sensors and/or switches. This volume .... switching physics of. 48. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine ... Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029. Phone +1 800 950 8977.
acting and producing light emission. Other examples of photochemical sensors and photoresponsive systems in use today include chemical sensors, photochromic optical elements, optical data storage media, photoresists, organic light emitting diodes, and optical limiters. This book presents recent developments in supramolecular photochemical systems that can be used as optical sensors and/or switches. This volume covers the latest fundamentals of new and novel chemical systems to new materials for specific applications such as detecting biological molecules and optical signal multiplexing. Our readers who perform research in charge detection may be interested in a chapter on “Sensors Based on Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence.” Although generally focused on biological target molecules, similar techniques may be applied for ion detection in liquid dielectric systems or in charge detection. Another chapter of interest covers luminescent metal complexes used as spectroscopic probes in monomers and polymers. These techniques and organometallic materials described show how the kinetic changes, such as the degree of cure in a polymer, are measured directly from the part, nondestructively, in-situ. Knowing a part is fully cured, but not over cured, is critical for many applications involving epoxy resins, adhesives, protective coatings, electrical moldings, and other encapsulants for various electronic applications. Luminescent organometallic complexes offer a new type of probe for monitoring the kinetic changes during polymerization. Other chapters cover photorefractive effects in polymeric materials, photorefractive liquid crystals, molecular photonic materials, and chromophores. The book, intended for scientists/researchers involved in photochemical chemical and photo-material research and development, provides an excellent overview of the field of photochemistry. 48
High Voltage Engineering and Testing, 2nd Edition H.M. Ryan, Editor The Institution of Electrical Engineers Michael Faraday House Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 2AY United Kingdom Phone +44 (0) 20 7240 1871 Fax +44 (0) 20 7240 7735 http://www.iee.org ISBN 0-85296-775-6 726 pp. - £65.00 ($99.00) (Hardback), 2001 Like the first edition, this text presents the engineering and design of modern high-voltage transmission and distribution (T&D) systems and components. Component coverage includes insulation systems, bushings, and cables to breakers, switchgear, and transformers. The book begins by presenting an overview of the entire transmission and distribution (T&D) system, mainly in England, including general design, operation, and future developments. Insulation coordination in regard to overvoltages, factors affecting switching overvoltages, controlling switching surges, and lightning protection are also covered along with HVDC and power electronic systems. This book, filled with graphs, photos, and text, concisely explains the fundamental operation of the essential components used in T&D systems, but with little material property information and the effects of various materials on component performance and life. However, there are concise engineering descriptions of the HV equipment and systems, presented generally from an engineering design and end user perspective, covering specifications, testing, and overall system co-ordination. Components covered include gas insulation for switchgear (breakdown data and field plots), overhead lines (tower design, cable geometries), and HV cables (failure, internal design, and manufacture). In addition, it covers gas-filled interrupters (fundamentals of arc interruption and breaker design), switchgear design (HV SF6 breakers), transmission substations, distribution switchgear (describes LV
breakers, contactors, fuses), and HV bushings. There is also a general design guide on HV power transformers; however, there is little information on materials used and material properties—mostly core and winding layout. The book also contains details on component testing techniques and new fiber optic based in-situ measurement for predictive life estimation of circuit breakers. This text would be ideal as a reference for power engineers, power system engineers, component designers, and those wanting to learn about HV engineering especially as a graduate course in HV engineering.
Transients in Power Systems L. van der Sluis John Wiley & Sons 605 3rd Ave 4th Floor New York, NY 10158 Phone +1 212 850 6011 http://www.wiley.com ISBN 0-471-48639-6 207 pp. - $85.00 (Hardcover), 2001 As a critical and necessary component in the electrical power system, circuit breakers minimize and prevent damage from faults, overvoltages, and many types of undesired conditions in the power system. Power over large distances is generally distributed at high voltage (>50 kV). Circuit protective devices, such as circuit breakers, used at these voltage levels protect the electrical network from faults. This book focuses on the details of three-phase power system transients and switching characteristics of various high-voltage circuit-breaking devices. Three chapters cover the mathematics of switching transients, threephase power systems, and traveling waves. This background forms the basis for understanding how transients develop in a power system. As in many other texts on the subject, the author uses the standard Laplace transforms and symmetrical components to study the problem, and does a good job of clearly explaining their use. The book goes on to cover, predominantly, high-voltage circuit breaker technology, covering the switching physics of IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
the arc for oil, air-blast, vacuum breakers, and breaker-circuit interaction. Switching transients, important to breaker interruption, are analyzed from a graphical and mathematical view. There are many analytical and graphical drawings to help clearly explain transient recovery voltages and lightning-induced transients on power systems. The numerical modeling of electrical transients and models of the arc in various circuit breakers is particularly useful, especially for power system engineers and circuit breaker designers. The final two chapters cover IEC standards for testing high-voltage breakers and testing breakers in the laboratory. One laboratory that can test the upper limits of circuit breakers is the KEMA lab in the Netherlands. The author has included a number of interesting photographs showing some of the equipment used to generate high faults at KEMA, along with the circuit schematics used to generate and measure high currents and voltages. Even though this author focuses only on IEC components, other than the standards, the remaining material could be applied to circuit breaking components in other countries and even at lower voltage levels. This book would be most beneficial to circuit break designers and power engineers, especially those who work with high-voltage components.
