Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering

Amity School of Engineering & Technology presents

Proceedings of the International Conference on

Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering

2016

TRACE

11th & 12th August 2016 | Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Organized by

Editor:

Dr. Rajni Saggu Co-editor:

Prof. J. Bhattacharjee Ms. Madhuri Kumari

Proceedings of Intern International Conference on

Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering TRACE 2016 11-12 August 2016 Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida

Editor: Dr. Rajni Saggu Co-editor Prof J Bhattacharjee Ms Madhuri Kumari

Organized by

Department of Civil Engineering Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

First Impression: 2016

© Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201303 (U.P), India

TRACE 2016 International Conference on Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering

ISBN: 978-93-86238-00-9 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owners. DISCLAIMER The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the papers compiled in this volume. The publishers or editors do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to the editors or publishers to avoid discrepancies in future.

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Prof. (Dr.) Balvinder Shukla Chairperson, TRACE 2016 Professor – Entrepreneurship & Leadership Vice Chancellor, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Message I feel delighted to share with you about the very first edition ofthe International Conference on “Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering” (TRACE 2016) organized by the Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology onthe days 11th& 12th August, 2016 at Amity University Campus, Noida. Webelieve that research is a helpful endeavoramong scholars and implementers, which serves as a foundation to our absolute commitment towards providing a cooperative environment that nurtures the free flow of innovative ideas and constructive criticism among researchers, scientists, students and academicians. The attention garnered by technical researchers and industry experts is growing subsequently, hence, expanding the significance of new trends and advancement in Civil Engineering. This conference will providea platform to learn about the state-of-the-art technology in the field of studyand, an insight into networking with international researchers. The response to the call for papers on subjected topics was huge. The valuable contributionby the learned scientists, academicians and industry specialists from India and abroad, through their research papers on diverse civil engineering topics such as Smart &New Composite Materials in the building industry, Innovative Housing Design and Technology, Impact of industrialization on the environment, Sustainable Development, and Geographic Information System (GIS) etc, is highly appreciated. TRACE 2016 Proceedings will be beneficial to engineers, academicians and industry experts from public and private sectors who wish to learn about the recent research development and technological advancements in the Civil Engineering area. Young professionals are bound to benefit from the presentations in this conference, as they areencouraged to have professional discussions with the delegates and experts, as well. I take this opportunity to extend my best wishes to all the guests, speakers, participants and students for a very enriching experience during the Conference. My heartiest congratulations to the organising team, and best wishes for the grand success of TRACE 2016. Prof. Dr. Balvinder Shukla Vice Chancellor, AUUP

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Foreword Calculating the massive demand in the construction sector, the demand for civil engineers tops the list. The International Conference on “Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering” hosted by Department of Civil Engineering on 11th& 12th August 2016 will prove to be abeneficial opportunity for scientists, researchers, academicians, industry experts and students to discuss and learn about the latest developments and trends in civil engineering field. I feel proud to convey that the conference inducts a broad spectrum of topics and domains such as Building Construction, Design, Smart and Green materials, Sustainable Development of Infrastructure, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting, and Application of GIS in civil engineering. Such exposure will help the aspiring engineers to share and discuss innovative ideas with field experts. I whole-heartedly thank everyone involved in making TRACE 2016 a grand success. I appreciate the indispensible contribution of all the lead speakers from the field as well as academia, exceptionally. My special thanks to our sponsorsfor being faithful towards us and sponsoring the grand conference. Organizing a conference at international level is a truly mammoth task. I convey my heartiest congratulations to the organizing team who have put in their relentless effort to make this conference possible and successful. I wish TRACE 2016 a grand success.

