Transfer values and probabilities - CIES Football Observatory

CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report Issue no. 6 - June 2015

Transfer values and probabilities Drs Raffaele Poli, Loïc Ravenel and Roger Besson

1. Introduction A new transfer window is shortly approaching for the principal countries of European football. During summer 2014 the big-5 league clubs spent a record 2.44 billion euro in transfer fees1. With the increase in revenues for the richest clubs, it is more than likely that the level of investments will be similar or even greater for this transfer period. Moreover, the easing of the financial fair-play regime announced by UEFA should allow the most affected clubs such as Paris St-Germain and Manchester City to invest massively in the recruitment of new players. This will probably reinforce the process of rising transfer costs and will result in a new record concerning transfer expenditure. The 6th Monthly Report of the CIES Football Observatory focuses not only on the transfer value of big-5 league players. We are also proud to be able to present for the first time the probabilities of fee paying transfers for players active in the five major European leagues. This was a major achievement of the research work carried out by our academic team during the last year.

For either the value or the probability of transfer, our estimates are based on econometrical models taking into account numerous variables relative to players and their teams as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Transfer values and probabilities are estimated on the basis of over 1,500 fee-paying transfers involving big-5 league clubs from June 2009 up until the present. The data presented refers to the situation on the 8th June 2015. Matches played or contracts extended after this date are not included in the analysis. Our estimates take into account the inflationary trend of transfer fees. During the last six seasons, this was observed for the upper segment of the market in particular. During the last two transfer windows, the correlation measured between transfer fees estimated and those actually paid was greater than 80%. The strength of the correlation shows, on one hand, that the footballers’ market is rational and, on the other, that its rationality is well understood by the statistical model developed by our research team.

1 For an in-depth analysis of transfer expenditure, please refer to the third issue of the CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report, as well as to Big-5 Weekly Post number 81 and number 82.

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Monthly Report no. 6 - Transfer values and probabilities

Our model also allows us to identify market bias that is possible to exploit by letting over-valued players go for a high fee, or by recruiting under-valued footballers for a keen price. The final chapter of this report identifies the best performing players available for free because the contract binding them to the employer club is coming to an end. It also highlights the best performing footballers with only one year of contract remaining.

Chapter 3 presents the ranking of the 100 players with the highest transfer values. For these footballers, we also present the level of probability of a fee-paying transfer taking place. This is also relevant as the most expensive players are not necessarily those who have the greatest wish to change teams or those for whom employer teams are more willing to accept a transfer.

Prior to this, chapter 2 presents the rankings of 100 players that our approach has identified as most likely to be transferred for a fee. For each player, we also present the price range that purchasing clubs should pay taking into account the amounts spent previously for players with similar characteristics.

Figure 1: Key indicators in estimating transfer values and probabilities

Age Position Competition level Contract Transfer value

Player

Results

Teams

Transfer probabiliy International status Achievements Experience Performance

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2. The most likely fee paying transfers Among the footballers with the greatest transfer probability are many players from relegated clubs. Indeed, relegation obliges teams to compensate declining revenues through transfers. Moreover, this situation tends to encourage players to leave the club. Consequently, relegated teams often offer interesting recruitment possibilities. Players with one remaining year of contract are also over-represented among those with the greatest possibility of a paid transfer. Indeed, if the player does not wish to renew, clubs find themselves obliged to let him go to avoid a free departure. Only four out of the 20 players with the highest probability of a fee-paying transfer have contracts expiring after June 2017: Alexandre Lacazette, Nabil Fekir, Jordan Ayew and Grégoire Defrel.

In the list there are also three players who were already the subject of paid transfers: Paulo Dybala, Gonzalo Castro and Anthony Ujah. In the first two cases, the transfer sum reported was well above the estimated value. The recruiting clubs undoubtedly accepted to pay over the odds so as to be one step ahead of the competition. On the contrary, the fee paid for Anthony Ujah was slightly less than our estimate.

