Untitled - usaid

Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Project

Environmental Impact Assessment

Final Report November 2005

DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM

DIREKTORAT JENDRAL BINA MARGA

DIREKTORAT JALAN DAN JEMBATAN

SATUAN KERJA SEMENTARA PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN PROV.NAD JALAN JENDRAL SUDIRMAN NO.1 BANDA ACEH - KODE POS 23239 TELP/FAX (0651)47150

ANDAL REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION ROAD BANDA ACEH – MEULABOH PROJECT

FOREWORD The Department of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia, supported by the fund and technical assistance of the United Stated Agency of International Development (USAID), plans to conduct the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road along the west coast of the Nangroe Aceh Darusalam, which was damaged by earthquake and Tsunami in December 2004. In accordance with the provision of the existing laws, in particular the Ministerial Decree No.17 of 2001 for the Living Environment, the project sponsor is required to conduct an Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL). To initiate the process it is required to develop a Framework of a Reference Document which provides direction and baseline reference for the Environmental Assessment (ANDAL) including an Environmental Management Plan (RPL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL). This is the required Reference Document for Environmental Assessment (ANDAL) for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the 245 km road from Banda Aceh- to Meulaboh in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). As a part of the Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) activities, the required Environmental Impact Statement (ANDAL) including Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents have been prepared for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of roads from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). We wish to acknowledge and express our appreciation and gratitude to all those who assisted in the preparation of this Document (ANDAL, RKL and RPL).

Banda Aceh, November 2005 Project Proponent,

IR KHALIDIN, MT Head of Temporary Working Unit for the construction and rehabilitation of roads and bridges Department of Public Works Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD)

PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

i

USAID 10 MARCH, 2006


LETTER OF STATEMENT FOREWORD LIST OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURE 1 1.1

1.2 1.3 2 2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

3 3.1

3.2 3.3 3.4

INTRODUCTION

1

General Background 1.1.1 Objectives and Benefits of the Project 1.1.2 Prevailing Laws and Regulations 1.1.3 Basic Provisions of the Environmental Management Policy 1.1.4 Relationship Between the Project Plan and Significant Impacts Objectives of ANDAL Study Benefits of the ANDAL Study SCOPE OF STUDY

1 3 4 8 8 9 9 10

Major and Significant Impact 2.1.1 Project Components that Potentially Cause Impacts 2.1.2 Description of Preliminary Baseline Conditions Environmental Components to Be Studied 2.2.1 Physico - Chemical Components 2.2.2 Biological Components 2.2.3 Public Health Components Main issues 2.3.1 Pre- construction Stage 2.3.2 Construction Stage 2.3.3 Post Construction/Operational Stage Study Area 2.4.1 Project Boundary 2.4.2 Ecological Boundary 2.4.3 Social Boundary 2.4.4 Administrative Boundary 2.4.5 Study Boundary STUDY METHODOLOGY

10 10 13 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 24

Data Collection Methodology 3.1.1 Physical-Chemical Components 3.1.2 Biological Components 3.1.3 Social Components 3.1.4 Community Health Data Analysis Methods Method of Predicting Significant Impacts Method for Evaluating Significant Impacts


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24 25 32 34 36 39 41 43



4 4.1

4.2 4.3 4.4

5 5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

6 6.1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

44

Project Proponent and AMDAL Study Compiler 4.1.1 Project Proponent Identity 4.1.2 AMDAL Study Compiler Objective of Project Benefits of Project Scope of Proposed Activities 4.4.1 Proposed Activities 4.4.2 Project Stages 4.4.3 Project Development Schedule ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

44 44 44 45 45 46 46 53 58 60

Physics-Chemical Components 5.1.1 Climate 5.1.2 Air Quality 5.1.3 Noise 5.1.4 Vibration 5.1.5 Physiography and Geology 5.1.6 Earthquakes 5.1.7 Soil 5.1.8 Land Use 5.1.9 Hydrology 5.1.10 Post-Disaster Spatial Planning Policy 5.1.11 Water Quality 5.1.12 Transportation Biological Components 5.2.1 Terrestrial Biota 5.2.2 Aquatic Biota Social Component 5.3.1 Demography 5.3.2 Economic 5.3.3 Social Cultural Components Public Health Components 5.4.1 Environmental Component with Effects on Health 5.4.2 Process and Potential of Exposure 5.4.3 Potential of Diseases Impact, Sickness Rate, and Mortality Rate 5.4.4 Characteristics of Citizens with Risk 5.4.5 Health Resources 5.4.6 Environment Sanitary Condition 5.4.7 Community Nutritional Status 5.4.8 Environmental Condition and Disease Dispersal Process MAJOR AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION Pre-Construction Stage 6.1.1 Site Survey and Measurement


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60 60 67 68 69 69 71 73 74 83 86 89 90 92 92 101 102 102 108 118 128 128 129 130 131 131 133 134 135 137 143 143 USAID 10 MARCH, 2006


6.2

6.3

7 7.1

7.2

7.3

8

6.1.2 Land Acquisition Construction Stage 6.2.1 Mobilization of Workforce 6.2.2 Mobilization of Materials and Equipment 6.2.3 Establishment of Supporting Infrastructure 6.2.4 Development of Borrow Pits and Quarries 6.2.5 Land Clearing 6.2.6 Earthworks 6.2.7 Civil Engineering Works 6.2.8 Use of Fuels and Oils 6.2.9 Demobilization of Workforce Operation Stage 6.3.1 Road and Bridges Operation 6.3.2 Road Maintenance 6.3.3 Impact towards the activities in the surroundings

145 147 148 151 155 161 165 179 183 190 191 192 192 194 195

MAJOR AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

199

Pre-Construction Stage 7.1.1 Community Income 7.1.2 Attitudes and Community Perceptions Construction Stage 7.2.1 Air Quality 7.2.2 Noise and Vibration 7.2.3 Soils (Erosion and Soil Contaminant) 7.2.4 Hydrology 7.2.5 Surface Water Quality 7.2.6 Transport 7.2.7 Biota Terrestrial 7.2.8 Aquatic Biota 7.2.9 Community Income 7.2.10 Community Perceptions and Attitudes 7.2.11 Social Processes 7.2.12 Public Health Operation Stage 7.3.1 Transportation 7.3.2 Community Income and Work Opportunities 7.3.3 Accidents 7.3.4 Impact to Another Activity (Illegal Logging) REFERENCE

201 202 203 204 204 205 206 207 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 218 219 219 220 221 222 223


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APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPROVAL ANDAL RKL_RPL BY GOVERNOR APPENDIX B

COMMENTS AND RESPONSE ON ANDAL RKL-RPL

APPENDIX C

CURRICULUM VITAE

APPENDIX D

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

APPENDIX E

KA APPROVAL

APPENDIX F

PUBLIC CONSULTATION RECOMENDATION

APPENDIX G

ANNOUNCEMENT AMDAL ON NEWS PAPER

APPENDIX H

QUESTIONARE

APPENDIX I

EARTH QUAKE DATA


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LIST of TABLES Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Table 5.11 Table 5.12 Table 5.13 Table 5.14 Table 5.15 Table 5.16 Table 5.17

Measurement Methodology and Equipment for Air Quality and Noise M Values for Selected Land Textures Parameter, Analytical Method and Equipment – Land Analysis Erosion Classes Social Sampling Locations Methods of Analysis Mathematical Approach Model Proposed Volume of Work Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Location of Soil and Coral Rock Material for the Construction of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project Timeline Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) for 10-Year Period in Aceh Besar Regency Average Monthly Rain Days for 10-Year Period in Aceh Besar Regency Monthly Average Rainfall (mm) for 10-Year Period in Aceh Barat Regency Total Average Monthly Rainy Days for 10 Year Period in Aceh Barat Regency Average Wind Speed and Direction in Aceh Regency for 10year period Average Wind Direction and Maximum Wind Speed in Aceh Barat Regency in 10 Year Period Average Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure and Radiation in Aceh Besar Regency Average Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure and Sun Radiation in Aceh Barat Air Quality Analysis Results Noise Level in Sampling Location (dBA) Noise Level Criteria Physiographical Condition and Land Use in Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Segments Estimation of Land Use along the proposed road Physiographical Condition and Land Use in Abandoned Road Segment in Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Segments Water Quality Analysis Results Road Traffic Volume at the Location of Simpang Lampuuk, Kec. Lhonga (Vehicle/hour) Road Service Level Criteria


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26 29 30 31 35 39 42 47 54 59 61 61 62 63 63 64 64 65 67 69 69 81 82 82 89 91 91 USAID 10 MARCH, 2006


Table 5.18 Related Road Side Overfull Degree Table 5.19 Species of Commercial Plants at Study Locations Table 5.20 Selected Wetland Areas Affected by the Tsunami in the Banda Aceh to Melauboh Administrative Regions Table 5.21 Mangrove Areas Affected by the Tsunami in the Band Aceh to Melauboh Administrative Regions Table 5.22 Types of Wetland Ecosystem Plants Table 5.23 Mammalian Species in the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Project Area Table 5.24 Reptile Species in the Banda Aceh toMeulaboh Road Project Area Table 5.25 Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Lepung) Table 5.26 Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Lambeusoe) Table 5.27 Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Krueng Woyla) Table 5.28 Identification and Index Score of Bird Species. (Location : Lhong Lho/Wetland) Table 5.29 Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Suak Ular/Wetland Table 5.30 Plankton Analysis Results at Sampling Locations Table 5.31 Benthos Analysis Results at Sampling Locations Table 5.32 Population Numbers According to Age Group and Administrative Region in 2004 Table 5.33 Population Percentage 10 Years and Above Working Last Week by Administrative Region and Job Opportunity in 2003 Table 5.34 Highest Diploma by Administrative Region and Population in 2003 Table 5.35 Demographic Components Based on Regency/City in 2004 Table 5.36 Percentage of Citizens by Administrative Territory and Type of Activity in 2003 Table 5.37 Percentage of Per Capita Expenses by Administrative Region in 2003 Table 5.38 Natural Resources Inventory According to Administrative Region in 1999 Table 5.39 Main Land Use According to Administration Zone, in 1999 Table 5.40 Gross Regional Domestic Product based on Real Price by Administrative Region in 2002 (million Rupiah) Table 5.41 Citizen Income Groups in Aceh West Coast by Administrative Territory in 1998 Table 5.42 School Building Damage from the Tsunami by Administrative Territory in 2004 Table 5.43 Damage Level to Religious Facilities by Administrative Territory in 2004 Table 5.44 Post Tsunami Building Damage Levels


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92 93 95 95 96 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 108 109 111 112 114 115 117 117 118



Table 5.45 Total of Kecamatan, Mukim, and Villages According to Subprovince/City in 2003 Table 5.46 Respondent Opinions on Development of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Table 5.47 Hopes about Development Execution of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Table 5.48 Percentage of Citizens with Health Complaints by Administrative Territory in 2003 Table 5.49 Number of Hospitals According to the Administrative Territory in 2003 Table 5.50 Number of Health Workforce According to Administrative Territory in 2003 Table 5.51 Health Facility Damage According to the Administration Territory, 2003 Table 5.52 International Medical Corps Consultation Report, District Aceh Jaya Table 5.53 Illness Data on Citizens on Aceh Besar sub-province from January-May 2005 Table 6.1 Interaction Matrix Table 6.2 Emission Gas Concentrate ( µm/m3 )Result of Motor Vehicle combustion in daytime Table 6.3 Noise level at various distances Table 6.4 Calculation of K Value Table 6.5 Calculation of LS Table 6.6 Classification of erosion severity Table 6.7 Magnitude of erosion Table 6.8 Area of land disturbed in major catchments Table 6.9 Maximum Daily Rainfall Table 6.10 Maximum Daily Rain Intencity for the area of Kota Banda Aceh and Regency of Aceh Besar Table 6.11. Maximum Daily Rainfall for the area of Aceh Jaya Regency and Aceh Bara Regencyt Table 6.12 Maximum Daily Rain Intensity for the area of Regency of Aceh Jaya an Regency of Aceh Barat Table 6.13 Runoff flow water at the respective catchment of river flow passing thru Banda Aceh Meulaboh road for 5 and 10 year intervals with forest cover condition. Table 6.14 Runoff flow rate at the respective water catchments for the watershed of rivers passing through Banda Aceh Meulaboh road at the repeat period of 5 and 10 years with closing condition that has been opened due to road construction. Table 6.15 Water impact on respective catchments of river basin along the roads during repeat periods of 5 to 10 years due to road construction in Banda Aceh - Meulaboh Table 6.16 Noise Levels at Distance Away from Source Table 6.17 Emission factors for several equipment Table 6.18 Emissions Calculations PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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123 126 127 130 132 132 133 134 136 138 152 153 167 168 168 169 170 172 172 173 173

174

175

176 180 184 184 USAID 10 MARCH, 2006


Table 6.19 Table 6.20 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.5 Table 7.6 Table 7.7 Table 7.8 Table 7.9 Table 7.10 Table 7.11 Table 7.12 Table 7.13 Table 7.14 Table 7.15 Table 7.16 Table 7.17 Table 7.18 Table 7.19

Increase in pollutant concentrations Noise Levels at Distance Away from Source Significance Matrix Livelihoods - Assessment Summary Community Attitudes and Perceptions - Assessment Summary Air Quality - Assessment Summary Noise and Vibration - Assessment Summary Soils - Assessment Summary Hydrology – Assessment Summary Surface Water Quality - Assessment Summary Transport and Accessibility - Assessment Summary Flora & Fauna - Assessment Summary Aquatic Biota - Assessment Summary Community Income - Assessment Summary Community Perceptions and Attitudes - Assessment Summary Social Processes - Assessment Summary Public Health - Assessment Summary Transport – Assessment Summary Pendapatan Masyarakat – Ringkasan Penilaian Accidents – Assessment Summary Illegal Logging – Assessment Summary


ix

184 186 201 202 203 205 205 207 208 210 211 213 214 215 216 217 219 220 221 221 222



LIST of FIGURES Figure 2.1 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh (Pre Construction Phase) Figure 2.2 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh (Construction Phase) Figure 2.3 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh (Operation Phase) Figure 2.4 Study Boundary Figure 3.1 Sampling Location Figure 3.2 Forest Concession Map Figure 4.1 Project Location Figure 4.2 Example of Road Design Figure 4.3 Example of Bridge Design Figure 4.4 Example of Box Culvert Design Figure 4.5 Quarries Location Figure 5.1 Isoyet Map Figure 5.2 Topography Map Figure 5.3 Geology Map Figure 5.4 Seismic Hazard Maps Figure 5.5 Epicenter and Tectonic Impact Maps Figure 5.6 Soil Map Figure 5.7 Land Use Map Figure 5.8 River Flow Map Figure 5.9 Hydrogeology Map Figure 5.10 Spatial Planning Map Figure 6.1 Impact Flow Chart During Pre Construction Stage Figure 6.2 Impact Flow Chart During Construction Stage Figure 6.3 Impact Flow Chart During Operation Stage Figure 6.4 Flooded area Figure 6.5 Soil Stability Index


x

20

21

22 23 37 38 49 50 51 52 57 66 75 76 77 78 79 80 84 85 88 140 141 142 197 198



GLOSSARY A-E

Architect-Engineer

AMDAL

Environmental Impact Assessment

ANDAL

Environmental Assessment Process

AASHTO

Association of American State Highway Officials

BAKOSURTANAL

Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional (Coordinating National Agency for Survey and Mapping)

BANGDES

Badan Pembangunan Desa (Village Development Agency)

Bapedalda

Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (Agency of Environmental Impact Management)

BAPPEDA

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development Planning Program)

BNA-MBO

Banda Aceh - Meulaboh

BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand

BPS

Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Agency of Statistics)

BRR

Agency in charge of the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh

CDR

Crude Death Rate

CO

Carbon Monoxide

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

dB (A)

Decibel

GIS

Geographic Information System

GR

Government Regulation

GRDP

Gross Regional Domestic Product

INP

Important Index Value

IMR

Infant Mortality Rate

IOM

International Organization for Migration

IMC

International Medical Corps

IPA

Index Point of Abundance

ISPA

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas (Upper Respiration Canal Infection Disease)

Hi-Vol

High Volume Air Sampler

Km

Kilometers

Kg

Kilograms

m

Meters

MP-ASI

Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (Breast Milk Supplement)


xi



m/dt

Meter per detik (meters per second)

NAD

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Province)

ND

Not Detected

NO

Nitrogen Oxide

NS

Not Significant

O3

Ozone

PAD

Pendapatan Asli Daerah (Original Local Revenue)

P2JJ

The Planning And Supervision of Roads and Bridges Division

PUSKESMAS

Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Public Health Center)

RKL

Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungn (Environmental Management Plan)

RPL

Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan (Environmental Monitoring Plan)

RUTR

Rencana Umum Tata Ruang (General Proposed Spatial Planning)

S

Significant

SO2

Sulfur Dioxide

SPL

Sound Pressure Level

Susenas

Survey Sensus Nasional (National Census Survey)

t/ha/th

ton/hectar/year

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

ug/m3

Microgram per cubic meter


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1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL BACKGROUND The earthquake and tsunami that affected Aceh so tragically at the end of December 2004 also caused major damage to a large part of the road network in the same region. According to information from the International Organization for Migration (2005:1), the disaster damaged over 654 kilometers of arterial roads, 136 kilometers of village roads, 603 kilometers of provincial roads, 2,267 bridges and 9,122 drainage systems. Of the damaged facilities, some 27.5% of arterial roads, 33.7% of village roads, 38% of provincial roads, 66.7% of bridges and 83% of drainage systems have already been restored. The financial loss of damaged infrastructure including roads, sanitary facilities and drainage systems totals approximately US$877 million dollars. The estimated loss in the transportation sector alone is approximately Rp. 7 trillion (US$ 700 million) consisting of Rp. 4.8 trillion (US$ 480 million) for damaged roads and Rp. 2.0 trillion (US$ 200 million) for damaged harbors (ISEI 2005:4). One of the worst impacts of the tsunami disaster in Aceh is the destruction of transportation and related infrastructure creating inaccessibility throughout the western coast of Aceh province including amongst the more prominent villages and towns in the area. A significant portion of the roadway between Lhonga and Meulaboh fell into the sea and is no longer functioning to facilitate transportation. The seaports of Lhok Nga, Calang and Meulaboh are also not operational. The only transportation facility that is practically functioning at the moment is the airport at Cut Nyak Dhien situated in the Western Aceh regency. The disconnection and inaccessibility of the west coast area of Aceh to surrounding areas has paralyzed most of the social and economic activities of the people living along the road between Banda Aceh and Meulaboh. This was particularly so in the first several months after the earthquake and tsunami when the people in the region could not realize basic needs. The reopening and accessibility to the western coast of Aceh is imperative, not merely for the sake of the socio-economic needs of the community living in the area, but also in the interests of other humanitarian, defense, security and Government activities.


1



The total rehabilitation and reconstruction of the damaged road network spanning up to 240 kilometers between Meulaboh and Banda Aceh is to be financed with grant support from the Government of the United States through USAID (United States Agency for International Development). The MOU for the work between the Government of the United States, represented by USAID, and the Government of Indonesia, represented by the Department of Public Works, was signed on the bridge over Krueng Raba (Raba River) in Lhonga, the regency of Aceh Besar. The bridge is one of the many devastated structures affected by the tsunami. According to Government Regulation No. 27 of 1999 on the process of analyzing potential environmental impacts (AMDAL) and Decree No. 17 of 2001 from the Junior Minister of Environment related to work plans and activities subject to AMDAL supplementation, the reconstruction and rehabilitation of up to 240 kilometers of road linking Banda Aceh and Meulaboh is categorized as work requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL). This requirement becomes a commitment on the part of the project planner in order to comply with project development guidelines and prevailing environmental mandates. The AMDAL process related to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Banda Aceh - Meulaboh road is being carried out on the basis of the decision from the head of Bapedal (Supervisory Agency on Environment) and in accordance with Regulation No. 09 of 2000 on AMDAL terms and conditions. Prior to preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL), agreement has been achieved on the Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Statement (KA ANDAL) through the Decree of the Head of Environmental Impact Management Agency of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province No. 660-27/IX/AMDAL/2005 dated 7 September 2005 concerning agreement on terms of reference of Environmental Impact Assessment (KA – ANDAL) for the road rehabilitation and reconstruction from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. In essence, the project development plan will emphasize priority on the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the old road before tsunami such as for northern and southern portions (Banda Aceh and Lamno). The construction of new roads is planned to begin from Lamno to Meulaboh and aims to avoid low lying areas near the coast that are of similar altitude to sea level and hence exposed to storms and severe weather conditions. Construction of some sections of the new road in the southern portion of the project area may require excavation and relocation of soil and coral as part of the modification process in working with the natural resource conditions and


2



land vegetation. During the project pre-construction, construction and operation phases, it is anticipated that the work will result in potential impacts on physical properties associated with soil chemistry, low lying land, surrounding water and air, transportation modes, biology (terrestrial and aquatic biota), socio-economic (employment, local economy and social processes) and the health of the community (sanitation, nutrition, accidents, etc.). However, the overall socio-economic benefits upon project completion are anticipated to be significant as compared to the temporary effects sustained during the pre-construction and construction phases. The road will be a key element of support in the ongoing rehabilitation effort by creating work, channeling materials and products and generating funds to support economic development in many nearby areas. The project is intended to provide viable alternatives to minimize any negative effects on economic livelihoods and environmental quality. As such, the anticipated benefits to be enjoyed from the project development are significantly greater compared to the impacts and permanent effects on the natural resources and environment that might otherwise be left alone.

1.1.1

Objectives and Benefits of the Project

1.1.1.1

Objectives The main objective of this project is to rehabilitation and reconstruction Banda Aceh Road for 240 km.

1.1.1.2

Benefits The Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project will play a vital part in the regional recovery. The Project will have numerous benefits, including the following:

Allow efficient access for reconstruction efforts along the west coast of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam as part of the reconstruction of tsunamiaffected areas.

Reduce travel times along the west coast that have been significantly increased due to damage from the earthquake and tsunami.

Enable local people to travel easily along the west coast both during and after reconstruction efforts have finished.

•

Re-establish the regional economy by developing existing natural resources and potential markets.


3



1.1.2

Prevailing Laws and Regulations The AMDAL study for this project is based upon the following existing Laws, Regulations Decrees etc of the Republic of Indonesia. a. Laws 1.

Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5, year 1960 regarding basic regulation on agrarian affairs.

2.

Law No. 5, year 1990 regarding the conservation of natural biological resources and their ecosystem.

3.

Law No 4, year 1992 regarding housing and surrounding living area.

4.

Law No. 14, year 1992 regarding traffic and land transportation.

5.

Law No. 23, year 1992 regarding health.

6.

Law No. 24, year 1992 regarding spatial management.

7.

Law No. 5, year 1994 regarding the ratification of UN Convention on Biological Diversity.

8.

Law No. 23, year 1997 regarding the development of the living environment.

9.

Law No. 41, year 1999 regarding forestry development

10. Law No. 18, year 2001 regarding special autonomy for the special territory of Aceh as the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 11. Law No. 07, year 2004 regarding water resources 12. Law No. 32, year 2004 regarding regional government authority. 13. Law No. 38, year 2004 regarding roads. b. Government Regulations 1.

Government Regulation No. 26 year 19856 regarding roads

2.

Government Regulation No. 27, year 1991 regarding marshes

3.

Government Regulation No. 35, year 1991 regarding rivers

4.

Government Regulation No. 7, year 1998 regarding the preservation of certain types of plants and animals.

5.

Government Regulation No. 8, year 1998 regarding the profiting from trade of certain kinds of plants and animals.

6.

Government Regulation No. 27, year 1999 concerning Environmental Impact Assessment

7.

Government Regulation No. 41, year 1999 regarding the control of air pollution

8.

The Government Regulation No. 43, year 1999 regarding norms and road traffic


4



9.

Government Regulation No. 25 year 2000 regarding authorization of the Government and the authorization of the provinces as autonomous regions

10. Government Regulation No. 82, year 2001 regarding the processing of water quality and water pollution control 11. Government Regulation No. 34 regarding forestry system, the forestry planning processing and forestry profitability. 12. Government Regulation No. 45 year 2004 regarding forest preservation. c. Presidential Decrees and Regulations 1.

Decree of the President of the Rep. of Indonesia No.32, year 1990 regarding the development of preserved areas.

2.

Decree of the President of the Rep. of Indonesia No. 55 year 1994 regarding the system of lending forest area.

3.

Decree of the President of the Rep. of Indonesia No. 36 year 2005 regarding the allocation of land for the realization of development for public interest.

d. Ministerial Decrees 1.

