Understanding Methodological Solution In Design ...

Understanding Methodological Solution In Design Situation Of Novice Designer R. Anwar, S. Z. Abidin and O. H. Hassan Formgiving Design Research Group Faculty of Art & Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—This research discusses about categorizing new approach of industrial design research through design practice. Ironically, most of the novice designer design flaws and perspectives were not acquiescence with the design solutions. They probably faced with the unruly conclusion between structured and emergent design reasoning. The focus of this research is on understanding of the role demarcation of references and subject matter, which preferred as guidance of the novice designer to embark new ideas. The strategies of form development activities were adapted to a form-giving design theory. Finally, the design practice was analyzed through empirical design studies. It is aims to uncover the design thinking approaches and their standpoint on design solutions. The results also discussed the solution to both initial problems of design activities. At the end of this study, the guidelines of design methodology for novice designer were established in determining the core relation between design structure, design appearance and design limitation. Keywords— Design issues, design strategies, design experience, principle-solution.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The focus of this paper is to have another look on the opportunity to innovate a sphere of the industrial design education, especially on the ceramic perspective, supported by the theories of creativity and innovation. It has been a drastically emergent of design development surrounded by different level of carrier development [1]. Designers use to combine the concept between three major issues; the problembased, procedural design (manufacturing technical or material) and artist impression. Although the study of ceramic design practices has implement for decade, it still lack on discussion towards design development and critical design situation faced by designers. Any design education includes research extremely emphasize on the interaction design [2], where design discipline keen to become so important in defining the behavior between artifacts, environment and system among scholars. Even both industry and academia agreed this phenomenon need to be expanded for further improvements especially on the product development process. Abidin claims any development process refined with a designer-centered approach which mean, focusing to a larger extend on values

and the cultural, includes the aesthetical and emotion aspect of the design [3]. In this paper, we intend to introduce a new methodology for solution-based while performing industrial design activities. Design methodologies practiced by novice designer investigate in details. The designer selected from individual engaged with industrial design practice specialized in ceramic. A comparison study of sub-disciplines of design according to shared focus. It is based on research activities, the critical design situations in the existing ceramic design practices. It is aim to bring an organizational design understanding for novice designer before they move to the other cognitive level of design situation. II.

A DESIGN PATTERN OF NOVICE DESIGNER

Growing up for over four decades, the ceramic design professional course has premeditated an enhancement course that concerned with creativity. At the same time, they have fully trained to generatively able to innovative a design. The investigation of nature in design practice among novice designer (see Table 1) will consider a process of creativity and innovation, how designer think and work and how innovation can be encouraged by environmental and management factors. For instance; •

wish to explore new methods of working in studio practice

•

carry out an in-depth investigation into the processes of innovation for industry

Each design project proposed will broaden the boundaries of current work by; •

exploring new ways of working, new markets or new technologies

•

work towards breaking new ground in own field

•

closely examine appropriate presentation skills to promote ceramic design work in a competitive market.

Eight novice (Table. 1) selected is a sample of future designer, who generally discuss a wide design methodology in a different strategy [4-11]. The misleading product development probably faced with the unruly conclusion between structured and emergent design reasoning. This

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general terms of design understanding can create misunderstanding among ceramist due to the wide-ranging of interpretations exist. If the future designer not comprehensively trained with strong foundation in design process, design world will potentially face a distorted problem-solution. It’s clearly proved from the report defined by Feast where the establishment of doctoral programs specific to design has brought the issue of the relationship of scholarly research and creative practice to the forefront in design education’s academic community [12]. At the same issue, these practicebased doctorates became a major topic to be discussed in the international conference includes publications. The issues obviously became as a ‘wakeup call’ for the ceramist while the discussion from the other field has been started earlier and reach the high level in design understanding. TABLE I.

AN OVERVIEW OF NOVICE DESIGNER PATTERNS IN DESIGN ACTIVITY.