Raheem Sterling is the player with the highest transfer value among the 100 footballers with the greatest transfer probability. He is followed by Alexis Sánchez, Antoine Griezmann, Harry Kane and Philippe Coutinho. Numerous other players with transfer values of over €20 million figure in the list below: Alexandre Lacazette, Gonzalo Higuaín, Miralem Pjanić, Mauro Icardi, Nabil Fekir, José Callejón, Karim Bellarabi, Bernardo Silva, Saido Berahino, Carlos Bacca, Roberto Firmino, Yannick Ferreira Carrasco, Domenico Berardi, Nathan Clyne and Paulo Dybala.

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Figure 2a: The 100 big-5 league players with the greatest probability of a paid transfer2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Charlie Austin (QPR) Albin Ekdal (Cagliari) Paulo Dybala (Palermo) Raheem Sterling (Liverpool) José Mauri (Parma) Alexandre Lacazette (Lyon) Raphaël Guerreiro (Lorient) Alberto Paloschi (Chievo) Ilkay Gündoğan (Dortmund) Daniel Wass (Evian TG) Elias Kachunga (Paderborn) Tomer Hemed (Almería) Fabián Orellana (Celta Vigo) Romain Métanire (Metz) Bouna Sarr (Metz) Nabil Fekir (Lyon) Jordan Ayew (Lorient) Grégoire Defrel (Cesena) Oliver Sorg (Freiburg) Shinji Okazaki (Mainz) Raúl Bobadilla (Augsburg) Roberto Firmino (Hoffenheim) Jake Livermore (Hull City) Christian Gentner (Stuttgart) Adrien Thomasson (Evian TG) Wissam Ben Yedder (Toulouse) Pablo Chavarría (Lens) Gonzalo Higuaín (Napoli) Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Dortmund) Tom Huddlestone (Hull City) Franco Di Santo (Werder Bremen) Jonathan Schmid (Freiburg) Kevin Mirallas (Everton) Branimir Hrgota (M’ gladbach) Pablo Sarabia (Getafe) Vladimír Darida (Freiburg) Stefano Okaka (Sampdoria) Saido Berahino (WBA) Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal) Elseid Hysaj (Empoli) Mauro Icardi (Internazionale) Johannes Geis (Mainz) Martín Cáceres (Juventus) Wylan Cyprien (Lens) Uwe Hünemeier (Paderborn) Ahmed Elmohamady (Hull City) Yannick Ferreira Carrasco (Monaco) Roman Neustädter (Schalke) Harry Kane (Tottenham) Ryad Boudebouz (Bastia)

Contract

Age

Value

2016 2016 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2019 2018 2018 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2016 2016 2017 2016 2018 2018 2016 2016 2018 2016 2016 2016 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2019 2017 2016 2017 2016 2016 2019 2016 2020 2016

25 25 21 20 19 24 21 25 24 26 23 28 29 25 23 21 23 23 25 29 27 23 25 29 21 24 27 27 25 28 26 24 27 22 23 24 25 21 26 21 22 21 28 20 29 27 21 27 21 25

10.2-11.2 3.4-3.7 18.3-20.1 73.7-81.0 3.5-3.9 35.5-39.1 8.0-8.8 4.6-5.1 16.9-18.6 2.0-2.2 1.8-2.0 1.2-1.4 4.7-5.2 1.0-1.1 1.4-1.5 26.0-28.6 13.2-14.5 6.0-6.6 2.0-2.2 3.5-3.9 3.5-3.9 20.0-22.0 5.8-6.4 1.9-2.1 1.3-1.5 7.5-8.3 0.8-0.9 34.1-37.5 14.5-16.0 4.6-5.1 7.2-7.9 3.4-3.8 6.6-7.3 3.8-4.2 3.7-4.1 5.5-6.0 5.7-6.3 20.7-22.8 67.8-74.6 5.1-5.6 26.1-28.7 6.7-7.4 2.2-2.4 2.1-2.3 0.9-1.0 2.9-3.2 20.0-22.0 4.1-4.5 53.5-58.9 2.6-2.9