Decree of the Minister of Civic Affairs and Living Environment No. Kep 02/MENLH/6/1988 regarding the direction on stating the quality of the environment.

2.

Decree of the Minister Living Environment No. 13/MENLH/94 regarding the standard for the quality of emissions from unmoveable sources.

3.

Decree of the Minister for Agrarian Affairs/Head of BPN (National Land Use Agency) No 1 year 1994 regarding the application of the Presidential Decree No. 55 year 1993 regarding the allocation of land for development and use for public interests.

4.

Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 55/KPTS-II/94 regarding the direction on the lending and use of forest areas.

5.

Decree of the Minister of Public Works No. 58/KPTS/1995 regarding the direction on making the analysis on the environment impact within the Public Works sector.

6.

Decree of the Minister of Public Work No. 69/PRT/1995 regarding the making of the analysis on the environment impact within the Public Works sector.

7.

The Decree of the Minister Public Work No. 148/KPTS/1995 regarding the planning for the processing the environment and the planning for monitoring the environment within the Public Works sector.

8.

The decree of the Minister of Living Environment No 48/MNLH/96 regarding the standardization on the degree of noise.


5



9.

Decree of the Minister of Living Environment No. 49/MENLH/96 regarding the standardization on the level of vibration.

10. Decree of the Minister of Public Works No. Kep-40/KPTS/1996 regarding the technical direction for the arrangement of Analysis of the environment impact from road projects. 11. Decree of the Minister of Public Works No. 40/KPTS/1997 regarding the technical direction on making the analysis of the environment impact from road projects. 12. Decree of the Minister of Living Environment No. 45/MENLH/97 regarding standard index of air pollution. 13. The Decree of the Minister Home Affairs No 620-306 dated 4 November 1998 regarding the consideration on the status of roads as provincial roads. 14. The decision of the Minister of Living Environment No. 05/MENLH/2000 regarding the methodology on making AMDAL for development activity in wetland areas. 15. Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. Kep.170/KPTS/11/2000 regarding the allocation of the areas of forestry and water resources in the province/special territory of Aceh. 16. Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 17/MENLH/2001 regarding the types of business and activities requiring analysis for its impact of the living environment. 17. Decree of the Minister of Forestry No Kep-70/KPTS-II/2001 regarding the allocation areas, change of status and functions of forest areas. 18. Decision of Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 876/Menkes/SK/VIII/2001 regarding the technical direction of analysis of impacts on the health of environment. 19. Decision of the Minister of Public Works No. 375/KPTS/M/2004 regarding parts of roads based on status as national roads. e.

Bapedal Decisions (Local Supervisory Agency for the Environment)

1.

Decision of Head of Bapedal No. Kep-056/1994 regarding the direction on the size of significant impacts.

2.

Decision of Head of Bapedal No. 299/11/1996 regarding the technical direction for the study of social aspects in the preparation of an AMDAL.

3.

Decision of the Head of Bapedal No. 105 year 1997 regarding the Direction for the realization of the environmental development and the planning for monitoring of the environment.

4.

Decision of the Head of Bapedal No. 107/Ka Bapedal/1997 regarding the technical direction for calculation, reporting and the information standard index for air pollution.

5.

Decision of Head of Bapedal No Kep-124/12/1997 regarding the Direction on study of the community health aspects in preparation of an AMDAL.


6



6.

Decision of Head of Bapedal No. 08 year 2000 regarding the community participation and information transparency in processing of an AMDAL.

7.

Decision of Head of Bapedal No. 09 year 2000 regarding the processing of an AMDAL.

f.

Regional Regulations

1.

The regulation (by law) of the Province/ Special Territory of Aceh No. 3 Year 1992 regarding the mining of Type C deposits.

2.

The regulation of the Province/Special District of Aceh No. 9 year 1995 regarding spatial management plans for the province/special territorial of Aceh.

3.

Qanun (Arabic term for regulation) of Province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam No. 14 year 2002 regarding the forests of Province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.

4.

Qanun of Province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam No 15 year 2002 regarding the system for forestry permits.

5.

Qanun of Province No 01 year 2002 regarding basic pattern of the Province NAD year 2001 - 2005.

6.

Qanun of Province NAD No.02 year 2002 regarding the development program of Province NAD.

7.

Qanun of Province NAD No. 20 year 2002 regarding the conservation of natural resources.

8.

Qanun of province NAD No.21 year 2002 regarding the management of natural resources.

9.

Qanun of Province NAD No. 1 Year 2003 regarding references for the development of Banda Aceh City years 2001-2005.

10. Qanun of the Province NAD No. 3 year 2003 regarding the plan of spatial management of the Province NAD years 2002-2010. g. Governor Decisions 1. 2.

3.

The decision of Governor NAD No. 08 Year 1993 regarding classification and standardization of water quality in the special territory of Aceh. The decision of Governor NAD No. 17 Year 1991 regarding the direction of the function of forests within the spatial management of the province of NAD. The decision of the Governor of the Province of NAD No. 19 year 1999 re adjustment of the direction of the function of forests within the spatial management of the province of NAD.


7



1.1.3

Basic Provisions of the Environmental Management Policy The project to restore and reconstruct the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road will be developed by the office-in-charge of the planning and supervision of roads and bridges (P2JJ), under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Since USAID provides the grant and technical assistance for the project there is a dual requirement that this project shall also comply with all of the related policies of the authorities of both the province of NAD and the US Government authorities (where applicable). The key underlying guidelines are as follows: a) The highest priority is given to the improvement of the welfare of the community of the province of NAD, especially those who are living in and around the project location. b) The conservation and sustainable use of all related physical, biological and human resources as one of the major components of the development program. c) Stability and continuity of inter environmental components

1.1.4

Relationship Between the Project Plan and Significant Impacts The plan for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road of up to 240 kilometers is to rebuild portions of the existing road together with new segments, including bridges and water crossings. The potential environmental impacts from this project are generated from 3 (three) activity phases, namely, pre-construction, construction and operation stages. In the pre-construction stage, survey work for road measurement, field marking and land acquisition is predicted to generate potential impacts on the community inhabitants’ attitude and community perceptions as well as their comfort level in accepting the proposed project implementation. Activities that have the potential to generate impacts during the construction stage include: recruitment of construction employees, mobilization of material and equipment, establishment of supporting infrastructure, development of borrow pits and quarries, land clearing, earthworks, civil engineering works (including river crossings), and demobilization of the work force. It is predicted that these impacts may affect air quality and noise, hydrology and surface water quality, land use, erosion, transportation, terrestrial flora, aquatic biota, employment, livelihoods, attitude and community perception and community health. During the operation stage, there are two activities that have the potential to generate impacts, namely, road operation and road maintenance. These two activities will likely have impacts upon transportation, local revenue, livelihoods and attitude and community perception and traffic accident.


8



1.2

OBJECTIVES OF ANDAL STUDY a) To identify the plan of business and the activities to be completed, particularly those which are expected to have a significant impact on the living environment from the pre-construction stage through the postconstruction and operation stage. b) To identify the existing conditions of the living environment, particularly those resources which are expected to undergo significant impacts. c) To assess and evaluate the significant impacts on physical, chemical, biological, socio-economic, socio-cultural and public health aspects as a result of the proposed road project using appropriate formal and informal methodologies.

1.3

BENEFITS OF THE ANDAL STUDY a) Improved

evaluation

and

decision-making

to

select

appropriate

development alternatives as viewed from the perspectives of the living environment, appropriate technology, and application of key socioeconomic factors. b) Integration of a full and balanced consideration of the environmental components in all phases of detailed planning and implementation of the project and related activities. c) Preparation of a guideline document with direction and purpose to effectively manage and supervise all project activities that could affect the living environment.


9



2

SCOPE OF STUDY

2.1

MAJOR AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

2.1.1

Project Components that Potentially Cause Impacts Project components that could potentially cause impacts are differentiated according to three distinct project stages; pre-construction, construction and operation.

2.1.1.1

Pre-Construction Stage Pre-construction activities that could potentially cause impacts are limited to site survey and marking as well as land acquisition: a) Site Survey and Measurement When the road design has been completed and the road alignment determined, the alignment is to be surveyed and marked. This marking process will be visible to the public and therefore will be one of the first opportunities for all people to comprehend exactly where the road will be placed. Site survey and marking affects a limited area and is therefore relatively non-obtrusive. b) Land Acquisition Where the proposed new road alignment differs from the original (pretsunami) network, acquisition of the land for the road may be necessary. The land acquisition process will involve identification of land to be acquired and corresponding land owners and/or valid squatters, valuation of land, consultation with owners and/or squatters and payment of compensation for all land acquired.

2.1.1.2

Construction Phase a) Mobilization of Work Force The construction crew will be selected and mobilized by the appointed contractor(s). The workforce will include a range of professions including transport engineers, structural engineers, construction managers, foremen, heavy equipment operators and a range of semi-skilled and unskilled laborers. The contractor(s) will be instructed to select workers from the local area wherever and whenever possible. It is estimated that several hundred workers are expected to be employed for construction. As such, construction activities


10



will provide work opportunities and secondary business opportunities for the affected region. The contractor (s) will be instructed to source workers from the local area where possible (i.e. where the appropriate skills are available). b) Mobilization of Materials and Equipment Project material and equipment specifications will be based upon the final road design and budget for selection and mobilization by the appointed contractor(s). The contractor(s) will be instructed to select materials and equipment from the local area whenever and wherever specifications and budget are compatible. c) Establishment of Supporting Infrastructure Base camps will be constructed as temporary office and accommodation facilities for workers during the construction phase. The base camps will also be used for equipment maintenance and warehouses. There will be also the need for temporary roads and structures. d) Development of Borrow Pits and Quarries The development of borrow pits and quarry locations for raw material supplies is synonymous with the establishment of a network of small-scale mining operations. The range of activity and components includes; identifying supply areas, establishing access roads, selecting work pits, providing temporary housing, arranging machinery, fuel and explosives, managing crushing operations, co-ordinating loading/delivery logistics, etc. e) Land Clearing Prior to actual construction of the road, any surface structures, vegetation or tsunami debris along the designated road alignment and supply areas will need to be cleared. Selective cutting of tall trees adjacent to the actual road corridor will be necessary to reduce potential hazards. f)

Earthworks

As feasible, the road will be aligned along topography to minimize cutting and filling. Cut and fill activities, however, are still necessary to ensure that road gradients meet the applicable standards. Earthworks will also include compacting and leveling activities. The earthworks will result in localized changes to topography and water drainage patters. During site preparation topsoil will be removed and temporarily stored for future reclamation activities. The temporary topsoil storage period will be minimized to maintain top soil quality. Reclamation activities will occur in parallel to construction.


11



g) Civil Engineering Works The road project will involve construction of around 110 water crossings (including bridges), culverts, road surface material, road posts, traffic lights, parking areas, drainage structures, access road linkages, coastal protection and other environmental mitigation structures. During road construction on areas where the original road alignment will not change, detours may be necessary. This will involve diverting traffic along a temporary alternative path until the new road is ready for use. h) Use of Fuels And Oils Earth works and road construction requires the operation of a large fleet of heavy equipment. Temporary fuel stations will be installed and equipped with fuel storage facilities. Equipment usage will result in significant amounts of waste oil. Other chemicals such as petroleum or thinners will be utilized during construction. i)

Demobilization of Work Force, Material and Equipment

The construction crew will primarily be sourced from the local affected area. However, the road operation will require a relatively small amount of labor and most of the construction personnel will be demobilized upon completion of the construction work. After completion of construction, unused and remaining project materials and equipment will be removed. Similarly, still remaining supporting infrastructure that can not be used otherwise will be demolished and removed.

2.1.1.3

Operation Stage Activities during road operation fall into road usage and road maintenance: a) Road Usage It is expected that the road will provide safer and more efficient transport for vehicles along the west coast of Aceh. The road will initially provide easier access for reconstruction activities and later as efficient transport for local people, products and services to the surrounding communities. b) Road Maintenance Management of the road network is ideally based on sound business principles using economic criteria to prioritize and schedule maintenance work. Maintenance activities are best carried out in a cost effective manner using a long-term asset management approach that includes a road and bridge inventory, condition surveys and evaluation tools to update, prioritize and schedule periodic maintenance. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

12



Responsibility for road maintenance will be with the local administration and its main maintenance activities will be cleaning and resurfacing of the road when and where necessary.

2.1.2

Description of Preliminary Baseline Conditions

2.1.2.1

Physico-Chemical Components a) Climate and Air Quality The study area in Aceh Besar Regency is categorized as a tropical climate based on a climate classification system by Schmidt, Ferqussen, and is classified as a Type – ‘C’ climate (slightly wet) according to the condition recorded by the Iskandar Muda Meterological Station from 1995 – 2004. These conditions clearly indicate a distinct difference between wet and dry season. Aceh Barat and Aceh Jaya Regency are also categorized as tropical climate and classified as Type – ‘A’ climate according to the condition recorded by the Cut Nyak Dhien Meterological Station from 1995 - 2004. The ambient air quality parameters studied in the ANDAL consist of carbon monoxide gas (CO), sulfur oxide gas (SO2), nitrogen oxide gas (NO), ozone gas (O3) and dust particles. Most of these gases are the direct result of burning fossil fuels by motorized vehicles. Ozone gas is a secondary pollutant resulting from the photochemical reaction with NOX gas. b) Physiographic Profile Physiography from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh consist of flat plain areas (0 – 3%), undulating areas (3 – 8%), hilly areas (8 – 15%), and mountainous areas (15 – 25%) in the Mount Gerutee region. c) Seismic Conditions The region is tectonically in a highly unstable area as the island is in close proximity to a major fault line (the Sumatra Fracture Zone). Prior to and after the tsunami, Sumatra experienced earthquakes on a fairly consistent basis in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 in the Richter scale. Earthquakes in the area are generated mainly from tectonic plate shifting along the Sumatra Fault Zone. d) Hydrology and Surface Water Quality Following are several river crossings along the road corridor from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh; Krueng Raba, Krueng Sarah, Krueng Lambesoi, Krueng Teunom, Krueng Arogan, Krueng Woyla and Krueng Bubon. Many of these rivers originate from the Bukit Barisan mountain range and flow to the Indian Ocean.


13



The river water is utilized for agricultural purposes by both large-scale irrigation and small scale village irrigation.

2.1.2.2

Biological Components a) Flora Terrestrial Terrestrial flora which exists along the road corridor from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh are coastal ecosystems, farm land, natural secondary forest and wetland. b) Fauna Terrestrial Observation of wildlife and livestock along the road corridor included many species such as; follow monkey long tail (Macaca fasculiformis), cow (Bos sp), buffalo (Bubalus sp), several kinds of bird; kuntul (Egretta sp), layang-layang (Hirundo sp) and reptiles; biawak (Varanus sp)

2.1.2.3

Social Components a) Demography and Education There has been significant demographic change since the December 2004 tsunami disaster with regard to the destruction of approximately 100,000 houses and nearly 400,000 lives lost. The demographic data at the end of 2003 shows that there were 807,918 people living in the four regions including coastal cities of western Aceh. The demographic structure according to age distribution indicates that approximately 40% of the population is aged under 29 years of age. The population survey in 2000 (BPS 2001) indicated that most of the community in the west coast had only elementary level educational background. The educational level is reflected in the local socio-economic conditions. b) Economics The local and regional economies, generally, are still in the primary sectors, which are agricultural, fisheries and mining. These sectors are likewise reflected in the level of workers that contribute to Aceh’s income. A population survey in 2000 (BPS, 2001) identified that more than 40% of the community of the four regions and costal cities in western Aceh work in these sectors. More than 43% of revenue generated in Aceh is from the primary sector.


14



c) Culture Aceh province has a long history of human development. In the 16th century, Aceh was already established as a center of Islam. It was a major trading entity important throughout the Asian region transacting major trades with China, the Near East and Europe. The Islamic religion spread throughout the Indonesian region from Aceh and thus the kingdom also became known as “Aceh Seuramoe Mekkah” (“Aceh is Mecca” (in its religious orientation)). 2.1.2.4

Public Health Components At the end of the 2003, there were 258 small health centres and secondary small health clinics in the four coastal cities/regions of Aceh managed by 1,868 doctors, nurses and other medical experts. The highest level of disease is upper lung infection (ISPA), appendicitis, skin diseases, scabies, mouth diseases, high blood pressure, respiratory diseases and eye disease. At the end of 2004, the health infrastructure was destroyed by the December 2004 tsunami. The level of mobility was also affected significantly. However, public health treatment centers are working through the support of international and Indonesian volunteer organizations and individuals.

2.1.2.5

Surrounding Land Use and Activities The road alignment begins at Banda Aceh and ends at Meulaboh through coastal hills and mountainous areas. Other activities that exist in surrounding project area are as follows:

2.2

Community aquaculture production

Agriculture activity such as rice field and water irrigation.

Horticultural activities (such as coconut and others) owned by the local communities

Settlement/village housing and barracks which exist along the road corridor

Cement factory Andalas Indonesia in Lhok Nga

Tourism attractions in Lhok Nga, Lhok Kruet, waterfall locations in Lhoong and Geurutee mountains.

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS TO BE STUDIED Based on the project description and brief explanation of the initial baseline environment the environmental components to be studied are as follow:

2.2.1

Physico - Chemical Components

Climate, including climate type, temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind

Air quality (dust and gas emission primarily from vehicle)

Noise


15



2.2.2

Hydrology and water quality

Spatial planning including land use and soil

Physiographic elements, including topography, morphology, geology

Erosion

Biological Components a) Biology Terrestrial Flora

Potential impacts to flora relate to vegetation loss around the project site. Fauna Potential impacts to fauna relate to disturbance of habitats around the project site.

b) Aquatic biota Impact on aquatic biota (plankton, benthos) caused by degradation of water quality. c) Wetland habitats Impact on wetland habitats (flora and fauna) caused by degradation of water quality. 2.2.2.1

Social Components a) Demography Population structure according to the general group, gender, work, education and religion;

Population density;

Population growth (birth rate, child mortality rate, and circulating, commuting and permanent migration); and

Workforce (participation degree of workforce and of unemployment).

b) Economy Household economy (income level and sources of income)

Natural resource economy (ownership pattern, natural resource management, exploitation of natural resources, land use, land value and publicly owned natural resources

Local and regional economy (opportunities for working and doing business, value added manufacturing process, types and number of non formal economy activities, income distribution, economic multipliers, domestic product, regional gross income, original regional income, economic growth centers, public and social facilities.


16



c) Culture Culture (customs, values and cultural norms.)

2.2.3

Social processes (process of association/cooperation, process of dissociation/social conflicts), acculturation, assimilation and integration and social cohesion.

Social network/community institution in the sectors of economy (ownership by land by a certain community) education, religion, social and family.

Cultural heritage (historical sites, cultural sanctuary)

Social strata based on education, economy, work and power.

Power and authority (formal and leadership, formal and informal authority, decision making mechanism in the community, dominant individual group, change of leadership value).

Reaction and perception of the community towards planned business and activity.

Ecological Adaptation

Public Health Components a) Process and potency which cause exposure occurs: b) Potency of the excess of impact to cause disease (ailment and mortality level). c) Characteristic ‘risky’ activities of the community. d) Health resources. e) Environmental sanitary condition. f) Community nutrition status. g) The condition of the environment which is prone to the spread of diseases.

2.3

MAIN ISSUES The proposed road construction project, including the repair works, realignment and enhancement of the quality of the existing road, has the potential of causing various significant impacts due to the fact that the road is stretches over a relatively long distance. The impact on the biological components is confined to the part of the new road particularly in the southern section. The social and environmental problems my be encountered in varying magnitude during all the stages of the project, viz. pre -constructional stage, constructional stage, post- constructional and operational stage (see Figure 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3).


17



2.3.1

Pre- construction Stage The community’s negative perception due to site selection, land survey and land acquisition implementation that does not meet their expectations. This negative perception may spark further social conflicts.

2.3.2

Construction Stage

Erosion and landslides due to land excavation and land accumulation and project construction work.

Reduced flora diversity due to land clearing and earthworks.

Hydrology system disruption due to project construction activities.

Transportation disruption due to machinery and equipment mobilization and project construction activities.

Employment opportunities in the construction phase of the project, which in turn results in increased income levels.

Community negative attitudes and perceptions as a results of negative impacts from project construction works.

2.3.3

Post Construction/Operational Stage

2.4

Improved transportation flow due to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of roads and bridges. Increased community income due to extensive employment opportunities following the improved access and movement of goods and people along the newly reconstructed and rehabilitated road. Illegal logging due to new access routes to the forest.

STUDY AREA Although trans-boundary environmental effects are taken into consideration, environmental assessment is a site based approach. Relevant Indonesian guidelines differentiate the project area into project, ecological, social, administrative, and study boundaries. The choice for the various boundaries in the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project is illustrated in Figure 2.4 and is detailed in the following sections.


18



2.4.1

Project Boundary The project boundary comprises all areas with physical changes. In the case of the road rehabilitation and reconstruction project, these areas include the road corridor, borrow pits, quarries, and areas with supporting infrastructure.

2.4.2

Ecological Boundary The ecological boundary encompasses all areas in which environmental impacts may occur. For the environmental assessment of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project a corridor of about 1km in width to the left and the right of the road is defined as the ecological boundary.

2.4.3

Social Boundary The social boundary includes all communities that may be potentially affected by the project and encompasses all coastal areas between the coastline and the road corridor and within a five kilometer zone to the east.

2.4.4

Administrative Boundary The administrative boundary borders the various jurisdictions with influence on the road project.

2.4.5

Study Boundary For an environmental assessment to be fully effective, the study area should include sources of impacts as well as the area of potential environmental and social concern. In this ANDAL, the study boundary is set in practical terms to match the administrative boundaries and also includes the project, ecological, and social boundaries.


19


Pre Construction Project Activity Survey, measuring and socialization Land acquisition

Potential Impact

Potential Impact Identification

Matrix Interaction for Activity and Environmental Environmental Baseline Physic - Chemestry Biology Social Public Health

Likelihood Community income Community confusing Attitude and community perception

Potential Impact Evaluation Number of people likely to be affected by impact Extent of area affected by the impact Impact intensity and impact duration Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative character of impact Irreversibility or reversibility of impact

Significant Impact Hypothetic Likelihood Community income Attitude and community perception

Main Issue

Focusing

Correlations Analysis

Figure 2.1 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh (Pre Construction Phase)

Attitude and community perception

Construction Project Activity Mobilization of workers Mobilization of materials and equipment Construction of supporting infrastructure Quarrying and borrow pit Land Clearing Earthworks Civil Engineering works Use of fuel and oils Demobilization of workers

Potential Impact


Matrix Interaction for Activity and Environmental

Environmental Baseline

Air quality Noise and vibration Water quality Hydrology Landform Soil (erosion / landslide) Transportation Flora terrestrial Fauna terrestrial Aquatic biota Demography Community income Workforce participation Likelihood Social process Attitude and community perception Diseases pattern Community health Environmental sanitation Number of accident

Significant Impact Hypothetic


Air quality Noise and vibration Hydrology Water quality Soil (erosion/ landslide) Transportation Flora terrestrial Fauna terrestrial Aquatic biota Community income Workforce participation Social process Attitude and community perception Community health Number of accident

Main Issue

Focusing


Physic - Chemestry Biology Social Public Health

Figure 2.2 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh ( Construction Phase)

Soil (erosion/ landslide) Transportation Flora terrestrial Community income Workforce participation Social process Attitude and community perception

Operation Project Activity

Road and bridge operation

Potential Impact

Road and bridge maintenance


Matrix Interaction for Activity and Environmental

Air quality Noise and vibration Transportation Flora terrestrial Likelihood Attitude and community perception Diseases pattern Number of accident Another activity (Illegal logging)


Significant Impact Hypothetic Transportation Flora terrestrial Likelihood Number of accident Another activity (Illegal logging)

Main Issue

Focusing


Environmental Baseline Physic - Chemestry Biology Social Public Health

Figure 2.3 Flowchart Scoping and Focusing Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Road Banda Aceh To Meulaboh ( Operation Phase)

Transportation Likelihood Another activity (Illegal logging)

740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

Kapelma

820000

840000

860000

!

Lamren

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

!

Laweueng !

!

600000

600000

Lhonga

!

Indrapura

Batee

!

!

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

Seulimeun

KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

!

Asan Kumbang

580000

580000

!

Panteraja

!

Meureudu

S

KABUPATEN PIDIE 560000

560000

!

Lamno

!

Tangse !

!

