Um dos objetivos da etnobioloqia e entender como

NOTES ON T H E ETHNOICTHYOLOGY OF FISHERMEN FROM THE TOCANTINS RIVER

(BRAZIL)

(*)

A. Begossi

(**)

J. C. Garavello

(***)

RESUMO

Um dos objetivos da etnobioloqia e entender como as populações humanas classificam os recursos encontrados no ambiente. Bote, estado aborda aspectos da etnoictioloqia, de comunidades de pescadores locotizadas no Medio Tocantins, entre as cidades de, Impera triz e Estreito [Estado s do Maranhão e To cantas). Tonam -realizadas visitas bimestrais, de. outubro de 1987 a junho de. 198S. Pescadores foram entrevistado6 sobre a utilização t classificação de peixes e espécimes de peixes foram coletados para identificação. Os cMtérios de classificação dos pescadores são morfolóqicos e ecoloqicos {em particular relacionados ao habitat). Observou-se uma classificação mais detalhada pela comunidades das espécies de peixes utilizadas para consumo, venda e/ou fins medicinais do que das não utilizadas.

INTRODUCTION

One o f sifies

t h e s c o p e s o f e t h n o b i o l o g y i s t o u n d e r s t a n d how a g i v e n p o p u l a t i o n

and d e s c r i b e s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

tion of

folk

and s c i e n t i f i c

classificatory biological communities Only

processes.

(**)

(1986),

the c o r r e l a -

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s may s u g g e s t s o m e u n i v e r s a l i t y E t h n o b i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s c a n a l s o be v e r y

in

human

useful to

acquire

i n f o r m a t i o n on b e h a v i o r o f t h e s p e c i e s , e c o l o g i c a l d i v e r s i t y and n a t u r a l (Posey,

1987)·

r e c e n t l y , studies on ethnobiology o f

received attention.

(*)

According to Boster et a l .

clas-

Posey

(1979,

isolated communities

1 9 8 1 , 1983) h a s b e e n c o n d u c t i n g

This study was supported by Eletronorte-Themag

in B r a z i l

studies

on

have the

Engenharia.

Departamento de Ecologia, I B , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941, Rio de J a n e i r o , RJ, Brazil.

(***)

Departamento

de Zoologia, IB, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13560, São Car-

los, SP, Brazil.

ethnob.iology o f Amazonian

Indians,

in particular

lished works on folk c l a s s i f i c a t i o n died

natural

Islands.

o f Cha-Cha, t h e fishermen

Silva

resources, specially

T h e r e a r e few

of fishes, or ethnoicthyology.

aspects o f the ethnoichtyology

l i v e on the V i r g i n

among t h e K a y a p ó .

(1988)

fishes,

Morri 1

pub-

(.1967)stud-

from French o r i g i n

that

analyzed aspects o f the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

by fishermen

from Piratininga

(Rio

of

de

Janeiro

State). Among a l l

t h e p e r c e v e i d components o f t h e environment

only

some o f t h e m a r e u t i l i z e d .

land

in which t h e population

settles

Using t h e "Hutchinsontan

t h e r e s o u r c e s used by t h e p o p u l a t i o n

ized niche" o f this

population

(Pianka,

to a n a l y z e f i s h e r m e n ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n the niche

of fishes;

ones w i t h a s o l i d

popular

population, include

concept"

1983).

Theobjectives

investigate

of this

of

ecological the "real-

study

are:

b) t o f i n d t h e c r i t e r i a

t h e assumption

resources) which fishermen

that

the

f o r food,

a r e c o n s i d e r e d as components o f

of the fishes;

c) t o

(in this case, fishery

these

and t h e organisms which a r e important

cash, medicine, ornaments and so o n . niche,

by any given

I n t h e c a s e o f human p o p u l a t i o n s ,

a)

used

in

t h e components

of

depend upon a r e a l s o

the

classification.

Jl METHODOLOGY

F i e l d w o r k was performed at t h e T o c a n t i n s between

the c i t i e s

of

Imperatriz

area was v i s i t e d

in alternate

cluded

living

fishermen

Is a part onomy

Data o n f i s h fish

months,

in c i t i e s ,

Tocantins

from October

technology,

& Braga

tures of fish (1984).

Theobjective Diamond

nob i o l o g i c a l

was t o v e r i f y

research.

pointed Thus,

fishermen.

Prof.

