L34-ART, ISBN: 978-1-5386-4031-9

Towards the design of Automatic Translation System from Arabic Sign Language to Arabic Text Abdelmoty M.Ahmed 1

Wade Ghribi5

1

5

Department of Systems and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University Cairo, Egypt

Department Computer Engineering College of Computer Science, King Khalid University Abha, Saudi Arabia

Reda Abo Alez2

Ahmed Said Badawy6

2


6


Gamal Tharwat3

Suresh Babu Changalasetty7

3


7


Muhammad Taha4

J.Subash Chandra Bose8

4

Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University Cairo, Egypt

Abstract— Automatic translation from or to sign language by recognizing patterns to produce a written text by using an annotated sign language corpus or any other tools of grammatical structure, syntactic rules, synthesis specifically for Arabic Sign Language. Arabic Sign Language still lack exhaustive scientific studies of their grammatical structure, morphology and syntactic rules, as well as the rules that govern the construction of sentences in this language. Such studies are necessary for the development and evolution of any sign language. In addition, the lack of tools that help researchers in studying Arabic Sign Language is another obstacle. In this paper we will show the importance of a system that would help to represent and translate Sign Language to a written text. In this context, we present a new proposal for the way towards the establishment of a system for the automated translation of the Arabic sign language into written text based on creation an annotated Arabic Sign Language corpus. This new proposed scheme can be useful for learning, teaching or studying for people who suffer from hearing difficulty. We also propose some rules which help developing Sign Language automatic translation systems. Keywords—Arabic Sign Language, Annotation System, Sign language automatic translation systems.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Sign Language (SL) is the prominent means of communication among the deaf and the hearing-disabled people [1]. It is a native language for them, and about 18 million of this community is only in Arabic world. Despite availability of very important number of deaf people, Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) suffers from the lack of rules and grammatical structure that is required for the construction of an ArSL sentence.

8

Department Computer Engineering College of Computer Science, King Khalid University Abha, Saudi Arabia SL is the natural language of deaf. It’s a visual language which makes it different from spoken language but serve the same function [2] There are some initiatives that support the idea of unification of SL in some Arabic countries. These initiatives comes because the SL from the same spoken language which is Arabic. The difference between sign language is due the dialect and not to the mother tongue. Many papers and dictionaries had been published toward a unified ArSL [3]. From another direction, there are some other trends that refuse the idea of unification because the sign language is related to the environment and most signs are derived from it. So, for this reason, Arabian deaf person can share and communication between them easily without creation new signs which is needed if we talk about a unified SL [4][5]. After discussions with many Arabic deaf persons, and experts translator for sign language, we found there has been a lack of linguistic studies in ArSL and local Arab SLs. We also found that the main problem is the lack of an annotation or transcription system. The annotation writing system is a solution to write specific properties of ArSL in text or symbols like hand shape, direction, movement, location and non-manual gestures like facial expressions. In this context, we propose the first initiative for a new automatic translation system based on signs corpus database in this research paper. This system aims to design database of signs that interpret any input sign to Arabic text language using transfer automatic translation for SL.

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II. MOTIVATION AND ISSUES Nowadays, it can be time in order to be capable to create more ArSL regardless the particular problem associated with unification. Within additional, we would like to create a new Automatic translation system in order to hard of hearing and non-deaf from Arabic countries in order to write, share, discuss understand this SL. Since the eighties of the last century, the researchers began the work in the analysis and design of automatic translation systems for SL process to develop routines and adapt the software for communication intra-deaf and between hearing and deaf people. Many Automatic translation systems are proposed for American Sign Language (ASL), British sign Language (BSL), etc but few of them are focused on Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) [6][7].

orientation and position of the hand, and the movement of direction of the hand (MFs), as well as the head eyes and face (NMFs)[8]. SL employs the space around the signer for communication, and the signer can use a combination of MFs and NMFs. These are called `multichannel signs', MFs are basic components of any sign, whereas NMFs play an important role in composing signs in conjunction with MFs[9]. The figure below shows how similar forms of symbols of the alphabet ArSL with the forms of the characters in the Arabic language.

