Ugo Amaldi - Valencia_19.5.04 - IFIC

SYNCHROTRONS: 50 YEARS OF PHYSICS AT CERN AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS (*) Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation

(*) A personal recollection

València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

1

My affairs with synchrotrons FRASCATI: 1 GeV electron syncrotron

1958-59

Adone = electron-positron collider

1965-1969

PS = Proton Synchrotron

1960-63

ISR = Intersecting Storage Rings

1970-75

SPS = Super ProtonSynchrotron

1975-83

LEP = Large Electron Positron collider

1980-1995

1962-65

CERN: 1969-72

ADROTERAPIA PIMMS/TERA = Carbon ion synchrotron


1992-now

2

1930 Ernest Lawrence invents the first circular accelerator; the cyclotron M. S. Livingston and E. Lawrence with the 25’ cyclotron


3

1945: E. McMillan and V.J.Veksler discover phase stability

Italian weak focusing electron synchrotron Frascati INFN - 1959 València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

4

The beginnings of CERN

Isidor Rabi at CERN many years later 1952 Pierre Auger and Edoardo Amaldi València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

5

1952-54 E, Amaldi is Secretary General of the provisional Organization


6

17 May 1954 : 50 years ago in Geneva

The first digging started before the ratification of the CERN Convention to profit of the good season València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

7

25 Nov 1959: the PS runs!

Wolfgang Schnell inventor of CLIC

John Adams


8

The PS in 1960


9

New physics at the PS: hydrogen bubble chambers

E. Amaldi

B. Gregory Ch. Peyrou , J.B. Adams W. Jentschke

Sep 1970 Visit of the UK Secretary of State of Education and Science, Mrs. Margaret Thatcher. València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

10

1973: Gargamelle discovers neutral currents

GGM in 1969-70 André Lagarrique

electron neutrino València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

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ISR = the Intersecting Storage Ring in 1971

ISR 1973

1973 - CERN-Rome Collaboration: the proton-proton total cross-section rises with energy València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

12

1975 450 GeV protons from the SPS


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SPS physics: scattering of muons and neutrinos The marble calorimeter of the CHARM Collaboration

neutrinos


14

The Antiproton Accumulator

1981- SPS is transformed in a proton-antiproton collider applying the Simon van der Meer technique of antiproton cooling València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

15

1973: discovery of the W and Z bosons

UA1

UA2

Z

W València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

Z 16

The CERN Nobel prize winners

G. Charpak València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

C. Rubbia

S. van der Meer 17

1950-1980 Thirty years of experiments with synchrotrons Quarks, matter –particles as electrons, are bound in hadrons by gluons (force-particles)

gluon València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

18

Fundamental forces in Nature

The exchange of a force-particle manifests itself as a force València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

19

The Standard Model

(0.0005 GeV)

(0 GeV)

(80.4 GeV)

(91.2 GeV)

(0 GeV)

(175 GeV)

matter-particles València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

force-particles

+ the scalar (Higgs) field

20

Ada = Anello di Accumulazione

1960 First Electronpositron Collider

INFN- Frascati

Bruno Touschek (1921 - 1978) València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

21

The Large Electron Positron collider


22

Family photo


23

The first events


24

The LEP cross sections


25

1991 - a first from four jet events


26

pure em

pure weak

The Minimal SUSY Model strong

fits the unification of the couplings


27

Final fit to the standard model

The main results of LEP1 and the left-over discrepancies


28

2002- DELPHI remains naked in Pit8 conference


29

Today’s six synchrotrons at CERN

antihydrogen Quark-gluon plasma


30

Towards the LHC: (7000 + 7000) GeV

February 2003: The first of 700 magnets has been installed in one of the transfer tunnels From SPS to LHC


31

II PART SYNCROTRONS IN CANCER THERAPY


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Conventional radiotherapy: linac, multileaf collimator, TPS


33

Macroscopic advantages of hadrontherapy - 1 25 cm Tumour

protons

target

200 MeV Carbon ions 4600 MeV

Beam of hadrons that slows down in matter

control radioresistenti tumors

By moving laterally the beam and varying the energy the target can be covered “conformally” València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