Meriam

540000

540000

Cuemanprong

!

Lho Kruet

!

Ujungrimba

Lhok Kuala

!

520000

520000

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

!

Calang

!

Sarahya

KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

! 500000

500000

Diren Bungkok

!

Aleukuyun

!

!

Keudeteunom

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Kualambangteunong !

INDIAN OCEAN

480000

480000

Kualabhee

Blangcotmerah

!

!

!

Aleupendeung

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te !

!

740000

760000

780000

800000

820000

840000

Sumber : Source : U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84

ANALISA DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Gambar Figure

2 .4

No Revisi Revision No

BATAS STUDI STUDY BOUNDARY

0

Tanggal Revisi Revision Date

03/07/05

Digambar Oleh Drawn By

Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhogubon

860000

Area Proyek Project Area

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS

Digabung Oleh Compiled By

ERM

Legenda

SUMATERA

Legend Batas Kecamatan District Boundary

Batas Kabupaten Regency Boundary

Batas Proyek Project Boundary

Batas Sosial Social Boundary

¯

Area Dampak Tsunami Tsunami Affected Area

Batas Administrasi Administrative Boundary

Batas Studi

Area Dampak Tsunami (perkiraan) Tsunami Affected Area (estimated)

Study Boundary

Batas Ekologi

Pemukiman

Ecological Boundary

Settlement

0

10

20

30 Km

Jakarta

"



DIREKTORAT JALAN DAN JEMBATAN I SATUAN KERJA SEMENTARA PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN PROV.NAD JALAN JENDRAL SUDIRMAN NO.1 BANDA ACEH - KODE POS 23239 TELP/FAX (0651)47150


3

STUDY METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the ANDAL study is described in this section. Methods for data selection, collection, analysis, significant impact evaluation and significant impact prediction are also identified and described in this chapter along with related academic disciplines. 3.1

DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY The collection and analysis of data is a prerequisite activity for the evaluation of all foreseen and potential project environmental impacts as well as for the prediction and evaluation of any major and significant impacts. The data collected for this ANDAL study consists of primary and secondary data. The primary data is obtained through field measurements and observation, including the direct measurement and laboratory analysis. The secondary data is obtained from relevant literature, documentaries, reports and previous studies. Secondary data resources as listed below:

Local Government offices, especially BAPPEDA (regional administration office)

PUSKESMAS (Public Health Center) of the Health Agency

Department of Public Works

Population and Environment Agency

Directorate of Environment Geology (Bandung)

BAKOSURTANAL (Co-ordinating National Agency for Survey and Mapping)

Meteorology and Geophysics Agency

Literature Study

Satellite photos (SPOT, LANSAT AND IKONOS)

The collection of primary data includes social, economic and cultural information obtained through direct interviews with existing community inhabitants in the project area. Physical, chemical and biology data are taken directly on location through measurements, observations and record keeping. Given the unique nature and urgency of the project and the need for quick implementation, the collection of primary data has been confined to the selection of data most closely associated with corresponding environmental components. The locations selected for primary data collection are provided in Figure 3.1 while the collection of primary data relating to the specific components is elaborated on the subsequent tables and report narrative.


24



This segment of the ANDAL study for the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road rehabilitation and reconstruction project utilizes detailed and accurate data often compiled with a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS input has been developed exclusively for use on the ANDAL study and includes aerial photography of the project area and surrounding conditions after the tsunami destruction. 3.1.1

Physical-Chemical Components The physical-chemical parameters encompass land use and spatial structures as well as climate, air quality, noise, hydrology, water quality, hydrogeology, physiography, geology, topography, structure and land use, and transportation.

3.1.1.1

Climate Climate data has been obtained by collecting secondary data from nearby meteorological stations to better quantify the location and conditions of study. The observed climate parameters consist of the following:

3.1.1.2

Rain: quantity and number of wet days

Temperature: average, minimum and maximum

Relative air humidity

Wind direction and velocity

Intensity of sunlight

Air Quality and Noise Air and noise measurements were performed directly in the field. The parameters analyzed for reading air quality are; carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), sulfur oxide (SO) lead (Pb) and dust particles. Securing gas samples is done by means of a gas sampling device called a High Volume Air Sampler (Hi-Vol) for subsequent laboratory analysis. Noise level is gauged by using a Sound Level Meter, compass and GPS. Further information on the locations where air quality and noise samples were taken is shown in Table 3.1. The method and equipment used in measuring the air quality and noise levels as stipulated by Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999 is also described in Table 3.1.


25



Table 3.1

Measurement Methodology and Equipment for Air Quality and Noise No.

Parameters

Unit

Analysis Method

Equipment

1

CO

mg/m3

NDIR

DIR

2

NOx

mg/m3

Grietz Saltzman

Spectrophotometer

3

SOx

mg/m3

Pararosanilin

Spectrophotometer

4

Dust

mg/m3

Gravimetric

High Vol Sampler

5

Noise

dBA

direct measurement

Sound Level Meter

Source: Government Regulation No. 41 year 1999

Gauging the degree of air quality and environmental noise levels is conducted at the same locations. The sites for taking air quality and noise level data are as follows:

Station 1 (U1) was measured at the edge of Simpang Lampuuk. The samples taken to identify air quality and noise levels at the location which receive the impact of recent tidal wave tsunami and the reconstruction of the old trace of the tsunami destroyed road which has also got effect of the present activity of the transportation.

Station 2 (U2) was measured in the area of Blang Mae, a location that is spared from the tsunami impact.

Station 3 (U3) was measured at Lamno, a site that will receive direct impact from the road rehabilitation activity.

Station 4 (U4) was measured in the area of Suak Timah, a location for new road construction and the accompanying impacts on the surrounding settlements.

Station 5 (U5) was measured in the area of Guempa, a sub-Regency in Meulaboh which is the endpoint of the road rehabilitation and reconstruction project.

Direct noise level gauging using sound level meter will be in the same locations as for air sample collection.

3.1.1.3

Hydrology and Surface Water Quality

Hydrology

Water analysis is based on the use of GIS and its application to topography data. The tsunami event damaged river channel access and water exchange in many shoreline areas that will take several years to restore to natural hydrological patterns and other beneficial conditions.


26



Surface water quality

Surface water quality can have significant effects on the ocean water quality and can also impact sedimentation profiles due to erosion caused by the tsunami and unusually severe weather. It is important to schedule and secure regular data collection with reference to existing water conditions. At the moment, the topsoil condition does not represent the typical condition of the natural environment and is not an acceptable standard for a comparison to future environmental conditions in the project area. Qualitative hydrological and qualitative surface water conditions during the ANDAL study were gathered at specific locations as shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, water quality was analyzed at two wetland areas situated east of the roadway. The locations for water quality sampling included:

3.1.1.4

Krueng Sarah Aceh Besar (river water)

Krueng Lambeso (river water)

Krueng Woyla (river water)

Krueng Bubon (wetland water)

Suak Uleue (wetland water)

Hydrogeology Hydrogeology data for surface water systems in the project area are combined together with accurate geological information and other supporting data sources.

3.1.1.5

Physiology and Geography Data collection and information support research related to land characteristics such as topography, including slope stability and environmental geography. This activity also encompasses accurate natural resource inventory verification including the distribution and structure of top soil layers and earthquake tremor conditions.

3.1.1.6

Topography Information related to the project topography was obtained through use of topographic maps with a scale of 1 : 50,000 including digital height models. Slope stability has been verified from detailed GIS analysis.

3.1.1.7

Geology and Landforms Geological data will be derived from secondary data sources, geological mapping (Bennet, et al, 1983) and GIS information. The geological analysis is limited to the existing investigation study and literature on geological aspects such as formation and structure. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

27



Soil type analysis will be based on secondary data and the collection of primary data (samples and observation of soil type) on the selections of the alignment. The location of soil sample areas are as follows (Figure 3.1):

Leupung;

Ceunamprong;

Keudeteunom; and

Reusak.

Appropriate parameters were collected to determine soil erosion rates. Erosion prediction is required to predict the impacts of activities such as quarrying. Erosion is predicted using the following formula: E=RxKxLxSxCxP Where: E

=

The volume of lost soil per unit area of land is obtained by multiplying the factors in the above equivalency (for instance in ton.ha-1.year-1)

R

=

Rainfall and runoff factor

K

=

Soil erodibility factor for a particular soil, and represents the loss of soil per unit area

L

=

Length factor of an inclined slope, which has no units, and represents the ratio of quantity of soil loss for a given slope length to the quantity of soil loss for a slope length of 72.6 ft (standard length). The L factor in this sense does not represent the actual slope length.

S

=

Gradient factor, which has no units, and represents the ratio of the quantity of soil loss for a slope gradient of 9 %. The S factor in this sense is not the actual gradient of the slope.

C

=

Soil cover factor, which has no unit, and represents the ratio of the quantity of soil loss at a specific condition and the quantity of soil loss from continuously fallow and tilled land.

P

=

The support practice factor, which has no units, and represents the ratio of the quantity of soil loss a support practice to that of straightrow farming up and down the slope.

Erosivity of Rain (R) The system used for measuring the level of erosion caused by rain is of the system represented by Lenvain (DHV, 1989) as follows: R= 0.41 x H1.098


28



Where: R H

= =

rain erosivity index monthly rainfall (mm)

Land Erodibility Land erodibility is approximated by using the formula below: K=(2.1 x(10-4) x (12-OM)xM1.14+3.25x(s-2)=3.25x(p-3))/100 Where : K OM S P M

= = = = =

Land erodibility factor. Percentage of organic material in the land Soil structure class (based on the USDA, 1951) Soil Permeability class (based on the USDA, 1951) (% dust + % fine sand) x (100- % clay)

The value of M for several standard soil texture types can be to compare the calculated value with values available in the literature (refer to Table 3.2). Table 3.2

M Values for Selected Land Textures No.

Land Texture Grade

M Score

1 Heavy clay 2 Medium clay 3 Sandy clay 4 Light clay 5 Silty clay 6 Sand dust clay 7 Sand 8 Silty sand 9 Silty loam 10 Sandy silt 11 Silt 12 Dusty silt 13 Dust 14 Mixed Prevalent Sources: RLKT DAS Citarum (1987)

210 750 1213 1685 2160 3830 3035 1245 3770 4005 4390 6330 8245 4000

To determine the ‘K’ value (the erosion index), sampling of disturbed soil and undisturbed soil is undertaken. Parameters, land analysis methods and the equipment used is shown on Table 3.3.


29



Table 3.3

Parameter, Analytical Method and Equipment – Land Analysis No.

Parameter

1

Land Texture

Analysis method

Equipment

Mechanical analysis

Stokes cylinder

Stokes method

Electric balance Buret, Elemenyer

2

Organic material

Walkley & Black

3

Permeability

Rate infiltration (cm.men¯¹)

4

Land structure

Direct observation

water Ring sample

The estimated value of land erodibility can be recognized by the percentage of dust and soft sand, organic material, and land structure and permeability. Land erodibility determined by the field investigations can be checked against a nomograph for ‘K’ provided in Ambar and Wiersum, 1980. The nomograph is suitable for use in Indonesia. Condition of soil cover and soil disturbance (factors C and P) The initial observations of the land cover are noted before soil is excavated from the quarry areas. This data is the baseline data of the parameters C and P. Topography Factor ( LS factor) Factor of the slope length (L) and inclination of the slope (S), otherwise called the topography index (LS), are measured by using the formula adapted from Goldmand, et al., (1986), as follows: LS = [ (65,41 x s2) /(s2 + 10.000) + (4,56 x s ) / (s2 + 10.000) + 0,065][(l/72,5)m] Where : LS L S M

= = = =

Topography Factor Length of Slope (M) Gradient of Slope Constant, with the value depending on the gradient, that is: 0.2 For gradient< 1 % 0.3 For gradient 1-3 % 0.4 For gradient 3.5 – 4.5 0.5 For gradient > 5% The length and gradient of the slopes are measured directly in the field at every quarry location and covering the entire area from which soil will be quarried.


30



The recorded observations of soil at the quarry locations and cut and fill areas (existing conditions) are evaluated using the following Table 3.4. Table 3.4

Erosion Classes Erosion Class Soil Depth (cm)

Deep (>90 cm) Midle (60 – 90 cm) Shallow (30 – 60 cm) Very shallow ( 100 mm/month climate A = Q = 0 – 24.3% B = Q = 14.3 – 33.3% C = Q = 33.3 - 60% D = Q = 60 – 100% E = Q = 100 – 167% F = Q = 167 – 300% G = Q = 300 – 700% H = Q = > 700%

Laboratory analysis using gravimetric method Direct measurement in field using sound level meter , then take average noise level Secondary data Laboratory analysis using standard method (APHA, 1992)


39



No

Environmental Component

c.

Erosion

d. e.

Physiography Geology

B. 1.

BIOLOGY Terrestrial flora

2.

Terrestrial Fauna

3.

Aquatic Biota

C. 1. a.

SOCIAL Demography Population Density

b.

Dependency ratio

c.

Sex ratio

2.

Income

Analytical Method A = R.K.L.S.C.P A = erosion (t/ha/th) R = rain erodibility (mm) K = soil erodibility L = length of slope (m) S = slope level C = land used /covering area P = soil management Analysis using tophographic maps Analysis using geological maps

Description of measurement of primary and secondary data Description of measurement of primary and secondary data Index of Diversity (H’) H’ = -Σ Pi log 2 Pi Pi = Ni / N Ni = number of individual species in-i N = total number of species

Population density (Soemarwoto, 1987)’ Po (1 + r )t D = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ L Po = total of population in year-o (person) r = population rate (%) t = time L = Area ((km2) Population characteristics P0 – 14 + P60 DR = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ P15 – 59 P0 – 14 = number of people aged 0 – 14 years (person) P15 – 59 = number of people aged 15 – 59 years (person) P60+ = number of people aged > 60 years (person) Sex ratio L SR = ⎯⎯ x k P L = number of males (person) P = number of females (person) k = constant Income level I = c + i + s


40



No


Analytical Method c = consumption i = investment s = savings

3.3

3. 4.

Economic Culture

Description of secondary data Description of secondary data

D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

PUBLIC HEALTH Incidence Prevalence Nutrient Status Health Facility Medical Personnel

Description of secondary data Description of secondary data Description of secondary data Description of secondary data Description of secondary data

METHOD OF PREDICTING SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS The method for predicting significant impacts is a study of changes to environmental quality that may be caused by project activities. The approach is applied formally and informally as follows: a) Analogy This approach is applied by studying the environmental impacts caused by similar activities at the same location or at a location where the environment is identical with the condition of study area, so that it can be considered in the effort to predict the impact within the study area. This approach is applied for predicting an impact towards the factors of social, economy, culture and spatial management. b) Evaluation by Experts In this approach, the relation of impacts with the component/sub component/parameter of the environment will be based on the experience of the experts who work in the Study Team, and the other experts who are invited to participate. The approach is used for predicting the impacts to air, organic and inorganic elements and the quality of surface water. c) Mathematic Model This model, the causal relation which denote an impact of the activity of the project towards the components/sub components/parameter of a certain environment is formulated through the comparison between a

produced

standard quality and extended change of environmental condition.


41



d) Environmental Quality Standards In this approach, the causal relation between a project impact and the environmental components/sub components/parameters is formulated through comparison with a recognized standard. Table 3.7

Mathematical Approach Model No A. 1.

Environmental Component PHYSICAL- CHEMICAL Noise Noise Level caused by Vehicles

Noise Level caused by Operation of Heavy Equipment

Analysis Method

Nequip 15 LEequip=LOEequip + 10Log[⎯⎯⎯] + 10 Log [(---)1+α] - 13 Sequip * T D LEequip = Total noise level of equipment (dBA) LOEequip = Unit equipment noise level (dBA) = Number of equipment Nequip = equipment velocity (km/jam) Sequip D = distance from road center line T = time α = environmental coefficient LEequip-1 Eequip-2 LEtotal = 10Log [10 ⎯⎯⎯ +10 ⎯⎯⎯] + …] LEtotal Lequip

Noise Level Combination

= Total noise intensity of heavy equipment at distance D (dBA) = individual noise intensity of heavy equipment (dBa)

LD = L15 + 20 Log (15/D) LP2 = LP1 – 20 log = Noise level at a distance R2 = Noise level at standard distance (R1) = Standard distance to noise source (=15m) = Actual distance to noise source Q x L = ---------UxZ = Ambient concentration (µm/m3) = emission rate per square (µm/debit/m3) = length of study area in line with wind direction = wind velocity = height of pollutant mixing (m)

LP2 LP1 R1 R2 2.

Dust Concentration C C Q L U Z

B. 1.

BIOLOGY Flora

Interpretation of flora diversity index

2.

Fauna

Interpretation of fauna diversity index

C. 1.

SOCIAL ECONOMIC & CULTURE Employment

Descriptive analysis


42



No a.


Analysis Method ∑Ak = ----------- x 100% ∑Tk

Work participation level TPk

TPk = work participation level ∑Ak = Number of work force ∑Tk = Number of b.

∑P = ----------- x 100% ∑Tk

Unemployment level TP

TP = Unemployment level ∑Ak = Number of work force ∑Tk = Number of labour force 2. a.

Income Income per capita

Y

Y

= -------A

3.4

Y

= Yearly income per. capita

Y A

= total revenue = Number of dependent, people per. capita

3.

Culture


D.

PUBLIC HEALTH


METHOD FOR EVALUATING SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS According to the Government Regulation No. 27 Year 1999 regarding the Analysis of the Environmental Impact, it is stated that the criteria with regard to a major and important impact of a project activity is determined based on: (A) Impact Magnitude – Social: Number of People Likely to be affected by Impact (B) Impact Extent - Extent of Area Affected by the Impact (C) Duration and Intensity Impact (D) Secondary Impact Magnitude - Number of Other Environmental Components Likely to be Affected by the Impact (E) Cumulative Character of Impact (F) Irreversibility or Reversibility of Impact


43



4

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1

PROJECT PROPONENT AND AMDAL STUDY COMPILER

4.1.1

Project Proponent Identity Name of Proponent : Address

Temporary Working Unit for the construction and rehabilitation of roads and bridges (P2JJ) : Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 1 Banda Aceh 23239

Telephone

:

+62 – 651 - 47150

Facsimile

:

+62 – 651 - 47150

Responsible person :

IR. Khalidin, MT

Position

Head of Temporary Working Unit for the construction and rehabilitation of roads and bridges (P2JJ, NAD Province

:

Technical and financial assistance is being provided to the proponent by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

4.1.2

AMDAL Study Compiler Name of Proponent : PT. ERM Indonesia Address :

Wisma Aldiron Dirgantara 2nd Floor , Suite #238-239, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav.72, Jakarta 12780, Indonesia

Telephone :

+62 – 21 - 79181904

Facsimile :

+62 – 21 – 79181905

Email :

[email protected]

Responsible person: Dr. Karlheinz Spitz MBA Position:

President Director

The structure of the study team is as follows : AMDAL Team Leader (AMDAL A and AMDAL B Certificate) Hasbullah Hasan

ERM

Technical Advisors Cindy Barger

USACE

Theresa Tuano

USAID

Trigeany Linggoatmojo

USAID

Dr Karlheinz Spitz MBA

ERM

Steven Brown M Eng

ERM


44



David J Finneren

ERM

Rachel Kalajzich

ERM

Physical Chemical Components Prof DR Ir. Boiran MSc DEA

ERM

Prof DR. Bastian Arifin MSc

ERM

Biological Component Rafeldy Noviar, S.Si

ERM

Ir. Abdoeh Oelim

ERM

Social Components Drs Adnan Abdullah

ERM

Drs Ir. Johan Yunus, Msc

ERM

Dr Mohammad Razali

ERM

Public Health Component Dr Wahab Abda

4.2

ERM

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT The main objective of the project is to rapidly restore and improve land transportation and socio-economic conditions along the west coast of the Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province between Banda Aceh and Meulaboh along + 240 kilometers of disrupted natural resources due to earthquake and tsunami.

4.3

BENEFITS OF PROJECT The Project will have numerous benefits, including the following:

Allow efficient access for reconstruction efforts along the west coast of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam as part of the rehabilitation and reconstruction of tsunami-affected areas.

Reduce travel times along the west coast that have been significantly increased due to damage from the earthquake and tsunami.

Improved national road quality

Improved flow of merchandise and services that will promote the economy and consumption.

Re-establish the regional economy by developing existing natural resources and potential markets

Improved access to new areas with economic potential. Restricted access to protected areas needing functional control, to reduce or prevent access.


45



4.4

SCOPE OF PROPOSED ACTIVITIES At the time of the preparation of this ANDAL study, detailed technical planning for the roads and bridges is still underway. Placement of road alignment is subject to change. Therefore, only general planning and elaboration on land acquisition will be completed.

4.4.1

Proposed Activities The proposed road will run from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh and will be located in Kota Banda Aceh, Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya and Kabupaten Aceh Barat (Figure 4.1). The road is categorized as a national road. Construction activities include widening, improving and reconstructing the existing roadway and constructing new alignments of roadway where the existing road has been damaged or destroyed, or where segments of remaining roadway are deemed unsafe in tsunami-altered locations. Figure 4.1 illustrates existing road warp that will be improved, as well as proposed new road segments. The design will be in accordance with the standards established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) standards as applicable, and will include, but is not limited to, roadway geometrics, pavements, earthwork, drainage, roadway appurtenances, roadway signage and pavement markings, bridges and other structures, structure foundations, causeways and shoreline protection, erosion and sedimentation control, environmental protection, rights-of-way verification and definition, bus stops, lookouts and other traffic turnouts. The standards call for a 2-lane highway with pavement width of 7 meters, shoulder width of 2.5 meters (2 meters in mountainous areas) and an overall right-of-way of 30 meters including utility corridors and drainage ditches. The total road length is approximately 240 kilometers. The paved road will be surfaced with bituminous-hot asphalt mix. More than 110 water crossings will be repaired or reconstructed including bridges, culverts, drainage structures and other environmental mitigation structures (Table 4.1).


46



Table 4.1

Proposed Volume of Work Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Description Mobilization and De-Mobilization Urban Area Asphalt clearing Asphalting Swamp Area Filling Geotextile Asphalt 5 cm Basecourse 15 cm Subbase 10cm Culvert circulation/sewerage Flat area Filling Asphalting 5 cm Basecourse 15 cm Sub base 20 to 25 cm Mountainous Area Coral excavation Coral digging Slope protection Protecting road Asphalting 5 cm Base course 15 cm Sub base 10 cm Concrete swales Sewage Other Areas Clearing and dredging Stripping Road limit marking Beacons /traffic signs Grass planting Unlined swales Bridges and drainage Old structure clearing Long bridges Short bridges Culvert boxes Culvert pipes

No. of Units 1

Unit Lump sum

14 9,800

Km m3

44 1,538,000 286,000 15,400 46,200 77,000

Km m3 m2 m3 m3 m3

140 1,129,375 48,800 146,420

Km m3 m3 m3

33.5 609,400 914,100 10,050 25,125 11,700 35,120 23,410 11,055

Km m3 m3 m2 m3 m3 m3 m3 M

463 71,765 1 4,825 727,620 210,000

ha m2 lump sum Each m2 m2

2,290 1 4 34 42

m lump sum each each each

Source : US Army Corp of Engineers (2005) PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

47



Concrete construction is proposed for bridges, culverts and drainage structures where appropriate. Cut and fill volumes are unknown at this time. Typical civil engineering works are illustrated in Figures 4.2 , 4.3 and 4.4) For the southern portion of the road rehabilitation and reconstruction, potential alternatives include following existing roads as much as possible or following a temporary road that was recently constructed in the mountainous areas. Where the mountain alignment is not feasible, the alternatives will focus on design solutions to potentially reduce impacts rather than realignment options. The lowland areas are generally flat with relatively homogenous environmental concerns throughout, so consideration of alternative realignments will be minimal, mainly focusing on relocating the road as far from the coast as is practicable.


48


740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

Lam Reh

Kopelma

820000

840000

860000

!

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

!

Laweueng

!

!

600000

600000

Lhoknga

!

Indrapura

Batee

!

!

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

Seulimeun


!

Asan Kumbang

580000

580000

!

Panteraja

!

Meureudu

Sa

KABUPATEN PIDIE

560000

560000

!

Lamno

!

Tangse !

!

Meriam

540000

540000

Cuemanprong

!

Lhok Kruet

!

Lhok Kuala

Ujungrimba

!

520000

520000

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

!

Calang

!

Sarahya


! 500000

500000

Drien Bungkok

!

Aleu Kuyun

!