Prof. (Dr.) Abhay Bansal Patron, TRACE 2016 Joint Acting Head Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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Foreword Reckoning the ever-growing demand in the Civil Engineering sector,the International Conference on “Trends and Advancement in Civil Engineering” hosted by Department of Civil Engineering on 11th& 12th August 2016 will prove to be abeneficial opportunity for scientists, researchers, academicians, industry experts and students to discuss and learn about the latestadvancements and trends in civil engineering field. I feel proud to share that the conference hosts a broad spectrum of topics and domains such as Building Construction, Design, Smart and Green materials, Sustainable Development of Infrastructure, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting, and Application of GIS in civil engineering. Such exposure will be helpful forthe aspiring engineers and practitioners to share and discuss innovative ideas with field professionals and academicians, both national and international. I extend my appreciation to everyone involved in making TRACE 2016 a grand success. I particularly appreciate the indispensible contribution of all the lead speakers from the field as well as academia. My special thanks to our sponsors for being faithful towards us and sponsoring the grand conference. I convey my heartiest congratulations to the organizing team who have put in their relentless effort to make this conference possible and successful. I wish TRACE 2016 a grand success. Prof. (Dr.) M K Dutta Patron, TRACE 2016 Joint Acting Head Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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Foreword The construction sector is flourishing rapidly and the demand for civil engineers keeps on growing. The International Conference on “Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering” hosted by Department of Civil Engineering on 11th& 12th August 2016 will prove to be anexcellentplatform for scientists, researchers, academicians, industry experts and students to interact and enhance their knowledge about the recent advancements in civil engineering sector. It gives meimmense pleasure to convey that the conference hosts a broad spectrum of topics and domains such as Building Construction, Design, Smart and Green materials, Sustainable Development of Infrastructure, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting, and Application of GIS in civil engineering. Such exposure will help the budding engineers to share and discuss innovative ideas with field experts and professionals. I want to thank everyone involved in making TRACE 2016 a grand success. I appreciate the indispensible contribution of all the lead speakers from the field as well as academia, exceptionally. My sincere thanks to our sponsors for being faithful towards us and sponsoring the grand conference. Organizing a conference at international level is a truly colossal task. I convey my heartiest congratulations to the organizing team who has put in their relentless effort to make this conference possible and successful. I wish TRACE 2016 a grand success. Ms. Madhuri Kumari General Chair, TRACE 2016 Acting Head, Department of Civil Engineering Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Chief Patron Prof. (Dr.) Balvinder Shukla, Vice Chancellor, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida Patron: Prof. (Dr) Ravi Prakash, Advisor (Engineering, Design & Research) Prof. (Dr) K. M. Soni, Deputy Dean, (Engg. & Technology), AUUP, Noida Prof. (Dr) Abhay Bansal, Joint Acting Head, ASET, AUUP Noida Prof. (Dr) M. K. Dutta, Joint Acting Head, ASET, AUUP Noida General Chair: Ms. Madhuri Kumari, HOD, Civil Engineering General Co-Chair: Prof. J. Bhattacharjee, Advisor, Dept. of CE Dr. R. K. Tomar, Assistant Professor – III, Dept. of CE Organizing Chair: Dr. Swetha Naga Pasupuleti Dr. Sabita Madhavi Singh Technical Programme Chair: Dr. Rajni Saggu Publication Committee: Dr. Rajni Saggu (Publication Chair) Dr. Sanjeev Mukherjee Mr. N B Mishra Publicity & Hospitality Committee: Mr. Ashish Kashyap (Publicity Chair) Mr. Prakhar Duggal Ms. Ruchi Tah Tripathi Mr. Yogesh Kaushik Ms. Punj L Singh

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Advisory Committee INTERNATIONAL Prof. Kazuhito Komiya President, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan Prof. Sung-Chi Hsu Dean of Research and Development Office, Chaoyang University of Technology Taichung, Taiwan Prof. Jit Sharma Chair, Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Canada Mr. Chris Gibson Executive Director Knowledge, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK Dr. Prodyot K. Basu Professor, Vanderbilt University, USA Dr. Srinivas S. Pulugurtha Professor, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Dr. Biswa Bhattacharya Senior Lecturer, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands Dr. Marissa Jablonski University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Dr. Rama Sarma Karri Design Manager, Natta, UK

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Advisory Committee

NATIONAL Industry Dr. S.P.S. Bakshi, CMD, EPIL. Dr. P. R. Swarup, Director General, CIDC Mr. K.B. Rajoria, Advisor, IBC & Former E-in-C, PWD, Delhi Mr. Shobit Uppal, President, IBC & Deputy MD, Ahluwalia Contracts India Ltd. Dr. P.K. Sikdar, Director, Intercontinental Consultants & Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. Er. A.K. Arora, Former Director General, MES, Ministry of Defense Mr. Pradeep Agrawal, President and CEO (Hony), DIPM Council of India & Director (Infra) NATRIP, Ministry of Heavy Industries Prof. Mahesh Tandon, Tandon Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Ms. Sangeeta Wij, President, WISE (India) Dr. Atul Nanda, Former Chairman, IGS (Delhi) & Head (Technology), Subsurface Projects Division, EIL Dr. Altaf Usmani, Honorary Secretary, IGS (Delhi Chapter), Manager, Engineers India Ltd. Academia & Research Organisation Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan, Director, CSIR-CBRI Dr. Chandan Ghosh, Professor & Head, NIDM Prof. B. Bhattacharjee, Professor, IIT Delhi Dr. J. T. Shahu, Chairman, IGS (Delhi Chapter) and Professor, IIT Delhi Prof. T.I. Eldho, Professor, IIT Mumbai Prof. S. K. Singh, Professor, Delhi Technological University Prof. (Dr.) P.K.S. Dixit, Professor, IIT BHU

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Contents Message............................................................................................................................................................ i Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ ii Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Organising Committee ................................................................................................................................ vii Advisory Committee ................................................................................................................................... viii

PAPERS 1.

Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Fiber on High Strength Concrete ........................................1 Anjana R.K. Unnithan, Dr. Karthiyaini S. and Dr. M. Shanmuga Sundaram

2.

Utilization of Waste Lignin Based Biomass from Agro Based Paper Mill to Improve Settling Properties of Concrete ......................................................................8 Dr. A.K. Dixit, Tarun and Dr. R.K. Jain

3.

Concrete Structures Requirement of Repair, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting Along with Case Studies .................................................................................................12 J. Bhattacharjee

4.

An Experimental and Analytical Study of Stone Columns Reinforced with Geosynthetic Lateral Circular Discs ..........................................................................................21 K. Ali, J.T. Shahu and K.G. Sharma

5.

Model Test and Non-linear Analysis of Geosynthetic Reinforced Railway Tracks Laid on Delhi Silt Subgrade ................................................................................................................29 Sowmiya Chawla and J.T. Shahu

6.

Vocs Concentration in an Area with Heterogeneous Traffic: A Pilot Study ..................................36 Manisha Gaur, RinaSingh and Anuradha Shukla

7.

Pavement Maintenance Management to Enhance Safety on PPP Projects ....................................41 Sudershan K Popli

8.

Profile Correction for Cross Runways at Air Force Station Jamnagar ..........................................51 Mohit Kumar Dubey IDSE

9.

Textile Wastewater Removal by Electrocoagulation in a 3D Rotating Cylindrical Anode Reactor: An Innovative Approach......................................................................................................60 Aditya Choudhary and Dr. Sanjay Mathur

10. Means of Fire Escape: A Comparison of Provisions in Some International Fire Safety Codes ..........................................................................................................68 Ravindra Kumar and Prof. Bishwajit Bhattacharjee

11. Design of a Partition Embankment between Two Compartments of a Raw Water Reservoir .....76 Riya Bhowmik, J. T. Shahu, Manoj Datta

12. Hydrodynamic Stability of Visco-Elastic Material through a Pipe Flow with Axi-Symmetric Disturbances.............................................................................................84 S. Anbukmar and Munendra Kumar

13. Generating Synthetic Rainfall using Markov Process at Jaipur Region.........................................88 Saurabh Singh and Dr. Vijay Shankar

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International Conference on Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering – TRACE 2016

14. Experimental Study of Wind Pressures on C Shaped Buildings .....................................................96 Monalisa Mallick and A. Kumar

15. Study of OMRF and SMRF Structures for Different Earthquake Zones of India ......................102 J. Bhattacharjee and Vikas Kataria

16. Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Quarry Dust on Properties of Concrete ...........................118 Harshit Varshney and Vijeta Verma

17. Geopolymer Technology: A Promising Cementing Material for Construction ...........................125 F.N. Okoye and Satya Prakash

18. Corrosion Mitigation in RCC – Much Ado, Some Solutions .........................................................135 Ishita Manjrekar, Sourabh Manjrekar and Dr. R.S. Manjrekar

19. Influence of Alkali Concentration on Swell Behavior of Black Cotton Soil .................................146 P. Lakshmi Sruthi and Ponnapureddy Hari Prasad Reddy

20. Shake Table Tests on Sand Reinforced with Geocell for Liquefaction Mitigation ......................153 Rajiv Chauhan, Satyendra Mittal and S. Meerwal

21. Study on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour at Signalized Intersection ............................................160 Chakrabarty Neelima, Velmurugan S., and Gupta Kamini

22. Hill Slope Stability Analysis – A Case Study of Dehradun.............................................................172 Dr. Raju Sarkar, Diksha, Devam Mishra and Ankur Mudgal

23. Impact of Leachate from Non-Engineered Landfill Sites on Groundwater Quality- A Case Study in Northern India ................................................................183 Rishi Rana, Rajiv Ganguly and Ashok Kumar Gupta

24. Simulation of Pressure Variations within Punagam Water Distribution System using WATERGEMS............................................................................................................192 Darshan J. Mehta, Sahita Waikhom and Vipin Yadav