The lack of standard SL system limits the development of ArSL in general. For example, until now, there isn't research about grammar or syntax of ArSL like American Sign Language (ASL) or British Sign Language (BSL) In addition, software application or web application aren't rich or advanced, due to the absence of standard or convention for writing and processing ArSL data for programming language. From a linguistic point of view, the number of publications (articles, dictionaries, signs corpus and books) for ArSL is very limited. For example, until now, we cannot find an exact rule for building a sentence in Egyptian Sign Language (ESL) or any other ArSL. As a result, there aren’t rules for signing or interpreting. Each interpret strive to construct statement when we compare to ASL or BSL, we found that this SLs are very developed and advanced, thanks to the automatic translation system based on a Arab corpus gloss of ArSL. In this context, Machine Translation Systems (MTS's) proposal is based on a corpus database for the meanings of which are similar to the Arabic spoken will be a solution for learning and understanding of ArSL, because the learning and understanding of ArSL is not easy at this time because we cannot write discourse. So, teachers encounter difficulties when teaching Arabic courses for deaf people. In the next section, we will talk about guiding rules of ArSL. III. ARABIC SIGN LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONS Some believe that the Arabic sign language has no rules or regulations for freedom from letters and links which is about symbols for words help the deaf communicate with their community. While others believe that there are rules for sign language but have not been searched or attempt be highlighted or modularization.

Fig. 1. Alphabet forms in ArSL (spelling fingers)[10]

The letters of the Arabic language are the main voices that make up the word at the spoken language, as well as considered fingers spelling as sounds that make up the indicative symbols and their meanings show the support of the other hand or move it or put it on the part of the body. Fingers spelling is one of the ArSL supplements might be a supporting element in the use of language and to support its deployment. It is used at the number of things including the following: Used by the deaf, teachers and translators at the Spelling names.  Used as a substitute for the words that do not have the word or symbol indicative known among the deaf in the language.  Used in educational activities as a picture frame of mind to teach the deaf child to read and write by Arabic Language.  Some forms of vocalizations formation or symbols indicative result combined the form of one or more characters from the alphabets fingers.

The guiding rules described here reflect the annotation guidelines that we used for the transcription of Arabic texts. We will present the Automatic Translation of Arabic Sign to Arabic Text (ATASAT) System proposed for syntax and morphology rules. This work is based on the Arabic and Quatarian Sign Language Rules [4] and we will refer to all guidelines outlined in the agreements Liddell applied to ArSL . A. ArSL phonology and Morphology SL is composed of basic elements of gesture and location, called `cheremes‘- optical phoneme, the main articulators in SLs are the fingers, hands and arms (phonemes). There are two categories of phoneme in SL Manual Features (MFs) and Non-Manual Features (NMFs). The optical phoneme is the basic unit of sign, as it contains four elements: hand shape,

Fig. 2. Representation of the symbols or word indicative[4]

We described the optical phoneme, which is the basic unit of sign, as it contains four elements: hand shape, orientation and position of the hand, and the movement of direction of the hand, as well as the NMFs.

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TABLE I. Arabic Language /ArSL

‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬

Matching between the ArSL alphabets and alphabets in Arabic Language Arabic Face Matching Language Face Matching /ArSL Approximate at the Format with a note match with raising the thumb to an alphabetical letter indication of a point above letter"‫"ض‬ indication to the Approximate at the presence of one Format with the letter point below the "‫ "ط‬and raising the index shaped "‫"ب‬ finger to the top Convergence of form indication to the with a note raising presence of two thumb over the middle points above the for an indication of a shaped "‫"ث‬ point above letter "‫"ظ‬ indication to the presence of three match with alphabetical points above the letter shaped "‫"ث‬ Match with the form of the alphabetical letter Similar form with and raise the thumb a thumb above the palm of the somewhere dot hand to indicate the character "‫"ج‬ presence of point above letter"‫"غ‬ Match with the form of Similar form with alphabetical letter and a thumb along the put the index finger other fingers for above the thumb to lack a point to a indicate a point above character "‫"ح‬ letter"‫"ف‬ Similar form with Match form with the a thumbs higher alphabetical letter with a other fingers, index and middle fingers referring to the over the thumb to presence of a point indicate a point above above letter "‫"خ‬ letter"‫"ق‬ Match with the form of alphabetical letter and put the thumb at the match with middle of the palm of alphabetical letter the hand to indicate the presence of Hamza "‫"ء‬ for a character"‫"ك‬ Similar form with the middle put up the index finger to match with alphabetical referring the letter presence of a point above letter

‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬

‫ع‬

We also provide a set of fields and values specifically designed for the annotation of data for ArSL. Each gloss is represented by an Arabic word. This annotation, although simplified, does not reflect the morphological richness of ArSL signs only, but also the very important grammatical function of facial expressions. The non-manual information provided by the face can occur simultaneously with the manual components. It is represented by a line above signs. For our translation, it annotates all the important features of grammar in ArSL. One Arabic word identifies one ArSL sign, for example the sign of a Telephone ( ٌ‫ )حهيفى‬is " ٌ‫ " حهيفى‬. Arabic words separated by dashes are also a single sign where more than one English word is required to translate. The -" ‫غيش‬ ‫( " قاَىَي‬Illegal) sign is a transcription of the Arabic phrase without dash symbol In addition, reversing the hand shape to a different position gives an opposite meaning such as the signs " ‫( " خهف‬back) and "‫" "أياو‬front", Also, a new sign can be delivered from compounding two different signs, such as the sign "devotion" which contains two signs, "fear" and "God".

‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬

Fig. 3. Transcription of the sign " ٌ‫( " حهيفى‬Telephone in english)

Fig. 4. Transcription of the signs " ‫( " خهف‬back) and "‫" "أياو‬front"

‫ك‬

‫ل‬

Fig. 5. Transcription of the new sign Compound word " devotion " (‫" "خىف يٍ هللا" )حقىي‬fear" and "God"

The ArSL sign can belong to the following groups  Anto-Signs: two signs with the same MFs except that the movements are different

‫ر‬

match with alphabetical letter

‫م‬

No match with alphabetical letter

‫ز‬

Similar form with the middle put up the index finger to referring the presence of a point above letter

‫ن‬


 Hamo-Signs: two similar signs used to express different meanings, which are known from the context.

‫س‬


‫ه‬


 Syno-Signs: two signs with the same meaning. This type exists in case of shifting from one sign to another, one dominates and the other disappears.

‫و‬


‫ى‬


‫ش‬ ‫ص‬

No similar form, but disperse fingers indicating the dots above letter"‫"ش‬ Approximate at the Format with the letter "‫"ص‬ with a note placed thumb

 Compounds: a combination of two signs to deliver a new meaning.

B. Grammar and Structure Grammar is the rules and principles followed by the users of sign language by communicating them to explain the components and sections Language. Compared with the Arabic language, the parts of speech in ArSL consist of noun, verb and Preposition 1. Noun A noun denotes either tangible or intangible identities. Nouns are independent of other words in indicating their

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2. Tenses (Verbs) In the Arabic language there are three main types of the tense: the perfect, imperfect and imperative, this category is found in all sign languages in the world, and the Arab deaf persons use the verb at the infinitive, often indicative of verbal sentence starting with the timeline of verb. a. The perfect (past) tense The past tense is an indication of an event occurring before the time of speaker; past tense in sign language is classified according to timeline of verb, and represented by a gesture hand behind the body. b. The imperfect (present) tense The present tense is an indication of an event occurring in the present or the future, also the present tense in sign language is classified according to timeline of verb, and represented by a gesture hand parallel or directly in front of the body.

Fig. 6. Transcription of the signs "past"and "present"tenses

c. The imperative tense The imperative tense is an Indication demand is occurring after the time of speaker, also the imperative tense in sign language is inferred through gestures, bodily expression, also the form of the verb is not different from the past tense or the present tense, but different style which appears on a person's body and pack into the implementation of the verb.

Fig. 7. Transcription of the sign " imperative " tense

General could say, the tense in ArSL is simply and practically used. Past, present, and future tenses are indicated at the beginnings of conversation chunks and only shifted when there is a need to indicate a different tense.

The methods representation nouns in ArSL

Arabic Language

proper nouns

d. Condition noun (style)-(‫)اسى أو أسهىب انششط‬ e. Question noun or mark (‫)اسى أو اداة االسخفهاو‬ f. Demonstratives (‫)اسى اإلشاسة‬ Deaf usually used several methods to express or represent the different types of noun in ArSL.

TABLE II.

Type of nouns

common nouns (vegetables, fruits, animals,..etc)

c. Relative noun (‫)االسى انًىصىل‬ Sometimes we add some styles and special expressions to noun types such as

For example, in sign languages in western countries, there are some strategies and rules used to differentiate between the noun and the verb, a move indicative symbol or repeat twice to signify the verb.

Pronouns (It is frequently used in educational activities in the classroom)

a. proper nouns and common nouns (‫)االسى انعهى وانشائع‬ b. Pronouns (‫)انضًائش‬ In Arabic language pronouns are classified into three sets: Addressee pronoun ( ‫)انًخاطة‬, Speaker pronoun ( ‫ ) انًخكهى‬and Absent pronoun ( ‫) انغائة‬. For each set pronouns are classified according to person (first, second, third), number (singular, dual and plural) and gender (masculine and feminine).

d. conjugation tense Deaf person does not have the ability to conjugation, they strive to differentiate between the verb and the noun similar to him in an indicative symbol such as "car", "lead" or "plane", "fly" or "prayer", "pray"