1988.

et a l .

(1984).

State)

provided valuable

100

Km,

houses along

T h e study

the river

families

interviews with For details

in-

banks.

and f i s h

It

tax-

fishermen

the correlation

among f o l k a n d s c i e n t i f i c

of relying

were collected

only

and i d e n t i f i e d

F o r r a r e specimens we used o n l y

collected

in

a n d some common

the pictures

among some f i s h e r m e n

:in

Paulista

etal.

classifi-

upon p i c t u r e s

M. P e t r e r e J r . f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i d a d e E s t a d u a l information

t o name t h e p i c -

from t h e Lower T o c a n t i n s by Santos

out the problems

fish

about

o n t h e p r o c e d u r e s see

D u r i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w s , w e a s k e d some f i s h e r m e n

(1989)

were checked w i t h

during

purposes.

shown in t h e c a t a l o g u e o f f i s h e s

cation.

1987 t o J u n e

diet o f fisherman

common names w e r e c o l l e c t e d

(1990).

o f about

river.

consumed, s o l d and used f o r medicinal

Begossi

in a s t r e t c h

towns and s c a t t e r e d

of a research on fishing

in the Middle

river

a n d E s t r e i t o (Maranhão a n d T o c a n t i n s S t a t e s ) . T h e study

ethnames Santos

( S ã o Paulo

from the

city

of

Imperatriz . Briefly, Interviews

about

were done w i t h the c a t a l o g u e 342

three complementary fish

utilization

types o f data

(consumption,

s e t s w e r e used

in this

study:

I)

p r e f e r e n c e s , sale and medicinal

uses)

234 f i s h e r m e n . A v a r i e t y o f common names w e r e q u o t e d i n t h e s e by S a n t o s e t a l . (1984) w a s shown t o a b o u t

13 informants

i n t e r v i e w s ; 2)

(experienced

Begossi

4 Garavello

f i s h e r m e n ^ ; 31 F i s h e r m e n w e r e a s k e d t o name f i s h just

s p e c i e s , By snowing

them

specimens

collected.

RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION

Interviews were performed a t the c i t i e s polis,

o f Imperatriz,

Porto Franco, Tocantlnô-

a n d E s t r e i t o , a t t h e t o w n o f O e s c a r r e t o a n d among r i v e r i n e

banks o f t h e r i v e r . in t e n t s

o r huts

Some o f t h e m l i v e o n t h e r i v e r

during

("Summer") when f i s h

the fishing

schools

migrate

T h e common a n d s c i e n t i f i c families

are also classified

banks and o t h e r s

season.

Fishing

upstream

(Begossi

names o f f i s h

is intense

settle

(ray),

to

July

1988).

a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1.

represented by t h ePotamotrygonidae as " A r r a i a "

the

temporarily

f r o m May

6 Petrere,

by fishermen as an i d e n t i f i a b l e

tnidae a s " P i a u " , C i c h l i d a e a s " C a r á " ,

fishermen along

Some

scientific

s e to f species.

These

Hemiodidae as " V o a d o r " ,

are

Anosto-

Doradidae a s " C u i ú - c u i ú " and L o r i c a r i i d a e

as

"Acar Í". The c r i t e r i a and, s e c o n d a r i l y , the s c a l e

types

bico-fino" lyta

gorda"

to classify

and t h e f i s h

( f l o w e r mouth)

(Leporinus f r i d e r i c i ) features

used

on f i s h

in k n o w i n g natives

(rocky).

behavior,

and " c a r á o i ã o "

t h ebehavior o f birds

morphological

importants,

as well

Some e x a m p l e s a r e

boca-fina"

(thin

(big

eye)

refer

such a s "do

(Laemo-

"piau

cabeça-

lago"

(songs, f o r example)

(1989)

fla-

t o the kind

(lake)

of

and "da p e d r a "

t h e Cha-Cha have a s p e c i a l

Diamond

"lampreia

mouth)

(Chaetobranchus mainly

as

knowledge

described the

i n the classification

importance used

by

f r o m New G u i n e a . Silva

(1988)

pointed

nature from two major fishermen

out that

points:

in t h efish

sented b y f r u i t s

classification

or terrestrial

His),

m a n g a - r o s a " (mango)

(Nyleus s p p . ,

caninana"

among o t h e r s ) , " c a r á cabeça-de-burro"

