Union Membership - Bureau of Labor Statistics

For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Thursday, January 26, 2017

USDL-17-0107

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

UNION MEMBERS — 2016 The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions— was 10.7 percent in 2016, down 0.4 percentage point from 2015, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.6 million in 2016, declined by 240,000 from 2015. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers. The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population ages 16 and over. For more information, see the Technical Note in this news release. Highlights from the 2016 data: •

Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (34.4 percent) more than five times higher than that of private-sector workers (6.4 percent). (See table 3.)

•

Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had the highest unionization rates (34.6 percent and 34.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)

•

Men continued to have a slightly higher union membership rate (11.2 percent) than women (10.2 percent). (See table 1.)

•

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were White, Asian, or Hispanic workers. (See table 1.)

•

Median weekly earnings of nonunion workers ($802) were 80 percent of earnings for workers who were union members ($1,004). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences.) (See table 2.)

•

Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (23.6 percent), while South Carolina continued to have the lowest (1.6 percent). (See table 5.)

Industry and Occupation of Union Members In 2016, 7.1 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.4 million workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (34.4 percent) was substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.4 percent). Within the public sector, the union membership rate was highest for local government (40.3 percent), which includes employees in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector, industries with high unionization rates included utilities (21.5 percent), transportation and warehousing (18.4 percent), telecommunications (14.6 percent), construction (13.9 percent), and educational services (12.3 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in finance (1.2 percent), agriculture and related industries (1.3 percent), food services and drinking places (1.6 percent), and professional and technical services (1.6 percent). (See table 3.) Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2016 were in education, training, and library occupations (34.6 percent) and in protective service occupations (34.5 percent). The lowest unionization rates were in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.2 percent); sales and related occupations (3.1 percent); computer and mathematical occupations (3.9 percent); and food preparation and serving related occupations (3.9 percent). Selected Characteristics of Union Members In 2016, the union membership rate continued to be slightly higher for men (11.2 percent) than for women (10.2 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983 (the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively. Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership rate in 2016 (13.0 percent) than workers who were White (10.5 percent), Asian (9.0 percent), or Hispanic (8.8 percent). By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2016, 13.3 percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and ages 55 to 64 were union members. The union membership rate was 11.8 percent for full-time workers, more than twice the rate for parttime workers at 5.7 percent. Union Representation In 2016, 16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both union members (14.6 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.7 million). (See table 1.) Earnings Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $1,004 in 2016, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $802. In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.) -2-

Union Membership by State In 2016, 27 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 10.7 percent, while 23 states had rates above it. All states in the West South Central division had union membership rates below the national average, and all states in both the Middle Atlantic and the Pacific divisions had rates above it. Union membership rates decreased over the year in 31 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 16 states, and were unchanged in 3 states. (See table 5 and the map.) Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2016, with South Carolina having the lowest rate (1.6 percent). The next lowest rates were in North Carolina (3.0 percent), Arkansas (3.9 percent), and Georgia (3.9 percent). New York was the only state with a union membership rate over 20.0 percent in 2016 at 23.6 percent. State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate. The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.6 million) and New York (1.9 million). Over half of the 14.6 million union members in the U.S. lived in just 7 states (California, 2.6 million; New York, 1.9 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New Jersey, and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary employment nationally.

-3-

Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded. Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised population controls used in the CPS. Additional information about population controls is available on the BLS website at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 6915200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in state union membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical significance. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and guidance on estimating standard errors is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this job, are you covered by a union or employee association contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to both the first and second questions, then they are classified as

nonunion.

Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total wage and salary workers who are union members. Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2015-2016 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] 2015

Characteristic

Total employed

Members of unions1

2016 Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

Total employed

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133,743 18,311 115,431 30,870 28,101 28,764 21,288 6,408

14,795 800 13,995 2,985 3,457 3,909 3,035 610

11.1 4.4 12.1 9.7 12.3 13.6 14.3 9.5

16,441 967 15,474 3,363 3,785 4,306 3,329 691

12.3 5.3 13.4 10.9 13.5 15.0 15.6 10.8

136,101 18,556 117,545 31,750 28,515 28,807 21,778 6,696

14,555 816 13,739 2,924 3,423 3,846 2,903 643

10.7 4.4 11.7 9.2 12.0 13.3 13.3 9.6

16,271 988 15,283 3,296 3,782 4,269 3,209 726

12.0 5.3 13.0 10.4 13.3 14.8 14.7 10.8

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69,298 9,250 60,048 16,550 14,844 14,696 10,698 3,259