2 Players on loan are not included in the ranking.

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Figure 2b: The 100 big-5 league players with the greatest probability of a paid transfer

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

Graziano Pellè (Southampton) Andreas Weimann (Aston Villa) Philippe Coutinho (Liverpool) Martin Harnik (Stuttgart) Karim Bellarabi (Leverkusen) Lukas Rupp (Paderborn) Lenny Nangis (Caen) Haris Seferović (Frankfurt) Gonzalo Castro (Leverkusen) Leroy Fer (QPR) Moritz Stoppelkamp (Paderborn) Andrea Bertolacci (Genoa) Loïck Landre (Lens) Mirko Valdifiori (Empoli) Dimitri Payet (Marseille) Sofiane Feghouli (Valencia) Marcel Risse (Köln) Abdelhamid El Kaoutari (Montpellier) Dani García (Eibar) Anthony Modeste (Hoffenheim) Nathaniel Clyne (Southampton) Yoann Touzghar (Lens) Anthony Lopes (Lyon) Nolan Roux (Lille) Ashley Barnes (Burnley) João Moutinho (Monaco) Steven Caulker (QPR) Diego Rolán (Bordeaux) Joël Matip (Schalke) Anthony Ujah (Köln) Simone Zaza (Sassuolo) Miralem Pjanić (Roma) Riccardo Meggiorini (Chievo) Bernardo Silva (Monaco) David Hoilett (QPR) Ander Capa (Eibar) Kevin Grosskreutz (Dortmund) Domenico Berardi (Sassuolo) Gilles Sunu (Evian TG) Carlos Bacca (Sevilla) José María Callejón (Napoli) Mario Vrančić (Paderborn) Antoine Griezmann (Atlético Madrid) Saúl Berjón (Eibar) Paolo De Ceglie (Juventus) Claudio Beauvue (Guingamp) Jordan Veretout (Nantes) Marco Höger (Schalke) Iñigo Martínez (Real Sociedad) Felipe Caicedo (Espanyol)

Contract

Age

Value

2017 2016 2020 2016 2020 2016 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2018 2018 2017 2016 2017 2019 2018 2016 2019 2016 2016 2016 2019 2016 2018 2018 2016 2020 2016 2017 2017 2017 2016 2017 2016

29 23 22 27 25 24 21 23 27 25 28 24 23 29 28 25 25 25 25 27 24 28 24 27 25 28 23 22 23 24 23 25 29 20 25 23 26 20 24 28 28 26 24 29 28 27 22 25 24 26

14.5-15.9 3.6-4.0 50.4-55.5 2.5-2.8 23.5-25.8 1.6-1.8 2.6-2.9 7.9-8.7 6.6-7.3 6.4-7.0 1.0-1.1 12.1-13.3 1.1-1.2 5.1-5.6 14.2-15.6 6.6-7.3 2.4-2.6 2.6-2.9 2.1-2.3 1.8-2.0 19.0-20.9 0.7-0.8 7.7-8.5 2.5-2.8 3.6-4.0 9.8-10.8 8.4-9.3 9.8-10.7 6.4-7.0 5.1-5.6 12.1-13.3 31.7-34.9 1.4-1.5 21.4-23.5 1.4-1.5 2.3-2.5 4.8-5.3 19.8-21.8 1.1-1.2 20.5-22.6 23.7-26.1 2.1-2.3 59.0-64.9 1.6-1.8 1.8-2.0 4.7-5.2 5.5-6.1 3.2-3.5 12.1-13.3 2.7-3.0