We s h o u l d e x p e c t important

(a local

that

in therealized

ognized by fishermen.

found

fishermen.

name f o r a s p e c i e s

(Serrasalmus n a t t e r e r f ) ,

A similar Some f i s h

maçã" (apple

o f snake) "pacu

caititu"

(white-collared

peccary)

(S. nattereri),

among

utilized

fish,

seems t o b e t r u e ,

used a s m e d i c i n e a n d s o l d w e r e q u i c k l y

(Leporinus

(Disaffi(leaf)

( C . spectabile)

w o u l d b e t h e o n e s most

(Table. 1 ) .

repre-

ray)

others. t h e most

easily

consumed, p r e f e r r e d as

recognized by fishermen during

t h e Corvina (PlagJoscion. surinamensis)

are

o r t h e species which are

as t h e f i s h

these

tendency

lombo-de-foia"

(donkey head) t h e most

understand

is a reference f o r

in the sea.

Examples a r e " a r r a i a

niche o f these populations

This

from Piratininqa

The land

byTocantins'

animals.

"piau

and " p i r a n h a

fishermen

o f the orqanisms

ceus t h a y e r i ) , "piranha

maritime

t h e land and t h e s e a .

in the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

was o b s e r v e d

for

is found,

food habits.

are mainly

(Cichlasoma s p e c t a b i l e ) ,

M o r r i 1 (1967) o b s e r v e d t h a t

such as o n f i s h

"piau

in folk classification

habitat o r substrate onwhich t h e f i s h or " p e d r a l "

species

pigmentation.

(Ramphychthys marmoratus),

boca-de-flor"

Ecological

fish

T h e shape o f head and mouth a r e

o r thick)

beak)

"cará

( f a t head)

vescens).

ecological.

(thin

(thin

petiti),

used by fishermen

recfood,

i n t e r v i e w s , except

Furthermore, fish

pictures

that

f i s h e r m e n had d i f f i c u l t y species or

species

concerning

fish

pictures

not

names

has no

in r e c o g n i z i n g w e r e e i t h e r

found in

influence

cf.

sites

1ipophtalmus,

ermen.

Species of

(198 ») a n d common

guntheri,

small in

the major

readily

Dysceus t h a y e r i ,

Most

(1984)

small

not

understanding fishermen

al. of

the

of

Lower T o c a n t i n s

or

angle of

(1986)

tha

included

such as

i n S a n t o s e t al. familiar

w e r e not

common names pattern

during

for

informant

of

in our

or

if

do n o t

duopunc-'

collected

and a r e

by

repre-

identification and

Serrasalmi-

can be a t o o l

among o r g a n i s m s .

they

falcirostrls,

study.

interviews

disagreements

Pel lona

Aequidens

platynema,

the L o r i c a r i i d a e

the s i m i l a r i t y

t h e s e s p e c i e s as s i m i l a r

sp.

Sternarchoramphus

( T a b l e 1 ) , whose s c i e n t i f i c

was f o u n d

emphasized that perceptions

quoted

to

and P o e c i l i a

atherinoides,

observed

fish-

s p . , Hypoptoma cf.

Cichlasorna s p e c t a b i l e , and G o s l i n i a

Doras

r e c o g n i z e d by

Roeboides

Pterengraulis

198^)

mulis,

r i v e r w e r e not

Other species,

Lower T o c a n t i n s w e r e not

A similar

rara

t h e answers

(Santos et a l .

For example, Mugil

the Tocantins

B. v a i l l a n t i

("cará")

people's

"useless"

to

the

We d o n o t k n o w ,

pay a t t e n t i o n

in

clas-

species.

differences

among a w i d e

known f i s h e s ) .

in f i s h

For example,

study area.

name " p a p a - t e r r a "

names w e r e o b s e r v e d .

repertoire

most consumed and s o l d by

of

names a n d

the Curimatl

local

(Prochilodus

fishermen

(Beqossi

T h e name " 1 a m b e - l a m b e "

only

in T o c a n t i n ó p o l i s .

F o r many c a s e s w e c o u l d

regional

differences

(except

nigricans), which

6 Petrere,

was m e n t i o n e d Many o t h e r

1988), only

is

is

not

for

dif-

well-

the

fish

known by

in P o r t o F r a n c o

examples a r e

included

morphology

and h a b i t a t

this and in

1. Finally,

important

for

w e may c o n c l u d e t h a t c r i t e r i a

the

fish

classification

The degree of

importance

"Useful"

( o r components

fied

the color

the study a r e a , not

Cichla ocellaris,

overlapped

consider

Local

Table

in

affluents

flavicans,

in

clear.

dae. Boster et

the

shows t h a t

Middle T o c a n t i n s ) .