7,963 485 7,478 1,639 1,857 2,079 1,588 315

11.5 5.2 12.5 9.9 12.5 14.1 14.8 9.7

8,760 563 8,197 1,825 2,023 2,281 1,717 352

12.6 6.1 13.7 11.0 13.6 15.5 16.0 10.8

70,589 9,412 61,177 16,930 15,102 14,775 10,957 3,412

7,888 484 7,404 1,640 1,881 2,048 1,511 323

11.2 5.1 12.1 9.7 12.5 13.9 13.8 9.5

8,704 568 8,136 1,833 2,051 2,253 1,633 365

12.3 6.0 13.3 10.8 13.6 15.3 14.9 10.7

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64,445 9,061 55,384 14,320 13,257 14,068 10,590 3,149

6,833 315 6,518 1,346 1,600 1,830 1,447 294

10.6 3.5 11.8 9.4 12.1 13.0 13.7 9.3

7,681 405 7,277 1,538 1,762 2,025 1,613 339

11.9 4.5 13.1 10.7 13.3 14.4 15.2 10.8

65,512 9,143 56,368 14,820 13,412 14,032 10,820 3,283

6,667 332 6,335 1,284 1,542 1,797 1,392 320

10.2 3.6 11.2 8.7 11.5 12.8 12.9 9.8

7,567 420 7,147 1,463 1,731 2,016 1,576 361

11.6 4.6 12.7 9.9 12.9 14.4 14.6 11.0

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104,991 55,402 49,590

11,301 6,222 5,079

10.8 11.2 10.2

12,627 6,875 5,752

12.0 12.4 11.6

106,160 56,007 50,153

11,120 6,153 4,967

10.5 11.0 9.9

12,436 6,769 5,667

11.7 12.1 11.3

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,552 7,558 8,995

2,246 1,097 1,149

13.6 14.5 12.8

2,427 1,174 1,253

14.7 15.5 13.9

17,014 7,852 9,163

2,209 1,104 1,105

13.0 14.1 12.1

2,475 1,229 1,245

14.5 15.7 13.6

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,883 4,113 3,770

770 367 403

9.8 8.9 10.7

860 416 444

10.9 10.1 11.8

8,340 4,368 3,972

752 355 397

9.0 8.1 10.0

839 404 435

10.1 9.3 10.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22,351 12,670 9,681

2,104 1,211 892

9.4 9.6 9.2

2,365 1,346 1,019

10.6 10.6 10.5

23,085 13,125 9,960

2,032 1,209 823

8.8 9.2 8.3

2,308 1,348 960

10.0 10.3 9.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3 Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

109,080 24,445

13,340 1,431

12.2 5.9

14,768 1,646

13.5 6.7

111,091 24,832

13,119 1,415

11.8 5.7

14,593 1,655

13.1 6.7

1

Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics, 2015-2016 annual averages 2015

2016

Total

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Total

Members of unions1

Nonunion3

Represented by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$809 487 860 735 900 923 927 873