25. Prediction of Compressive Strength of Copper Slag Concrete Using Artificial Neural Network..................................................................................................................199 Prof. Rajiv Gupta and Harish Kumar Mulchandani

26. Seismic Refraction Survey of Umtru H.E Project, Meghalaya- A Case Study..........................208 Alex Varughese, Hari Dev, S.L. Gupta

27. Sulphuric Acid and Nitric Acid attack on Fly ash and GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete .............................................................................................................215 G. Mallikarjuna Rao and T.D. Gunneswara Rao

28. Feasibility Study of Vertical Extension of Existing Building and its Execution by Retrofitting- A Case Study ....................................................................................227 J. Bhattacharjee, Aliya

29. Study Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste for Structural Applications ...............236 Prakhar Jain, Ankit Gaurav, Prof J. Bhatacharjee

30. Strength and Durability Aspects of Cement Stabilized Clayey Soil Containing Waste Crumb Rubber....................................................................................................244 J.S.Yadav and S.K.Tiwari

31. An Experimental Investigation on Stress-Strain Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete ....................................................................................................................252 M. Venu and T. D. Gunneswara Rao

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Contents

32. An Experimental Study on utilization of Lime Sludge by Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete ................................................................................................260 V.V. Praveen Kumar and D. Ravi Prasad

33. Fracture Toughness of Concrete Reinforced with Mixed Steel and Basalt Fibers ......................269 Mohammed Ishtiyaque and M.G. Shaikh

34. An Experimental Study on Torsional Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced High strength Self Compacting Concrete.....................................................................278 Sai Nitesh K.J.N, N. Siva Rama Krishna and Dr. S. Venkateswara Rao

35. Uttarakhand Disaster of 2013: Lessons Learnt & Way Ahead......................................................288 J. Bhattacharjee, Chandan Ghosh

36. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Expansion and its Impact on Surface Temperature and Water Bodies..........................................................................................298 M. Kumari, N. Kikon, R.K. Tomar

37. A Study on Mix Design Parameters of Alkali Activated Slag using Particle Packing Theory with Low Concentrations of Sodium Hydroxide...................................307 T. Chaitanya Srikrishna and T.D. Gunneswara Rao

38. An Experimental Study of Different Design Parameters of Post-Installed Rebar Connection in Concrete Structure ........................................................................................317 Darshan J. Mehta, Atul Dhola, Kavita Choksi and Mehul Bhavsar

39. Analysis on Stabilization of an Asymmetric Structure Using Seismic Isolators ..........................324 Sruthy Jaipal, Pooja Barma, Dr. S. Karthiyaini and Dr. Shanmuga Sundaram

40. Performance of Waste Coconut Shell as Partial Replacement of Natural Coarse Aggregate in Concrete ..........................................................................................................333 Abdullah Anwar, Sabih Ahmad and Syed Aqeel Ahmad

41. Axial Compressive Capacity of Helical Screw Anchors in Sand ...................................................346 Mukherjee Sanjeev and Mittal Satyendra

42. Identification of Criteria for Selection of Building Material for Sustainable Building Projects by using AHP .......................................................................................................356 Dolonchapa Prabhakar, Humaib Nasir, Ashwani Kumar

43. Investigation of the Flexible Pavement Failures in Developing Cities...........................................367 Dr. Naga Swetha Pasupuleti, Luv Swami, Atul Goel and Rohit Malhotra

44. A Critical Analysis on Air Pollution in Delhi ..................................................................................373 Siddharth Roy and Naga Swetha Pasupuleti

45. Formulation of Level of Service (LOS) of Pedestrian at Signalized Intersection .........................377 Nitya Jain and Dr. Sewa Ram

46. Influence of Particle Packing Density Approach on Strength and Durabilityproperties of Concrete Containing Marble Waste ........................................................383 Kore Sudarshan D. and Vyas A. K.