Potamotrygon h í s t r i x ,

cichlids

sented by a set o f

name i n a l l

used as a r e s o u r c e ,

Exodon paradoxus, Cetopsis c a e c u t i ê n s ,

A. falcatus,

Santos et a l .

ferentiate

( T a b l e 1)

r e c o g n i z e d by f i s h e r m e n .

Brachyplatystoma

sifying

not

The homogeneity of

Pachypops f u r c r a e u s , Hemiodopsis a r g e n t e u s , A c e s t r o r h y n c h u s

A. microlepis,

if

fish

river.

such as C h a l c e u s m a c r o l e p i d o t u s ,

Galeocharax g u l i o ,

still

the

identification.

size collected

inulleri,

is

of

w e r e o b s e r v e d among t h e

(upstream or

were not

tatus,

in t h e i r

Rare s p e c i e s ,

flavipinnis,

part

Hassar s p . and L e p t o d o r a s a c i p e n s e r í n u s w e r e not

1

fishermen.

this

the study area

Fauna d i f f e r e n c e s and t h e s t u d y

in

fish

in a " f i n e r "

of

the of

resource also the

based on f i s h

o b s e r v e d among f i s h e r m e n

realized

manner than " u s e l e s s "

fish.

plays a role niche)

in

are either

are

from the Tocantins river. the f o i k taxonomy of fishes better

known o r

classi-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We a r e g r a t e f u l t o E l e t r o n o r t e - T h e m a g (Conselho Nacional during

all

staff

de D e s e n v o l v i m e n t o C i e n t í f i c o

this study;

Rio de J a n e i r o )

Engenharia

for financial

Francisco,

and R . C e r q u e i r a S i l v a , Herênio,

for their

to

for scholarships

CNPq t o AB

aid while writing

friendly

this manuscript; support;

L u i z a and Enzo, f o r helpful

to the d r i v e r s

to our field

discussions;

research

t o E.

do and

col-

Caramaschi

f o r comment i n g u p o n t h i s m a n u s c r i p t ; t o J . E . C . da S i 1 v a a n d R . M .

from the "Colônia

p i t a l i t y and c o o p e r a t i o n river,

e Tecnológico)

support;

t o CNPq a n d F A P E R J ( F u n d a ç ã o d e A m p a r o ã P e s q u i s a d e E s t a d o

f r o m Themag E n g e n h a r i a , f o r t h e f i e l d w o r k

leagues M i g u e l ,

for financial

de P e s c a d o r e s " Z - 3 5 and Z - 2 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

and, finally,

t o t h e fishermen and f a m i l i e s

for their

hos-

from t h e Tocantins

cooperation.

SUMMARY

Ethnobiology includes lhe study of now populations perceive and classify organisms. This study focuses on the utilization and classification of fishes by fishermen from the Tocantins river. The study area is located between the cities of Imperatriz and Estreito {Maranhão and Tocantins States). Interviews with fishermen and collection of fish species were performed from October 1987 to June 1988. The criteria used by fishermen to classify fish species are mainly morphological, such as related to body shape and coloration. Tish habitat is also an information used in folk classification. Terrestrial plants and animals are a reference for some fish names. Vishermen showed a deeper knowledge and detailed classification of species of fish used for food, sale, or medicine. T-olk classification represents the knowledge a population has on its environment, and it is more detailed on species which are part of its realized niche as indicated by this study.

Table 1 .

Common a n d s c i e n t i f i c

names o f

between the c i t i e s of

imperatriz

fishermen

a n d S= s o l d .

mentioned o n l y

triz,

PF= P o r t o

The symbols tioned or

in

fish

from the T o c a n t i n s

and E s t r e i t o .

in

Letters

in parenthesis

that location:

medicinal

in an area

mean t h a t

the f i s h

I s l a n d and T =

more

purposes,

D= D e s c a r r e t o , E = E s t r e i t o ,

F r a n c o , SQ= S e r r a Q u e b r a d a

refer

river,

F i s h c i t e d b y 5% o r

i n t e r v i e w e d a s C= c o n s u m e d , M= u s e d f o r

preferred, was

fishes

P= name

1 = Impera

Tocantinõpolis.

to:

•

f i s h o f f a s t r e c o g n i t i o n a n d w i t h t h e same name

men-

interviews;

•

fish

fish

with

large

of

difficult

recognition;

·*·

only adult

size.