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3. The highest transfer values Footballers with the highest transfer values generally play in competitive teams, are active full internationals, play in attacking positions, have long-term contracts and are under 27 years of age. The 100 footballers listed below3 do not only differentiate themselves from the point of view of the transfer value, but also from that of transfer probability. Transfer probability was assessed according to three categories: high (at least twice as much as for other big-5 league players), intermediate (greater than that of other big-5 league footballers) and low (inferior to that of other big-5 league players). Unsurprisingly, Lionel Messi tops the ranking. For the first time, in second place we find Eden Hazard. The Belgian from Chelsea is ahead of Christian Ronaldo. Aside from the Portuguese, only six other players having already celebrated their 30th birthday figure on the top 100 places: Yaya Touré, Santi Cazorla, Andrés Iniesta, Carlos Tévez, Thiago Silva and Luiz Fernandinho. On the contrary, following the example of Raheem Sterling, Paul Pogba or Harry Kane, many of the most expensive players are under 23 years of age. The youngest is Calum Chambers. The full back from Arsenal was born in January 1995, some months after three other young talents present in the ranking: Raheem Sterling, Nabil Bentaleb and Kurt Zouma.

3 Appendix 1 presents the aggregated data on transfer values compiled for each big-5 league team.

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Lionel Messi (Barcelona) Eden Hazard (Chelsea) Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) Neymar Júnior (Barcelona) Sergio Agüero (Manchester City) Raheem Sterling (Liverpool) Paul Pogba (Juventus) Diego Costa (Chelsea) Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal) James Rodríguez (Real Madrid) Luis Suárez (Barcelona) Antoine Griezmann (Atlético Madrid) Francesc Fàbregas (Chelsea) Isco Alarcón (Real Madrid) Harry Kane (Tottenham) Gareth Bale (Real Madrid) Philippe Coutinho (Liverpool) Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea) Oscar dos Santos (Chelsea) Karim Benzema (Real Madrid) Mario Götze (Bayern München) Koke Resurrección (Atlético Madrid) Christian Eriksen (Tottenham) Romelu Lukaku (Everton) Toni Kroos (Real Madrid) Willian Borges (Chelsea) Álvaro Morata (Juventus) Sergio Busquets (Barcelona) David Silva (Manchester City) Edinson Cavani (PSG) Ángel Di María (Manchester United) Kevin de Bruyne (Wolfsburg) Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) Marco Verratti (PSG) Nemanja Matić (Chelsea) Robert Lewandowski (Bayern München) Alexandre Lacazette (Lyon) Thomas Müller (Bayern München) Manuel Neuer (Bayern München) Mesut Özil (Arsenal) Gonzalo Higuaín (Napoli) Ross Barkley (Everton) Yaya Touré (Manchester City) Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal) Jérôme Boateng (Bayern München) Santi Cazorla (Arsenal) Danny Welbeck (Arsenal) Jordan Henderson (Liverpool) Aaron Ramsey (Arsenal) Miralem Pjanić (Roma)

Contract

Age

Value

Probability

Evolution

2018 2020 2018 2018 2019 2017 2019 2019 2018 2020 2019 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2017 2019 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2017 2018 2018 2017 2019 2020 2019 2018

27 24 30 23 27 20 22 26 26 23 28 24 28 23 21 25 22 23 23 27 23 23 23 22 25 26 22 26 29 28 27 23 29 22 26 26 24 25 29 26 27 21 32 21 26 30 24 24 24 25

255.3-280.8 135.4-148.9 113.3-124.7 89.6-98.5 78.2-86.0 73.7-81.0 70.3-77.3 69.9-76.9 67.8-74.6 62.5-68.8 60.0-66.0 59.0-64.9 58.7-64.5 57.2-62.9 53.5-58.9 51.3-56.4 50.4-55.5 50.3-55.3 47.5-52.3 44.6-49.1 42.8-47.1 41.2-45.3 40.2-44.2 39.7-43.7 39.7-43.6 38.6-42.5 38.4-42.2 38.1-41.9 38.0-41.8 37.7-41.5 36.9-40.6 36.7-40.4 35.9-39.5 35.8-39.4 35.6-39.2 35.5-39.1 35.5-39.1 35.3-38.8 34.3-37.7 34.1-37.6 34.1-37.5 33.6-37.0 33.3-36.6 33.2-36.5 32.4-35.6 32.2-35.4 32.1-35.3 31.9-35.1 31.8-35.0 31.7-34.9

* * * * * *** * * *** * * *** * * *** * *** * ** * * *** *** *** * * * * * ** * *** * * * * *** * * ** *** *** * ** * ** ** *** ** ***

      =      =      = =  =  = =     =   =     = = = = = =  =     =

Evolution : compared to January 2015

1.