47. Support Vector Machine Model for Prediction of Road Accidents on Non-Urban Sections of Highways in India .......................................................................................393 Gyanendra Singh,, S. N. Sachdeva, Mahesh Pal

48. Prefeasibility and Optimization Analysis of Common Effluent Treatment Plant: A Case Study ........................................................................................................406 Nishant Joshi, R.K. Tomar, M. Kumari

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49. A Compatibility Study of Site-Specific Seismic Parameters ..........................................................420 Mayank Patil, Milan Bandyopadhyay and Atul Krishna Banik

50. SCS-CN Application for Surface Runoff Estimation of Varuna River Watershed .....................424 Kailash Narayan, Sabita Madhvi Singh, P. K. S. Dikshit and S. B. Dwivedi

51. Residential Satisfaction Model for Jnnurm Beneficiaries ..............................................................432 Hemaxi G. Khalasi

52. Ductile Behavior of RCC Column ....................................................................................................438 Syeda Amreen Jeelani, Syed Wasim N Razvi and Mohammed Ishtiyaque

53. An Experimental Study on the Flexural Strength of Rubberized Concrete by Using Waste Material ...................................................................................................443 Parul Mangal, Suminder Meerwal and Rajiv Chauhan

54. Factors Influencing the Improvement of Public Transportation System in Metros – Using Data of Capital City ............................................................................................449 Pradeep Punia and Dr. Naga Swetha Pasupuleti

55. Innovation in Planning, Designing &Construction R&D Infrastructure for Auto Sector in India .....................................................................................................................455 Pradeep Agrawal, IDSE

56. What is Urban Sprawl and use of Remote Sensing &GIS in its Pattern Identification: A Case Study of Indore and Bhubaneswar.............................................................463 Ankit Gupta

57. Improving Road Safety by Congestion Management .....................................................................469 Anish Kumar, Harshil Sharma, Naga Swetha Pasupuleti and Harsh Jaswani

58. Effect of Jet Length Variation on Oxygenation Efficiency of Solid Jet Aerator ..........................476 Bishnu Kant Shukla and Murari Kumar

59. Performance Analysis of Empirical Bayesian Kriging for Rainfall Interpolation in Different Terrains ..................................................................................................483 Jyoti Sharma, Madhuri Kumari

60. Stability Analysis of Tandem Breakwater using Artificial Neural Networks...............................493 Geetha Kuntoji, Subba Rao, Manu, S. Mandal and Nava Bharath Reddy

61. Optimum Design of Isolated RCC Footing using Soft Computing Technique .............................500 Bindusara T.S., Keerthi Gowda B.S., Easwara Prasad G.L. and Velmurugan R.

62. Study of Jacketed Reinforced Concrete Column Subjected to Axial Load with Varying Stirrups in Longitudinal Direction............................................................................506 Vijaya Kumar Y.M., Dr. Gopi Siddappa and Dr. H.S. Suresh Chandra

63. Effect of Steel Fiber and Shear Span to Depth Ratio (A/D) on Shear Behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete ...............................................................................517 K. Praveen, S. Venkateswara Rao

64. Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Polyester Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete ............528 K. Srikanth and D. Ravi Prasad

65. Prognostication of Concrete Mix Proportion using Soft Computing Technique .........................536 Vidya Angadi, Keerthi Gowda B.S., Easwara Prasad G.L. Velmurugan R.

66. Influence of Nano-Silica on Compressive and Split Tensile Strengths of Recycled Aggregate Concrete .......................................................................................................543 K. Jagannadha Rao, M.V.S.S. Sastri (xiv)

Contents

67. A Comparative Study of Multi-storey RC Structures with Y-Shaped Columns..........................551 Abhilash A.S. and Keerthi Gowda B.S.

68. Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Alccofine Mineral Admixture as a Partial Replacement of Cement .............................................................................558 Tushar Bansal, Shilpa Pal, Siddharth

69. Effect of Temperature Stresses on Geopolymer Concrete and Finite Element Modelling of Geopolymer Beams.......................................................................................568 Ajay V.J., Liya Ann Thomas, Dr. Karthyaini S. and Dr. M. Shanmuga Sundaram

70. Optimization of Thickness of Pavement Quality Concrete Slab Using Rice Husk Ash ...............577 Paramveer Singh, Tarunbir Singh

71. Methods and Tools for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Management ..........584 Anshul Sharma, Sabita Madhvi Singh, P.R. Maiti, Shivang Aggarwal

72. Behavior of Short Column with Variation in Confinement Reinforcement .................................591 Syed Wasim N. Razvi and M.G. Shaikh

73. Seismic Fragility Analysis of Vertical Setback RC Structures ......................................................597 Vennela Kiran Kumar, Praveen Oggu and K. Gopi Krishna

74. Seismic Analysis of R.C.C Structure with Shear Walls ..................................................................605 Ninad V. Deshpande, Mahesh M. Karle and Poonam V. Nimbolkar

75. Application of Nano Materials in Cement Mortar and Concrete ..................................................612 Mohan Kantharia and Pankaj Kumar Mishra