POTAMOTRYGONI DAE arraia

Μ

de f o g o

Potamotrygon motoro

arraia

preta,

arraia

branca, arraia

aramaçá,

arraia

rodeiro,

rabo seco

(l)

P.

maça

rodeirão,

hystrix

Disceus arraia

preta

•

thayery

( T , PF)

ιSOLEIDAE solha,

so ia

»

Achtrus achirus

•

ELECTROPHORIDAE poraquê,

p o r a q u ê de f o g o

Electrophorus

electricus

a

M

APTERONOTIDAE lampreia,

lampreia

amarela

Sternarchoramphus mullerí

•

STERNOPYGfDAE lampreia

preta,

sarapó

Sternopygus

lampreia

macrurus

S. obtusirostris

•

Ramphichthys marmoratus

•

RAMPHICHTHYIDAE lampreia,

tub*,

lampreia

lampreia,

sarapó

bico-fino

R.

rostratus

OSTEOGLOSSIDAE aruanã,

araunã (E)

pirarucu,

pi r o s c a

Osteoglossum bícirrhosum

•

Arapaima gigas

•

CL UP E l ! DA Ε apapá,

dourada

apapá,

sarda

de e s c a m a , s a r d a

Pel lona P.

castelnaeana

flavipinnis

ENGRAULI DAE sardinha (E),

de l a t a ,

j o i o duro

sardinha

sardinha

fedorenta,

(E)

de l a t a ,

s a r d i n h a de b o t o Lycengraul is

tubaraninha

batesii

Anchovía surinamensís

o

P t e r e n g r a u l is a t n e r í n o i d e s

•

C T E N O L U C I I DAE bicuda

Boulengerella ocellata

•

B. maculata

•

Hoplias

•

E R Y T H R I N I DAE traíra jeju,

iú

jeju,

i ú , ma r i a n a

malabaricus

Hoplerythrinus (Τ)

unitaeniatus

Μ

•

Erythrinus erythrynus

•

CURIMAT I DAE m

ψ

jaraqui curimatá, giriüna

lambe-lambe,

papa-terra

S e m a p r o c h i l o d u s brama

• CPS

Prochilodus

•

( T ) , 1ambreta ( P F ) ,

(T)

branquinha

nigricans

Curimatá amazônica

solta-baião,

durão

Curimatá c y p r i n o i d e s

ubarana

Anodus e l o n g a t u s

CPS

• CS • •

HEMIODIDAE

S CS

voador,

voador americano

Argonectes scapularis

voador,

v o a d o r escama g r o s s a ,

voador,

voador escama f i n a

palito

(D)

Hemiodopsis

•

unimaculatus

H . argenteus

ANOSTOMIDAE piau vara piau cabeça gorda piau a r a c u , piau meia,

rajado

piau

•

CS

Leporinus

•

CPS

friderici

flamengo, f l a m e n g u i s t a , camisa de

( E ) , caninana

( E ) , bargado (SO.),

p i a u cape lobo-κ- , p i a u c a c h o e i r a (E),

Schizodon vittatum

coco, piau danta

( D ) , piau

L. a f f i n i s

•

curimatá

{ D , T , PF)

L.

sabão

trifasciatus

Anos tomo i d e s

piau c r o t e , curimatá

piau boca-fina,

piau de loca

(T)

laticeps

•

piau

( Τ ) , casca seca ( l )

Laemolyta

petltl

SERRASALMIDAE ipiranha,

pirambeba

pirambeba, curupeté, piranha

piranha

(l) preta

pirambeba,

Serrasalmus (D)

piranha

eigenmanni

S . rhombeus preta

(PF)

cabeça-de-burro, queixo-de-burro,

piranha vermelha

S . spilopleura manga-rosa, S. nattereri

pacu d e n t e - s e c o , pacu lombo

de f o i a (folha)

Mylesinus

schomburgkí

Metynnís hypsauchen My1 e u s

pacu

M. c f . m i c a n s My1eus c f . t o r q u a t u s pacu l o m b o - d e - f o i a p a c u

S. Pedro,

curupeté

Myleus s p .