34

Macroscopic advantages of hadrontherapy - 2

Photons

X-rays

Protons

Protons Carbon ions

Rapid fall-off


35

Hadrontherapy

Two types: Therapy with proton beams 35000 patients (similar to X-rays - with cyclotrons and synchrotrons)

Therapy with beams of Carbon ions 2000 patients (for radioresistent tumours – with synchrotrons)


36

Protons are more precise than X-rays

9 X –ray beams

1 proton beam beam

Tumour between the eyes


37

The sites


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Hospital-based centres for protontherapy 5 in USA, 4 in Japan, 2 in China, 1 in Switzerland, 1 in Germany, 1 in Korea , 1 in Italy (Trento)

Four companies offer complete centres València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

39

1998 -GSI pilot project G. Kraft 200 patients treated with carbon ions under Juergen Debus (Heidelberg)


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Numbers of potential patients - summary X-ray therapy (photons of 5 – 20 MeV) every 10 million inhabitants:

20'000 pts/year

Protontherapy Category A: 1% of X-ray patients =

200 pts/year every 10 M

Category B: 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M

Therapy with Carbon ions for radioresistant tumour 3% of X-ray patients =

600 pts/year every 10 M

TOTAL


2‘800 pts/year

every 10 M

41

HICAT – University of Heidelberg Clinics

Financed with 72 MEuro: [Federal State grant 36 Investment by HC

36]

Heidelberg: J. Debus U. Weber

GSI:

H. Eickhoff Th. Haberer

Architects Nickl & Partner, Munich and Heidelberg University Building Authority València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

42

The site of HICAT Sept 98 proposal Dec 02

tendering

Nov 03

digging

Jan 05

testing

Mid 06

pre-clinical operation

End 06

clinical operation

Architects Nickl & Partner, Munich and Heidelberg University Building Authority València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

43

1996-2000: PIMMS Proton Ion Medical Machine Study CERN – TERA – Med-Austron Project leader: P.Bryant PAC Chairman: G. Brianti

No limitation in space and money

1999-2003 PIMMS/TERA design 7 MeV/u injection energy One IH linac (GSI) inside the ring Proton Ion Medical Machine Study

Multiturn injection Short beams Gantries in phase 2


44

CNAO = Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia TERA Foundation has promoted, designed CNAO and obtained in 2000 the Government approval CNAO Foundation was created in 1991 and financed in 2001 and in 2002 to realize and manage CNAO

In September 2003 TERA has completed and passed to CNAO the design of the high-tech part of CNAO

By the end of 2003 S. Rossi, 16 TERA staff and 9 consultants have passed to CNAO foundation


45

CNAO = Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia for p and 12C September 2003 TERA to CNAO: final specifications and technical drawings of the high-tech components

2900 pages of documents prepared in collaboration with INFN - Frascati CERN GSI Investment needed 70 M€


46

The CNAO site

CNA 37000 m2

'

S. Matteo General Hospital in Pavia 30 km South of Milano


47

The building

Project: Calvi -TEKNE

June - July 2004 – Selection - through an European tendering of the company in charge of the construction València - IFIC 19 May 04 - U. Amaldi

48

CNAO on the Pavia site


49

Underground floor of CNAO

5

PIMMS/TERA 4

3

2

5 4 CAP 3

1

2 1


50

ENLIGHT and the European projects European Network for LIGHt-ion Therapy GSI project for the University of Heidelberg Clinics TERA project for CNAO in Pavia Med-Austron for Wiener Neustadt partner of PIMMS since 1996 ETOILE in Lyon started in 1997 – Preliminary design by TERA and IN2P3 and CEA Nordic Centre in Stockholm started in 1999 – Preliminary design by TERA: NIM B184 (2001) 569


51

MedAustron in Wiener Neustadt PIMMS/TERA

Approval expected In June 2004

Project management Med. Dir.: T. Auberger Tech. Dir: E. Griesmeyer


1

2

gantry p

gantry C

52

Agreement of the University Claude Bernard with CEA (DMS) – CNRS (IN2P3)

ETOILE in Lyon

PIMMS/TERA

vertical beam 4200 m2


53