76. HEC-RAS- Flow Analysis in the River Ganga at Varanasi ...........................................................616 Shivang Aggarwal, Sabita Madhvi Singh, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti, Anshul Sharma

77. Hydrologic Flood Routing for Flood Management (A Case Study: Hindan River).....................624 Somya Agarwal, Sabita Madhvi Singh, K. Narayan

78. Monitoring of S. I. Engine Emissions and Fuzzy-Rule based Prediction of Automobile Pollution .........................................................................................................................632 Dr. Divya Srivastava

79. Tackling Problems of E-Waste Management of Smart Cities........................................................637 Avani Chopra, D.R. Kapoor

80. Foundation Structure Analysis for Concrete Gravity Dam using Finite Element Method ......................................................................................................................645 Rakesh Kumar and Shreeja Kacker

81. Developments in Application of Waste Tires in Shallow Foundations..........................................653 Ravi Kant Mittal and Gourav Gill

82. Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil Wall under Seismic Loads: A novel Approach .................663 Shantanu Patra and J.T. Shahu

83. Analysis of Large Caverns in Power House Complex.....................................................................671 Rakesh Kumar and Shreeja Kacker

84. 3-D Numerical Study on Time Development Local Scour around Circular Pier using CFD Tool REEF3D ..........................................................................................678 Sreedhara B.M., Manu and S. Mandal

85. Analysis and Review on Drought in Udaipur District of Rajasthan..............................................686 Shaktibala, Pankaj Gupta, Jahangeer, Vikram Kumar

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86. Information Technology System Approach to Canal Automation, Modernization .....................695 Prof. Lokesh Dutt Sharma

87. A Full Scale Testing to Restrain Struvite Generation & Total Phosphorous Removal for Centrifuged Centrate ............................................................................702 Shiva Kumar G. and Lakshmi Sruthi P.

88. Unique Features of Construction Contract......................................................................................710 Vandana Bhatt

89. Integrated Operation policy of a Hydropower Reservoir for Real-Time Operation ...................715 Bhola N. S. Ghimire

90. Optimal Operation of a Reservoir for Hydropower Production Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming ........................................................................................725 Ashish Shrestha, Bhola NS Ghimire

91. Green Building Design: Overview and Case Studies .....................................................................732 Harshit Chaudhary, Mridul Yadav, Sabita Madhvi Singh, Yogesh Kaushik

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What is Urban Sprawl and use of Remote Sensing &GIS in its Pattern Identification: A Case Study of Indore and Bhubaneswar Ankit Gupta

ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Vasad (Gujarat), India; Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Unprecedented population growth coupled with unplanned developmental activities has led to urbanization, due to which the productive agricultural lands, forests, surface water bodies and groundwater prospects are also being affected. Quantifying causes and effects of urban sprawl would help in regional planning for better infrastructure in anenvironmentally sound way, by identifying the dimension and type of its pattern. This will require analysis of remotely sensed Spatio-temporal data with GIS tools and techniques. Extracting buildup pixels from a satellite imagery on a large scale under a boundary condition will be helpful to recognize the pattern of urban expansion in the area. Few GIS modeling practices evolved helping this type of research is very beneficial where urban areas nowadays capturing the natural land cover area. This paper gives a brief overview of urban sprawl, its causes, effects, dimension, and types with RS-GIS index modeling aspect, over two cities of India, resulting the use of digital technology in land development & management with increasing population. Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Pattern Recognition, Remote Sensing & GIS. OVERVIEW Increasing population and increase in urban area results in unplanned activities with insufficient management plans and also leads to overutilization of the resources. It is called the process of Urbanization under which the productive agricultural lands, forests, surface water bodies and groundwater prospects are being irretrievably lost (Gupta et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2007; Pathan et al., 1989, 1991). Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization. It refers to the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low density residential development over more and more rural land. The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land. In short “Urban sprawl is the spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city”. It is also referred as the fast expansion of the urban area into suburbs, these suburbs have a discontinuous low-density and uneven pattern. Urban sprawl instigates the extension of the urban perimeter, i.e. land cover changes of agricultural and natural land into built-up, from productive available natural land with biodiversity to built-up land. The most cited and used definition is: “Sprawl is a pattern of land use in an urbanized area that exhibits low levels of some combination of eight distinct dimensions: density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, nuclearity, mixed uses, and proximity” (Galster et al., 2001). In other words, urban sprawl is defined as low-density residential and commercial development on theundeveloped land. Most of the time, people will move from these areas to try to find better areas to live. This has been the way of the world since the beginning. Migration and urban sprawl isn’t something that is just now becoming popular, as it has been around for quite some time. Cities and their suburbs are now becoming overcrowded because of this, but now it is time to look at the causes and the effects of the urban sprawl so that you can gain a better understanding of it. The understanding of the patterns of urban sprawl is