!

Keude Teunom

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

! 480000

480000

Kualabhee

Blangcotmerah

!

!

!

Aleupendeung

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te

10

20

740000

!

30 Km

760000

780000

ANALISA DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LOKASI PERBAIKAN DAN REKONSTRUKSI JALAN DARI BANDA ACEH SAMPAI MEULABOH BANDA ACEH TO MEULABOH REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION ROAD PROJECT ROAD ALIGNMENT

800000

820000

840000

Sumber : Source :

4.1

No Revisi Revision No Tanggal Revisi Revision Date

0 03/07/05


860000

Area Proyek

U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84

Gambar Figure

Meulaboh

460000

460000

¯ 0

!

Lhok Bubon

Project Area

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Legenda Legend

!

Ibu Kota Propinsi

!

Ibu Kota Kabupaten/Kotamadya

!

Provincial Capital

Jalur Lama Tetap Dipakai

Jembatan (hanya contoh, jumlah total lebih dari 100)

Proposed Route (Existing)

Water Crossing (examples only, more than 100 in total)

Jalur Baru

Area Dampak Tsunami

Regency Capital/Municipality

Proposed Route (New)

Tsunami Affected Area

Ibu Kota Kecamatan

Jalur Lama (tidak dipakai)

Area Dampak Tsunami (perkiraan)

District Capital

Abandoned Route

Tsunami Affected Area (estimated)

Batas Kabupaten

Jalur Sementara (Jepang)

Regency Boundary

Japan Temporary Alignment

SUMATERA

Jakarta

"





Figure 4.2

Example of Road Design



50


Figure 4.3

Example of Bridge Design



51


Figure 4.4

Example of Box Culvert Design

PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH VERSION FINAL


52


4.4.2

Project Stages

4.4.2.1

Pre-Construction Stage a. Site Survey and Measurement When the road design has been completed and the road alignment determined, the alignment is to be surveyed and marked. This marking process will be visible to the public and therefore will be one of the first opportunities for all people to comprehend exactly where the road will be placed. Site survey and marking affect only small areas and are therefore relatively non-obtrusive. b. Land Acquisition Where the proposed new road alignment differs from the original (pretsunami) alignment, acquisition of the land for the road may be necessary. The land acquisition process will involve identification of land to be acquired and corresponding land owners and/or valid squatters, valuation of land, consultation with owners and/or squatters and payment of compensation for all land acquired.

4.4.2.2

Construction Phase a. Mobilization of Work Force The construction crew will be selected and mobilized by the appointed contractor(s). The workforce will include a range of professions including transport engineers, structural engineers, construction managers, foremen, heavy equipment operators and a range of semi-skilled and unskilled laborers. The contractor(s) will be instructed to select workers from the local area wherever and whenever possible. It is estimated that several hundred workers are to be employed for the road construction. As such, construction activities will provide work opportunities and secondary business opportunities for the affected region. b. Mobilization of Materials and Equipment Project material and equipment specifications will be based upon the final road design and budget for selection and mobilization by the appointed contractor(s). The contractor(s) will be instructed to select materials and equipment from the local area whenever and wherever specifications and budget are compatible.


53



c. Establishment of Supporting Infrastructure Base camps will also be constructed as temporary office and accommodation facilities for workers during the construction phase. The base camps will also be used for equipment maintenance and warehouses. There will also be the need for temporary roads and structures. d. Development of Borrow Pits and Quarries Requirement for earth soil, sands and calcium carbonate rock (coral) for the construction of the road of Banda Aceh – Meulaboh will be fulfilled by taking them from several quarries. Earth soil will be taken from hilly locations. The barrow area locations (quarry) are defined on the basis of the field observation and the data published by Public Works Agency. (Table 4.2) Table 4.2

Location of Soil and Coral Rock Material for the Construction of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road No. 1. 2.

Quarry Villages

Coordinates

Simpang Rima (Keude Bieng) 05°31’28,0”N (Kec/Sub Regency. Peukan Bada) 95°16’23,1”E Pudeng (Kec/Sub Regency. Lhoong) 05°11’52,2”N

Description Filling coral Filling soil

95°17’47,9”E 3.

Lam Asan (Kec/S Regency. Lammo)

4.

Gle Mehla (Kec./Sub Lammo) Krueng No (Kec/S Sampoiniet)

05°06’35”N 95°22’50”E

Regency 0°’”N°”E

Coral and sand Filling soil

Regency. 05°55’14”N 95°23’20”E Desa Village) Sarah Peureulak (Kec. 04°31’31”N Teunom) 96°07’00”E

Filling soil Coral and sand

7.

Desa Pasi Timon (Kec. Teunom)

04°31”1”N 96°07’09”E

Filling soil , Coral and sand

8. 9.

Pasi Teube (Kec. Teunom) Pasi Geulima (Kec. Teunom)

10.

Desa Lamcong (Kec. Sungai Mas)

04°31’32”N 96°07’64”E

Coral and sand Filling soil Coral and sand Filling soil, Coral and sand

11.

Desa Sawang Teube (Kec. Kaway 04°18’27”N XVI) 96°12’64”E

5. 6.


54

Filling soil Coral and sand

Filling soil



No.

Quarry Villages (Kec.

Coordinates

12.

Desa Meuteulang Pahlawan)

Johan 04°25’37”N 9611’50”E

13.

Desa Keuramat Raya (Kec. Pantai Ceuremen)

14.

Desa Preumeu (Kec Woyla)

15.

Desa seumara (Kec. Pantai Cermin)

16.

Desa Sayeng (Kec. Setia Bakti)

17.

Desa Babah Awe (Kec. Sampoiniet)

Description Filling soil, coral and sand Filling soil Coral and sand Filling soil Coral and sand Filling soil Coral and sand Filling soil, coral and sand Filling soil

Source: From field survey results.

Several of the quarries mentioned in the aforesaid Table 2-2 are currently operating as local enterprises without UKL and UPL documents. Any quarries providing fill for the construction of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road will be required to first obtain the appropriate environmental and/or mining permits. The location of quarries is shown on Figure 4.5. e.

Land Clearing

Prior to actual construction of the road, any surface structures, vegetation or tsunami debris along the designated road alignment and supply areas will need to be cleared. Selective cutting of tall trees adjacent to the actual road corridor will be necessary to reduce potential hazards. f.

Earthworks

Where feasible, the road will be aligned along topography to minimize cutting and filling. Cut and fill activities, however, are still necessary to ensure that road gradients meet the applicable standards. Earthworks will also include compacting and leveling activities. The earthworks will result in localized changes to topography and water drainage patterns. During site preparation topsoil will be removed and temporarily stored for future reclamation activities. Temporary topsoil storage period will be minimized to maintain topsoil quality. Reclamation activities will occur in parallel to construction. g. Civil Engineering Works including River Crossings The road project will involve construction of around 110 water crossings, including bridges, culverts, road surface material, road posts, traffic lights,


55



parking areas, drainage structures, access road linkages, coastal protection and other environmental mitigation structures. During road construction on areas where the original road alignment will not change, detours may be necessary. This will require the diversion of traffic along a temporary alternative path until the new road is ready for use. Road construction activities include the following:

Stripping – removal of up to 50 cm depth of damaged surface material/topsoil for road preparation;

Sub-Grade – compaction of relocated road segments by heavy equipment;

Sub-Base Coarse – graded borrow material used for base compaction;

Base Coarse – a crushed stone layer built on top of the sub-base;

Pavement Road – concrete and asphalt mix surface as per AASHTO standards;

Side Ditch – stone masonry work to prevent road water inundation and efficient drainage.

h. Use of Fuels and Oils Earthworks and road construction requires the operation of a large fleet of heavy equipment. Temporary fuel stations will be installed and equipped with fuel storage facilities. Equipment usage will result in significant amounts of waste oil. Other chemicals such as permits or thinners will be utilized during construction. All area for car and heavy equipment maintenance will be provided with the facility to prevent diesel fuel or oil release from the area. Requirements for the prevention facility will be explained in the RKL. i.

Demobilization of Work Force

The construction crew will primarily be sourced from the affected area. However, the road operation will require a relatively small amount of labor and most of the construction personnel will be demobilized upon completion of the construction work.


56


740000

760000

!

780000

800000

820000

840000

860000

Lampanah !

Lam Reh

Kopelma

!

Simpangrima

Banda Aceh

"

! Laweueng

Selat Malaka Ma laca S trai t

Indrapura !

!

Batee

!

! Padang tiji

600000

600000

Lhoknga !

Sigli

Seulimeun !

KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR !

Asan Kumbang

! !

580000

580000

Panteraja

Meureudu

!

Pudeng

"

Samalanga

Lamasan

"

560000

560000

Lamno !

! Tangse Babah Awe

Cuemanprong !

!

"

Meriam

KABUPATEN PIDIE

Kruengno

Lhok Kruet

540000

540000

" !

Lhok Kuala

!

520000

520000

! Ujungrimba

" Calang !

Sarahya ! Drien Bungkok !

Lamcong

Sarah Peureulak "" "

Pasi Geulima

"

Alue Kuyun

! Keude Teunom

SAMUDERA HINDIA

!

"

Seumara

"

INDIAN OCEAN

Sawang Teube

480000

"

Kualabhee

!

Kualambangteunong

!

!

Blangcotmerah

!

Aleupendeung Layung !

Suakseumaseh

500000

"

480000

500000

Pasi Timon Pasi Teube

"

!

!

"

Teuram

K

! Lhok Bubon

Meuteulang

!

740000

760000

780000

800000

820000

Gambar Figure

LOKASI QUARRY Legenda

Jalur Baru

"

Abandoned Route



Sungai River


0 10/05/05

0

10

Lokasi Peta


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

¯

Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Tanah di Lokasi Borrow Pit/Quarry Borrow Pit/Quarry Location Soil Water Management

Proposed Route (New)

Jalur Lama (tidak dipakai)

4.5

No Revisi Revision No Tanggal Revisi Revision Date

QUARRY LOCATIONS

Proposed Route (Existing)

860000

Map Location Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Jalur Lama Tetap Dipakai

840000

Aluejam

Sumber : Source :

ANALISA DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN

Legend

Meulaboh

460000

460000

"

SUMATERA

20

30 Km Jakarta

"





4.4.2.3

Operation Stage Activities during road operation fall into road usage, road maintenance, and accidents : a. Road Operation It is expected that the road will provide safer and more efficient transport for vehicles along the west coast of Aceh. The road will initially provide easier access for reconstruction activities and later as efficient transport for local people, products and services to the surrounding communities. b. Road Maintenance Management of the road network is ideally based on sound business principles using economic criteria to prioritize and schedule maintenance work. Maintenance activities are best carried out in a cost effective manner using a long-term asset management approach that includes a road and bridge inventory, condition surveys and evaluation tools to update, prioritize and schedule periodic maintenance. Responsibility for road maintenance will be with the provincial and local infrastructure administrations (Infrastructure Agency Province and Regency), and its main maintenance activities will be cleaning and resurfacing of the road when and where necessary.

4.4.3

Project Development Schedule For the purposes of the ANDAL study, the project development schedule will be divided into pre-construction, construction, road operation The award of an “Architect-Engineer” contractor (A-E) will occur while the AMDAL study is still in progress. The A-E shall conduct appropriate topographic and geologic surveys to define the final road alignment and to identify the ancillary construction and support needs and locations. These include but are not limited to, temporary detours, borrow area locations, quarries and other source material locations, equipment staging locations, construction of temporary living quarters and sanitation needs for construction crew. Currently, the design is scheduled for completion in January 2006 with construction beginning in April 2006 and being completed in May 2009 (Table 4.3).


58



Table 4.3

Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project Timeline

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

PRE-CONSTRUCTION Site Survey and Marking Land Acquisition CONSTRUCTION Mobilization of Work Mobilization of Materials and Equipment Establishment of Supporting Infrastructure Development of Borrow Pits and Quarries Land Clearing Earth Works Civil Engineering Work Operation of Supporting Infrastucture Use of Resources Accidental Release of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons Waste Material Handling Removal of Structures and Demobilization of Materials and Restoration of Disturbed Land Demobilization of Work Force OPERATION Road Usage and Maintanance



59


5

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

5.1

PHYSICS-CHEMICAL COMPONENTS

5.1.1

Climate

5.1.1.1

Climate Type

Aceh Besar Area

The study area Aceh Besar regency as having a ‘Type C’ climate (slightly wet), which is determined by the ratio between the average number of wet and dry months over a 10-year rainfall period (the ‘Q Value’). A Q Value of 45.31% was derived for the Aceh Besar regency for the period from 1995 – 2004 indicating a clear definition between the wet and dry seasons (see Table 5.1).

Aceh Jaya and Aceh Barat Area

The Aceh Jaya and Aceh Barat regencies, however, are classified as ‘Type A’ climates. The Q Value, derived from 1995 – 2004 rainfall data is 0.0%, indicating that there is no clear definition in the areas between a wet and dry season. The precise weather type for the area of Ajeh Jaya Regency cannot be determined based on currently available data. The weather type given above has been derrived based on data from the BMG Cut Nyak Dhien station.

Aceh Besar Area

In Aceh Besar, the ‘wet’ season is characteristically between the months of October and February. The maximum monthly rainfall in the Aceh Besar Regency over the last 10 years was 639 mm in November 2000, while minimum monthly rainfall was 0.6 mm in March 1998. Over the same period, the average maximum monthly rainfall was 226 mm during November and the average minimum monthly rainfall was 57 mm during June (refer to Table 5.1).


60



Table 5.1

Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) for 10-Year Period in Aceh Besar Regency Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Av.

Jan

155

87

65

128

104

130

232

227

168

112

140

Feb

199

349

70

172

186

101

66

21

207

380

175

Mar

202

48

268

0.6

55

46

42

60

131

262

111

Apr

135

85

100

76

59

44

47

105

96

135

88

May

126

81

105

88

70

119

69

138

122

99

101

Jun

41

119

78

63

3

136

43

7

45

39

57

Jul

55

285

17

45

21

65

22

91

64

30

69

Aug

80

111

77

167

245

34

19

13

112

82

94

Sept

73

56

128

54

116

105

104

91

57

46

83

Oct

186

184

256

95

73

69

453

229

291

234

207

Nov

165

261

258

120

160

639

103

162

126

267

226

Dec

132

241

170

75

185

178

171

165

120

23

146

Total

1,549

1,907

1,592

1,083

1,247

1,666

1,371

1,309

1,539

1,709

Av.

129.1

158.9

132.7

90.3

103.9

138.8

114.3

109.1

128.3

142.4

Source : Iskandar Muda Meteorological Station (2005)

In Table 5.2 indicates the number of rain days per month during the period 1995 – 2004. Table 5.2

Average Monthly Rain Days for 10-Year Period in Aceh Besar Regency Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Jan

16

8

8

8

16

15

18

16

19

17

Feb

7

18

11

7

13

9

8

4

9

18

Mar

15

10

14

2

11

14

12

11

11

19

Apr

13

12

12

9

11

16

14

15

12

15

May

12

15

11

13

15

13

11

8

15

9

Jun

9

13

7

12

4

17

8

5

12

8

Jul

13

15

6

14

12

11

9

12

9

8

Aug

20

15

10

21

11

11

10

8

11

10

Sept

12

11

17

17

14

16

13

17

13

10

Oct

16

16

26

18

15

16

17

19

16

24

Nov

16

17

20

29

11

16

19

17

12

16

Dec

12

14

15

18

21

11

8

18

19

5

Total

161

164

157

168

154

165

147

150

158

159

Average

13.4

13.7

13.1

14

12.8

13.8

12.3

12.5

13.2

13.3



61



The maximum number of rainy days in any one month was 29 days in November 1998 while the average minimum number of rainy days in any one month was 2 days in March 1998. Based on the climate data presented in Table 5.2, the maximum monthly average of rainy days was 18.3 per month in October and the minimum monthly average of rainy days was 9.5 in June.

Aceh Jaya and Aceh Barat

The yearly average rainfall in the Aceh Barat Regency has been 3941 mm with a monthly average of 328.4 mm. Maximum monthly rainfall for the most recent ten year period was 816 mm as of May 1995. Meanwhile, the minimum monthly rainfall was 121 mm during January 1997. Based on this ten year climatic data, there is no significant dry month in Aceh Barat. Table 5.3

Monthly Average Rainfall (mm) for 10-Year Period in Aceh Barat Regency Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Av

Jan

124.4

124.4

120.6

470.8

325.6

515.2

176,8

288,2

179,6

453,8

278

Feb

439.2

342.7

214.2

175.5

116.9

161.6

169,3

293,6

380,5

207,5

250

Mar

321.3

277.3

199.9

165.9

412.4

200.8

306,5

175,2

187,0

315,2

256

Apr

285.8

380.9

403.4

334.5

211.7

516.6

407,5

422,0

356,4

518,8

384

May

815.8

175.9

319.9

458.3

363.8

492.1

144,5

257,6

147,1

491,8

367

Jun

250.4

240.6

135.6

142.5

206.7

186.5

454,1

454,1

258,9

305,9

264

Jul

226.6

217.9

235.4

450.1

254.8

458.6

378,4

228,7

104,5

309,7

286

Aug

302.2

3328

130.1

759.5

218.1

247.1

144,1

149,5

368,4

244,2

290

Sept

356.9

169.6

623.3

502.4

385.8

426.7

219,6

367,1

262,8

645,0

396

Oct

311.4

382.4

689.9

210.7

332.7

467.7

524,2

476,4

338,5

388,2

412

Nov

441.2

352.9

600.5

547.2

343.9

704.5

291,3

322,1

539,8

389,2

453

Dec

153.3

150.6

650.4

377.2

192.4

410.3

350,6

316,3

283,4

166,1

305

Total

4029

3148

4323

4595

3365

4788

3567

3751

3407

4435

Average

335.7

262.3

360.3

382.9

280.4

399

297,2

312,6

283,9

369,6

Source : Cut Nyak Dhien Meteorlogical Station (2005)

The total number of rainy days in Aceh Barat Regency over the 10-year period between 1995 – 2004 is shown in Table 5.4 with the highest number of rainy days, 23.3, having occurred during November.


62



Table 5.4

Total Average Monthly Rainy Days for 10 Year Period in Aceh Barat Regency Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Jan

13

13

11

22

19

21

17

19

17

19

Feb

17

20

16

18

17

14

11

15

17

16

Mar

22

17

20

15

24

15

14

22

19

19

Apr

19

22

18

27

17

22

22

24

21

20

May

17

16

17

18

17

12

10

14

16

17

Jun

13

12

13

16

6

19

16

17

8

10

Jul

16

18

13

22

22

22

15

13

11

22

Aug

22

20

16

24

15

17

13

14

19

16

Sept

10

16

25

23

22

16

21

22

16

22

Oct

24

25

27

18

7

26

23

26

21

16

Nov

22

20

26

29

23

23

20

20

27

23

Dec

15

12

27

16

18

27

19

19

21

20

Total

210

211

229

248

207

234

201

225

213

220

Average

17.5

17.6

19

21

17

20

17

19

18

18

Source: Cut Nyak Dhien Meteorological Station (2005)

5.1.1.2

Wind Speed and Direction

Aceh Besar Area

Wind direction and wind speed data in Aceh Besar Regency is presented in Table 5.5. Table 5.5 Year

Average Wind Speed and Direction in Aceh Regency for 10-year period 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

A

K

Jan

N

08

N

08

S

08

N

09

W

08

W

07

S

13

N

13

SW

10

N

13

Feb

W

08

S

09

W

09

W

09

E

08

W

08

S

12

W

11

SW

10

W

11

Mar

N

07

W

10

W

10

N

09

W

07

W

10

W

13

N

12

SW

11

N

12

Apr

W

11

W

11

W

11

W

08

W

11

W

08

SW

11

W

10

SW

11

W

10

May

E

09

W

10

W

10

E

09

E

09

W

08

W

13

E

11

SW

12

E

11

Jun

E

09

W

11

SW

11

E

11

NW

09

W

08

W

11

E

13

W

11

E

13

Jul

E

11

W

11

W

11

E

10

NW

11

W

09

W

13

E

10

W

12

E

10

Aug

N

08

W

10

W

10

N

11

W

08

W

12

W

11

N

12

W

13

N

12

Sept

N

10

W

10

W

10

N

09

N

10

W

13

W

12

N

12

W

14

N

12

Oct

N

10

W

11

W

11

N

08

N

10

W

10

W

14

N

12

W

16

N

12

Nov

N

08

W

10

W

10

N

10

W

08

W

12

S

12

N

13

S

17

N

13

Dec

S

07

S

08

W

08

S

07

W

07

W

10

SW

11

S

13

SW

13

S

13

Source : Iskandar Muda Meteorological Station (2005) Note : A = wind direction K = wind speed (knot)


63




The dominant wind direction and maximum speed information for Aceh Barat and Aceh Jaya is presented in Table 5.6. Table 5.6

Average Wind Direction and Maximum Wind Speed in Aceh Barat Regency in 10 Year Period

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

1995 A K N 08 W 09 N 10 W 11 E 10 E 11 E 11 N 10 N 10 N 11 N 10 S 08

1996 A K N 08 S 08 W 08 W 08 W 09 W 07 W 07 W 10 W 09 W 09 W 09 S 09

1997 A K S 08 W 08 W 09 W 08 W 09 SW 11 W 09 W 09 W 09 W 09 W 08 W 08

1998 A K W 09 W 09 W 09 W 08 W 09 W 11 W 10 W 11 E 09 W 08 W 10 W 07

1999 A K W 08 E 08 W 07 W 11 E 09 NW 09 NW 11 W 08 N 10 N 10 W 08 W 07

2000 A K W 07 W 08 W 10 W 08 W 08 W 08 W 09 W 12 W 13 W 10 W 12 W 10

2001 A K S 12 S 11 W 12 SW 12 W 11 W 13 W 11 W 11 W 11 W 13 S 13 SW 11

2002 A K SW 13 W 11 SW 12 W 10 W 11 W 13 W 10 W 12 W 12 W 12 SW 13 SW 13

2003 A K SW 10 SW 10 SW 11 SW 11 SW 12 W 11 W 12 W 13 W 14 W 16 S 17 SW 13

2004 A K SW 13 SW 12 SW 13 W 11 W 13 W 11 W 13 W 11 W 12 W 14 SW 12 W 11

Source : Cut Nyak Dhien Climate Station Note : A = Wind Direction K = Wind Speed (Knot)

5.1.1.3

Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure and Sun Radiation

Aceh Besar Area

Temperature, humidity, air pressure and sun radiation is presented in Table 5.7. Table 5.7

Average Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure and Radiation in Aceh Besar Regency Year January February March April May June July August September October November December

Temperature (oC)

Relative Humidity (%)

Max

Min

Average

Max

Min

Average

30.2 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.4 31.2 30.1 30.4 30.1 29.6 29.6 30.2

22.2 20.5 20.6 21.0 20.7 21.4 20.0 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.6 22.2

25.8 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.4 26.8 26.0 25.9 25.9 25.5 25.5 25.7

92 94 94 94 93 94 94 92 94 93 94 93

68 69 71 70 72 74 71 68 74 71 74 67

80 75 83 84 77 84 83 79 84 83 84 81


64

Air Pressure (mbar) 1008.7 1008.9 1010.0 1009.7 1009.5 1012.3 1009.6 1010.8 1011.2 1011.7 1010.6 1010.2

Sun Radiation (%) 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 69 69 69 69



Total Average

363 30.3

259.1 21.6

312.8 26.1

1121 93.4

846 70.5

976 81.3

12122.9 1010.3

830 69


Based on the results of climatic data for the ten year period recorded at Iskandar Muda Meteorological Station, the highest maximum was 31.2ºC recorded in June, the lowest minimum temperature was 20.5ºC recorded in July, and the overall average temperature was 26.1ºC. The highest maximum humidity was 93% sustained over 7 months of the year, while the lowest minimum humidity was 68% in August, and the overall average humidity was 81.3%. The average air pressure was 1010.3 mbars and the average sun radiation was 69.6%.