Probabilities : * low / ** intermediate / *** high

Figure 3a: The 100 big-5 league players with the highest transfer values

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52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 69. 68. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 77. 76. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

Sadio Mané (Southampton) André Gomes (Valencia) Emre Can (Liverpool) Felipe Anderson (Lazio) Gerard Piqué (Barcelona) Lucas Moura (PSG) Mateo Kovačić (Internazionale) Arturo Vidal (Juventus) Juan Mata (Manchester United) Jack Wilshere (Arsenal) Alessandro Florenzi (Roma) Juan Cuadrado (Chelsea) David Alaba (Bayern München) Ivan Rakitić (Barcelona) Raphaël Varane (Real Madrid) Marco Reus (Dortmund) Daniel Carvajal (Real Madrid) Mats Hummels (Dortmund) Mauro Icardi (Internazionale) Nabil Fekir (Lyon) Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid) Chris Smalling (Manchester United) Olivier Giroud (Arsenal) Vincent Kompany (Manchester City) Carlos Tévez (Juventus) Andrés Iniesta (Barcelona) Marquinhos Aoás (PSG) Rodrigo Moreno (Valencia) Marcelo Vieira (Real Madrid) Wilfried Bony (Manchester City) José María Callejón (Napoli) Leonardo Bonucci (Juventus) Juan Bernat (Bayern München) Nabil Bentaleb (Tottenham) Calum Chambers (Arsenal) Thiago Silva (PSG) Karim Bellarabi (Leverkusen) César Azpilicueta (Chelsea) Ricardo Rodríguez (Wolfsburg) Heung-Min Son (Leverkusen) Kurt Zouma (Chelsea) Daniel Sturridge (Liverpool) Pedro Rodríguez (Barcelona) Luka Modrić (Real Madrid) David de Gea (Manchester United) Carlos Vela (Real Sociedad) Daley Blind (Manchester United) Radja Nainggolan (Roma) Luiz Fernandinho (Manchester City) Antonio Candreva (Lazio)

Contract

Age

Value

Probability

Evolution

2018 2019 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2019 2020 2019 2019 2017 2019 2019 2017 2019 2018 2019 2016 2018 2019 2019 2018 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2020 2018 2020 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2018 2016 2018 2018 2018 2017 2019

23 21 21 22 28 22 21 28 27 23 24 27 22 27 22 26 23 26 22 21 29 25 28 29 31 31 21 24 27 26 28 28 22 20 20 30 25 25 22 22 20 25 27 29 24 26 25 27 30 28

31.4-34.5 31.3-34.5 30.7-33.8 30.2-33.2 29.9-32.9 29.8-32.8 29.4-32.4 29.2-32.1 28.7-31.6 28.5-31.4 28.1-31.0 28.0-30.8 27.9-30.7 27.7-30.5 27.3-30.0 26.9-29.6 26.2-28.8 26.1-28.7 26.1-28.7 26.0-28.6 25.8-28.4 25.4-28.0 25.4-27.9 25.3-27.8 25.3-27.8 24.8-27.3 24.8-27.3 24.8-27.3 24.3-26.7 24.2-26.6 23.7-26.1 23.7-26.1 23.7-26.1 23.6-26.0 23.6-26.0 23.5-25.9 23.5-25.8 23.3-25.6 23.2-25.5 23.2-25.5 23.0-25.3 22.7-25.0 22.6-24.9 22.3-24.6 22.3-24.5 22.3-24.5 22.1-24.3 21.9-24.1 21.9-24.1 21.8-24.0

** ** * ** * * ** ** * ** ** * * * * ** * *** *** *** ** * *** * * * * *** * ** *** * * ** * * *** * * *** * * * * ** ** * *** * ***

     = = = = =  = = =    =            = = =   = =  =    =      = = =

Evolution : compared to January 2015

51.