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helpful for the city planners to plan future developments like the natural resources, natural resource utilization, and infrastructural facilities. CAUSES OF URBAN SPRAWL: Urban sprawl can be caused by a variety of different things, mainly include: Lower Land Rates: Lower cost land and houses in the outer suburbs of the cities, because the centers of urban development have really made people want to stop settling in these areas and want to venture further out Improved Infrastructure: There is increased spending on certain types of infrastructures, including roads and electricity. This is something that hasn’t always been available, and there are still some areas that don’t have these luxuries. That doesn’t mean that they aren’t working on it Rise in Standard of Living: There are also increases in standards of living and average family incomes, which means that people have the ability to pay more to travel and commute longer distances to work and back home Lack of Urban Planning: People love to find areas that are less trafficked and more calm, which leads them to sprawl out to other sections of the town. Unprecedented development, cutting of trees, loss of green cover, long traffic jams, poor infrastructure force people to move out to new areas Lower House Tax Rates: Cities will usually have high property taxes, and you can usually avoid these taxes by living in the outer suburbs because the taxes are usually lower than they would be in other situations Rise in Population Growth: Another factor that contributes towards urban sprawl is arise in population growth. As number of people in a city grows beyond capacity, the local communities continue to spread farther and farther from city centers Consumer Preferences: People in high-income groups have stronger preferences towards larger homes, more bedrooms, bigger balconies and bigger lawns. This also causes urban sprawl as this option is not available in crowded cities. People generally look out for low-density residential areas where they can get home according to their preference. EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL Now, we will take a look at the effects of urban sprawl, now that we have taken a closer look at the causes of it. Some of the effects include: Increase in Public Expenditure: They can actually play a part in the increases in public costs because these changes in infrastructures and building must actually be paid for by someone- and it is usually the tax payers money that pays for it Increased Traffic: Populations will begin to use their cars more often, which means that there is more traffic on the roads, and there is also more air pollution and more auto accidents that you have to worry with Health Issues: When people use their vehicles, even to go to a very short distance, people are going to be more overweight and are also going to have to deal with ailments such as high blood pressure and other diseases that come about with obesity Environmental Issues: Sprawls can also cause certain environmental issues that you may want to be aware of. In fact, when you think about going out to develop these lands you will have to worry about the wildlife that lives in these lands. You will be displacing them, and it can really cause a ripple in the environment

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What is Urban Sprawl and use of Remote Sensing &GIS in its Pattern Identification: A Case Study of Indore and Bhubaneswar

Impact on Social Lives: When people move further out, they also have an impact on their social lives. They don’t have neighbors that live as close, which means that they won’t really stay as social as they should DIMENSIONS OF URBAN SPRAWL There are eight distinct dimensions of urban sprawl mentioned below: Density: The ratio of the total population of the sprawling area to its total land area Continuity: The degree of unbroken built-up area of the sprawling area to the urban borders Concentration:The degree to which development is located disproportionately in relatively few square miles of the total urbanized area rather than spread evenly throughout Clustering: Differs from concentration and density in the way that the focus is not on the development patterns in the area (or the development of grids but within grids) Centrality: The degree to which the urban sprawl is located with respect to the central center Nuclearity: Extent to which the sprawling area has a mononuclear development pattern, as opposed to a poly-nuclear development pattern Mixed use: The degree to which two different land uses exist within the sprawling area Proximity: Degree to which different land uses are close to each other across an urbanized area. TYPES OF URBAN SPRAWL PATTERN Strip or Linear Development: The urban expansion along infrastructural works or rivers, it is continuous but scattered, leaving agricultural and natural land opens into the suburbs Scattered Development: Uncoordinated discontinuous development away from the historical central core, creating open and vacant land between new built-up areas Leapfrogging Development: It is the development that leapfrogs over existing barriers. It is a scattered form of urbanization with disjointed patched of urban land uses, interspersed with green areas. Leapfrog development may be caused by obvious physical limitations such as prohibitive topography, water bodies, and wetlands or by subtle reasons such as differences in development policies between political jurisdictions Compact Development: Sprawl forms gradually around the urban area, not creating patches, and mainly has a high density Poly-nucleated Development: Several smaller towns are agglomerated, the sprawl is discontinuous, much lower density than the traditional settlement, physically separated from the urban city of which it sprawled. GIS, REMOTE SENSING, AND IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES: Remote sensing and GIS techniques have already shown their importance in mapping urban land use/land cover, urban growth trends and to monitor the changes in land use/land cover (Donnay et al., 2001;Gupta et al., 2014; Pathan et al., 1993, 2004). These are very useful in the formulation and implementation of the spatial and temporal changes, which are essential components of regional planning to ensure the sustainable development. The different stages in the formulation and implementation of a regional development strategy can be generalized as determination of objectives, resource inventory, analysis of the existing situation, modelling and projection, development of planning options, selection of planning options, plan implementation, and plan evaluation, monitoring and