Temperature, humidity, air pressure and sun radiation data for Aceh Barat Regency are presented in the following Table 5.8. Table 5.8

Average Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure and Sun Radiation in Aceh Barat Temperature (oC)

Relative Humidity (%)

Max

Min

Average

Max

Min

Average

Air Pressure (mbar)

January

30.2

22.2

25.8

92

68

80

1008.7

69

February

30.2

20.5

26.2

94

69

75

1008.9

69

March

30.4

20.6

26.4

94

71

83

1010.0

69

April

30.6

21.0

26.7

94

70

84

1009.7

69

May

30.4

20.7

26.4

93

72

77

1009.5

69

June

30.6

20.7

26.5

92

69

81

1009.3

69

July

30.1

20.0

26.0

94

71

83

1009.6

69

Augusts

30.4

22.5

25.9

92

68

79

1010.8

69

September

30.1

22.7

25.9

94

74

84

1011.2

69

October

29.6

22.7

25.5

93

71

83

1011.7

69

November

29.6

22.6

25.5

94

74

84

1010.6

69

December

30.2

22.2

25.7

93

67

81

1010.2

69

Total

362.4

258.4

312.5

1119

844

974

12120

828

Average

30.2

21.5

26.0

93

70

81

1010

69

Year

Sun Radiation (%)

Source : Cut Nyak Dhien Meteorological Station (2005)

Based on the results from the Cut Nyak Dhien Meteorological Station recordings, the maximum average temperature was 30.2ºC, minimum average temperature was 21.5ºC and average temperature was 26.0ºC. The maximum average relative humidity was 93%, minimum average relative humidity was 70% and average relative humidity was 81%. The average air pressure was 1010 mbars and average sun radiation was 69%. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

65


740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

Kopelma

820000

840000

860000

!

Lam Reh

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

15 0

!

Laweueng

0

!

!

600000

600000

Lhoknga

!

Indrapura

Batee

!

!

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

Seulimeun


!

Asan Kumbang

580000

580000

!

Panteraja

!

Meureudu

20 0

0

S

KABUPATEN PIDIE

25 0

560000

560000

!

Lamno

0 !

Tangse !

!

Meriam

30 0

!

Lhok Kruet

540000

540000

Cuemanprong

0 !

Ujungrimba

Lhok Kuala

!

35 0

520000

520000

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

0 !

Calang

!

Sarahya


! 500000

500000

Drien Bungkok

!

Alue Kuyun

!

SAMUDERA HINDIA

!

Keude Teunom

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

! 480000

480000

Kualabhee

Blangcotmerah

!

!

!

Aleupendeung

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te !

!

740000

760000

780000

800000 Sumber : Source :


820000


Legend Area Dampak Tsunami

Garis Kontur Isohit (mm) Isohiet Contour Line (mm)




0 03/07/05


0

10

860000


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

¯

Legenda Sungai River

5.1


ACEH AVERAGE ISOHIET RAIN MAP YEARLY

840000

Data Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Tahun 1997 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84

Gambar Figure

PETA ISOHIT HUJAN RERATA DAERAH TAHUNAN WILAYAH ACEH

Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhok Bubon

SUMATERA

20

30 Km Jakarta

"





5.1.2

Air Quality The ambient air quality parameters studied in this ANDAL consist of carbon monoxide gas (CO), sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), nitrogen oxide gas (NOx), ozone gas (O3) and dust particles. Most of these gases are the direct result of burning fossil fuels by motor vehicles, however, ozone gas is a secondary pollutant resulting from a photochemical reaction with NO2 gas. CO gas is created from the ignition reaction of unspent fossil fuel. NOx gas is the particulate matter from nitrogen oxide that is formed by the reaction between nitrogen gas and oxygen at high temperatures as in the combustion of fossil fuels. SO2 gas is the result of fossil fuel ignition that contains sulphur. Dust particles are the result of fossil fuel combustion and the mobilization of motor vehicles, particularly over un-asphalted road. Sampling locations for air pollutants included Banda Aceh, Lamno, Lhok Kruet Village, Keude Teunom and Meulaboh. The result of the overall measurements from the five locations according to parameter indicators indicates the air quality is good in accordance with Government Regulation PP 41 of 1999. For parameter SO2, the result of measuring ranges 10-20 µg/m3 and the standard quality ambient air = 365 µg/m3 within 24 hrs. For NOx gas, the parameter level result in Banda Aceh was 35 µg/m3, Meulaboh was 16 µg/m3 and other locations were undetectable. This is likely attributable to the low number of motor vehicles transiting the sampling location (about 10 per day). The ozone gas presence was also undetectable because of its reactive dependence on sufficient NOx gas levels. CO gas ranged from 20 – 1,371 µg/m3. This score is far below the quality standards of ambient air over a 24hour period, namely 10,000 µg/m3. The dust parameter results measured in the range of from 40 µg/m3 up to 157 µg/m3, which is also below the standard quality of ambient air. Table 5.9 displays the complete data on air quality parameters for the project area.

Table 5.9

Air Quality Analysis Results Parameter µg/m3

Sampling Location

SO2

Banda Aceh 20

Lamno

Teunom

10

10

Lhok Kruet 10

NO2

35

ND

ND

CO

100

40

Ozone

ND

Dust

90

Meulaboh

Standard GR No. 41 1999

20

24 hours 365 µg/m3

ND

15.81

24 hours 150 µg/m3

40

20

1,371

24hours 10,000 µg/m3

ND

ND

ND

74.18

1 hour 235 µg/m3

60

40

40

157

230 µg/m3

Source: Primary Data, 2005 PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

67



5.1.3

Noise Noise is unwanted sound negatively influences humans. Sound is the mechanic vibrating wave in the air or solid object that can be received by normal human ears, ranging between a frequency of 20-20.000Hz. The quality of a sound is mostly determined by its frequency and intensity. Frequency is the total vibrations per second, whereas intensity or sound level is the logarithmic comparison between two sound pressures. Canter (1981) stated this using the following formula.

⎛P SPL = 20 Log 10 ⎜⎜ ⎝ P0

⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠

Where: SPL = Sound Pressure level, in dB P

= Sound Pressure, in µBar

Po

= Reference pressure = 0,0002 µBar.

Reference pressure (Po) of 0.0002 µBar shall be selected as the standard sound pressure of as it is considered the weakest sound that can be heard by the human ear at the sound frequency of 1.000 Hz. Noise intensity that exceeds the allowed limit can influence the psychophysiobiology such as concern, anxiousness, insomania, high irritability, risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and others. The main impact of noise in the working place among others can cause errors in performance, reduce the spirit of work, fatigue, hinder communications, disturb the hearing sense, and may disturb relaxation. At the noise measurement locations, the main sources of noise were trucks, public buses, cars and motobikes, (Vespa and Honda). The main residential area along the road corridor was approximately 5 to 10 meters from the road. Noise measurements were conducted with ten second intervals to help define a maximum and minimum noise level range. Measurements were repeated every ten minutes for a total number of five times. The noise data demonstrates the intensity of noise at Banda Aceh (km 0) ranged from 62 dB (A) to 78 dB (A) with an average of 70dB (A). The noise score is the standard quality for a busy municipal trading area. The level of this noise is approximately the same in Meulaboh when the sampling location was at the intersection of Gajah Mada and Tutut streets, one of the most crowded areas in Meulaboh. Conditions at Keude Teunon, Lamno and Refugees Barrack at Lhok Kruet village show average levels of noise ranging from 55 dB (A) and 52 dB (A) to 60 dB (A) which is still a reasonable reading level for settlement areas and close to the noise level standard stated in the Ministry of Environmental Decree No. 48/MENLH/1996 for Residential Areas (55 dBA). PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

68



The maximum scores were divided into the total number of test attempts to obtain the results shown in Table 5.10. Table 5.10

Noise Level in Sampling Location (dBA) Location

Sample No.

Banda Aceh

Lamno

Teunom

Lhok Kruet

Meulaboh

1

62

54

49

55

56

2

78

56

54

43

78

3

70

53

55

50

84

4

65

57

50

57

60

5

75

56

54

45

80

Average

70

55

52

50

70,6

Source: Primary Data, 2005

Table 5.11

5.1.4

Noise Level Criteria Noise Level

Environmental Quality

(dBA)

Criteria

More than 100

Too noisy (dangerous)

71 s/d 100

Annoying and dangerous

51 s/d 70

Not annoying

20 s/d 50

Insignificant

0 s/d 20

Silent

Noise Standard 70 dB(A) for industrial area 55 dB(A) for residential area

Vibration Vibration data from the project location are currently not available. Based on site observations it is predicted that the existing vibration sources in the site shall derive from the traffic. Based on the available literature, the current vibration levels prior to construction can be categorized as vibration that does not disturb and is not dangerous. During construction it has been predicted that vibration sources will come from the vehicle and heavy equipment operation, errection of piles for bridge construction, and the land compaction.

5.1.5

Physiography and Geology

5.1.5.1

Physiography The description of the physiographic area and topography is based on topographic map scales of 1: 50.000 from Bakorsurtanal (1975). Physiographic PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

69



features from Banda Aceh to Lhoknga are primarily flat 0 – 3%, although there are some hilly portions before reaching the mountain area of Paroe. After that the road lane passes a well-inclined section (15 – 25%) before settling into a fairly hilly stretch beyond Mt. Paroe (8 – 15%) and then a somewhat undulating section (3 – 8%). Further on, the road passes through fairly even terrain (0 – 3%), including the Lhoong area and the downhill section of Mt. Gerutee. Beyond the area of Mt. Gerutee until Lamno, the land becomes relatively flat with a measurement of (0-8%). In some of the flat sections where the new road does not overlay the former road, the physiographic features are relatively flat (i.e.: coastal area). The new road from Lamno to Teunom has hilly characteristics (8-15%), whereas the road from Teunom to Meulaboh is wavy to flat (0-8%) (see Figure 5.2a to 5.2d). The current road plan is presented in the topography map documentation (attached in the accompanying Map Book). 5.1.5.2

Geology The description of the geological characteristics of the road area from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh is derived from secondary data (i.e. Bennet, et.al., 1981, Cameron, et. al., 1982 and Cameron, et. al., 1982) and supplemented with facts and information related to final results from field observation. The roadway from Banda Aceh has been formed over time from tertiary sediment and quartz alluvium (Qh) as represented in Gle Gajah, Gle Joning and through the Reef Family area (Murlr) until Ujung Labuhan. The road continues through tertiary sediment until Layeun Village at coordinates 5º17` N and 95º14` E` until it reaches a fault and passes the formation of Mount Bentaro (Muvb). From Tanah Ano Village to the formations supporting Batu Gamping, Meunasah Tengoh and Pasi Village, it is primarily tertiary sediment. Similar geological structures are also found at Lamno, Limestone, Bentaro (Muvb) and Kraeng Tanong. From these villages, the road passes two fault lines at coordinates 5º 15`N and 95º16`E`. Continuing through the Gunung Api Calang (Tmvc) formation, the road then passes the Meulaboh (Qpm) formation in the Lamno area. The road then reaches the Tangla (Tlt) and Gunung Api Calang (Tmvc) formations before coming to the Tangla Fasies Volkanik (Tltv) formation in the Ceumamprong area. Not much further away, the road lane reaches another two fault lines at coordinates 4º53`N and 95º24` near Lho Jumeut Village and coordinates 5º58`N and 95º26`E. On the way to Padang Village, different terrain is encountered. From undulating and hilly areas, the road passes terrain that is swampy tertiary sediment (Qh) at Paqya Sialit, Paya Meurebo, Pungkis, and Seunebok Langat until a couple downhill village areas named Gle Betong and Padang. . From Padang Village, the road lane passes Tangla and Tangla Fasies volcanic PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

70



formations and then reaches Lingkang Village. Later, a new road segment will pass Mount Api Calang (Tmvc) formation and then meets tertiary sediment (Qh) and Meulaboh (Qpm) and Tutut Formations (QTt). After passing three geology formations, the road to Meulaboh does not form significant structural geology again except for the Meulaboh (Qpm) and tertiary sediment (Qh) formations. The geology map can be seen on Figure 5.3. Regional geology conditions normally also influence land stability. On the proposed Banda Aceh- Meulaboh (new route) alignment there are some places that show signs of instability. This condition may cause damage to the road. This instability could potentially cause lanslides. Such conditions mainly occur in hilly and mountainous areas, both on the upper and lower sides of the road. Land slides may occur due to natural conditions, such as steep slopes, faults and unconsolidated layers, sliding geological layers, and climatic factors such as high rainfall. According to Verstappen (1983) land stability depends on the following: 1). It is influenced by sudden water flows (flash floods) and the removal of material, mainly in the tropical areas or snow that slides in an avalance 2). Land mass that creeps from higher areas to lower areas (soil creep, mud flow, and earth flow). 3). The arrival of land mass from the higher place to the lower place caused by land saturated with water (landslide). 4). Gravel slipping from a higher position to a lower place along a slope (Rock slide), and in the event of smaller sized gravel (Debris slide). 5). Gravel that falls down from the higher place to the lower area (Falling rock) and gravel that falls down to the land surface from the air is due to explosion. (flying rock). 6). At the flat area, the instability of land can occur in the event of micro relief (gilgae). This condition mainly occurs at the land where the dominant clay fraction is montmorillonit, namely the type of clay that will swell when it is wet and will shrink when dry.

5.1.6

Earthquakes Indonesia is a geological part of the infamous ‘Ring of Fire’, a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs and volcanic mountain ranges and/or plate movements. The ring is a direct consequence of plate tectonics and the movement and collision of crustal plates. Indonesia consists almost entirely of island arcs raised by tectonic and volcanic activity during a long history of plate collisions. The immense arc of the Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, from PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

71



Sumatera to Timor, is a major source of subduction-related seismicity. The Sumatera region possesses an active past of seismic frequency spanning the last 200 years that reflects a common occurrence of significant earthquakes in the order of magnitude 7 and above. Since the island of Sumatera has consistently experienced earthquakes throughout much of its history, the scientific community has not been surprised to learn of the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami of December 2004 in Aceh, particularly when significant plate friction and slippage occur at relatively shallow depths of between 20 to 30 kilometers below mean sea level. The Aceh West Coast is located in an area where two major tectonic plate edges interact, the Australia and Euroasia plates (see Figure 5.4). The geophysical dynamics are further heightened by the presence of the Sunda, India and Burma crustal plates that sub duct and override at the Sunda (Java) Trench. These geological features create an unstable environment for natural and manmade hazards and disasters due to the close proximity to several fault and sub duction zones. Earthquake epicenter information (see Figure 5.5) indicates that the NAD Province lies in a zone of strong to great earthquake risk for magnitude and occurrence as well as high to very high probability (10%) of exceedance within a 50-year period. This information is provided in Tables 5.12 and 5.13. The nearest epicenter and seismic event to the study area was recorded off the north east coast of Sumatera in the Indian Ocean during late 1999, with a magnitude of 7.6 resulting in widespread and severe damage to affected landforms, buildings and structures. Much of the project study area along the Aceh West Coast received the full impact of the tsunami being one of the closest landfall points from the earthquake epicenter (150 kilometers away) as shown in Figure 5.6. Damage was very severe along unprotected sections of the coastline and extended as far inland as 6 kilometers up river systems. Smaller islands are reported to have shifted by up to 20 meters in a southwest direction while similar calculations indicate some land areas on the northern tip of Sumatera may have moved up to 35 meters in both vertical and lateral directions. The sudden vertical rise in the seabed by several meters during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water and soil, resulting in the sequence of large tsunami and ground liquefaction. The shaking, vibration and uplift at the earth’s surface resulting from underground movement can convert saturated, unconsolidated soil and sand into a liquid suspension with devastating effects on buildings, structures and landforms. This type of soil liquefaction can lead to geophysical change, landslides and foundation failures. Earthquakes and landslides share several primary and secondary effects:

Ground shaking and deformation;

Fault rupture/movement and liquefaction;

Slope and landfill failures;


72



Subsidence and sinkholes;

Fires, injuries and death; and

Mold, fungus and rot.

The combination of old liquefaction zone mapping, seismic hazard and risk calculations (expected earthquake ground motions plus the ‘follies of man’ – what and where one builds and maintains), vulnerability analysis and earthquake probability will help minimize future damage and causalities. Building code and construction compliance (i.e. IHEE, SDB and UBC), earthquake scenarios and social programs (i.e. emergency response) are additional methods to likewise reduce exposure to the impacts from future earthquakes.

5.1.7

Soil The coastal plain areas in the Aceh West Coast are dominated by sedimentation formed by natural erosion from the mountains as well as sand sedimentation from ocean influences over the years. The coastal plain area is also composed of sandy clay-type soil and shallow peat in the swampy regions. After the tsunami disaster, rock and boulder deposits gravitated from the mountainous area as a result of the earthquakes modifying geophysical conditions in several places with new and somewhat unstable geological features. There was also significant change in the flat areas of the project location due to the erosion and sedimentation generated by the tsunami disaster. According to discussions with the Agency of Mining in Aceh, the project location also contains coral rock characteristics with limestone formations beneath the flat land expanses within a depth of between 100 to1,000 meters. The surface rock material is composed of fine clay particles derived from silty deposits of eroded debris. Data about the soil types that are part of the preliminary Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road segment design and associated feeder roads are derived from Soil Type Maps from the relevant government agency (Director General Land Use, 1986). The roadway soil types from Banda Aceh to Lhoknga are primarily alluvial in nature, along with areas of regosol and podsolic (red, yellow). The Mt. Geuratee and Mt. Paroe areas are mostly latosols and litosols. Beyond Lamno, the new road lane passes through the Calang areas possessing soil types of podsolic (red, yellow), latosol and litosol. After passing the Calang area, the road profile is more of an organosol and low glei humus material. This last type of soil can also be seen up until Meulaboh. Further details about soil types and associated locations can be found in Figure 5.6.


73



5.1.8

Land Use Interpolation of the Geographic System Analysis Data together with land use maps from the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Negara) of NAD Province verifies the extent of significant housing area destruction along the existing road route from Banda Aceh to Lhoknga. Nearby, the area of Lamno remained relatively untouched by the effects of the tsunami. The forest preservation locations in the areas of Paroe and Geuretee have also remained mainly intact and are being conserved by utilizing existing pathways and trace roads without adding the proposed road widths. The planned road alignment will also pass through a secondary forest and conservation area in the vicinity of Paroe. The new road will not be transecting the forest area around Lhok Kruet but will pass through parts of the Drien Bangkok, Keuded Teunom, Suaksemaseh and Reusak which are smaller wetland areas. (see Section 5.3.1.1 for further wetlands information). From the Reusak area to Cot Seumeureung and up until the Gampa area in Meulaboh, the land use is a combination of rubber and housing estates. More detailed land use information is provided in Figure 5.7. Tables 5.12, 5.13 and 5-14 show the length of respective road side and the land use in the surrounding areas at the time of ANDAL preparation.


74


760000

780000

620000

620000

0 10

10 0

740000

Lamren Kapelma

!Banda

!

! 100

Aceh

500

100

100

100

10

0

10 0

10 0

0 10 100

100

100 100

!

Lhonga

500

10 0

50

0

500

!

600000

600000

10 0

Indrapura

1000

100

500

10 0

10 0

100


!

10

00

100

0 10

150 0

100

100

00 10

Seulimeun 1000

00

10 0

100

1000

500

100

500

100

100 10

0 10

00

0

10

0 10

500

500

10 00

100 1000

0

0 50

50 0

15 0

0 50

00

100 0

500 10

1500

1000

10 0

580000

00

1000 1500

500

10

500

0

00

100

15

15 0

50 0

100

00 10

10 0

500

0 50

1000

10

1500

00

500

50 0

1000

500

00

500

500

500

500

500 100

50 0

100

10 00

0 100 500

50 0

100

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA 500

0 10

15 Km

50

0 10

! 500

760000


0 100

0

Lamno 740000

100 0

500

500

100

10

1000

1000

10

0

500

5

100 0

500

50 0

100

0

0

0 50

500

10 0

¯

00 10

100

100 0

500

0 100 00 10

0 50

INDIAN OCEAN

0 150

1000

0

500

10 0

00 15

100 0

0 100

580000

100

10 0

0 10

100

100

1000

100

100

0 10

10



Lokasi Peta

Elevasi dari SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographyc Mission) U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84

Gambar Figure

TOPOGRAFI


TOPOGRAPHY


5.2a 0 03/07/05


Map Location

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Kontur : (m dpal) Contour : (m from msl) 0 - 25

SUMATERA 250 - 300

700 - 800

2000 - 2250

Area Dampak Tsunami

25 - 50

300 - 350

800 - 900

2250 - 2500


50 - 75

350 - 400

900 - 1000

2500 - 2750


75 - 100

400 - 450

1000 - 1250

2750 - 3000

100 - 150

450 - 500

1250 - 1500

3000 - 3250

150 - 200

500 - 600

1500 - 1750

3250 - 3500

200 - 250

600 - 700

1750 - 2000


Jakarta

"




10 0

500

100 100

100

0 10

500

10

100

10 0


0

500 500

500

100

0 50

1000

15 0

0

50 0

1000

00

100 0

500 10

1500

1000

10 0

00

1500

500

10

1000

500

00

0

00 10

15

15 0

580000

0 50

500

500

50 0

100

10

1000

1500

00

500

500

0

0

0 50

100 0

500

00

0

500

500

500

500

50 0

100

1000

10 00

500

500

10 0

50 0

0 100

1000

10

500

50 0

100

100 0

00 10

100

500

100

50

500

0 150 0

500

15

00

10 00

0 50

0 100 00 10

1000

0 150

1000

0

500

10 0

00 15

100 0

0 100

580000

1000 10 0

00 15

500

100

100

50 0

500

500

500

0 10

50

0 10

!

0 100

0

Lamno

00 10

560000

00 20

1000

500 500

100 0

50

100 0

1000

100 0

1000

0

00

Cuemanprong

1000

10

50 0

1500

10 00

500

500

500

0 50

!

1500

0 100

500

50 0

2000

500

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

500 100

1000

1000

0 50

200 0

0 100

100 0

00

10 0

1

1500

0 100

100

560000

100

100

100

780000

500

0 10

500

760000 100

0

10 0

1000

500

500

10 0

INDIAN OCEAN

10 0

100

540000

!

100 100

0

100

0 10

Lho Kruet

10

100

1000

0 10

540000

SAMUDERA HINDIA

1000

0 10 100

100

100

10 0

10

10 0

15 Km

10

100

5

100

¯ 0

!

Ujungrimba

0

0 10

10 0

10 0

0 10

760000

780000


Sumber : Source :

Lokasi Peta


Gambar Figure

TOPOGRAFI


TOPOGRAPHY


5.2b 0 03/07/05


Map Location

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Kontur : (m dpal) Contour : (m from msl)

SUMATERA

0 - 25

250 - 300

700 - 800

2000 - 2250

Area Dampak Tsunami

25 - 50

300 - 350

800 - 900

2250 - 2500


50 - 75

350 - 400

900 - 1000

2500 - 2750


75 - 100

400 - 450

1000 - 1250

2750 - 3000

100 - 150

450 - 500

1250 - 1500

3000 - 3250

150 - 200

500 - 600

1500 - 1750

3250 - 3500

200 - 250

600 - 700

1750 - 2000


Jakarta

"




800000

10 0

500

1000

10 0

10 0

10 0 100

15 1000

1000

0

1500

100 0

0 10

50

540000

0

0 50

100 100

!

10

100

0 10

00

500

0

500

0 10

10 00

0 50

50

540000

0 10

100

Lho Kruet

0

500

500

500

50 0

780000

100

100

100

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

100

Ujungrimba

!

100 100

100

0

10 0

100

10

100

10 0 10 0

0 10

10 0

100

0 10

0 10

100

100

10 0

100

10 0

10 0

500

50

10 0

100

0

10

0

0 50 500

500

10

10 0

100

520000

10 0

100

100

520000

100

100

100

100

100

0 10

100

0

50 0 10 0

10

10 0 10 0

100

100

100

0 10

500 0

100 100

10 0

100

!

Calang 100

0

10 0

10

10 0

100

0 10

100

10 0

100

100

100

!

Diren Bungkok

SAMUDERA INDONESIA

500000

500000

INDIAN OCEAN

¯ 0

5

!

10

Keudeteunom

15 Km

780000

800000


Sumber : Source :


Gambar Figure

TOPOGRAFI


TOPOGRAPHY


5.2c 0 03/07/05


Lokasi Peta Map Location

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Kontur : (m dpal) Contour : (m from msl) 0 - 25

SUMATERA 250 - 300

700 - 800

2000 - 2250

Area Dampak Tsunami

25 - 50

300 - 350

800 - 900

2250 - 2500


50 - 75

350 - 400

900 - 1000

2500 - 2750


75 - 100

400 - 450

1000 - 1250

2750 - 3000

100 - 150

450 - 500

1250 - 1500

3000 - 3250

150 - 200

500 - 600

1500 - 1750

3250 - 3500

200 - 250

600 - 700

1750 - 2000


Jakarta

"




0 10

50 0

5

00

840000 500

820000 500

500

800000

500

500

500 500

100

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

500

100 100 0 50

100

50 0

10 0

500

100

50 0

500

50

0 10

0 50

!

