Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching Using Fog ...

Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching Using Fog Computing Ibrahim Abdullahi1,2 , Suki Arif1 , and Suhaidi Hassan1 1

InterNetWorks Research Laboratory, School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Malaysia [email protected], {suki1207,suhaidi}@uum.edu.my 2 Department of Mathematics/Computer Science, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria [email protected]

Abstract. With the immense growth of information gathering, sharing and processing in the world through sophisticated smart gadgets, it is therefore paramount that the Cloud would be better managed through other paradigms such as Fog computing and Information Centric Network (ICN). These would drive the need for the shift to the Internet of Everything (IoE). Jacobson et al., Cisco and Gantz et al., in different studies forecasted the engrossment of IP addresses and as such these along other vital reports have necessitated the need of replacing IP addresses with names through the Content Centric Networking. Ciscos’ report submitted the forecast of smart gadgets out numbering the world population soon. This paper therefore presents a conceptual framework of introducing Information Centric Networking (ICN) as API to Ubiquitous computing. Taking ICN cache at the edge nodes through Fog computing technique (as off-network cache) by referring object with names in lieu of IP addresses. This practice will make access to information residing on the Cloud in the Internet of Everything closer to the user. Fog in this paper is used as edge processing node in the content store to depict the caching that makes the ICN achievable off-path. Fog concept proposed the computing, processing and storage at the edges (devices) with the added advantage of heterogeneity for Internet of Things (IoT). Keywords: BInformation centric network, ubiquitous, fog computing, cloud computing, off-path caching, Internet of everything.

1

Introduction

The need for ubiquitous computing makes information dissemination easier by connecting all Internet enabled gadgets closely useful to the user. Yet, making the ubiquitous computing challenging by assigning IP addresses to all connected devices [3,10,12]. The consumption of IP addresses by this paradigm could as well come to play prior to the earlier years forecasted by Ciscos’ reports. The reports states that extra ordinary rise in IP usage has hit 1.5 exabytes per month at the end of 2013 from 820 petabytes per month in 2012 [5]. Gantz et al. in c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015  327 S. Phon-Amnuaisuk and T.-W. Au (eds.), Computational Intelligence in Information Systems, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 331, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13153-5_32

328

I. Abdullahi, S. Arif, and S. Hassan

[6] additionally submitted that huge amount of information shared by IP hit up increasingly from 2008 to 2010 and through the years. As such, cloud computing introducing fog [4] as the Information Centric Networking (ICN) cache side (offnetwork) would make information dissemination faster with a lower latency, less excessive bandwidth consumption and reduce the streaming times. However, challenges posed at the ubiquitous will become clearer to identify when the user connects barely the entirety of his household items (such as electronic refrigerators for monitoring, electric doors, light bulbs, toilet handlers, sprinklers, game consoles, smart TV, etc.) to the Internet or cloud to receive updates possibly through a wearable device. More so, for countries like China and India with large population sizes, if the Man-to-all equipment is practiced and overall items are assigned IP addresses, then the exhaustion of IP addresses will be more expended and delays will therefore increase. These facts support Jacobson et al. idea of naming objects as content centric on the network [8]. Referring object with names in place of IP will therefore drive the ubiquitous to the new ICN paradigm. These along other advantages will reduce the consumption of IP addresses and benefit from the user-in-the middle phases of the Content Centric Networking (CCN) [8]. For the purpose of this paper, an idea on how to benefit immensely from the connectivity and disappearance of physical gadgets inter connectivity through ubiquitous computing [18] is presented. A strong motivation of vending into the Internet of names ahead of the IP based could be traced to the recent release of survey and forecast by Cisco which states that in 2013, mobile traffic alone hits nearly 18 times the size of the entire global Internet in the year 2000. With the submission of this magnitude, information processing practice is drastically shifting into mobile devices. Consequently, in the report by Cisco in [5], it was understood that global mobile devices connected to the Internet between a short span of 2012 to 2014 has increased from 6.5 billion in 2012 to 7 billion with lots of the connectivity attributed to the smart gadgets. Internet of Things (IoT) has become the most comfortable idea to users and barely every user is fully addicted to making updates and information outgrowth online. If the world population is about 7 to 8 billion, before 2018 user enabled gadgets will outnumber the world population to about 10 billion including Machine-2-Machine (M2M) communication on the Internet [5]. An issue of this strength requires borrowing idea of ICN to manage the gross increase of information sharing. Moon et al., in their paper stated that ubiquitous computing must support services to query, processing and writing as shown in the example on a warfare [11]. The connectivity of all gadgets will become possible through Global Positioning System (GPS) with the goal of making mobile fog, vehicular interactions, and location and situation awareness with the Platform as a Service (PaaS) on the cloud [7]. With the aforementioned advantages of lowering the latency and improving QoS, ICN is seen as an add-on to ubiquitous as fog node. The paper is further structured as follows: Section II presents Internet of Things (IoT) and its features, Section III is focused on discussing the possibilities

Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching

329

and nature of the Information Centric Networking. Describing how the cloud could be linked through the name object in ICN. Section IV of the paper briefly looked at the ubiquitous environment thereby adding some features of the cloud (private and public) to enable users make communication flow with ease. Section V presents a conceptual proposal of the ICN-Fog to the Internet of Everything (IoE) while Section VI concludes the paper.

2

Internet of Things (IoT)

In IoT, clouds are the central point of support whereby fog computing techniques makes scalability and access to heterogeneous information possible. A typical ubiquitous system connects all gadgets and equipments of a user to the Internet as shown in figure 1. The user is connected centrally to the network which in-turn has all devices and facilities managed over the network. Network sensors, actuators and controllers perform instinctive tasks making the communication and information dissemination a lot easier. The User owns a cars, Smart Connected Vehicles (SCV), mobile devices, wearable devices such as spy-glasses, flight booking information via a smart flight monitor, weather forecaster, traffic controls through the help of the Cloud etc. On the Cloud, there are various inter-cloud communications such as the Smart Grid (SG), smart homes and smart environment which can be referred to as the private and the public clouds [12]. The essence of the User connected to other clouds as shown on the figure 1, include lack of dependency on a single cloud and source among other challenges. The major advantage aimed is to curtail the problems of data loss through disasters and other scheduling problems. All of these challenges will require having an intermediary between clouds for easy access to infrastructures, platform and software as services. Therefore, with the user fully connected as seen on the figure, the IoT becomes easier on the ubiquitous via clouds. However, in the IoT, scheduling and power management are still open to research due to the wide connectivity of heterogeneous devices, geo-location distribution, location awareness to achieve low latency. This work foresee fog concept as a probable solution to the IoT problems alongside ICN off-network caching. Presenting the necessary parts that makes up the IoT include better Quality of Service (QoS) expected, mobility, sensors, location awareness tools and actuators, communication protocols etc. and their interconnections as shown on the figure 2 below. IoT provides all connectivity via its connection protocols, sensors and location awareness tools. These enable IoT to support configuration, mobility in and out of the network and QoS. The cloud on the other hand with its facilities of platform as a service (example seen in Google AppEngine), software as a service (e.g. Gmail) and infrastructure as a service, additionally enable users achieve processing, visualization, storage and service discovery on the cloud easier. Applications running on smart gadgets, e-health, smart environs etc. provide the user-end the interactivity with the cloud thereby making it pervasive or ubiquitous. ICN from this point provides the names of services and information using its concept of pending interest, forwarding information and content storage mechanisms.

330

I. Abdullahi, S. Arif, and S. Hassan

Fig. 1. Ubiquitous environment

3

Information Centric Networking

Since the predictive encroachment of IP addresses going less with users being more concerned about objects not addresses, ICN has since had an eye to solving some problems of information dissemination through name network approach [1,8]. It is therefore worthy of trying a shift in ubiquitous computing to in-cooperate this new paradigm to manage, process and retrieve information from the cloud by caching in-and off-path controlled or undemonstratively [13,14,16,17]. The motivating idea tends to have the desire of saving time to achieve low latency by retrieving demanding information on the ubiquitous heavy connectivity through ICN advantages of closest node cache. Content centric networking (CCN) has since been engaged in research by looking for means to experiment both off and on-network caching [9]. Fog computing [4,7], however with its flexibility of processing at the leaf (either through mobile devices, smart devices and Machine-2-Machine) node of the cloud, makes it inter-operable to achieve the off-network processing and caching on the network by content centric approach. The questions becomes clear as how can ICN off-network be feasible using fog computing? Take a scenario of a warfare as discussed in [11] for example, when the infantry makes a discovery or the airborne army locate a glob of enemies, all it need to do is to process the bearing location and publish (results) to the network. This in a little time will be subscribed by the first fighter Jet airborne. Reducing the vast majorities of each Jet resubscribing and wasting the bandwidth. Since Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) communicate (as case in aircraft), then it makes it a lot easier for fog to be practice on ICN interaction on cloud. When information is lodged

Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching

331

Fig. 2. IoT Framework

on the cloud, a user subscribes to the Internet using the name of the object requested as described in [1]. Hierarchical, flat and distributed hash functions are used in the naming. However, the cloud based on its IaaS, SaaS and PaaS would set the name to a matched publisher of such interest. Once a user gets a feedback, all nodes and router along ICN path cache the resulting information since they are cache-enabled. The ICN advantage of caching for subsequent request is thereby granted easily. Fog in ICN therefore will reduce the delay of checking on the special table in ICN known as Pending Interest Table (PIT). Upon receiving the information from the closest device through fog concept, the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) in ICN push the results into the fog unit which is saved on an autonomous system Content Store (CS) on the cloud. This description however is open to further research to suit the objectives of not requesting by address but instead by using object names as submitted by Jacobson et al. in [8]. From the figure below, the battalion (army) discovered the enemies through smart binoculars and other gadgets with Internet connectivity facilities. Infantry then publish to the network about the requested enemy using ICN naming. The information acquired is further processed at the device node and pushed to the network. The information is accordingly cached on the first point in the network making it possible to place the results from the information

332

I. Abdullahi, S. Arif, and S. Hassan

Fig. 3. ICN+Fog

into the content store and the forwarding base. For lower latency, reduction in bandwidth, and IP consumption, a publish query is in-turn posted by the next router point until the information gets to the air fighters as described in [15].

4

Ubiquitous

Ubiquitous as earlier discussed in section 1, enables all devices to be connected to a user. It was observed through various reports and forecast that all devices are needed to make life a lot easier for users through information management, dissemination, read/writes and updates in and out of the network. Since cloud computing, ubiquitous and pervasive computing is appearing to be grossly in-cooperated into our daily equipment, this would make big data handling a lot easier. However, the suggestion and launching of the fog computing [4] makes the tedious linkage of the cloud and devices far more comfortable with processing and computations offered at the device level. This proposed in-cooperation of ICN concepts aims to curtail some challenges posed at the fog to cloud correspondences. Therefore, an optimal routine will be best suggested when cloud-fog ICN are well managed.

5

Conceptual Framework

To present a framework of adding ICN off-path caching to the IoT, there will need to make a linkage of the cloud with the fog idea. Figure 3 depicts the

Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching

333

Fig. 4. Ubiquitous shift with ICN

branches of the cloud environment where the PaaS, IaaS and SaaS are used to make discovery, processing, visualization and storage. ICN+Fog section handles the challenging part of the off-path caching. The advantage of adding the fog leaf makes ICN the suitable paradigm for the user connecting all equipment and devices. The challenges in assigning IP addresses to all nodes and stations are thus minimized by content centric-naming. Additionally on the naming issue, propose use of the ICN concepts by either choosing the flat naming, hierarchical or the distributed hash naming schemes [1,2,19,20] would be more beneficial. Where as to optimize the case of caching, predictive distribution via subscription-publish will make private clouds connects with public cloud through the means of autonomous stations on the general cloud. Fog will then be used as an off-path of the network caching operation as all smart gadgets and devices will produce leaves of the nodes for the fetch, decode, read and write operations. Conceptual overview of the proposed caching off-path ICN-Fog to drive Internet of Everything (IoE) describes a user that set out all Internet enabled devices and appliances unto the Internet with the intention of getting information disseminated, coordinated and updated as shown on figure 4. Since scheduling is also seen as one of the research open issue of optimizing the ubiquitous, it is therefore suggested that the inclusion of the multilevel feedback queue scheduling on the ICN to send and receive information (objects) on the cloud will reduce the scheduling problem.

334

6

I. Abdullahi, S. Arif, and S. Hassan

Conclusion

In conclusion, ubiquitous computing will make a shift of not mainly concerned on the address of where to get services, but mainly about who produces what service? This paper therefore concludes to propose a shift of ICN along ubiquitous computing by emphasizing on the off-path caching technique in the new ICN paradigm. Fog was seen as the must suiting way to implement the caching. Without adequate caching in place, there will be no way the ICN dream would be actualized. A migration of IP addresses and using name shall thus contribute to the optimal performance of ubiquitous computing to solving the problems of big data management, naming, scheduling, mobility and security. The major advantages of adding ICN to the ubiquitous computing benefits users to process at node level and publish back to the network with ease. The paper has therefore presented the concept of adding ICN off-path caching to fog computing to improve the QoS, lower bandwidth consumption among other ICN naming advantages. Acknowledgment. This research is one of the Malaysian Government funded projects under Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Long-Term Research Grant (LRGS) with reference number LRGS/TD/2011/UKM/ICT/02.