Probabilities : * low / ** intermediate / *** high

Figure 3b: The 100 big-5 league players with the highest transfer values

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4. The bargains Players at the end of contract represent 15% of footballers having played for a big-5 club during the second half of the 2014/15 season4. Most of them have only played sporadically. However, 72 players whose contract comes to an end on 30th June of this year were fielded for more than 60% of minutes played over the course of the season. The list below presents the best performing among them. Players are ranked according to game statistics measured in six key areas of the game identified by the CIES Football Observatory academic team5. The best-ranked footballer whose contract ends at the end of this month is Dani Alves: 1st among full backs. From a strictly sporting point of view, despite being aged 32, our analysis shows that the Brazilian is a very interesting player for many big-5 league teams, including the most competitive ones. Among the 15 best performing players at the end of contract, the youngest is André Ayew, followed by Alberto Bueno (already signed by FC Porto). Three other footballers in the top 15 have not yet celebrated their 30th birthday: Ludovic Baal, Christian Fuchs (recruited by Leicester City) and Ignazio Abate.

Players on loan are not included. For a detailed explanation of the CIES Football Observatory approach for performance analysis, please refer to issue 5 of the Monthly Report. 4 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Dani Alves (Barcelona) Jérémy Morel (Marseille) Ludovic Baal (Lens) André Ayew (Marseille) Ricardo Carvalho (Monaco) Rod Fanni (Marseille) Christian Fuchs (Schalke) Ignazio Abate (Milan) Christian Maggio (Napoli) Nigel de Jong (Milan) Franco Brienza (Cesena) Michael Krohn-Dehli (Celta Vigo) Alberto Bueno (Rayo Vallecano) Diego Colotto (Espanyol) Stefano Mauri (Lazio)

Position

Ranking (position)

Age

FB CB FB AM CB FB FB FB FB DM AM AM FW CB AM

1 15 19 34 39 40 41 42 44 48 50 61 62 65 68

32 31 29 25 37 33 29 28 33 30 36 32 27 34 35

Postes : FB: Full back / CB: Center back / DM: defensive midfielder / AM: Attacking midfielder / FW: Foward

Figure 4: Best performing players at the end of contract

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The best performing players whose contract expires in June 2016 also represent good value for money. Indeed, their contractual situation favors clubs interested in eventual transfer negotiations. Among the best-ranked footballers according to our performance indicators, we find several players over thirty years of age (Xabi Alonso, Evra, Maxwell, Tévez, Ibrahimović and Vidić) Apart from Paulo Dybala (already transferred to Juventus), the youngest players in the list of potential bargains are Nicolas N’Koulou, Pablo Piatti, Lars Stindl (already signed by Borussia Mönchengladbach) and Dani Parejo. If they do not extend their contract with their club, Claudio Marchisio, Antonio Balzano, Romain Hamouma and Olivier Veigneau could also be on the to-buy list for clubs who wish to strengthen their squads.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Xabi Alonso (Bayern München) Claudio Marchisio (Juventus) Patrice Evra (Juventus) Nicolas N’ Koulou (Marseille) Carlos Tévez (Juventus) Maxwell Scherrer (PSG) Pablo Piatti (Valencia) Lars Stindl (Hannover) Paulo Dybala (Palermo) Dani Parejo (Valencia) Zlatan Ibrahimović (PSG) Nemanja Vidić (Internazionale) Antonio Balzano (Cagliari) Romain Hamouma (St-Etienne) Olivier Veigneau (Nantes)

Position

Ranking (position)