10 0

0

100

Sarahya

10 0

0 10

100

100

10

0 10

100

500000

100

0 10

100

100

100

100

100

Diren Bungkok

100

!

500

500

10 0

0 100

0

100

10

100

0 10 100

100

0 10

0 10

100

100

100

500000

10 0

100

0 10

100

500

10 0

10 0 100

!

Aleukuyun

0 10

!

Keudeteunom

!

Kualabhee

480000

480000


!

Blangcotmerah !

Layung

!

Suakseumaseh

SAMUDERA INDONESIA INDIAN OCEAN !

Lhogubon

0

5

460000

460000

¯

! 10

Meulaboh

15 Km

800000

820000




Gambar Figure

TOPOGRAFI


TOPOGRAPHY


5.2d 0 03/07/05


Lokasi Peta Map Location

GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Kontur : (m dpal) Contour : (m from msl)

SUMATERA

0 - 25

250 - 300

700 - 800

2000 - 2250

Area Dampak Tsunami

25 - 50

300 - 350

800 - 900

2250 - 2500


50 - 75

350 - 400

900 - 1000

2500 - 2750


75 - 100

400 - 450

1000 - 1250

2750 - 3000

100 - 150

450 - 500

1250 - 1500

3000 - 3250

150 - 200

500 - 600

1500 - 1750

3250 - 3500

200 - 250

600 - 700

1750 - 2000


Jakarta

"




740000 Tlp

760000 Qh

Tlp Tlp

Tlp

Tlp Qh

Tlp

Tlp

Mul

Qh

Qh Qh

780000

!

Lam Reh

Qvtl

Kopelma

Banda Aceh

!

Qh

Qvtl

Murlr

800000

!

QhQh

Qvtl

QTps

820000

Lampanah

QTps

Qh

Mul

!

QTps

QTps

Qvtl

Mulr

Tlp

860000

Qh

Qh

QTvt

840000

!

Qh

Laweueng Qh

QTps

Mul

Tuktp

Qvtl

!

Sigli

Tuktp QTps

QTps

QTps

(

Tuktp

(

QTpsQh

!

Murl Tuic

(

(

QhMull Mull Muvt

Qh

Qpin

Asan Kumbang

Qh Tukt

(Tuic

Murlr

!

(

TMig

(

(

KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR TMi

(

(

(

Murl

(

(

Murlr Muvt

Mull

Mull Qpm

Lamno

Qpi Qh

Murlr

Mulh

Tla

Qh

Mumb

Til Murlr

Mull Mull

Mull

Qpm

!

Tpsi Qh

Tuset TMi

Mulh

Mirb Mum

Tlt

(

Tltk

(

Misk Tmvc

Tmvc

Mug

(

Tlt

Tlm

Tmiu

Mugl

Mutlr

Qh

Muw Qh

Miskf Tmiu

KABUPATEN PIDIE

Meriam

(

Muw

(

Mutlr

Tmvc

(

!

Tmvc

Tlt

Mug

Muj

Tlt

Muw

Muw

(

!

( Kuala Lhok

(

Tlt

(

Tmk

(

Miskf

Tmpp

(

TMib

Qh

Qh Qh Qh QhQhTltv

Tlm

Tuse

Mugm

Tmps

Qpd

Tuse

520000

( (

Tlt TmvcTmvc

Tlt Tltv Mutlr Mugm

Qh Qh Qh Qh Qh Tmvc

Tltv

Muw

Mutlr

Mutlr

Tmk

Tlsp TmpMugr

Mutlr

Muw

Mutl

(

Mutl

Qh

Tusec

Mutl

CalangTmvc

Misk

QhQh Qh

Qh QhQhQh Qh Qh Qh

Tmvc

! QhQh

Drien BungkokQh 500000

Qh

Tmvc

QhQh Qh

Mugm

Tlt

Tlt

Qh

Qpds

Qpds

Qpds Qpds

Mutl

Qpds Qpds Tmvc

QTt Mutlr Mugm

QTt

Mutl

Tlt Tlt

Tmk

Qh

Qpm

Qh

Qh Qh


Qh Qh

!

Qh Qh Qh

Qh

QTt

Alue Kuyun

!

Keude Teunom Qh

INDIAN OCEAN

QTt Mutl

Qpds

QTt

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Mutl

Qpds

Tmk Qpds Qpds Qpds Qpds

Mugm

Mutl Qpds

!

Sarahya

Qpm

Qh Qh

(

Mutlr

Mutlr TltvTmvc Qpm

Mug

Tuse

Mutl

Mutlr

Tltv

!

Tmp

TMib

(

Qpd

Tlsp

Qvme

(

Mutl Mutlr

Tlsp

Muj

Tlt Tlt Tlt

QTvl

Tuse Mug Mujl

(Mug

Tlt Tlt

Qvs Tlm

Qh

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

Tlt

Tlt

QvmkMuj

Muj

Miskf

Ujungrimba

! TltMutlr

Qh

Tlm

Mugl Mugl TuseTuse

Muj

Muw

Mug

Mujl

Mugl Qh

Tmvc

Tlt

Qvm

Muj

(

(

Tlt

(

Muj

(

540000

Mutl Mutlr

Lhok Kruet

Qvs

Tuset Mugl

Qh

(

Tmvc Tmiu Tmiu

Qh

Qh

!

(

Tmvc

Mpn

TMig

Tangse

(

Miskm

!

(

Tlt

Tmiu

Cuemanprong Qh

(

Tlt Qh QhQh Qh! Qh

TMigs

(

Tmiu TmiuTmiu

Tuktm

Mirb Mirb

(

560000

Qh Muvt

Sa

Qvo

Tukt

Tukt Tukts

Mug

TMi

Muvt Mullr Qh Qh Muvt Qh MuvtQh Qh Muvt MuvtMullQhMuvt MullrQh Mull Muvt Qh

Qh

Tukt

Tukt Tuktm

TMi

Mull

!

Meureudu

TlmTukt Tmk

Tlt

Muvt

Tpsi

Tpsi Tukts

560000

Mulh Muvt

(

Qh Murlr MurlrQh Mullr

Panteraja

Tlm

580000

Murl

Qh Mull

580000

!

Tlm

Mulh

Padang tiji

Qh

QTps

Seulimeun

Muvt

Mull Qh Muvt

QTps

QTps QTpsQTps

!

540000

Murl

!

Batee

QTvt

Qvtl

QTps Qh

Mull

Qpin

Qpin

(Tuic Tuic

Murlr

520000

(

Qh Qh Muvt

!

IndrapuraQpin

Murl QhQh Qh Murl QhQh

QTpsl QTps

Tukt

QTpsl

600000

Qpin

Qpin Tuic

500000

600000

Qvtl TlmQpin

Qh Muvt Muvt Mull

QTpsl

Qvtl

Qvtl

!

Lhoknga

Qh

!

Qpm

Kualambangteunong

Qh

!

480000

Qh Qh

Qh

Blangcotmerah !

Qh

Qpm

480000

Kualabhee

QhQh Qh

!

Aleupendeung

!

Layung

!

QTt

Suakseumaseh

Te

Qpm

!

Qh

!

Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhok Bubon

Qpm

Qpm

740000

760000

780000

800000

820000

Sumber : Source : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84


Gambar

PETA GEOLOGI

Area Dampak Tsunami


03/07/05

0

10

860000


GGG

Diperiksa

KHS

Digabung Oleh

ERM

¯

Legend

Lihat Halaman Selanjutnya See Next Page

0

Tanggal Revisi

Legenda


Digambar Oleh

5.3

No Revisi

GEOLOGY MAP


840000

SUMATERA

20

30 Km Jakarta

"




Legenda Legend Mirb

MIGROGABRO ROB ROB MICROGABBRO

TMi

Aneka terobosan granodiorit dan intrusi diorit Miscellaneous granodiorite to diorite intrusives

Misk

BATOLIT SIKULEH : Miskf : granodiorite (Komplek Muda), Miski : dioritoid (Komplek Tua) SIKULEH BATHOLITH : Miskf : granodiorite (Younger Complex), Miski : dioritoids (Older Complex)

TMib

GRANODIORIT BEURIEUNG BEURUEUNG GRANODIORITE

Miskf

Granodiorite Biotit-Hornblenda : granit biotit setempat bersifat migmatit atau genes Biotite-Hornblende Granodiorite; biotite granite locally migmatitic or gneissose

TMig

GRANODIORIT GEUNTEUT : granodiorit dan diorit tambahan GEUNTEUT GRANODIORITE : granodiorite and subsidiary diorite

Miskm

Dioritoid terubah Alterred dioritoids

TMigs

Mpn

SATUAN UNEUN : Sabak, batugamping malihan, batuan gunungapi malihan kurang. UNEUN UNIT : Slates, metalimestones, metavolcanics

Mugl

FORMASI GEUMPANG : Anggota Batugamping ; batugamping GEUMPANG FORMATION : Limestones member: metalimestones

Mug

Mugm

GRANODIORIT BALE MEUKO BALE MEUKO GRANODIORITE

FORMASI GEUMPANG : batuan gunungapi dan piroklastika menengah hingga mafik berubah dan termalihkan berbeda-beda, filit, sekilas hijau dan batugamping malihan kurang GEUMPANG FORMATION : variably altered and metamorphosed intermediate to mafic volcanics and pyroclasstic, minor phyllites, green schists and metalimestones

Til

MIKRODIORIT INONG INONG MIKRODIORITE

Tir

DIORIT RAYA : diorit berpirit dengan meladiorit/facies piroksenit RAYA DIORITE : pyritic diorite with melanodiorite/pyroxenite facies

FORMASI GUME GUME FORMATION

Tla

Mugr

FORMATION GEUMPANG, ANGGOTA BATUGAMPING GEUMPANG FORMATION, REUNGEUT LIMESTONE MEMBER

Muj

FORMATION JALEUEM JALEUEM FORMATION

Mujl

FORMATION JALEUEM, ANGGOTA BATUGAMPING JALEUEM FORMATION, LIMESTONE MEMBERS

Mul

FORMATION LHO’NGA :filit, serpih, sedimen gunungapi, dan turbidit, batugamping tipis LHO’NGA FORMATION : phyllites, slates, volcanic and turbiditic sediments, thin limestones

Mulh

Tibm

KOMPLEK GLE SEUKEUN : granodiorit, kurang penting, gabro, diorit, granit biotit, batuan retas GEU SEUKEUN COMPLEX : granodiorites, subordinate, gabbro, dioritebiotite, granite, dyke, rocks

FORMATION LHOONG : wake gunung api, sedikit batupasirdan batulanau, batuan gunungapi mafik dan batugamping LHOONG FORMATION : volcanic wackers, subordinates sandstones and siltstones, mafic, volcanics and limestones

Tlm

Tlp

Tlsp Tlt

FORMASI AGAM : batulanau berari, batupasir, breksi, dalam formasi, batugamping, batupasir, berglaukonit AGAM FORMATION : laminated, siltstones, sandstones, intraformational, breccias, limestones, glauconitic, sandstones FORMASI MEUCAMPLI : batupasir mikaan, konglomerat aneka bahan, batupasir konglomerat, batulanou, batugamping, batuan gunungapi, mafik amigdaloid MEUCAMPLI FORMATION :micaceous sandstones, polymict conglomerates conglomeratic sandstones, limestonesm amygfaloidal mafic volcanics FORMASI PEUNASU : batupasir mikaan, konglomerat, serpih, batulumpur, batugamping, terumbu PEUNASU FORMATION : volcanogetic sandstone, conglomerates, snares, mudstones, reef limestones FORMASI SIPOPOK SIPOPOK FORMATION FORMASI TANGLA : asal gunungapi, batupasir, konglomerat kerakal, arenit kuarsaan TANGLA FORMATION : volcanogenic sandstones, conglomerates, quartzose arenites

Mull

FORMASI BATUGAMPING LAMNO : batugamping berwarna gelap dengan rombakan batuan gunung api LAMNO LIMESTONE FORMATION : dark limestones with volcanics debris

Mullr

Anggota Terumbu : batugampingbak terumbu, kelabu pejal Reef Member : massive grey reef-like facies

Tltk

FORMASI LAM MINET : sebak dan rijang memita, berkandungan mangan berbeda-beda, berbesi, bergamping, berkarbon, batuan gunungapi, malihan mafik, basal terpengaruh tektonik, konglomerat, batugamping LAM MINET FORMATION : slates and banded cherts, variously manganiferous, ferruginpus, calcareous, carbonaceous, mavic metavolcanics, tectonised basalts, limestone conglomerates

Tltv

FORMASI TANGLA : FASIES VOLKANIK : Batuan gunungapi menengah sampai mafik, terobosan gunungapi tanggung (dunaba terpisahkan) TANGLA FORMATION : VOLCANIC FACIES :Intermediate to mafic volcanics, subvolcanic intrusives (where differentiated)

Tlvb

FORMASI GUNUNGAPI BREUEH : basal amigdaloid, piroklastika bolus, rijang, dan setempat batuan gunungapi pucat, komplek retas BREUEH VOLCANIC FORMATION :amygdaloidal basalts, pyroclastics boles, cherts and pale volcanics locally: dyke complexes DIORIT UNGA : stok diorit granodiorit berbutir halus UNGA DIORITES : fine-grained diorite granodiorite stocks

Mum

Mumb

Anggota Batugamping Bengga : batugamping malihan bersifat turbidit konglomerat, sabak kurang, malih sentuhan Bengga LimestoneMember : conglomeratic turbiditic limestones, minor slates, locally contact metamorphosed

Murl

FORMASI BATUGAMPING RABA : batugamping lempungan dan silikaan berwarna gelap, berlapis tipis RABA LIMESTONE FORMATION : dark, thin bedded argillaceous and siliceous limestones

Murlr

Anggota Terumbu : batugamping bak terumbu, kelabu pejal Reef Member : massive grey reef-like facies

Tmiu

Mutl

Anggota Terumbu : batugamping bak terumbu, kelabu pejal Reef Member : massive grey reef-like facies

Tmk

Mutlr

FORMASI BATUGAMPING TEUNOM TEUNOM LIMESTONE FORMATION

Muvt

FORMASI GUNUNGAPI TAPAKTUAN : basal dan andesit epidot, aglomerat, breksi, dan tufa, sedimen kurang penting TAPAKTUAN VOLCANIC FORMATION : epidotised andesites and basalts, agglomerates, breccias and tuffs, subordinate sediments

Muw

Kelompok Woyla tak terpisahkan (hanya pada penampang), lithologi tidak diketahui Undifferentiated Woyla Group (section only), lithologies unknown

QTps

FORMASI SEULIMEUM : batupasir tufaan dan gampingan, konglomerat, batulumpur kurang SEULIMEUM FORMATION : tuffaceous and calcareous sandstones, conglomerates, minor mudstones

QTpsl

Anggota Batugamping Lam kabeue : batugamping koral Lam Kabeue Limestone member : coralline limestone

QTt

FORMASI TUTUT : batupasir, konglomerat, batulumpur, batugamping minor TUTUT FORMATION : sandstones, conglomerates, mudstones, minor limestones

QTvl

SATUAN SAMALANGA LEUPING UNIT

QTvt

FORMASI TUTUT : batupasir, konglomerat, batulumpur, batugamping minor TUTUT FORMATION : sandstones, conglomerates, mudstones, minor limestones

QTvw

BATUAN GUNUNGAPI PULAU WEH : andesit, tufa, aglomerat PULAU WEH VOLCANICS : andesites, tuffs, aglomerates

Qh

ALLUVIUM (tak terbedakan) : kerikil, pasir, lumpur, dst ALLUVIUM : (undifferentiated) : gravels, sands, muds, etc

Qpd

Retas mikrogabroid Retas : microgabbro

Qpds

Retas : mikrogabro Retas : microgabbro

Qpi

FORMASI IDI : pasir dan kerikil berbongkahan setengah mengeras IDI FORMATION : semiconsolidated sands and bouldery gravels

Qpin

FORMASI INDRAPURI : endapan undak tua, sebagian kerikil dan pasir gunungapi INDRAPURI FORMATION : older terrace deposits, partly volcanic gravels and sands

Qpm

FORMATION MEULABOH MEULABOH FORMATION

Qvm

SATUAN MEUNTOL MEUNTOL UNIT

Qvme

BATUAN GUNUNGAPI MEUGEURINCENG MEUGEURINCENG VOLCANICS

Qvmk

SATUAN MEUKEUB MEUKEUB UNIT

Tmp

Anggota Keubang : batugamping lempungan, sedikit batupasir gampingan dan batulanau, tipis batubara Keubang Member : argillaceous limestone, minor calcareoussandstones, and siltstones, thin coals

FORMASI KUEH : Grit arkosa, breksi, konglomerat, batupasir gampingan, batulanau, gatugamping KUEH FORMATION : Arkosic grits, breccias, conglomerates, calcareous sandstones, siltstones, limestones FORMASI PEUTU PEUTU FORMATION

Tmpp

FORMASI PEUTU, ANGGOTA PAMEUE PEUTU FORMATION, PAMEUE MEMBER

Tmps

FORMASI PEUTU, ANGGOTA SENONG PEUTU FORMATION, SENONG MEMBER

Tmvc

FORMASI BATUAN GUNUNGAPI CALANG CALANG VOLCANIC FORMATION

Tpsi

Tukt

Tuktm

FORMASI SIAP : konglomerat, sedimen, asal gunungapi, batupasir, gampingan, batulumpur kurang SIAP FORMATION : conglomerates, volcanogenic sediments, calcareous sandstones, minor mudstone FORMASI KOTABAKTI : batulumpur dan batulanau gampingan, batupasir, kurang, konglomerat, batugamping dan tufa KOTABAKTI FORMATION : calcareous mudstones, and siltstones, minor sandstones, conglomerates, limestones, and tuffs Anggota Meuh : konglomerat anggota bahan, batupasir, konglomerat, batupasir, batulanau, dan batugamping kurang Meuh Member : polymict, conglomerates, conglomeratic sandstones, sandstones, minor siltstones, and limestones

Tuktp

Anggota Padangtiji : batupasir gampingan, konglomerat, batulanau, batugamping kurang Padangtiji Member : calcareous sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones, minor limestones

Tukts

Anggota Pintusatu : batupasir dan batupasir konglomerat Pintusatu Member : sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones

Tusec

SERPENTINIT TANGSE TANGSE SERPENTINITES

Tuset

SERPENTINIT TANGSE TANGSE SERPENTINITES

Tuse

Serpentinit lain Other serpentinites Batas Geologi Geological Boundary Sesar Fault

(

Sesar Naik Thrust

Qvo

BATUAN GUNUNGAPI OLIM : breksi andesit, aglomerat, tufa, dan batupasir OLIM VOLCANICS : andesitic, breccias, agglomerates, tuffs, and sandstones

Sinklin Sincline

Qvs

SATUAN SAMALANGA SAMALANGA UNIT

Antiklin Anticline

Qvtl

Lahar dan piroklastika (bersifat) andesit sampai dasit Andesitic to dasitic pyroclastics & lahars

Regional and National Seismic Hazards

PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (m/s2 ) 10% PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS

0


0.2

0.4

0.8

SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS

2.4

3.2

4.0

4.8

LOW

MODERATE

HIGH

VERY HIGH

HAZARD

HAZARD

HAZARD

HAZARD

Sumber : Source :


UN. Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

Gambar

PETA KERAWANAN GEMPA

1.6

Figure



5.4 0 03/07/05


Diperiksa Checked


SUMATERA

GGG KHS Jakarta

ERM DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM


DIREKTORAT JALAN DAN JEMBATAN I


"

Regional Plate Tectonics and Indonesia Impact EUROASIA PLATE


Sumber : Source :

EPICENTER AND TECTONIC IMPACT MAP

Project Area

US. Geological Survey (USGS) UNOCHA Gambar

PETA PUSAT GEMPA DAN DAMPAK TEKTONIK

Area Proyek

Figure



5. 5 0 03/07/05


Diperiksa Checked


SUMATERA

GGG KHS Jakarta

ERM DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM




"

740000

17 17

760000

780000 !

!

17 17 1414

17

800000

9

Lam Reh

Kopelma

Banda Aceh

!

820000

840000

860000

7! Lampanah

3 2 ! Laweueng

9 19

2 3

!

14

Lhoknga

7 !

Batee

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

17

!

9

!

15

4

Seulimeun


3

!

Asan Kumbang

2

3

10

17

1 !

580000

Panteraja

!

Meureudu 17

3

14 1

14 18

Sa

8 16

19

17 1417

7

10 14 ! Lamno

560000

580000

6

600000

!

Indrapura

560000

600000

13

17

KABUPATEN PIDIE 18

!

Tangse

14

!

!

Cuemanprong

Meriam

8

Lhok Kruet

!

13

19

!

Ujungrimba

15

540000

540000

14

Lhok Kuala

16

!

12

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

19

520000

520000

19

14 !

Calang

14

5

19 !

18

Sarahya


! 500000

500000

Drien Bungkok

5 5

8 !

Alue Kuyun

!

!

Keude Teunom

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

!

480000

1

Blangcotmerah !

480000

Kualabhee

5

!

Aleupendeung

!

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te

0

10

5 20

!

30 Km

740000

760000

780000

800000

820000


Gambar Figure

PETA TANAH

5.6


SOIL MAP

0


Satuan Tanah (bahan induk) Soil Unit ( Source Rock) Organosol, Gleihumus (alluvial) 1

Organosol, Gleihumus (alluvial)

Alluvial (alluvial)

2

Alluvial (alluvial)

3

Hidromorf Kelabu (alluvial)

4 5

6

Grey Hidromorf (alluvial)

Regosol (alluvial) Regosol (alluvial)

Latosol Podsolik Merah Kuning (batuan beku)

Red-Yellow Latosol Podsolic (igneous)

Regosol, Posolik Merah Kuning (batuan beku)

11

Regosol (batuan beku)

12

Regosol, Latosol (batuan beku)

13

Andosol (batuan beku)

Regosol, Red-Yellow Podsolik (Igneous) 7

Podsolik Merah Kuning (batuan endapan)

Red-Yellow Podsolic (sediment)

Podsolik Merah Kuning (alluvial)

8

Red-Yellow Podsolic (alluvial)

9

Renzina (sediment)

10

Renzina (batuan endapan) Litosol, Regosol (batuan beku)

Litosol, Regosol (igneous)

14 15

840000

Sumber : Source : Departemen Dalam Negri Direktorat Jenderal Agraria, Direktorat Tata Guna Tanah, 1986 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84


16

Regosol (igneous) Regosol, Latosol (igneous)

03/07/05


Meulaboh

460000

460000

¯

!

Lhok Bubon

860000


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Podsolik Merah Kuning, Litosol (batuan beku)

SUMATERA

Red-Yellow Podsolik, Litosol (igneous) 17

Andosol (igneous)

Podsolik Merah Kuning, Latosol, Litosol (batuan beku) Red-Yellow Podsolik, Latosol, Litosol (igneous)

Latosol (batuan beku) Latosol (igneous)

Podsolik Merah Kuning (batuan beku)

18

Red-Yellow Podsolic (igneous)

19

Podsolik Coklat, Podosol, Litos (b.beku) Brown Podsolic, Podsolic, Litosol (igneous)

Renzina, Litosol (batuan endapan)

Jakarta

"

Renzina, Litosol (sediment)




740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

Lam Reh

820000

840000

860000

!

Kopelma

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

!

Laweueng

!

!

600000

600000

Lhoknga

!

Indrapura

Batee

!

!

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

Seulimeun


!

Asan Kumbang

580000

580000

!

Panteraja

!

Meureudu

Sa

560000

560000

!

Lamno

KABUPATEN PIDIE

!

Tangse !

!

Meriam

540000

540000

Cuemanprong

Lhok Kruet

! !

Ujungrimba

Lhok Kuala

!

520000

520000

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

!

Calang

!

Sarahya

KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT 500000

500000

Dren Bungkok

!

!

Alue Kuyun

!

!

Keude Teunom

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

!

Blangcotmerah !

!

480000

480000

Kualabhee

!

Aleupendeung

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te !

!