•

pacu l o m b o - d e - f o i a , pacu b a n d e i r a

pacu d e n t e - s e c o ,

p a c u da

pedra,

(T)

pacu manteiga caranha CHARACIDAE piau cachorro

cachorra cacunda,

cacundinha,

cachorra

gata

sardinha, curta,

gata

( Ε ) , sardinha

sardinha

sardinha

sardinha

cachorrinha

papuda,

gata sardinha

moça,

sardinha

papo-largo

colim,

sardinha

facão

(D),

sardinha

(E)

sardinha

rabo-verme!ho (D), sardinha

r a b o de o u r o ,

rnatr i n c h a ladina,

matrinchi

piabanha SCIAENIDAE corvina,

pescada, corvina branca

corvina,

corvina

pescada,

pescadinha,

preta

pescada, pescadinha,

ronca pescada p i n t a d a

CICHLIDAE cará boca-de-flor, dourado

cará caroço-de-manga

( P F ) , cará c a i t i t u

( E ) , cará

(D)

c a r á de l a g o cará

tabaco-doido

(l),

c a r á de l a g o ,

cará

caroço-

de-manga tucunaré, tucunaré

pitanga comum, t u c u n a r é - a ç ú

c a r á . de p r a i a mariana,

(l),

jacundá,

cará

c a r á de g r o t a

(T) . .

sabão

cará,

cará

de p r a i a ,

cará,

cará

de

cará bico-doce

luzia,

lago,

cará cará

tabaco-doido serrotão

( Τ ) , c a r á de p e d r a ,

cará

pedral....

cará p r e t o ,

c a r á o i ao

(olhão)

Chaetohranchus

c a r á pi r o s c a

flavescens

Astronotus ocellatus

•

Platydoras costatus

•

DORADI DAE cambotã,

cuiú-cuiü,

cuiú-cuiú,

serrotinho

cuiú-cuíú

branco, cuíú-cuiú

boca-de-

bezerro cuiú-cuiú,

cuiú-cuiú

amarelo, cuiú-cuiú

cuiú-cuiú

mandí b o c a - d e - f l o r ,

niger

Megalodoras

irwini

boca-curta,

cumbá, m a n d í - s e r r a cuiú-cuiú,

Pseudodoras

preto

Pterodoras

mandí s a c a c a , mandí

serra

(l)

...Hassar

granulosus

wilderi

CALLICHTHYDAE elo',

camboatá,

tamatá,

s e t e - l é g u a s . cambuí

(l)

Hoplosternum

thoracathum

LORICARIIDAE acarí,

bodo

acarf,

acarí

acarí, acarí

.Pterygoplichthys pirarara,

bodó

de l a g o , a c a r í

cotia

(PF, T)

spinosus

Pseudacanthicus

sp.

acarí

da p e d r a , a c a r í

acarí,

acarí

da p e d r a , a c a r í - c o t i a

acarí,

acarí

chicote,

acarí,

acarí

pedral

acarí,

acarí

pedral,

acarí

p i n t a d o da l a j e

Hemiancistrus

niveatus

acarí,

acarí

pedral,

acarí

barba

Hemiancistrus

sp.

acarí,

acarí

r a b o de c h i c o t e ,

( T , P F , E) (l)

Panaque

( Τ ) , cachimbo,

cachimbinho,

ηigrolineatus

Hypostomus c f .

de arame

cachimbo,

cachimbinho

emarginatus

plecostomus

tranceiim....Loricaria

viola

•

Panaque s p .

H.

foguete ( Τ ) , cachimbo, foguete

viola

( T , P F , D)

Pseudacanthicus

acarí,

acarí

tamanco

sp.

sp.

Pseudoloricaria

punctata

•

Loricarí ichthys nudirostris

•

Hypophtalmus marginatus

•

Ageneiosus b r e v i f í l i s

•

HYPOPHTHALMIDAE mamparã AGENEI0SIDAE fidalgo mamparã,

fidalgo comprido,

p e r n a de c a l ç a

A.

dentatus

PIMELODIDAE mandubé

PIatystomatichthys

b i c o de p a t o

S o r u b i m 1 ima Sorubimichthys

liro,

Hemisorubi.m

pirarara

• •

surubim c h i c o t e mandubé, mandubé p i n t a d i n h o

sturio

planiceps

•

Μ

platyrhynchus

. P h r a c t o c e p h a l us hemioliopterus

•

Μ

jaú

Paulicea lutkeni

•

MS

dourada

Brachyplatystoma

flavicans

•

branqu i nho, piramutaba

B. v a í l l a n t i ,

•

filhote

B.