$980 616 997 886 1,050 1,029 1,020 961

$975 605 994 882 1,048 1,024 1,017 963

$776 482 831 716 870 899 904 852

$832 501 885 751 934 955 952 866

$1,004 600 1,022 893 1,071 1,084 1,072 984

$995 599 1,014 890 1,059 1,069 1,069 988

$802 497 858 734 908 930 930 846

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

895 510 947 770 983 1,040 1,064 1,003

1,017 655 1,041 888 1,093 1,107 1,084 1,010

1,014 633 1,038 889 1,094 1,110 1,082 998

869 505 927 756 963 1,023 1,059 1,005

915 512 969 794 1,007 1,075 1,102 992

1,050 582 1,080 915 1,123 1,146 1,136 1,022

1,042 581 1,074 915 1,120 1,140 1,140 1,029

890 509 950 775 990 1,057 1,090 988

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

726 450 761 690 804 799 784 740

928 567 944 884 1,002 958 937 894

921 565 940 876 1,001 950 934 905

697 443 736 667 764 768 759 718

749 486 784 705 839 836 812 749

955 628 972 865 1,015 1,006 999 942

942 624 960 860 1,004 988 992 964

723 481 757 685 804 800 778 723

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

835 920 743

1,007 1,051 952

999 1,044 944

803 895 715

862 942 766

1,050 1,111 989

1,034 1,099 975

827 915 738

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

641 680 615

800 824 768

798 821 768

617 650 595

678 718 641

808 818 799

807 826 790

646 690 616

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

993 1,129 877

1,094 1,097 1,091

1,107 1,125 1,090

977 1,130 835

1,021 1,151 902

1,020 1,061 985

1,017 1,076 975

1,022 1,160 892

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

604 631 566

862 901 778

847 887 783

586 610 541

624 663 586

886 908 844

876 901 829

608 637 565

Characteristic

1

Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2

Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015-2016 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] 2015

Occupation and industry

OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community and social service occupations. . . . Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education, training, and library occupations. . . Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and administrative support occupations. . . Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDUSTRY Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Total employed

Members of unions1

2016 Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

50,939

6,132

12.0

6,983

13.7

19,636 13,213

871 581

4.4 4.4

1,057 701

6,423 31,302 4,195 2,777

290 5,261 162 190

4.5 16.8 3.9 6.8

1,309 2,517 1,475 8,766

109 386 83 3,112

2,120

Total employed

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

52,108

6,064

11.6

6,916

13.3

5.4 5.3

20,289 13,563

927 605

4.6 4.5

1,129 736

5.6 5.4

356 5,926 221 219

5.5 18.9 5.3 7.9

6,726 31,818 4,301 2,941

322 5,138 166 187

4.8 16.1 3.9 6.4

393 5,787 222 219

5.8 18.2 5.2 7.4

8.3 15.3 5.6 35.5

139 412 100 3,466

10.6 16.4 6.8 39.5

1,276 2,506 1,412 8,765

112 372 79 3,031

8.8 14.8 5.6 34.6

138 408 95 3,344

10.8 16.3 6.8 38.2

161

7.6

187

8.8

2,158

141

6.5

162

7.5

8,142 23,503 3,305 3,092

1,059 2,492 279 1,123

13.0 10.6 8.4 36.3

1,183 2,759 314 1,189

14.5 11.7 9.5 38.5

8,459 24,271 3,373 3,093

1,051 2,337 233 1,069

12.4 9.6 6.9 34.5

1,199 2,596 275 1,133

14.2 10.7 8.1 36.6

8,016

329

4.1

381

4.8

8,466

333

3.9

394

4.6

4,868 4,222 30,931 13,574 17,357

473 288 2,055 441 1,614

9.7 6.8 6.6 3.3 9.3

537 338 2,311 505 1,806

11.0 8.0 7.5 3.7 10.4

4,897 4,441 31,051 13,671 17,380

430 272 2,051 421 1,631

8.8 6.1 6.6 3.1 9.4

491 304 2,314 483 1,831

10.0 6.8 7.5 3.5 10.5

11,694 971 6,193

1,751 18 1,067

15.0 1.9 17.2

1,868 25 1,133

16.0 2.5 18.3

11,812 988 6,387

1,788 22 1,177

15.1 2.2 18.4

1,920 31 1,240

16.3 3.2 19.4

4,530

666

14.7

710

15.7

4,438

589

13.3

649

14.6

16,676 8,180

2,365 1,031

14.2 12.6

2,521 1,098

15.1 13.4

16,859 8,150

2,315 959

13.7 11.8

2,524 1,049

15.0 12.9

8,496

1,334

15.7

1,422

16.7

8,708

1,355

15.6

1,475

16.9

113,152 1,269 111,882 866 7,109 14,547 9,288 5,258 18,798 3,346 15,452 5,722 4,765 957 2,525 495

7,554 15 7,539 47 940 1,369 874 494 871 126 745 1,106 901 205 217 19

6.7 1.2 6.7 5.4 13.2 9.4 9.4 9.4 4.6 3.8 4.8 19.3 18.9 21.4 8.6 3.9

8,411 22 8,389 57 992 1,462 933 529 962 139 823 1,159 946 213 249 22

7.4 1.7 7.5 6.5 14.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 5.1 4.2 5.3 20.3 19.8 22.3 9.9 4.4