Raif [5] Discourse theory Rahman [6] Deconstruction Ibrahim [7] Design Pattern Vermol [8] Grounded theory Johari [9] Survey research Adibah [10] Phenomenological research Yahya [11] Experimental research

Theme identification Literary analysis

Narrative

Life history

Discovered Aesthetic Elements of Bubbles Inspiring Ceramics Art Form Revision on Cartoon Character Integrate with Chess Concept for Industrial Ceramic Artware A Case Study on Skeleton Constituent as Earth Related Constructive Form Hidden Pattern of Doodles on Ceramic Lighting Framework Design on Stoneware Bund for Modern Oryza Sativa Planting Human Behaviours Influence Frameworrk of the Ablution Tub Design Significance of Japanese Tea Ceremony Values with Ceramic Art Interpretation Local peat soil as ball clay replacement in earthenware

Case study

Noordin [4] Hypothetical research

Statistical analysis

Design Issue

Measurement & scaling

Designer

Sampling

Methodology

This general terms of design understanding can create some misunderstanding among ceramist due to the wide-ranging of interpretations will existed. If the future designer not

comprehensive train with a strong foundation in design thinking, design world will face a distorted problem-solution in the future. It’s clearly proved from the report defined by Feast where the establishment of doctoral programs specific to design has brought the issue of the relationship of scholarly research and creative practice to the forefront in design education’s academic community [2]. At the same issue, these practice-based doctorates became a major topic to be discussed in the international conference includes publications. The issues obviously became as a ‘wakeup call’ for the ceramist while the discussion from the other field has been started earlier and reach the high level in design understanding. III.

ISSUES IN INDUSTRIAL CERAMIC DESIGN SITUATION

A. Novice Designer Challenges In Decision Making. Minghini has found out, challenging the principle of the ceramic material itself they can perform a ceramic constructive artwork beyond the ability of its nature [13]. In a point of Driver’s views, it is invaluable to understand how an object functions, how it will be held, what it feels like to touch and how it performs when used as intended [14]. However, for novice designer to identify, and make use the most suitable method in design strategy always fails to deal with manufacturing or production needs [1]. With the cognitive level as novice, generally they will suddenly come close to take subject matter as case study and finalize with the technical application, ignoring the reasonableness of they own design. In this case, we agree with Ahmed who claims the novice designer used a particular pattern referred as trial and error [15]. They do not realize the flaws will generate a big gap to all angles of their creation. Cross clearly explained, a novice undergoes training and education in their chosen field, and then at some later point becomes an expert. The accumulation of experience is a vital part of the transformation to expert [16]. Without a doubt, bringing up a foundation to novice designer should be progressively moved forward, and as a rule, learning from the senior designer. In our point of view, we suggest a ‘reverse engineering’ in ceramic design issue. Reverse engineering in and of itself does not involve changing the subject system. It is a process of examination, not change or replication [17]. Since the lack of information to enclosure of rationalization by the expert, figuring out the recent design activities among novice designer comes to a concrete judgment. It can systematically configure as a parameter for design reviews. It cleanly confirmed the validation process has been applied among senior designer; the classification between design methodologies will be as guide in reviewing the design issues. Bringing two out of four basic elements on a research process that has been revealed by Crotty as [18]; •

Methodology: the strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes.

•

Methods: the techniques or procedures used to gather and analyze data related to some research question or hypothesis.

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Fig. 1. A chart summary to segmenting the component design among novice ceramic designers

The interrelation between ConMaTech in ceramic design situation essentially has discussed by Jakobsen [20]. He gives the introductory of the complex subject to determining the shape, material and production method. In the situation of determining the complex subject between shape of a component and its material and manufacturing method, Jakobsen in his argument explain, there is a need for harmony between its shape, material and production method for any a component to be well designed. Any shape need to be fitted to the materials properties. If the component is designed with a specific material, its difficult for the shape be harmony with the different material if for some reason, it has to change. Lawson rationalize, developing a better understanding in the nature of design includes the characteristics of design problem and solutions, we can properly study how the designers think [21].