Age

Valeur

DM DM FB Dc FW FB FW AM FW DM FW CB FB AM FB

3 5 6 8 11 12 17 17 19 19 20 20 20 20 21

33 29 34 25 31 33 26 26 21 26 33 33 28 28 29

5.1-5.6 16.7-18.4 2.3-2.5 5.0-5.5 25.3-27.8 2.0-2.2 7.2-7.9 2.7-3.0 18.3-20.1 9.8-10.7 11.0-12.1 2.3-2.5 1.1-1.2 2.5-2.8 0.7-0.8

Postes : FB: Full back / CB: Center back / DM: defensive midfielder / AM: Attacking midfielder / FW: Foward

Figure 5: Best performing players with one year of contract remaining

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Appendix 1: Aggregated transfer values, by club Million € 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. . 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. . 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

Barcelona (ESP) Chelsea (ENG) Real Madrid (ESP) Arsenal (ENG) Liverpool (ENG) Bayern München (GER) Manchester City (ENG) Manchester United (ENG) Tottenham (ENG) Juventus (ITA) PSG (FRA) Atlético Madrid (ESP) Napoli (ITA) Roma (ITA) Southampton (ENG) Everton (ENG) Dortmund (GER) Valencia (ESP) Internazionale (ITA) Wolfsburg (GER) Leverkusen (GER) Lazio (ITA) Swansea (ENG) Monaco (FRA) Lyon (FRA) Sevilla (ESP) Athletic Bilbao (ESP) Schalke (GER) M’ gladbach (GER) Newcastle (ENG) Fiorentina (ITA) Milan (ITA) Villarreal (ESP) Marseille (FRA) Aston Villa (ENG) Real Sociedad (ESP) Palermo (ITA) Stoke City (ENG) West Ham (ENG) Crystal Palace (ENG) Leicester (ENG) Torino (ITA) Udinese (ITA) Celta Vigo (ESP) Hoffenheim (GER) Sampdoria (ITA) Sassuolo (ITA) Málaga (ESP) Genoa (ITA)

682.0 617.8 545.1 466.1 381.5 378.9 374.7 337.7 313.9 308.3 285.8 255.1 231.8 220.6 197.6 185.9 175.8 171.5 168.9 162.1 155.7 155.7 147.8 146.0 143.1 129.9 123.1 113.3 108.9 106.9 104.5 102.8 100.9 97.7 94.6 90.4 87.6 85.1 84.5 82.0 81.8 81.8 81.2 79.3 76.0 75.7 73.4 71.3 71.1

Million € 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98.

Sunderland (ENG) Bordeaux (FRA) WBA (ENG) St-Etienne (FRA) Espanyol (ESP) Lille (FRA) Toulouse (FRA) Lorient (FRA) Werder Bremen (GER) Atalanta (ITA) Rennes (FRA) Köln (GER) Stuttgart (GER) Mainz (GER) Hull City (ENG) QPR (ENG) Frankfurt (GER) Burnley (ENG) Augsburg (GER) Empoli (ITA) Freiburg (GER) Hannover (GER) Cagliari (ITA) Montpellier (FRA) Hertha Berlin (GER) Nice (FRA) Nantes (FRA) Granada (ESP) Reims (FRA) Guingamp (FRA) Parma (ITA) Hamburg (GER) Levante (ESP) Caen (FRA) Bastia (FRA) Metz (FRA) Elche (ESP) Chievo (ITA) Cesena (ITA) Getafe (ESP) Hellas Verona (ITA) Paderborn (GER) Lens (FRA) Almería (ESP) Rayo Vallecano (ESP) Deportivo La Corunã (ESP) Evian TG (FRA) Eibar (ESP) Córdoba (ESP)

69.7 67.7 66.8 57.2 55.0 54.8 53.4 53.3 51.1 49.8 49.3 48.6 46.5 45.5 44.0 41.3 40.0 39.8 39.4 38.8 38.7 36.7 36.0 35.6 34.7 33.9 33.1 33.0 27.2 26.6 26.4 25.9 23.1 22.6 22.1 20.5 19.9 19.7 17.7 17.4 17.0 16.3 15.7 14.8 14.6 12.5 12.2 11.9 8.8

11