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feedback (Yeh and Xia, 1996; Sudhira et al., 2003). GIS and remote sensing techniques are quite developed and operational to implement such a proposed strategy. The spatial patterns of urban sprawl on thetemporal scale is studied and analyzed using the satellite imageries and cadastral data from Survey of India, mapped, monitored and accurately assessed from satellite data along with conventional ground data. The image processing techniques are also quite effective in identifying the urban growth pattern from the spatial and temporal data captured by the remote sensing techniques. These help in delineating the growth patterns of urban sprawl such as the linear growth and radial growth patterns. A geometric approach could have a different type of methods and datasets and may also include the various types of models and classification systems. Some of them known as supervised & unsupervised classification, knowledge classifier, an index based & regression models. One of which is new among all is the Index modeling technique which includes many other relevant indices in the entire process. It is possible by using a thematic set of output derived by different sensor band(s) and is highly capable of extracting the built-up features from it.The three different thematic indices have been used in constructing the IBI viz., Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), which together represent the three major components of built-up land, vegetation and water respectively (Gupta et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2008). Case study of Indore (Madhya Pradesh): Indore is situated on the Malwa Plateau, is a Tier-2 city, and the largest city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh ranked 14th largest city in India. Indore has recorded subsequent increase in population from 5.60, 8.29, 10.91, 14.74 &19.60 lakhsfor 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 years respectively (Census 2011, GOI). The study area is municipal corporation boundary which includes all extended & substantial parts, extends over an area of 293.92 km2, lies between the geographical extent of north 22.625° to 22.875° latitude &east 75.75° to 75.9375° longitude. After applying few index based modeling approaches using GIS on remotely sensed multispectral satellite imageries of Landsat-7 (2005) & Landsat-8 (2014) (Figure 1), it has been found that urban built-up has increased between the years. The built-up land is divided into three categories with highly dense, medially dense and less dense where highly dense built-up land indicates unplanned settlements while medium and low dense represent planned settlements. The transportation network serves as the mode for settlement development, in and near the outskirt’s, therefore the city is under Strip/Linear Development type of urban sprawl and currently isin thesame phase. FIG 1. Landsat-7 & 8 satellite imageries of indore (2005 & 2014). 466

What is Urban Sprawl and use of Remote Sensing &GIS in its Pattern Identification: A Case Study of Indore and Bhubaneswar

CASE STUDY OF BHUBANESWAR (ODISHA) A Tier-2 city, ranked 59th largest in India, Bhubaneswar, which could not grow in an envisaged mannerdue to the Chandaka Wildlife sanctuary in the northwest section and by flood plains on the eastern side, is processed with the same above approach for urban sprawl study between 1999, 2009, and 2014 (Figure 2). Study area lies between the geographical extent of north 20.192° to 20.409° latitude and east 85.737° to 85.888° longitude and had recorded subsequent increase in population from 16512; 38211; 105491; 227525; 42,465; 647302 & 837737 in 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 years respectively (Census 2011, GOI; Gopi 1978; Iyer et al., 2007). After modeling approaches, it is found that the urban built-up is not even 50% of the total area as of now (2014-15), but it will increase soon due to increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization. Results also show the significance of spectral bands and reflectance, as in all modeling outputs, the forest cover which is near to built-up portions is also eliminated easily. Built-up mask of all three model output layers has been shown in Figure 3. Urban Landuse of 2014 (Purple color) is placed on the urban land use of 2009 (Orange color) which is over theurban land use of 1999 (Green color) over it. The total area of the study boundary is 230.38 Km2and the area covered by each built-up mask is shown in Table 1 below. Bhubaneswar city is under Linear development in between because of thetransport network and also under Leapfrogging development, as so many patches between land use are natural cover and topographically affected.

FIG 2. Multispectral satellite imageries of landsat-8 covering Bhubaneswar city.

FIG 3. Overlap built-up portion of subsequent years. 467


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