ProForMa in figure 2 is an interaction between the product specification and the process, form and material drawn. It was developed based on the relation between design component introduce by Jakobsen. In relation with ceramic product development, we agree with Nisson about the structure of the interaction changes during the form determination, material and process selection [22]. Underlying ProForMa in ceramic design situation, the three element of ConMaTech, figure 1, can be form in seven possible ways according to Anwar’s CSWD framework [1] and FDPS model [23]. IV.

METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHT FORMGIVING DESIGN PRINCIPLE SOLUTION

Cross has been widely study on the behavior between expert and novice designer and prove the advantages awarded to expert due to the experienced basis [17]. The senior designer was one step below of the expert and the experienced journey and when the time stream, the challenges come, this senior group comes to replaced. Since the novice designer will replaced their seniors, step by step of understanding the design strategy should be masters with the cognition [24]. Therefore, Anwar suggested Formgiving Design Principle-Solution (FDPS) to reflect the interaction between designers-artefactsusers (DAU) and formgiving activities [23]. FDPS define seven important design patterns used among novice that classified in Adreason and Pahl product development process. Restructuring DAU interactions based on the development activities is important to ensure hierarchy order in DAU system sorted by design development’s need [25]. We recommend the system sorted every time the design strategy moved to the next development activities. Seven patterns identified in both models as organized in figure 3., its reflect to interaction between DAU and formgiving activities; the principle-solution begin from the needs (related to design issue); problem solving (related to DAU); principle of design (related to aesthetics demand); product design specification (related to material requirements); manufacturing design (related to production and technical solving); and continues improvements (related to DAU feedbacks). FDPS

C. Design Theory Related To Industrial Ceramic Design Issue. The design concern discuss on Table 1 can be summarize into three major scoop of research approaches as shows on figure 1. Based on eight samples’ mentioned, the segmentation of three major issues in industrial ceramic design component can be clarified into concept-material-technical (ConMaTech).

Fig. 2. ProForMa, from Nilsson [22].

The Need

Problem Solving

Principle of Design

Product Design Structure

Design Specification

Manufacturing Design

Continues Improvements

System

B. Multiplicity method of design practiced among novice designer The hierarchical nature of the structure determines that the assumptions embedded in the primary element inform each subsequent element [18]. The review of selected as design activities conducted by novice designers (Table 1) proves, the selectivity include on implementing research through three important design practices in ceramic design course [19]. Based on Table 1, it shows competency and capabilities of novice designer to catch the problem and solution in design situation. Even the methodology applied in different cases, they still can identify the three major issue arise. They attempt to analyze the important factor should be settled sequent until each design angle and problem solved.

U D A

U A D

A D U

D A U

A U D

D A U

U A D

Fig. 3. FDPS strategy in relation to design situation.

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This seven patterns restructured to indicate Ulrich and Eppinger clarification and believe, novice designer may be aided by a set of hints that stimulate new ideas or encourage relationship among ideas. They also suggested a hint to generate solution concepts (see figure 4) by make analogies; wish and wonder; use related stimuli; use unrelated stimuli; set quantitative goals; and use gallery method [26].

Fig. 4. Concept development phase, from Ulrich and Eppinger [25]. TASK RECEIVED TASK RECEIVED

Search out any sample of idea or design or concept related to design project proposal

PROBLEM FORMULATION

Obtain the best production technique which suitable to be applied for project

SOLUTION GENERATION

Ceramic main area of investigation essentially separate into percentage. Group Discussion

Find most fine technical approaches or solving to be utilize for forming method

CERAMIC DESIGN

PROBLEM FORMULATION

Existing design

Case study by samples

Identify the principle of design Identify the element to be improved

Each case studies need to emphasize on the subject to be discussed

Individual design

Case study by drawing

Ideation Designing Modification Design Structure

Each working drawing has to highlight on the flow to show the transformation of design process.