Relative noun (It is frequently used in educational activities in the classroom)

meaning. What distinguishes nouns from verbs is that nouns refer to entities or things. Nouns are further classified into:-

‫أحًذ‬

ArSL

Expression methods

‫احمد‬

Fingerspelling The indicative title Where it is encoded this person, as distinguishing or special mark

‫نفع انجالنت‬ "God"

Descriptive Signs Or Non-Descriptive Signs

‫انًسجذ‬ "Mosque"

‫يزكش‬ "Masculine" Descriptive Signs Addressee pronoun (‫يخ‬.‫)ضى‬ or Speaker pronoun (‫يج‬.‫)ضى‬ or absent pronoun (‫غا‬.‫)ضى‬

‫يؤَث‬ " feminine "

‫حاء انفاعم‬ "‫"حىضأث‬ I did wudoo

+

Replaced by Speaker pronoun (‫يج‬.‫)ضى‬

‫يزكش‬ "Masculine"

Descriptive Signs Relative noun

‫يؤَث‬ " feminine "

Relative noun + Symbol indicative of feminized

Researcher suggests append or add some letters spell the fingers of a reaction to the education of the deaf possibility of disposal of some verbs in ArSL to distinguish the word or symbol indicative in terms of reading and writing.

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Sees, "Manal Aldraosha" The possibility of deaf education conjugation by adding spelled fingers to the symbol or word indicative of the verb For example ,The possibility of adding spell fingers to the letter "‫""ياء‬ya" at the beginning of the word or symbol indicative verb indicative of the present tense of the masculine time[11]. TABLE III.

differentiate between noun and verb in ArSL

symbol

noun

verb

move indicative symbol or repeat one time to signify the noun " ‫( "طائشة‬Plane)

move indicative symbol or repeat twice to signify the verb " ‫( "يطيش‬fly)

move indicative symbol or repeat one time to signify the noun " ‫ ( "صالة‬prayer )

move indicative symbol or repeat twice to signify the verb " ‫( "يصهي‬pray)

3. Preposition ArSL word correspondence (signs) is limited to two basic classes, a. Simple forms of nouns/adjectives. b.Simple forms of verbs without tense. In addition to , ArSL does not have, unlike classical Arabic (CA) the lot associated with the particles (prepositions and several adverbs or even intensifiers).However, the relationships and principles represented simply by prepositions plus intensifiers, just for example, can be portrayed by additional means. This particular could be achieved by the particular position plus direction associated with one sign in relation to one more regarding prepositions. Most prepositions does not appear in the ArSL, prepositions are used in ArSL indirectly, they are used unobtrusively and within the context of the speech, as in the example. TABLE IV.

Analysis of sentence in ArSL

Arabic Sign Language ً‫سجم يسجذ صه‬

Arabic Language ‫صهً انشجم فً انًسجذ‬

‫فالح صسع أسض‬

‫صسع انفالح األسض‬

In ArSL when analyzing the sentence indicative note does not appear preposition, in the first instance and the disappearance of the definite article, in the second example. Generally, prepositions is not from within the linguistic structure of the sentence in ArSL.

For example the word ٍ‫" يسجذي‬are expressed in sign language by two words; "‫" يسجذ‬and then sign of the number "ٌ‫ اثُا‬,"in order to denote the dual. TABLE V. Arabic Language Syntax

Table showing Pluralization in sign language ArSL Syntax

Singular " ‫"يسجذ‬ ( Mosque)

Word or symbol indicative to Singular " ‫"يسجذ‬ ( Mosque ) + number one or vise versa

Dual " ٍ‫"يسجذي‬ ( Mosques)

Word or symbol indicative to dual "ٍ‫"يسجذ ي‬ ( Mosques ) + number two or vise versa

Plural " ‫"يساجذ‬ ( Mosques)

Word or symbol indicative to plural " ‫"يساجذ‬ ( Mosque ) + number three or vise versa

Examples

In plural of sign language sometimes depends on the principle of repetition (Reduplication) of the movement of the symbol or word indicative as describes in the following figure Where the focus is on repeating indicative symbol, three times with the change of its position in the spatial space in front of the body to signify people group.