References 1. Ahlgren, B., Dannewitz, C., Imbrenda, C., Kutscher, D., Ohlman, B.: A survey of information-centric networking. IEEE Communications Magazine 50(7), 26–36 (2012) 2. Ahlgren, B., D’Ambrosio, M., Marchisio, M., Marsh, I., Dannewitz, C., Ohlman, B., Pentikousis, K., Strandberg, O., Rembarz, R., Vercellone, V.: Design considerations for a network of information. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM CoNEXT Conference, CoNEXT 2008, pp. 66:1–66:6. ACM, New York (2008), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1544012.1544078 3. Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, A., Paul, H.S., Dey, S.: Offloading work to mobile devices: An availability-aware data partitioning approach. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Middleware for Cloud-enabled Sensing, MCS 2013, pp. 4:1–4:6. ACM, New York (2013), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2541603.2541605 4. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S.: Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, MCC 2012, pp. 13–16. ACM, New York (2012), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2342509.2342513 5. Cisco: Cisco visual networking index:global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2013-2018. Tech. rep., Cisco (2014) 6. Gantz, J.F., Reinsel, D., Chute, C., Schlichting, W., McArthur, J., Minton, S., Xheneti, I., Toncheva, A., Manfrediz, A.: The expanding digital universe: A forecast of worldwide information growth through 2010. Technical reoprt, An IDC White Paper- Sponsored by EMC (March 2007)

Ubiquitous Shift with Information Centric Network Caching

335

7. Hong, K., Lillethun, D., Ramachandran, U., Ottenw¨ alder, B., Koldehofe, B.: Mobile fog: A programming model for large-scale applications on the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, MCC 2013, pp. 15–20. ACM, New York (2013), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2491266.2491270 8. Jacobson, V., Smetters, D.K., Thornton, J.D., Plass, M., Briggs, N., Braynard, R.: Networking named content. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, CoNEXT 2009, pp. 1–12. ACM, New York (2009) 9. Li, Y., Xie, H., Wen, Y., Zhang, Z.L.: Coordinating in-network caching in contentcentric networks: Model and analysis. Tech. rep., Center for Innovation, Huawei Central Research Institute (2012) 10. Madsen, H., Albeanu, G., Burtschy, B., Popentiu-Vladicescu, F.: Reliability in the utility computing era: Towards reliable fog computing. In: 2013 20th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), pp. 43–46 (July 2013) 11. Moon, Y.W., Jung, H.S., Jeong, C.S.: Context-awareness in battlefield using ubiquitous computing: Network centric warfare. In: 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT), pp. 2873–2877 (June 2010) 12. Petcu, D.: Multi-cloud: Expectations and current approaches. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Workshop on Multi-cloud Applications and Federated Clouds, MultiCloud 2013, pp. 1–6. ACM, New York (2013), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2462326.2462328 13. Psaras, I., Chai, W., Pavlou, G.: In-network cache management and resource allocation for information-centric networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems PP(99), 1–1 (2014) 14. Psaras, I., Chai, W.K., Pavlou, G.: Probabilistic in-network caching for information-centric networks. In: Proceedings of the Second Edition of the ICN Workshop on Information-centric Networking, ICN 2012, pp. 55–60. ACM, New York (2012), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2342488.2342501 15. Vasilakos, X., Siris, V.A., Polyzos, G.C., Pomonis, M.: Proactive selective neighbor caching for enhancing mobility support in information-centric networks. In: Proceedings of the Second Edition of the ICN Workshop on Information-centric Networking, ICN 2012, pp. 61–66. ACM, New York (2012), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2342488.2342502 16. Wang, S., Bi, J., Wu, J.: Collaborative caching based on hash-routing for information-centric networking. In: ACM SIGCOMM 2013 Conference on SIGCOMM, Hong Kong, China, SIGCOMM 2013, pp. 535–536. ACM (2013) 17. Wang, S., Bi, J., Wu, J., Li, Z., Zhang, W., Yang, X.: Could in-network caching benefit information-centric networking? In: Proceedings of the 7th Asian Internet Engineering Conference, AINTEC 2011, pp. 112–115. ACM, New York (2011), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2089016.2089034 18. Weiser, M.: The computer for the 21st century. IEEE Pervasive Computing 1(1), 19–25 (2002) 19. Zhang, X., Chang, K., Xiong, H., Wen, Y., Shi, G., Wang, G.: Towards name-based trust and security for content-centric network. In: 2011 19th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), pp. 1–6 (October 2011) 20. Zhu, Y., Nakao, A.: A deployable and scalable information-centric network architecture. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 3753–3758 (June 2013)