New product development

Case study by technical

Most significance production method Presentation method due to accumulate

Each case study need call attention for the technical specification which will be applied to the final design.

FINAL DESIGN

Fig. 5. Solution Methodology of Novice Designer

The product design and development derived from Ulrich and Eppinger comes to a conclusion to understand the methodological solution practiced by novice designer. In order to finalized Novice Solution Methodology (NSM), the design strategy was arrange based on the interdisciplinary domainindependent outlined by Cross, who came out with three major aspects required to address the design cognition; (1) the formulation of problems; (2) the generation of solutions; and (3) the utilization of design process strategies [26]. However, it reframes to align with the need of ceramic elements and the novelty of the practice easily applied by the novice in ceramic practice. The model (figure 5) guideline formulated by comparing the behavior and pattern of experienced designers [27]. A. Steps to be undertaken as part of the framing methodology The solution methodology begins with formulating the design issue by defining which of the idea (ConMaTech) should bring as a top level of tight spot. It’s important to has a focal point of problem where the evaluation of solution easily be formulated. At these stages, the concept of solution need to defined. At this stages, novice designer should not think independently due to the lack of knowledge, they has to play a

role in a group (Cross-Functional Team [26]) so they can have exchanged idea for the solution concept. The important role at this stage was the solution pair among ideas to train novice designer to realize a different angel of design situations. B. Steps to be undertaken as part of the monitoring methodology In monitoring design situation, novice required to adopt a strategies to find the best solution to the problem selected. At the design cognition level, it reframes the stage as solution generation. At this stage, they convert the problem discussed on the existing design. It’s a strategy of finding the most favourable solution to overcome the problems. Bring the designer to match their concept, proposed a different angle of option as substitute design, and structuring their imagination of design into principle-solution. On the other side, designer need to have a lot of physical principle where they may start with identifying the possibilities of existing design and observe element to be improve [28]. From this experienced, they will boost to embark ideation process, developing a form and organizing own design concept. If the novice able to construct individual concept, it will gratefully succeed with a new product development. These processes have moved the design and transformed into concrete representation to allow assessment and comparison. Generating design solution able to solidified the embodiment phase where the abstract concept is transform into definitive layout. C. Steps to be undertaken as part of the methodology outcomes (Principle of Prototyping) The process of conceptual design leads to optimal plans satisfying the required function, technical and economical index [29]. To measure the successful of the NSM, novice designer must configure their design behaviour as mentioned by Cross [26], the ‘opportunistic’ designer. If they manage to solve and manage to structure the design for manufacturing, it is totally verified the novice designer has transform and eliminate all ambiguity solution, and ready to go for another level of design situations. V.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

As a conclusion, novice designer should begin with a structured design principle which based on critical design situation as constructed as artificial. Core relation between previous design, artefact appearances, and practical limitation will stand as a reference before any subject applied as design enhancement. The development of design framework based on design cognition introduced by Cross derived an evolution which can be expanded using the manipulation of visual effects, until the designer was able to select the appropriate form and use it for detailing and further refinement until the embodiment phases. In order to finalised ceramic design situation, novice designer need practised at the beginning stage of design solution which required three fragmentation where; existing design reviews as improvement design development; technical design reviews as introductory of solutions or; material design reviews for exploring the material characteristic and capabilities. It purposely defined on three phase of methodologies began with framing methodology, monitoring methodology and methodology outcomes. Taking into unconscious or consciously as a visible and applicable

process. The validity of general design methodology can be obtained on the formulation derived from the principle of engineering design explained by Hubka. In the context of learning from simple problems, before tackling more complicated ones. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the generous participation of the interaction designers in the research. This study was conducted in Formgiving Design Research Lab, UiTM. Fully appreciation to Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education for the financial support under RAGS grant and UiTM for the REI grant. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]

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