Fig. 8. Example for plural Transcription of the sign "Responsible"

D. Derivation in sign language One of the important features in any language is the ability derivation. Arabic language is distinct from many other languages for this feature, similarly, ArSL has the same feature and so all the way back to the symbol or word indicative, which is considered the root as in the spoken language. Derivation in sign language is different from what is in Arabic language, it depends on the basic shape of the symbol and can be added in the form of movement or the beginning or the end to give another meaning

This is known as the deep structure of the language where deaf depends on the inductive approach in the analysis and interpretation of linguistic signs and understand the general meaning of the sentence. C. Pluralization in sign language In Arabic name is divided in terms of significance to the number to a single, dual, and plural, whether masculine or feminine. ArSL differs from Arabic language and other spoken languages, This makes it difficult to compare sign languages with their spoken counterparts. Arabic in this regard is not an exception. As a matter of fact, many concepts used to describe spoken languages are inadequate for the description of sign languages. There is no singular, dual, or plural agreement in ArSL signed sentences, as shown in table V. In Arabic language, many nouns are countable, but it does not in ArSL.

Fig. 9. Derivation example in ArSL

Note in the previous example, that terminology indicative performed the same way for the symbol indicative of the word "family" by changing the first character. We suggest some rules that may be useful in the derivation process for new words or symbols indicative in ArSL.

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 Change the shape of the dominating hand, implementing the word indicative to express a new word.  Change the shape of the dominating hand, implementing the word indicative to express synonymous linguist.  Reverse the radix motor, that implementing of the word indicative to express the anti-linguist.  In the dominating hand switch the shape of indicative character by other indicative character shape in the word indicative to express synonymous linguist E. Analysis of the sentence indicative in ArSL If we analyzed sentences and texts to writings of the deaf and their messages through the linguistic culture of the Arabic language experts, we will note a number of problems, the researcher attempted to Illustrates when design of automatic translation system for an ArSL to Arabic Text (ATASAT), these problems are summarized as follows:  Lack of differentiate between the feminine and masculine.  Exaggeration in the use of pronouns.  Lack of, use of binding tools and conjunctions between sentences.  Do not use prepositions in sentences.  Reduction of sentences.  Overuse indicative symbols in writing. These problems are due to, lack of knowledge of Arabic language experts with ArSL, deaf when they write, they think sign language and writing in the order of sentence in ArSL, compared with the Arabic language, the ArSL is reduction language concerned with most words and focus of the sentences in order to reach the significance and meaning. The researcher believes that the ArSL with deep structure of the language, through the selection of its users for main words of the sentence on the grounds utilitarian field (communication and cognition) and not the formal field. F. ArSL morphology We refer in this section Arabic sentence structure and ArSL sentences structure. The Arabic sentence structure is divided into two kinds of sentences. Nominal sentences begin with a noun or a pronoun, while verbal sentences begin with a verb, overall, Nominal sentences it has a subject (‫ )يبخذأ‬and a predicate (‫)خبش‬, The subject of the nominal sentence is a noun or a pronoun, while the predicate can be a noun, adjective, preposition and noun, or verb, while the verbal sentences begin with a verb, and they have at least a verb (‫ )فعم‬and a subject (‫)فاعم‬. And also object (‫)يفعىل‬. However it is preferable to begin the ArSL sentence with subject, The structure of sentence in ArSL contains a subject, a verb and an object (SVO), Some believe that the sentence structure base in ArSL as a fixed base, but the truth is through research in the world of the deaf on the Arab scale, and use of the language appeared many of the structures of the sentences in ArSL. Sentence structure in ArSL is simultaneous with a parallel temporal and spatial configuration while language is linear; one word followed by another [12].

Usually, Sentence structure in ArSL is begin with subject, such as: " ‫ "رهة انىنذ إنً انًذسست‬,is translated into "‫"ونذ يذسست رهة‬ or is translated into " ‫"ونذ رهة يذسست‬, In the sentence structure, for the first translation, the translator, perform word indicative serially front of the body, While in the sentence structure, for the second translation the translator, perform sign of the word "‫ "رهة‬in short to return to the sign word "‫ "يذسست‬without adherence sequence signs. IV. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we put a new idea with an innovative vision and propose a new initiative towards system design of Automatic Translation system for an Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) to Arabic Text (ATASAT). The research work is aimed to serve deaf Arabic people for easy communication. ATASAT is based on a knowledge base to solve a number of Arabic language problems such as synonyms, derivational, pluralization, masculine and feminization. ATASAT system also shows how to explore finger spelling in solving some of the ArSL challenges. We also explain some linguistic rules, which serve the ArSL which are considered the nucleus for the establishment of automatic translation systems. Depending on the culture and knowledge of linguistic, serve deaf people to clarify meaning and content of the non-deaf people. We provide a strong motivation to deepen research into the issues, problems and challenges of this sign language compared with the Arabic language. The ATASAT system allows Arabian deaf people to learn Arabic Language and to share ideas and participate to discussions using an annotation convention familiar to Arabic texts. REFERENCES [1] Abdelmoty M. Ahmed, Reda Abo Alez , Muhammad Taha , Gamal

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