115,417 1,315 114,102 765 7,488 14,783 9,247 5,536 18,515 3,288 15,227 6,048 5,073 975 2,473 455

7,435 17 7,419 43 1,039 1,295 827 468 780 120 660 1,145 935 210 222 22

6.4 1.3 6.5 5.6 13.9 8.8 8.9 8.4 4.2 3.7 4.3 18.9 18.4 21.5 9.0 4.9

8,437 28 8,409 48 1,095 1,422 906 515 887 137 750 1,239 1,014 225 250 24

7.3 2.1 7.4 6.3 14.6 9.6 9.8 9.3 4.8 4.2 4.9 20.5 20.0 23.0 10.1 5.2

314

37

11.7

40

12.8

349

38

11.0

43

12.3

Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015-2016 annual averages — Continued [Numbers in thousands] 2015

Occupation and industry

Total employed

Members of unions1 Total

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . Other services3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services, except private households.. . Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Percent of employed

2016 Represented by unions2 Total

Percent of employed

Total employed

Members of unions1 Total

Percent of employed

Represented by unions2 Total

561 883 8,781 6,550 4,126 2,424 2,231 13,738 8,327

37 118 208 103 53 51 105 348 142

6.7 13.3 2.4 1.6 1.3 2.1 4.7 2.5 1.7

48 131 242 129 70 59 113 458 218

8.5 14.8 2.8 2.0 1.7 2.4 5.1 3.3 2.6

534 821 8,963 6,616 4,142 2,473 2,347 14,257 8,728

32 119 205 91 49 42 114 346 141

5.9 14.6 2.3 1.4 1.2 1.7 4.9 2.4 1.6

43 129 274 138 81 57 136 464 211

8.0 15.8 3.1 2.1 2.0 2.3 5.8 3.3 2.4

5,411 21,572 4,551 17,021 12,357 2,250 10,107 1,575 8,532 5,867 5,055 20,591 3,591 6,875 10,126

206 1,867 625 1,242 389 144 245 116 129 177 166 7,241 979 2,079 4,183

3.8 8.7 13.7 7.3 3.1 6.4 2.4 7.4 1.5 3.0 3.3 35.2 27.3 30.2 41.3

240 2,132 720 1,412 449 158 291 127 165 227 205 8,031 1,160 2,312 4,559

4.4 9.9 15.8 8.3 3.6 7.0 2.9 8.0 1.9 3.9 4.1 39.0 32.3 33.6 45.0

5,529 22,152 4,557 17,595 12,687 2,329 10,358 1,506 8,852 5,973 5,258 20,684 3,674 6,965 10,045

205 1,808 561 1,247 381 126 255 114 141 155 152 7,120 1,006 2,064 4,050

3.7 8.2 12.3 7.1 3.0 5.4 2.5 7.6 1.6 2.6 2.9 34.4 27.4 29.6 40.3

253 2,107 652 1,454 438 139 299 123 176 186 179 7,834 1,144 2,282 4,409

4.6 9.5 14.3 8.3 3.5 6.0 2.9 8.2 2.0 3.1 3.4 37.9 31.1 32.8 43.9

Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2

Percent of employed

Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry, 2015-2016 annual averages 2015 Occupation and industry

OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . INDUSTRY Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

