Unix What is Unix? Directory Structure Graphical ... - Indiana University

Unix

Unix

Unix

Directories

Directories

Files

Files

Useful Commands

Useful Commands

Unix is an operating system, like DOS or Windows

Permissions

Unix L555

Unix

What is Unix?

tar

Permissions tar

More Commands

◮

developed in 1969 by Bell Labs

Working Remotely

◮

works well for single computers as well as for servers

Working Remotely

Emacs

◮

underlying operating system for Macs

Emacs

Dept. of Linguistics, Indiana University Fall 2012

More Commands

Linux: open source version of Unix (mostly for PCs)

1 / 21 Unix

Directory Structure

2 / 21 Unix

Graphical Representation

Unix

Unix

Directories

directory = folder ◮

directory structure: tree structure

Important directories: ◮ ◮ ◮

home directory: your private directory (/Users/guest) root node: / important directories on a Mac: ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮

Directories

/

Files

Files

Useful Commands

Useful Commands

Permissions

Applications

tar

Permissions

Users

Volumes

tar

More Commands

More Commands

Working Remotely

Working Remotely

mdickinson

Emacs

...

guest

Data

/Applications /Users /Volumes /Volumes/Data/Corpora (on jones!)

Emacs

Corpora

ar

en

de

multilingual

3 / 21 Unix

Useful Commands for Directories ◮

◮

◮ ◮

Useful Shortcuts

list files in current directory:

Unix

Unix

ls

Directories

Directories

list files with more information:

Files

Files

ls -l

Useful Commands

Useful Commands

Permissions

Permissions

change directories:

TAB completion

tar

tar

cd

More Commands

two possibilities to specify :

Working Remotely

If you start typing a command or filename, then press TAB, the shell will complete the word for you – as far as possible.

Command history

Emacs

◮

from root:

Emacs

cd /Users/mdickinson ◮

More Commands Working Remotely

The shell keeps a history of your commands. To scroll through them, simply press the up arrow key.

from where we are:

cd ../mdickinson .. means ’go up’ ◮

4 / 21 Unix

go back to home directory:

cd ◮

show the directory where you are:

pwd 5 / 21

6 / 21

Unix

Looking at Files

Unix

Looking at Files More Commands

◮

◮

Unix

Unix

Directories

Directories

display contents of file in terminal:

Files

Files

cat

Useful Commands

display page by page:

Permissions

less

tar

◮ ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮

◮

next page: space bar quit: q go to beginning of file: g go to end of file: G search forward: / + hit return search backward: ? + hit return in search: next found occurrence: n

Useful Commands

◮

More Commands

◮

Working Remotely Emacs

◮

display beginning of file (normally 10):

Permissions

head

tar

display X beginning lines of file:

More Commands

head -n X

Working Remotely Emacs

display end of file (normally 10):

tail ◮

count number of lines, words, characters in a file:

wc

Likewise, there is the more command

7 / 21 Unix

More Useful Commands

8 / 21 Unix

More Useful Commands (2)

Unix

Unix

◮

Directories

◮

◮

list files that end in ’.txt’:

Files

ls *.txt

Useful Commands

make directory:

Permissions

mkdir subdirectory: mkdir results in your home directory: mkdir ◮

Useful Commands

sort (numbers) in numeric order:

Permissions

◮

tar

Working Remotely Emacs

grep

copy a file from one location to another:

◮

copy a file to the directory ’results’ in your home directory:

cp dates.txt

Files

find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred:

More Commands

∼/results

Directories

sort sort -n

tar

cp ◮

◮

sort your file:

∼/results

◮

More Commands Working Remotely Emacs

find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred and save results into a file in your home directory:

grep > ∼/ example:

grep linguistic mycorp.txt > ∼/res.txt 9 / 21 Unix

More Useful Commands (3)

10 / 21 Unix

Permission System ◮

Unix

ls -l

Unix

Directories

Directories

Files Useful Commands

◮

◮

◮

delete lines (adjacent) with identical content:

Permissions

uniq

tar

delete lines (adjacent) with identical content, but list how many were there:

More Commands

uniq -c

Emacs

-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x

1 15 3 4 35

root root root root root

admin admin admin admin admin

168724 510 102 136 1190

Nov 9 2003 Aug 31 2006 Aug 4 2004 Mar 2 2007 Feb 18 15:23

Jokes.pdf ar cs de en

Files Useful Commands Permissions tar More Commands Working Remotely

Working Remotely

◮

change permissions:

Emacs

chmod : user = u; group= g; others = o; all = a; : read = r; write = w; execute = x;

display differences between two files

diff ◮

example: give user write permissions for file ’hello.txt’:

chmod u+w hello.txt ◮

example: deny others write and execute permissions for directory ’test’:

chmod o-wx test 11 / 21

12 / 21

Unix

Packing and Unpacking Files Unix

◮

◮ ◮

Directories

gzip

Files

results in .gz

Useful Commands

gunzip .gz ◮

◮

Unix

pack a file:

unpack file:

Directories

◮

Permissions

◮

tar More Commands

’pack’ more than one file:

Working Remotely

tar cvf .tar

Emacs

unpack:

◮

◮

tar xvf .tar ◮

copy a file from one location to another:

Files

cp

Useful Commands Permissions

move a file from one location to another:

tar

mv

More Commands

rename a file:

Working Remotely

mv

Emacs

remove a file:

rm

tar and gzip:

◮

tar cvzf .tgz ◮

Unix

More on Copy and Move

remove a directory including contents:

rm -r

unpack:

tar xvzf .tgz

13 / 21 Unix

Important Shortcuts in Paths

14 / 21

Unix

Unix

Directories

Directories

Files

Files

Useful Commands

◮

Permissions

◮ ◮ ◮

.. (go) up one directory . here

∼ home directory

Unix

Translate

tar More Commands Working Remotely

◮

Emacs

◮

exchange characters for others:

Useful Commands

tr ’aeiou’ ’X’ < tr ’aeiou’ ’AEIOU’ <

Permissions tar More Commands

collapse characters (squeeze):

Working Remotely

tr -s ’J’ <

Emacs

exchange complement of characters for others:

tr -c ’a-z’ ’\n’ < \n is a linebreak

15 / 21 Unix

Putting Commands Together

16 / 21 Unix

Find out More

Unix

Unix

Directories

Directories

Files

Files

◮

< use following filename as input file

Useful Commands

Useful Commands

◮

> use following filename as output file

Permissions

Permissions

| use output of preceding command as input for

tar

tar

◮

following commands

More Commands Working Remotely Emacs

◮

man

More Commands Working Remotely Emacs

example:

cat | tr ’A-Z’ ’a-z’ | sort >

17 / 21

18 / 21

Unix

Remote Login Unix

Unix

Directories

Directories

Files Useful Commands

◮

login: ssh husernamei@hmachinenamei e.g.

ssh [email protected]

◮

Permissions

More Commands Working Remotely

to copy a local file to (your home directory) on another machine:

scp : e.g. scp vm.pos jones.ling.indiana.edu:

tar

Emacs

◮

Unix

Remote Copy

◮

to copy a file from another machine to the current directory:

Files Useful Commands Permissions tar More Commands Working Remotely Emacs

scp :/ . e.g. scp jones.ling.indiana.edu:/Volumes/Data/ Corpora/en/penntreebankv3/readme.all .

logout:

exit

(in one line!)

19 / 21 Unix

Emacs Unix

Directories

◮

◮

◮

◮

emacs is a fairly basic text editor that can be run in a window or in the shell

Files Useful Commands Permissions

to start emacs:

tar

emacs

More Commands

to quit:

Working Remotely

Ctrl-x Ctrl-c

Emacs

save:

Ctrl-x Ctrl-s ◮

search:

Ctrl-s

21 / 21

20 / 21