740000

760000

780000

800000

820000

840000

Sumber : Source : Analisis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84


Gambar Figure

PETA TATA GUNA LAHAN

5.7


LANDUSE MAP


0 03/07/05


Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhok Gubon

860000


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

Legenda

¯

Legend Pemukiman Village

Hutan Primer Primary Forest

Hutan Sekunder Secondary Forest

Pertanian Lahan Kering

Perkebunan

Karang

Plantation

Reef

Sawah

Mangrove

Rice Paddies

Mangrove

Perikanan Shrimp/Fish Farm

Rawa

Dryland Agriculture

Swamp

Semak Belukar

Daerah Terbuka

Scrub

Cleared/Bare Soil


0

10

SUMATERA

20

30 Km Jakarta


"






Table 5.12

Physiographical Condition and Land Use in Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Segments

Physiographic Description 1. Flat

Grand Total 2. Flat– undulating

Road Segment Km 0 – Km 18

Length (km) 18

Km 71 – Km 81

10

Km 88 – Km 91 Km 114 – Km 119 Km 153 – Km 157

3 5 4

Meudhen-Didrieng (Lambesoi) Sarah-Meudang Ghoh Paya Sialit- Senebok Langsat Blang Phong-Kr.Kabung

Km 169 – Km 196

27

Kr Inong-Ujung Tanoh

Km 196 – Km 207

9

Ujung Tanoh-Teupin Perahu

Km 210 – Km 217 Km 217 – Km 223

7 6

Teupin Perahu-Reusak Reusak-Bale

Km 223 – Km 230

7

Bale-Gampa

Km 230 – Km 246

16

Gampa–Lingkaran Meulaboh (Km 0)

Km 18 – Km 28

112 10

Gle Ludah-Pulut

Km 42 – Km 58

16

Cot Jeumpa-Lam Paoh

Km 91 – Km 104

13

Km 119 – Km 138

19

Km 157 – Km 169

12

Meudang GhohCeunamprong Seunebok Langsat-Rawa Pengapet Kr Kabung-Kr Inong

Grand Total 3. Undulating - small hills

Grand Total 5. Large hills – mountainous

Grand Total Total Length

Land Usage

BNA-Gle Ludah

Tugu

City, Residential, plantation Residential, plantation Swamp Swamp Residential, plantation Residential, plantation Residential, plantation Swamp Residential, plantation Swamp, Rubber forest City, Residential

Residential, barack and plantation Residential and plantation Residential, Rice field, and swamp Swamp, Rice field Residential and plantation

70 Km 138 – Km 146

Grand Total 4. Small hills – large hills

Pass through

8

Gle Pengapet-Gle Alue Ho

Secondary forest

8 Km 81 – Km 88

7

Didrieng-Sarah

Secondary forest

Km 104 – Km 114

10

Secondary forest

Km 146 – Km 153

Secondary forest

Km 28 – Km 42

7 24 14

Ceunamprong-Gle MayangPaya Sialit Gle Alue Ho-Blang Phong Paroe (Pulut-Cot Jeumpa)

Protected area

Km 58 – Km 71

13

Geuretee (Laqm PaohMudhen)

Protected area

27 241

Sources : Field investigation result in road segmentation


81



Based on the above table, land use can be summarised as follows: Table 5.13

Estimation of Land Use along the proposed road No

Total area (Ha) 423.0

Land Use

1.

Resettlement / land and rice field

2.

Swamp area

3.

Secondary forest

72.0

4.

Limited production forest

81.0

114.9

Total

714.9

Source : Calculations by direct observation (2005)

Table 5.14

Physiographical Condition and Land Use in Abandoned Road Segment in Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Segments Physiographic Description 1.

Datar

Road Segment

Length (km)

Pass Through

Km 21,5 – Km 25,5

4

Kr. Leupung – Gle Keunekei

Covered seawater

by

Km 58 – Km 63

5

Cunien-Kr Kareung

Covered seawater

by

Km 80,7 – Km 97,5

3

Pante Keutapang (Lambesoi)-Kr Ceunamprong

Abandoned follows alignment

Kra Mong-Meulaboh

Abandoned and follows TNI alignment and regency road from Cot Trap-Cot BulohKuala-Bhee – Layung dan Seunebok

Kra Mong ke Lhok Krut

A part of road still exist and usable but in bad condition

Ligan – Calang Teunom

A part of road still exist but in bad condition

Arongan Ke Meulaboh

A part of road still exist but in very bad condition and not usable

Km 108,3 – Km 243,5

Jumlah

135,2

Inong

Remarks

and TNI

147,2

Sources : Field investigation result in road segmentation PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

82



5.1.9

Hydrology The proposed alignment of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road crosses several major and minor watercourses, such as Krueng Raba, Kr Sarah, Kr lambesoi, Kr Teunom, Kr Arogan, Suasemaseh and Suak Timah. The rivers originate in the Bukit Barisan Mountain and discharge into the Indian Ocean. Surface water is used for both agriculture and as a potable drinking water source (see Figures 5.8 and 5.9). The runoff patterns and river channels along the tsunami-damaged area have changed dramatically and are still in an unstable condition. The river channels will naturally alter and stabilise over time, with the first wet season likely to determine the main hydrological patterns for the future. Although surface water patterns have changed somewhat, the overall trends in flow amounts are likely to remain the same or similar to before the tsunami. For this reason, existing data on river flow is still relevant for this AMDAL study. Data from the Water Office of the NAD Department of Public Works indicates that average river flows in the study area vary from 0.03 m3 per second (Krueng Teumaron River) to a maximum of 169.45 m3 per second (Krueng Masen River).


83


740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

820000

840000

860000

!

Lam Reh

Kopelma

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

!

eh Ac Kr

Laweueng

!

!

Indrapura

Kr S

Kr Ge up u

600000

600000

Lhoknga

!

Batee eu

lim e

!

!

un

Sigli

Padang tiji

! Kr Seulimeun Ke im ire

!

Asan Kumbang

KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR 580000

580000

!

Panteraja

!

Meureudu

S

m La Kr

so be

KABUPATEN PIDIE 560000

560000

!

Lamno

g Un Kr

a

!

Tangse !

!

Meriam

!

an Kr Lig

Lhok Kruet

540000

540000

Cuemanprong

em as M Kr

!

Ujungrimba

Lhok Kuala

!

l ta

y Ku

en

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

520000

u Te Kr

o ng

h 520000

n Pa Kr

!

Calang

n Po Kr

go

!

Sarahya


! 500000

am ba lek

500000

Drien Bungkok

Kr L

On Kr

!

Alue Kuyun

!

SAMUDERA HINDIA

!

Keude Teunom

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

! 480000

480000

Kualabhee

Blangcotmerah

!

!

!

Aleupendeung

Kr Bu bo n

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te

!

!

740000

760000

780000

800000


Gambar Figure

RIVER FLOW


Legenda

0 03/07/05


Sungai River Area Dampak Tsunami 0

10

860000


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

SUMATERA

¯

Legend


5.8


PETA ALIRAN SUNGAI


840000

Sumber : Source : RSGIS Forum (dari berbagai sumber) U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84



820000

Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhok Bubon

20

30 Km

Jakarta

"




740000

760000

780000

800000

!

!

Lam Reh

Kopelma

820000

840000

860000

!

Lampanah

Banda Aceh

!

!

Laweueng

!

!

600000

600000

Lhoknga

!

Indrapura

Batee

(

(

!

!

Sigli

Padang tiji

!

Seulimeun

(

( !

Panteraja


(

(

Sa

560000

(

(

560000

(

!

Lamno

(

(

(

!

Tangse

!

KABUPATEN PIDIE

(

!

Meriam

(

Cuemanprong

(

(

(

(

(

540000

!

Meureudu

(

(

(

(

Lhok Kruet

(

(

!

540000

(

(

(

(

580000

!

(

(

(

580000

(

(

Asan Kumbang

!

( Kuala Lhok

Ujungrimba

(

!

(

KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA (

( (

520000

( (

520000

( ( (

!

Calang

( !

Sarahya !

500000

500000

Drien Bungkok

KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT !

SAMUDERA HINDIA

Alue Kuyun

!

!

Keude Teunom

Kualambangteunong

INDIAN OCEAN

!

Blangcotmerah !

!

480000

480000

Kualabhee

!

Aleupendeung

Layung !

Suakseumaseh

Te !

!

740000

760000

780000

800000


Gambar Figure

PETA HIDROGEOLOGI

Local Productive Aquifer

Air Tanah Dangkal

Batas Hidrogeologi Hydrogeology Boundary

Sesar

Shallow Groundwater

Fault

Aquifer Rendah

Sesar Naik

Low Productive Aquifer

Akuifer Sedang

Sinklin

Akuifer Tinggi

Sincline

High Productive Aquifer

Tidak Ada Akuifer No Aquifer

Antiklin

03/07/05


0

10

860000


GGG

Diperiksa Checked

KHS


ERM

¯


Thrust

Moderate Productive Aquifer

0


Legenda


5.9


HYDROGEOLOGY MAP

Setempat Akuifer Produktif

840000

Sumber : Source : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan GTL U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84


Legend

820000

Meulaboh

460000

460000

Lhok Bubon

SUMATERA

20

30 Km Jakarta

"

Anticline





5.1.10

Post-Disaster Spatial Planning Policy In response to the disaster relief program in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province and Nias Regency in North Sumatra Province, the government of Indonesia has prepared the Aceh and North Sumatra Community Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Plan (Rencana Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Masyarakat Aceh dan Sumatera Utara or R3MAS). One part of the R3MAS is the preparation of a Spatial Plan that will guide land use in the areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami. The government policy for spatial planning in NAD and North Sumatra is:

Empowerment of the community affected by the disaster.

Repair of the damaged areas of towns/regencies.

Restoration of pre-disaster normal conditions.

Saving lives and protection of community assets in the post-disaster area.

Improvement to the standards of living compared to before the tsunami.

Provision of integrated, simple and effective funding for redevelopment.

5.1.10.1

Spatial Planning Strategy

Create a technical approach to spatial planning that can combine planning and construction so that they can be carried out simultaneously, so that Aceh reconstruction can begin immediately.

Improve the system and structure of towns and villages so they are more defensible against tsunami disasters.

Preserve and revitalise city areas that were socio-economic centers, improve and revitalise pre-existing infrastructure.

Minimise changes to the structure, hierarchy, density and use of the land.

Minimise changes to land ownership, consolidate land, and set back housing from the coast.

Minimise resettlement of peoples, developments and new towns.

5.1.10.2

Use of a spatial planning process that accommodates phased planning and reconstruction with simultaneous implementation.

Zoning delineation and zoning plan will be prepared and finalised through participation of people affected by the disaster.

Provincial Spatial Planning a) Provincial Spatial Planning Approach In accordance with the approach for the entire NAD and North Sumatra area spatial plan, the provincial spatial plans will also focus on providing conceptual overviews of spatial planning principles that can be used by the regencies. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

86



The resulting conceptualization emphasizes mapping of areas that can and cannot be utilized for construction. Areas that cannot be utilized for construction are then be assessed for alternative forms of utilization, such as nature reserves, green strips, open spaces, and others. b) Alternative Development Scenarios Scenario 1: No growth centers along the west coast, with towns provided with a buffer zone and disaster management.

Scenario 2: Growth centers remain as per existing conditions, with a buffer zone, disaster management and if necessary provide limited relocation for some parts of the towns and infrastructure based on local policy.

Scenario 3: Provision of only one growth centre along the west coast, namely Tapaktuan, with towns provided with buffer zones and disaster management.

Through some limited exercises by the Directorate General of Spatial Plan, the Department of Public Works, and using input from the community of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Scenario 2 has been selected (Figure 5.10)


87


95°0'0"E

96°0'0"E

97°0'0"E

98°0'0"E

6°0'0"N

6°0'0"N

Sabang

Kapelma

=
0.80

Excellent Good Average Poor Very Poor

Based on these results it has been determined that the service level condition (service level) of traffic in the three locations shall be as follows:

•

Simpang Lampuuk direction Banda Aceh to Lhoknga; Excellent (A)

•

Simpang Lampuuk direction Lhoknga to Banda Aceh; Very Good (A)

•

Lamno direction Banda Aceh to Lamno; Good (B)

•

Lamno direction Lamno to Banda Aceh; Good (B)

•

Simpang Kisaran direction Gampa to Simpang Kisaran; Good (B)

•

Simpang Kisaran direction Simpang Kisaran to Gampa; Sufficient (C)

Transportation condition calculations at the three observation points are presented in Table 5-18.


91



Table 5.18

Related Road Side Overfull Degree Location and Direction

Volume (SMP/Hour)

Capacity (SMP/Hour)

165 178

1800 1800

0.10 010

A A

501 428

1800 1800

0.28 0.24

B B

640 836

1800 1800

0.35 0.46

B C

Simpang Lampuuk Banda Aceh- Lhonga Lhonga – Banda Aceh Simpang Lamno Banda Aceh – Lamno Lamno – Banda Aceh Simpang Kisaran Gampa – Simpang Kisaran Simpang Kisaran - Gampa

Overfull Degree (V/C)

Service Level

Source :Site data analysis result 2005

5.2

BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS

5.2.1

Terrestrial Biota

5.2.1.1

Flora Terrestrial The observation of the terrestrial flora occupying the study area location along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road consists mainly of; mangrove ecosystems, coastline, agricultural area, mixed plantations, secondary forest, preserved conservation areas and wetlands. a. Vegetation Condition The range of vegetation found along the road from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh consists of commercial and non-commercial with varied characteristics such as private plantations, rice fields, secondary forest, primary forest and preserved forest. The vegetation growing within the mixed plantations and agricultural areas include those grown by the community with economic value and those of no commercial value which function in protective and/or restorative nature. The observed community commercial plants growing in the project area from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh which remained safe from the tsunami impact consist of; mango (Mangifera indica), nangka (Arthocarpus heterophylla), cashew nut (Anacardium ocidentale), coconut (Cocos nucifera), banana (Musa paradisiacal), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), papaw (Carica papaya), duren (Durio zibethinus), pinang (Arecha catechu) and mlinjo (Gnetum gnemon). The non-commercial plants include; mahogany (Swietania mahagoni), akasia (Acacia auriculiformis), angsana (Pterecarpus indica), ketapang (Terminalia catappa), sengon (Albezzia chinensis) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica). As noted earlier, several locations contain rice fields and community-owned plantations. The observed commercial plants found along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road are listed in Table 5.19 PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

92



Table 5.19

Species of Commercial Plants at Study Locations No

Latin Name

Theobroma cacao 1 Aglaia acida 2 Durio zibethinus 3 Cocos nucifera 4 Nephelium lappaleum 7 Gnetum gnemon 10 Anona muricata 12 Psidium guajava 13 Anacardium ocidentale 14 Averrhoa bilimbi 15 Averrhoa carambola 16 17 Mangifera sp Carica papaya 18 Arthocarpus heterophyllusa 19 Arthocarpus comuni 20 Aleurites mullacana 21 Garnia mangostana 22 Tamarindus indica 23 Terminalia catappa 24 Pterocarpus indicus 25 Acacia auriculiformis 26 Albizzia chinensis 27 Source : Primary Data (2005)

Local Name Coklat Langsat Durian Kelapa Rambutan Melinjo Sirsak Jambu biji Jambu mete Belimbing Belimbing Mangga Pepaya Nangka Sukun Kemiri Manggis Asam Ketapang Angsana Akasia Sengon

Family Sterculiaceae Meliaceae Bombacaceae Arecaceae Sapindaceae Gnetaceae Annonaceae Myrtaceae Anacardiaceae Oxalidaceae Oxalidaceae Anacardiaceae Caricaceae Moraceae Moraceae Aizoaceae Guttireraceae Caesalpiniaceae Combretaceae Papilionaceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae

The secondary vegetation found along both sides of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road corridor which have been damaged due to human intervention consists of; durian (Durio zibethinus), pete (Parkia speciosa), palm (Arecha catechu) and teak (Tectona grandis). However, these plant products are still a benefit for the community members. The preserved forest at Mount Grutee is crossed by the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road but remains relatively undamaged by the physical presence of the road . The following vegetation species are characteristic of the areas adjacent to the old sections of the road alignment; teak (Tectona grandis), trembesi (Samanea samans), durien (Durio zibethinus), waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus), dadap (Erythrina sp.), pete (Parkia speciosa), tampu (Macaranga sp.), palm (Arecha catechu), ketapang (Terminalia catappa), sengon (Albizzia chinensis) and bamboo (Bambussa sp.). Within the wetland ecosystem areas of Lhong Lho and Suak Ular in the Regency Samatiga are found a rich variety of plants and trees (listed in Table 5.22). PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

93



Wetlands are broadly defined by Wetlands International and the Ramsar Convention as a set of natural resources that include the following physical assets:

Laut-laut terbuka dan daerah pantainya;

Estuaria—daerah mangrove;

Daerah sungai—sungai dan kali;

Lacustrine—danau, bendungan dan kolam-kolam besar; dan

Palustrine—Rawa-rawa payau, wet meadows, gambut dan rawa.

pasang-surut

sungai,

air

payau

dan

rawa-rawa

Wetlands often contain a number of valuable goods and services that range from climate change mitigation to freshwater supply. The resource functions effectively as a filtration device in the event sedimentation and agriculture use impact water quality. Wetlands also assist in erosion control and storm protection, including coastal defence through shoreline fortification and embankment stabilization. Biological diversity is supported and protected since wetlands play a vital role in the food chain as a nursery grounds and habitat for large numbers of living organisms and animals. Finally, wetlands are a source of commercial products and services (i.e. fish and seafood, grains, handicrafts, livestock, wood, recreation, tourism, education, etc.). The ecological function of the wet land is important to understand the impact of road construction on wetland ecosystem, namely:

Physical environmental change; Chemical environmental change; Isolation of habitats; Increased fauna death rates; Changed animal behavior; and Spread of foreign diseases.

Habitat classification of the wetland systems in the project area shall be as follows:

seagrass

mangroves,

coral reef,

beach forest,

aquaculture ponds, and

rice fields.

Results of rapid assessments by the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries concluded that fishermen and those working on aquaculture were the professions marked by the greatest loss of life due to the tsunami. A press PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

94



release form the Department dated January 14, 2005 stated that there were 54,516 tsunami victims who were fishermen and aquaculture workers, with an additional 14,373 missing. The fishing and farming businesses that were struck hardest by the tsunami were those reliant on aquaculture ponds, open sea fishing and rice cultivation. The impact to aquaculture ponds and rice cultivation was caused by damage to canal systems, pond dikes, filling-in of ponds and rice fields by sand that was carried in by the tsunami and refuse from land, and contamination of rice fields by salt water. The table below shows the area of aquaculture ponds and rice fields (hectares) in the regencies and cities impacted by the tsunami. Table 5.20

Selected Wetland Areas Affected by the Tsunami in the Banda Aceh to Melauboh Administrative Regions Regency/ City Aceh Barat Aceh Besar Aceh Jaya

Aquaculture Ponds (ha) 377 1,005.70 -

Rice Fields (ha) 54.170 30.521 12.652

There is little accurate quantitative data on the level of mangrove destruction caused by the tsunami. Available information consists of reports from local residents and humanitarian volunteers who have seen the situation in the field and also from volunteer coastal photographs and GIS data generation. Based on this information, it is possible to estimate existing mangrove damage as follows:

Table 5.21

Mangrove Areas Affected by the Tsunami in the Band Aceh to Melauboh Administrative Regions Regency/ City Aceh Barat Aceh Besar Banda Aceh

Mangrove Area (ha) 14,000 26,823 500

Land Area Damage (%) 50 100 100

The above data may over-estimate the damage caused by the tsunami as it could also include damage that took place before the tsunami struck. This possible discrepancy is due to the fact that it is not clear what criteria were used by the Department of Forestry in preparing material on mangrove coverage.


95



Table 5.22

Types of Wetland Ecosystem Plants Latin Name Pandanus sp Vitex pubescens Nypah fructicans Limnocharis flava Cyperus rotundus Clotalaria steriata Eleucine indica Starchytarpeta indica Mimosa pudica Ipomea aquatica Mimosa infisa Hydrilla verticillata

Local Name Pandan Mane Nipah Eceng gondok Teki Orok-orok Belulang Jarong Putri malu Kangkung air Sikejut Ganging

Family Pandanaceae Verbanaceae Palmae Pandanaceae Cyperaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Verbanaceae Mimosaceae Convolvulaceae Mimosaceae Hydrocharitaceae

Source : Primary Data (2005)

5.2.1.2

Fauna Terrestrial Wildlife Aceh has an extraordinary wealth of natural resources and wildlife; 196 mammals, 194 reptiles, 62 amphibians, 272 fish and 456 bird species live in and around Aceh an its borders. Of these animals, 9 mammal species, 30 fish species and 19 bird species are endemic to Aceh. Wildlife is an important ecological component due to its role in the spread of seeds, plant cross-pollination and cycling of organic materials. Wildlife is also important as an economic resource that helps to improve the welfare of the community living near forest and wetland areas. Forest management will be a difficult area, due to the many factors to be considered and many impact to be minimized. Forests are the main habitat for wild fauna. In general the removal of vegetation in the forest shall have an indirect impact on wild fauna, due to loss of habitat. Some of the mammal types have been found in the study area. The following table shows the results of observations.


96



Table 5.23

Mammalian Species in the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Project Area Location Leupung

Lambeusoe

Lhoong Woyla

Lhoong Lho

Suak Ular

Latin Name

Local Name

Remark

Bubalus bubalis Sus scrofa Caloceorus notatus Macaca fascicularis Symphalangus sindactylus Protopterus vampirus Paradoxurus hemaproditus Felis domesticus Cervus unicolor*) Muntiacu mancak Tragulus napu*) Bubalus bubalis Sus scrofa Capra sp Panthera tigris sumatrae*) Caloceorus notatus Macaca fascicularis Symphalangus sindactylus Cuon alpinus Protopterus vampirus Paradoxurus hemaproditus Bos indicus Felis domesticus Canis canis Cervus unicolor Muntiacu mancak Tragulus napu*) Bubalus bubalis

Kerbau Babi Tupai Monyet ekor panjang Siamang Kalong Musang Kucing Rusa Kijang Kancil Kerbau Babi Kambing Harimau Sumatra Tupai Monyet ekor panjang Siamang Landak Kalong Musang Sapi Kucing Anjing Rusa Kijang Kancil Kerbau

Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Information from community Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Informasi dari Masyarakat Information from community Information from community Direct encounter

Sus scrofa Capra sp. Paradoxurus hemaproditus Panthera tigris sumatrae Caloceorus notatus Macaca fascicularis Bubalus bubalis Sus scrofa Capra sp. Paradoxurus hemaproditus Panthera tigris sumatrae Caloceorus notatus Macaca fascicularis Bubalus bubalis Sus scrofa Capra sp Paradoxurus hemaproditus Panthera tigris sumatrae*) Caloceorus notatus Macaca fascicularis

Babi Kambing Musang Harimau Sumatra Tupai Monyet ekor panjang Kerbau Babi Kambing Musang Harimau Sumatra Tupai Monyet ekor panjang Kerbau Babi Kambing Musang Harimau Sumatra Tupai Monyet ekor panjang

Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Information from community Information from community

Source : Primary Data (2005) Note : *) Mammals are protected by law in accordance with GR No. 07 of 1999


97



Thewetlands and forests of Aceh also contain a number of endangered and protected animal species according to PP Government Regulation Number 27 of 1999, including the Sumatra tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), deer (Cervus unicolor), orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and kancil (Tragulus napu). The presence of these mammals and other herbivorous species around the project area is fairly normal because their food is readily available and consists of plant sprouts and small bushes. It is often difficult to locate some herbivorous species, particularly certain species during the rainy season and limited observation periods, but the presence is confirmed by consultation with the local people. Several species of reptiles have been confirmed by local community members and displayed in Table 5.24. Table 5.24

Reptile Species in the Banda Aceh toMeulaboh Road Project Area Location Leupung

Lambeusoe

Krueng Woyla

Lhoong Lho

Suak Ular

Latin Name

Local Name

Maboyya multifasciata Varanus salvatorius Sanca molurus Gekko-gekko Sanca molurus Naja sputatrix Trimeresurus sp Varanus salvatorius Gekko-gekko Gekko-gekko Maboyya multifasciata Varanus salvatorius Sanca molurus Varanus salvatorius Gekko-gekko Maboyya multifasciata Sanca molurus Varanus gouldi Sanca molurus Gekko-gekko Maboyya multifasciata

Kadal Biawak Ular pyton Tokek Ular pyton Ular Kobra Ular mati ekor Biawak Tokek Tokek Kadal Biawak Ular pyton Biawak Tokek Kadal Ular pyton Biawak Ular pyton Tokek Kadal

Remarks Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Information from community Information from community Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Information from community Direct encounter Direct encounter

Source : Primary Data (2005)

The list of avifauna includes many species of birds including the spotted bird family, which is representative of productive forests with a high variety of bird species (see Table 5.25 to 5.29).