•

bagre

Goslinia

surubim, surubim pintado,

,

surubim tora

•

faseiatum

•

PimelodeUa cristata

cabeça de f e r r o

pintadinho,

platynema

Pseudoplatystoma

mandí mole mandí

f i lamentosum

•

Pimelodus b l o c h i i

mandí d o u r a d o

Platynematichthys

• notatus

CP •

barbado

Pirinampus

pfrinampu

•

S

mandí moela

Pimelodina

flavipinnis

•

C

AUCHENIPTERIDAE m a p a r á , mamparã 1 e g í t i m o , m a n d Γ - s a r d i n h a anojado, anojado, cangatí

OBS.:

boca-de-sapato, capadinho,

capadinho,

mandí s a p o ,

(E)

Auchenipterus

pocomão

Tocantinsia

Parauchenipterus galeatus

" S a r d i n h a " was q u o t e d from d i f f e r e n t

Dorad i dae.

piresi

pocomão,

(E)

specified

nuchalis

in

as c o n s u m e d a n d s o l d .

families.

However,

it

refers

•

t o many

T h e " M a n d í " w h i c h was m e n t i o n e d as " s o l d " was

i n t e r v i e w s and

it

refers

to

3 species of

Pitnelodidae

and

species not

1 of

References

Begossi, A . & Braga, F. M. de S. - 1990. Food taboos and folk medicine among from the Tocantins river. Amazoniana (accepted for p u b l i c a t i o n ) .

fishermen

Begossi, A. & Petrere J r . , M. - 1 9 8 8 . Utilização de recursos aquáticos e tecnologia entre pescadores do Médio Tocantins. In: II Encontro de Ciências Sociais e o Mar no B r a s i l . Coletânea de trabalhos apresentados, A . C. Diegues & R. R. Sales ( e d s ) . Sao P a u l o : I0USP/F. Ford/UICN, p . 158-69. Boster, J.; Berlin, Β.; O ' N e i l l , J. - 1986. T h e correspondence of Jivaroan to scien­ tific ornithology. American Anthropologist, 8 8 : 5 6 9 - 8 3 . Diamond, J. - 1989.

Morril, W . T . - 1 9 6 7 . Pianka, E . R. - 1 9 8 3 .

1

The ethnobiogist s

dilemma. Natural History,

Ethnoicthyology of the Cha-Cha. Ethnology,

6:26-30. 6:405-17.

Evolutionary ecology. New Y o r k : Harper & Row P u b l i s h e r s .

Posey, D. A. - 1 9 7 9 . Ethnoentomology of the Kayapo Indians of Central B r a z i l , PhD thesis, University of Georgia, A t h e n s , USA. Posey, D. A. - 1 9 8 1 . W a s p s , w a r r i o r s , and fearless m e n : ethnoentomology of the Kayapõ Indians of Central Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology, 1:165-74. Posey, D. A. - 1 9 8 3 . Ethnomethodology as an emic guide to cultural systems: the case of the insects and the Kayapõ Indians of Amazonia. Revista Brasileira de Z o o l o g i a , 1:135-44. Posey, D . Α . - 1 9 8 7 . Temas e inquirições em etnoentomologia: algumas sugestões quanto ã geração e teste de h i p ó t e s e s . Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio G o e l d i . Série An tropologia, (3):99-139. Santos, G. M. dos; J e g u , M; M e r n a , B. - 1984. T o c a n t i n s . M a n a u s : ELETRONORTE/CNPq/lNPA. Silva, G. 0. da - 1988. Tudo que tem vivos entre trabalhadores da pesca ciais e o Mar no B r a s i l . Coletânea Sales ( e d s ) . Sao P a u l o : I0USP - F.

Catálogo de peixes comerciais do Baixo

na terra tem no m a r . A classificação dos seres em Píratininga (RJ). In:II Encontro de Ciências S o de trabalhos a p r e s e n t a d o s . A . C. Diegues, & R. R. Ford - UICN, p. 2 1 6 - 2 5 .

(Aceito para publicação em 29/6/90)