Processing of Composites
Edited by R. S. Dave and A. C. Loos Hanser-Gardner Publications 6915 Valley Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029 Phone +1 800 950 8977 Fax +1 513 527 8950 http://www.hansergardner.com 469 pp - $179.95 Composites are employed in many electrical and electronic applications, but processing them to achieve the desired performance can be a difficult undertaking because it involves simultaneously optimizing many different process parameters. This book provides especially thorough coverage of the topic, including both thermosetting and thermoplastic composites.
July/August 2002 — Vol. 18, No. 4
Chapter authors are drawn from leaders in the industry, academic, and government labs in the USA, Europe, Brazil, and Korea. The first nine chapters pertain to various phenomena taking place during composite processing. For thermosetting resins, these topics include rheology and cure kinetics, morphology development during cure of toughened thermosets, dielectric cure monitoring and residual stresses introduced during processing. For thermoplastic composites, there are chapters on rheology of resin based on ring-opening polymerization, and consolidation of thermoplastic composites. There are also chapters on modeling of heat, mass, and momentum transport during processing, void growth, and control of product quality that are applicable to both types of composites. Each of the chapters covers its topic completely and offers many up-to-date references. Several provide useful information on characterization of these materials in general, not just as applied to composites. The last six chapters cover specific processing methods, including autoclave processing, pultrusion, liquid composite molding, filament winding, dieless forming of thermoplastic composites, and modeling techniques. Each of these chapters provides a good discussion of its topic and draws on the principles covered in the first part of the book. This book should prove useful not just to those involved in processing composites, but also to those involved in processing and characterizing polymers in other applications as well. —Reviewed by K. F. Schoch, Jr.
Dry Film Photoresist Processing Technology
Karl H. Dietz Electrochemical Publications, Ltd. Asahi House, Church Road, Port Erin Isle of Man, British Isles www.elchempub.com ISBN No. 0-901150-39-8 432 pp.-$170.00 (Hardback), 2001 It is well accepted that the baseline, or the base structure, of most electronic systems is the printed wiring
board (PWB). The PWB interconnects all of the electronic components, and hence is highly critical in the performance of electronic assemblies. With ever-increasing component and circuit densities, PWBs have also necessarily become increasingly dense and complex. Among the most critical materials and processes in the manufacture of PWBs is that set of materials and processes associated with photoresists. This book thoroughly covers the use of photoresist in PWB fabrication. Emphasis is on circuit pattern imaging and dry film resist processing. The scope of the “photoimaging” process not only covers the actual application of the resist, its exposure, and development, but also includes aspects of upstream and downstream processing steps, to the extent that these steps have an impact on the performance or selection of the resists. Dry film resist processing is covered in detail with focus on aqueous processable, negative working resist. Liquid photoresists, photodielectric materials and soldermasks are also covered peripherally. Because of similarities between liquids and dry films regarding resist formulations and their function in the photoimaging process, this book’s section on formulation and function is applicable to both liquid and dry film resists. Well written and excellently illustrated by one of the leaders in this field, this book is organized into 18 logically arranged chapters. Subjects covered include photolithography in PWB fabrication, comparison of circuiting processes, through-hole formation, through-hole metallization, copper surfaces and base material construction, prelamination surface preparation, lamination, phototools, exposure and development, electroplating, etching, resist stripping, safety and health, waste treatment, water quality in PWB fabrication, and recycling PWB scrap. This book will be of great value to all of those concerned with PWB materials and processes. —Reviewed by Charles A. Harper
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