2016

Total

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Total

Members of unions1

Nonunion3

Represented by unions2

Nonunion3

$1,158

$1,152

$1,148

$1,160

$1,188

$1,166

$1,159

$1,197

1,258 1,351 1,137 1,112 1,428 1,424 1,206 889 1,391 956

1,273 1,386 1,108 1,140 1,388 1,393 1,249 1,014 1,551 1,095

1,291 1,380 1,132 1,132 1,327 1,399 1,266 1,008 1,547 1,074

1,257 1,349 1,138 1,103 1,434 1,427 1,187 855 1,373 860

1,284 1,370 1,161 1,141 1,443 1,482 1,209 919 1,431 984

1,263 1,389 1,146 1,156 1,372 1,424 1,288 1,095 1,615 1,130

1,266 1,408 1,141 1,146 1,332 1,411 1,278 1,076 1,621 1,114

1,285 1,368 1,164 1,140 1,458 1,490 1,195 872 1,419 887

1,001 1,041 509 498 796 441

1,228 1,211 753 544 1,031 515

1,212 1,194 742 546 1,029 512

984 1,014 489 495 687 436

1,040 1,104 523 525 809 465

1,252 1,191 771 602 1,088 597

1,224 1,175 753 602 1,074 581

1,028 1,087 505 520 694 459

486 498 673 716 656

648 515 810 702 831

628 521 801 710 821

469 496 662 716 639

510 505 698 744 679

664 559 810 717 826

647 546 804 724 818

498 503 686 745 661

761 464 749 839

1,070 – 1,082 1,066

1,052 – 1,064 1,051

711 460 695 799

786 520 784 861

1,127 – 1,153 1,076

1,111 – 1,142 1,069

735 518 719 822

656 663 646

850 824 876

842 826 859

622 635 610

665 668 662

881 841 913

876 837 904

631 641 622

776 522 781 1,162 784 839 872 776 653 841 610 843 790 1,133 1,102 1,098 996

917 – 918 – 1,099 876 889 849 673 876 621 1,007 980 1,194 1,260 – –

912 – 913 1,170 1,093 868 881 841 671 863 622 1,003 977 1,188 1,242 – –

765 519 769 1,162 743 833 871 768 652 840 609 803 754 1,116 1,077 1,102 935

801 572 806 1,197 822 857 893 793 676 871 623 860 795 1,264 1,143 1,094 1,085

937 – 937 – 1,168 885 907 839 701 921 645 1,033 972 1,408 1,238 – –

932 – 933 – 1,146 884 910 827 700 905 645 1,023 969 1,388 1,257 – –

789 571 793 1,190 780 852 890 789 675 868 622 808 757 1,242 1,133 1,102 1,030

980 1,162 964 1,024 1,061 973 782 951 1,256

– 1,212 915 983 923 988 891 874 1,297

– 1,208 924 1,004 1,082 981 893 906 1,268

968 1,148 964 1,024 1,060 973 772 953 1,255

1,017 1,182 977 1,039 1,089 977 827 992 1,273

– 1,273 896 818 – – 977 887 1,309

– 1,306 916 853 813 907 970 935 1,277

1,020 1,153 981 1,047 1,101 980 817 995 1,273

Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry, 2015-2016 annual averages — Continued 2015 Occupation and industry

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2016

Total

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Nonunion3

$605 787 918 754 515 657 492 546 480 684 710 944 1,113 909 914

$684 962 1,025 916 606 672 579 645 492 903 916 1,029 1,058 988 1,043

$672 946 1,015 904 592 680 558 639 490 879 900 1,023 1,064 982 1,033

$603 768 896 742 511 655 489 532 480 677 703 878 1,159 867 783

Total

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Nonunion3

$613 817 936 785 528 678 504 582 491 686 708 967 1,149 931 940

$687 944 967 929 670 720 642 698 567 959 965 1,070 1,093 1,022 1,089

$682 937 965 921 667 720 637 703 575 869 893 1,055 1,099 1,011 1,071

$610 799 931 771 522 673 501 564 490 681 703 900 1,188 883 817

Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately. - Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2

Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2015-2016 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] 2015

State

Total employed

Members of unions1

2016 Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

Total employed

Members of unions1

Represented by unions2

Total

Percent of employed

Total

Percent of employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,863 304 2,661 1,155 15,657 2,310 1,587 412 334 7,994

190 60 138 58 2,486 194 269 38 35 546

10.2 19.6 5.2 5.1 15.9 8.4 17.0 9.2 10.4 6.8

204 66 163 74 2,689 215 277 43 40 671

11.0 21.7 6.1 6.4 17.2 9.3 17.4 10.4 12.1 8.4

1,895 297 2,727 1,186 16,001 2,438 1,568 419 343 8,113

153 55 122 47 2,551 238 275 48 32 456

8.1 18.5 4.5 3.9 15.9 9.8 17.5 11.4 9.5 5.6

170 59 151 59 2,796 263 288 56 37 574

9.0 19.9 5.5 5.0 17.5 10.8 18.4 13.3 10.7 7.1

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,016 583 679 5,566 2,828 1,435 1,255 1,705 1,847 549

162 119 46 847 283 138 110 187 107 64

4.0 20.4 6.8 15.2 10.0 9.6 8.7 11.0 5.8 11.6

206 126 50 892 319 174 136 207 126 75

5.1 21.7 7.3 16.0 11.3 12.2 10.8 12.1 6.8 13.6

4,249 597 689 5,587 2,927 1,454 1,274 1,710 1,799 567

165 119 42 812 304 129 109 190 76 65

3.9 19.9 6.1 14.5 10.4 8.9 8.6 11.1 4.2 11.4

210 125 47 856 335 153 132 228 88 77

4.9 20.9 6.8 15.3 11.4 10.5 10.3 13.4 4.9 13.5

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,757 3,103 4,083 2,565 1,103 2,615 427 882 1,232 641

287 402 621 363 60 230 52 68 177 62

10.4 12.9 15.2 14.2 5.4 8.8 12.2 7.7 14.3 9.7

337 441 672 385 75 257 59 80 203 73

12.2 14.2 16.5 15.0 6.8 9.8 13.9 9.0 16.5 11.4

2,815 3,158 4,196 2,563 1,108 2,711 418 876 1,211 669

310 381 606 365 73 262 50 64 146 63

11.0 12.1 14.4 14.2 6.6 9.7 11.9 7.4 12.1 9.4

347 407 651 388 90 290 58 74 182 74

12.3 12.9 15.5 15.2 8.1 10.7 13.9 8.5 15.0 11.0

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,880 782 8,249 4,089 352 4,914 1,567 1,586 5,601 483

596 49 2,038 123 19 606 88 235 747 68

15.4 6.2 24.7 3.0 5.4 12.3 5.6 14.8 13.3 14.2

644 61 2,141 167 24 670 116 256 804 72

16.6 7.9 26.0 4.1 6.8 13.6 7.4 16.2 14.4 14.9

4,007 784 8,227 4,225 363 4,970 1,482 1,691 5,686 481

644 49 1,942 129 20 617 80 228 685 74

16.1 6.3 23.6 3.0 5.5 12.4 5.4 13.5 12.1 15.5

666 64 2,075 174 25 702 97 267 724 81

16.6 8.2 25.2 4.1 7.0 14.1 6.6 15.8 12.7 16.9

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,960 382 2,693 11,177 1,274 284 3,736 2,977 665 2,682 261

41 22 146 503 50 36 202 500 83 223 19

2.1 5.9 5.4 4.5 3.9 12.6 5.4 16.8 12.4 8.3 7.1

57 26 175 626 67 42 258 536 91 253 22

2.9 6.9 6.5 5.6 5.2 14.7 6.9 18.0 13.7 9.4 8.2

1,981 379 2,746 11,457 1,318 290 3,748 3,090 669 2,696 248

32 20 158 462 62 33 160 539 79 219 16

1.6 5.2 5.7 4.0 4.7 11.5 4.3 17.4 11.8 8.1 6.3

52 26 174 606 79 37 226 577 88 244 18

2.6 7.0 6.4 5.3 6.0 12.9 6.0 18.7 13.2 9.0 7.3

1

Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. 2

art 1. 1. Union by state, state,2016 2016annual annual averag Chart Unionmembership membership rates rates by averages (U.S. rate rate == 10.7 10.7 percent) (U.S. Mountain

West North Central East North Central

WASH.

MONT.

N.D.

MAINE

Middle Atlantic

MINN.

ORE.

New England

VT. N.H. MASS. N.Y.

IDAHO

WIS.

S.D.

CONN. R.I.

MICH. WYO. PA.

IOWA

N.J.

NEB. OHIO NEV. CALIF.

ILL.

IND. MD.

UTAH COLO.

KAN.

DEL.

MO. W.VA. KY.

VA.

TENN. ARIZ.

N.C. N.M.

D.C.

OKLA. ARK.

Pacific

MISS.

S.C.

ALA. GA.

TEXAS

South Atlantic

LA.

West South Central

East South Central

FLA.

20.0% or more 15.0% to 19.9% 10.0% to 14.9%

HAWAII

5.0% to 9.9%

ALASKA

4.9% or less