98



Table 5.25

Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Lepung) No 1

Latin Name

Local name

Antreptes malacencis *

Burung madu kelapa

Family

Abundanc e

Nectarinidae

4

2

Acridotheres javanicus

Burung jalak kerbau

Sturnidae

4

3

Capsychus saularis

Burung kucica

Turidae

6

4

Collocalia fuchipaga

Burung walet sarang putih

Apodidae

8

5

Halcyon chloris*

Burung cekakak

Alcedinidae

2

6

Hirundo tahitica

Burung laying-layang batu

Hirundinidae

4

7

Merops philippinus

Burung kirik-kirik laut

Meropidae

4

8

Nectarinia jugularis *

Burung madu sriganti

Nectarinidae

6

9

Lonchura molucca

Burung bondol taruk

Ploceidae

12

10

Pycnonotus goiavier

Burung terucuk

Pycnonotidae

8

11

Ictanaetus malayensis*

Burung elang hitam

Accipitridae

2

12

Buceros rhinoceros*

Burung Rangkong badak

Bucerotidae

6

Total Population

66

Diversity Index ( Ĥ )

2.3670

Note : *) Birds are protected by laws in accordance with GR No. 07 of 1999

Table 5.26

Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Lambeusoe) No

Latin Name

Local Name

Family

Abundan ce

1

Capsychus saularis

Burung kucica

Turidae

4

2



Apodidae

6

3

Phaenicophaeus curvirostris

Burung kadalan birah

Cuculidae

2

4

Centropus bengalensis

Burung bubut alang-alang

Cuculidae

2

5

Pycnonotus goiavier

Burung terucuk

Pycnonotidae

6

6

Nectarinia jugularis


Nectarinidae

6

7

Halcyon chloris *

Burung cekakak

Alcedinidae

4

8

Acridotheres javanicus

Burung jalak kerbau

Sturnidae

4

9

Aploinis minor

Burung geri kecil

Sturnidae

8

10

Gracula religiosa *

Burung tiong Emas

Sturnidae

2

11

Rhipidura javanica *

Burung kipasan belang

Muscicapidae

3

12

Loriculus galgulus

Burung sirindet melayu

Psittacidae

4

13

Streptopelia chinensis

Burung tekukur biasa

Columbidae

2

14

Lonchura maja

Burung bondol haji

Ploceidae

8

15

Ictanaetus malayensis*

Burung elang hitam

Accipitridae

1

16

Buceros rhinoceros*

Burung Rangkong badak

Bucerotidae

4

17

Ardea purpurea

Burung cangak merah

Ardeidae

Total Population

6 72

Diversity Index (H’)

2.7094



99



Table 5.27

Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Krueng Woyla) No

Latin Name

Local Name

Family

Abundance

1

Orthotomus surtorius

Burung cinenen

Syilviidae

2

2



Apodidae

9

3

Capsychus saularis

Burung kucica

Turidae

2

4

Hirundo tahitica

Burung layang-layang batu

Hirundinidae

4

5

Halcyon chloris*

Burung cekakak

Alcedinidae

2

6

Rhipidura javanica*

Burung kipasan

Muscicapidae

2

7

Aploinis minor

Burung geri kecil

Sturnidae

5

8

Nectarinia jugularis*


Nectarinidae

2

9

Dicaeum trochileum

Burung cabe

Dicaeidae

2

10


Burung tekukur

Columbidae

4

11

Pycnonotus goiavier

Burung terucuk

Pycnonotidae

6

Total Population

40

Diversity Index (Ĥ )

2.2394


Table 5.28

Identification and Index Score of Bird Species. (Location : Lhong Lho/Wetland) No

Latin Name

Local Name

Family

Abundance

1

Loriculus galgulus

Burung sirindet melayu

Psittacidae

2

2

Capsychus saularis

Burung kucica

Turidae

3

3

Dicrurus remifer*

Burung srigunting bukit

Dicruridae

2

4

Halcyon chloris*

Burung cekakak

Alcedinidae

2

5

Rhipidura javanica*

Burung kipasan

Muscicapidae

2

6

Nectarinia jugularis


Nectarinidae

4

7

Dicaeum trochileum

Burung cabe

Dicaeidae

2

8

Columba vitensis

Burung merpati hutan metalik

Columbidae

1

9

Treron olax

Burung punai kecil

Columbidae

2

10

Pycnonotus malacensis dispar

Burung cucak kuning

Pycnonotidae

2

11

Pycnonotus goiavier

Burung terucuk

Pycnonotidae

7

Jumlah Total Population

29

Indeks Keanekaragaman ( Ĥ )

2.2581



100



Table 5.29

Identification and Index Score of Bird Species (Location : Suak Ular/Wetland No

Latin Name

Local Name

Family

Abundance

1

Capsychus saularis

Burung kucica

Turidae

4

2



Apodidae

8

3

Orthotomus surtorius

Burung cinenen

Syilviidae

6

4

Pycnonotus goiavier

Burung terucuk

Pycnonotidae

6

5

Nectarinia jugularis*

Burung burung madu sriganti

Nectarinidae

4

6

Halcyon chloris*

Burung cekakak

Alcedinidae

8

7

Rhipidura javanica*

Burung kipasan

Muscicapida e

2

8


Burung tekukur

Columbidae

4

9

Dicaeum trochileum

Burung cabe

Dicaeidae

2

10

Lonchura maja

Burung bondol haji

Ploceidae

12

11

Lonchura molucca

Burung bondol taruk

Ploceidae

16

12

Ardea purpurea *

Burung cangak merah

Ardeidae

2

Total Population

74

Diversity Index ( Ĥ )

2.2805


5.2.2

Aquatic Biota

5.2.2.1

Plankton Phytoplankton and zooplanktons a type of micro-organism (plant and animal) which hovers passively in the water column. Both kinds of plankton are fragile, often attaching to the surface of substrate or residing permanently somewhere within the water column or sediment bed. Various physical factors and chemical constituents influence the composition of water biota species such as plankton within a water body. Phytoplankton is a primary producer that is able to change chlorophyll (natural green color substance in plants) to make organic compounds that are rich in energy through the process of photosynthesis. Due to its critical function in nature, the position of phytoplankton becomes very important in the food chain. Zooplankton occupies a higher level in the food chain after phytoplankton and is an important food for fish, shrimp and other large aquatic biota.


101



Table 5.30

Plankton Analysis Results at Sampling Locations No

5.2.2.2

Sampling Location

Total Species

Total Individuals

Diversity Index (H)

1.

Krueng Sarah

9

67

2.1009

2.

Krueng Lambeso

8

51

1.9199

3.

Suak Ular

8

51

2.0121

4.

Krueng Woyla

7

65

1.7979

5.

Lhong Lo

9

66

2.0768

Benthos Benthos is a type of organism that adheres to the bottom of waterbodies and and are essentially consumers of detritus and plankton. Plankton can also be a food source of fish, shrimp and birds. Several of the Benthic family members are effective bio-indicators of water pollution because of its character to remain on the waterbed. Benthos also has a high tolerance to accept many extreme changes that can occur in water bodies over time.

Table 5.31

Benthos Analysis Results at Sampling Locations No

Sampling Location

Total Species

Total Individuals

Diversity Index (H)

1.

Krueng Sarah

4

15

1.1945

2.

Krueng Lambeso

3

13

1.0579

3.

Suak Ular

2

12

0.6365

4.

Krueng Woyla

7

1.7979

5.

Lhong Lo

9

2.0768

5.3

SOCIAL COMPONENT

5.3.1

Demography

5.3.1.1

Population Structure The rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road is planned to cross four regencies/cities: Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya and West Aceh. Within Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar regency there are 5 subdistricts along the road; Meuraxa, Peukan Bada, Lhoknga, Leupueng and Lhoong. . Other sub districts such as Jaya, Sampoiniet, Setia Bakti, Krueng Saba, Panga, Teunom Samatiga, Bubon and Arongan Lambalek are parts of Aceh Jaya Regency and West Aceh Regency administrations. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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At the end of 2004, the four regencies/cities in the West Aceh coast had a population of 850,611 inhabitants. Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar Regency had a larger population than the other two regencies. The most important factor and the difference of the population numbers is related to road conditions and access as key elements in the transportation infrastructure. Road conditions in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar have gradually improved since the beginning of the 1960’s. However, the road conditions in Aceh Jaya and West Aceh Regencies had only started to function since the beginning of the 1990’s. Much of this new infrastructure was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami at the end of 2004. Significantly, as evident in Table 5.32, nearly 40% of the population in the four administrative regions is aged between 0-19, while only 6% are aged over 60. This may be representative of high birth rates coupled with relatively low life expectancy. Migration factors and migration due to political and armed conflict in the region since the 1980’s may account for the relatively low proportion of the resident population in the age group of 29-59. The total number of males in the population is higher than the females, as shown in the gender ratio, calculated in Table 5.26. This is most evident in Banda Aceh City, where the ratio number is 104.43. Table 5.32

Population Numbers According to Age Group and Administrative Region in 2004 Age

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

0–4 5–9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 + Total Sex Ratio

21,409 21,001 21,643 30,953 43,467 28,769 24,176 19,085 15,640 11,339 9,007 6,090 5,073 7,445 264,097 104.43

28,669 31,467 31,703 33,308 33,159 28,680 25,815 21,656 18,051 13,891 11,915 8,251 7,633 12,518 306,716 102.17

7,077 8,500 8,635 8,712 7,941 6,987 6,486 5,693 4,953 4,046 3,500 2,404 2,447 3,160 80,541 101. 51

19,008 20,742 21, 325 20,679 19,200 18,420 17,938 14,931 12,896 9,099 7,338 4,791 4,988 6,901 198,256 101.65

Source: Statistic Centre Agency, 2005. Aceh Dalam Angka 2004 In cooperation with Development Planning Agency of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh.

The total population of the four regencies/ cities seems to decrease in age groups above 30 years. This trend seems to be related to the population dynamics, namely birth, death, and migration. Since the 1970s a family PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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planning program has been widely implemented in the Aceh area. In line with this, health levels are improvement, however this has not successfully minimized the mortality rate and migration due to the political conflict in Aceh that has drastically increased since the end of 1980s. The total population in those four regencies/cities as mentioned above indicate that total number of men exceeds the total number of women as shown in the gender data. This condition is most prevalent in Kota Banda Aceh, where the gender rate reaches 104.43. At the other three regencies a smaller rate is noted. However, the larger number of men in Kota Banda Aceh compared to woman influences the average for the whole study area. The national census survey results of 2003 (BPS, 2004) indicated up to 47.5% individuals in the population of the four regencies/cities worked in food plants, agriculture, plantations, animal husbandry or other agriculture-based occupations. The work positions were mostly filled by the people of West Aceh Regency, Aceh Jaya and Greater Aceh due to the large degree of production from the land. Moreover, business activities in the service and industrial sectors were relatively limited. On the other hand, work positions related to the service and industrial sectors could be seen in greater numbers in Banda Aceh City, mainly because of its function as the capital city of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and therefore having more scope for opportunity in the service sector. Table 5.33

Population Percentage 10 Years and Above Working Last Week by Administrative Region and Job Opportunity in 2003 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Source:

Main Job Opportunity

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

4% 0% 6% 0% 11% 29% 7% 2% 42 %

73% 2% 4% 0% 4% 5% 2% 1% 6%

63 % 0% 5% 0% 2% 17 % 3% 0% 10%

Agriculture Mining and Excavation Industry Electricity; Gas, Water Construction Trade Transportation, Communication Finance Service

Statistical Centre Agency, 2004. Public Wealth Statistics 2003 , Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh: 94-5.

While major social changes have occurred as a result of the tsunami, the main trends in education remain the same, as do skills levels. For this reason, data from before the tsunami will be discussed in this section. The national census data results of 2003 (BPS, 2004) indicates that more than half of the population on the West Aceh coast were only educated up to elementary school . This fact was evident in West Aceh Regency and Aceh PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Besar Regency, where each regency achieved 56% and 53 % respectively while Banda Aceh City achieved 27% (refer to Table 5.29). . The results appear to be correlated with the economic condition, population distribution, quality of infrastructure and available educational facilities. With reference to the educational facilities, Banda Aceh City was better off than the other two regencies. As the provincial capital, Banda Aceh has relatively better infrastructure, educational facilities, economic opportunities and a variety of modes to reach school locations. Table 5.34

Highest Diploma by Administrative Region and Population in 2003 No.

Education Level

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

1

Not Graduated

10%

20%

23%

2

Elementary

17%

33%

33%

3

Junior High

17%

23%

22%

4

Senior High

37%

18%

18%

5

Technical School

6%

1%

1%

6

1st Year Univesity

1%

2%

1%

7

2nd Year University

3%

1%

1%

8

University Degree

9%

2%

1%

Source: Statistic Centre Agency, 2004. Public Wealth Stastics 2003, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh:74 (Ages 10 and above)

The population in the four regencies/cities of West Aceh coast can also be categorized on the basis of religion. In this case, based on information for the population census of 2000 (BPS, 2001), it was reported that 98.68% the population in the four regencies/cities of West Aceh coast were Moslems. Other religions amongst the ethnic Chinese and Batak clans included a high number of Buddhists in Banda Aceh and Greater Aceh, 8.49%, which was higher than both the Catholics (1.88%) and Protestants (2.37%). 5.3.1.2

Population Density The area from Lhoknga to Samatiga along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road stretches along the coast contiguous to the Indian Ocean with a mixture of swampland, dense forest and mountain ranges. Consequently, the four regencies/cities along the West Aceh coast, which covers an area of 9,204 km2, is only inhabited by 850,611 people for an average of 92.4 per km2. Aceh Jaya Regency has had the lowest population density level, compared with its neighboring regencies and underwent a subdivision in 2002 with the creation of the West Aceh Regency. As the capital of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh City has a relatively dense population with an average of 4,320 inhabitants per square kilometer. The natural environment, as mentioned above, as well as the distribution of economic activity, has not occurred with equal benefit amongst the four regencies/cities of the west coast. This clearly impacts the imbalance PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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in population density levels. Furthermore, the increasing political conflict since the beginning of the 21st century has created significant insecurity and suffering in the surrounding villages. A proportion of the population has elected to move to other areas, particularly to Medan and Java Island. It also appears that the population distribution in the four regencies/cities of the west coast are not influenced heavily by either a village or urban environment since 51% comprise the city population and 49.3% make-up the village population. Table 5.35

Demographic Components Based on Regency/City in 2004 No.

Demographic Component

Regency/City Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total Banda

61

2, 974

3, 727

2,442

9,204

1

Total Area km2

2

Population

265,000

306,000

80,000

198,000

850,000

3

Family Unit

46,000

68,000

38,000

34,000

188,000

4

Gender Ratio

104

102

101

101

102

5

Density

4,320

103

21

81

92

6

Growth

4%

3

6

1

3

7

Birth Rate

4%

-

-

-

-

8

Death Rate

1%

-

-

-

-

Source: Statistic Centre Agency of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, 2005.

5.3.1.3

Population Growth The tsunami obviously caused major changes to the demograhics of the study area. Since the tsunami, the new trends in population growth are yet to emerge. Population growth data from before the tsunami provide an indication of future trends for when conditions in the study area return to normal, therefore this data will be presented in this section. Population growth in four of the sub-provinces/cities of west coast Aceh has varied over the years as well as amongst the administration territories (BPS, 2004). Whilst the population in Banda Aceh City and one sub-province of Aceh Besar increased, the population growth of Aceh Besar and Aceh Jaya subprovinces has decreased over the period 1999-2001. Poor security is the main cause for this occurrence. However, in 2003, the Aceh Besar sub-province (3.84%), the Aceh Jaya sub-province (6.38%) and the city of Banda Aceh (4.22%) experienced population increase with the application of the military emergency status for the Aceh region. Other than security, another factor that has impacted the reverse exodus has been the additional work opportunities to support the inevitable increase in government administration and consumer support services. Migration has played an important part in the development of the Aceh Jaya sub-province, West Aceh sub-province and the city of Banda Aceh. Migration among these sub-provinces/cities in the Aceh west coast region, although influenced by political and military conflict, is essentially a social reality and PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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form of assimilated heritage in order to survive. As a form of commuted migration, the citizens of these four sub-provinces/cities often travel outside their residential environment with various reasons, like visiting relatives who stay in other areas during different life cycle stages, for example, to enable their children to attend school in the capital of sub-provinces or provinces, to make use of jungle resources and to sell crops from the farms. Circular migration generally correlates with the harvest period of certain kinds of products, like harvesting rice, picking cloves and coconuts, and fishing. Permanent migration generally happens because of marriage outside of their origins, or due to an opportunity to earn a living in other regions. Concrete numbers about each kind of migration are difficult to obtain. Only the city of Banda Aceh records migration behavior, which shows that during 2003 there were 5,710 newcomers and 4,078 citizens who move to other regions. Another population dynamics factor is birth and death rates. . The secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (2004) is limited to only the city of Banda Aceh. In the year 2003, there were 963 births and 328 deaths. The same trend is experienced when examining the infant mortality rate. The National Census Survey (Susenas) in 1999 (Bapedalda, 2000) provided on Crude Death Rate (CDR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for all districts in the Aceh Province, which are 6.6% (CDR) and 53.6% (IMR). 5.3.1.4

Employment Data from the National Census Survey (Susenas) results in 2003 (BPS 2004) revealed that employment levels in West Aceh sub-province (60%) and Aceh sub-provinces (59%) are higher than those of Banda Aceh (45%). The cause of this difference is primarily related to the number of available work opportunities in each of the sub-provinces/cities. It is clear that a higher percentage of citizens work in the West Aceh sub-province and Aceh Besar due to the presence of more significant agriculture and farming activity. Based on the same source (BPS, 2004) it is known that 7.82% of the working generation at the four regencies/ cities along the west coast of Aceh is considered as the job hunter. The total number of people actually working is 46.67% of the total number of working-age people. Further, 25.27% of the population aged over 10 years is considered as education level people, and the rest of 20.31% are non-working generation group due to various reasons, among others because of their status as domestic worker.


107



Table 5.36

Percentage of Citizens by Administrative Territory and Type of Activity in 2003 No.

Kind of Activity

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

1

Working

37%

48.%

55 %

2

Unemployed

8.%

10.%

44 %

3

School

31%

25.%

20%

4

Household Management

18 %

14%

18%

5

Others

6%

3%

3%

Source:

Statistical Center Service, 2004. Statistic of Community Welfare 2003, BPS Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh: 85.

5.3.2

Economic

5.3.2.1

Household Economy A large percentage of residents in the study area stated that since the December 2004 tsunami, they have not had a fixed income source. Most of these respondents have had to live in tents or barracks. Some are capable laborers who clean the environment, public facilities and social facilities for Rp. 35.000 per working day in cooperation with several civil service initiatives. They fulfill their daily nutrition requirements with food packets from the local and foreign support organizations and volunteers. It is a similar condition for medicine and clean water needs. Most of the respondents had previously held jobs as public service officers, industrial laborer, entrepreneur, farmers, fishermen, or laborer before the earthquake and tsunami last December. Many of them also had secondary work as farmers, rubber tapers, fishermen, retailers and laborers. There is also a significant portion of the population who had other jobs as entrepreneurs, village-heads, guards and mechanics. Most respondents supplement income by holding more than one job. This is measured as full time positions paying full time income. t There are few occupations in the region that enable full-time employment to fulfill daily needs since full-time work is restricted to income from public service or entrepreneurial pursuits. Farmers and fishermen, dependent on seasonal harvests, often seek additional employment during off-peak times. . A National Survey of the Social Economy 2003 (BPS, 2004) showed that the variation of expenses per capita of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, and Aceh region residents (see Table 5.37). The actual per capita expense rate for Banda Aceh was about Rp. 250.000 per month that was slightly higher than similar information from Aceh Besar and West Aceh, which was around Rp. 200,000 per month. The average monthly expenses are used to fulfill basic food needs, mainly rice and fish, and then housing and clothing requirements. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Table 5.37

Percentage of Per Capita Expenses by Administrative Region in 2003 Expenses (Rp)

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

< 79.999

0%

0%

4%

80.000 - 99.999

0%

0%

13 %

100,000 – 149,999

6, %

49%

27%

150,000 – 199,999

19 %

28%

19%

200,000 – 299,999

44%

19 %

24 %

300,000 – 499,999

24 %

4%

12%

> 500,000

7%

1%

2%

Source:

5.3.2.2

Statistical Center Service, 2004. Community Welfare Statistic; BPS, Nanggroe Aceh Darus-salam Province, Banda Aceh.

Natural Resources Economy Natural resources hold the highest potential for economic development in the three regencies of West Coast Aceh. The economic potential and strength of Banda Aceh is based on natural resources such as; land, forestry, water, oil and gas, plantations and animals all belong to the natural resources sector. In the year 1999 (Bapedalda, 2000), the three regencies of West Coast Aceh had a natural resources inventory as listed in Table 5.32. The available land in each administrative region in West Coast Aceh was used for housing, farming, grassland, bushland, forestry, marginal area, lakes and rivers, and others. The land division and inventory of natural resource is displayed in Table 5.38.


109



Table 5.38

No.

Natural Resources Inventory According to Administrative Region in 1999

Natural Resources

Unit

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Barat

Total

1

Land

Km2

61,36

2.686,12

10.080,40

12.827,88

2

Water

Million m3

8.909,36

7.217,51

28.909,57

45.036,44

3

Protected Forest

Km2

-

43.950,00

172.160,00

4

Conservative Forest

Km2

-

22.637,00

58.346,00

80.983,00

5

Production Forest

Km2

-

102.102,00

756.675,00

858,777,00

6

Land Conservative Forest

Km2

-

22.860,00

-

22.860,00

7

Minerals * Magnetite

Ton

-

79.325,00

-

79.325,00

* Limestone

Ton

-

64.008.609

35.679.168

67.576.527

* Clay

Ton

965.425

965.425

* Truss

Ton

120.000

120.000

* Mountain Rock

Ton

26.665.284

6.735.001

33.400.285

* Crushed Stone

Ton

52.063

26.041

78.104

* Phosphate

Ton

32

* Granite

Ton

* Loam

Ton

10 72.00

216.110,00

42 336.160

408.160

717.704

717.704

Source: Bapedalda, 2000. Environmental Quality Balance in the Year 1999 of Daerah Istimewa Aceh Province Region, Daerah Istimewa Aceh Province Government. Note: Aceh Jaya Regency still united with West Aceh Regency.

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Land along the west coast of Aceh is used for the purpose of transmigration, agriculture, pasture, bushes, forest, critical land, dam/swamp area/lake. Composition of land use for the respective purpose is presented in Table 5.39. Table 5.39

Main Land Use According to Administration Zone, in 1999 Land use

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Barat

Total

Resettlement

22.90

33.88

15.09

71.87

Agriculture

5.07

453.08

3,508.51

3,966.66

Pasture

-

135.43

-

135.43

Bushes

-

629.57

461.55

1,091.12

Forest

-

1,399.20

5,706.93

7,106.13

Critical land

-

-

-

0.13

Other purposes

20.73

23.97

32.74

77.44

Total

61.36

2,686.12

10,080.40

12,827.88

Source:

Bapedalda, 2000. Regional Environmental Quality Balance of 1999 Province of Special Territory of Aceh, Provincial Government of Special Territory of Aceh.

The natural resources potential in Aceh Besar regency was primarily dedicated to farming activity with 46,231 hectares. In the year 2000, Aceh Besar produced 195,189 tons of rice. The land in Aceh Besar was also used to propagate manioc, corn, chili, tomatoes, and beans. Another 40,000 hectares was used for cattle breeding plus 300 hectares of public grasslands. Data from Aceh Besar Regency’s Cattle Breeding Center showed that beef production in 2000 reached almost 1000 tons, buffalo reached 213,650 kilos, lamb reached 400,000 tons, and fowl reached 1.6 million tons. Chicken and duck each produced 1.5 million and 1.8 million eggs respectively. The farming contribution during latest ten-year period was more than 50% of total region economy (Kompas, June 14, 2002). The farming land in Aceh Jaya has mostly been planted with rice spread over 18,293 hectares during 2003 producing 65,000 tons. Another 1,426 hectares were planted with beans, corn, sweet potato, vegetables, and other horticulture plants. Farming land in Aceh Jaya was also used for plantations across 49,355 hectares to produce rubber, palm oil, coffee, coconut, and cacao. Rubber plantations covered 7,717 hectares and produced 5,811 tons of latex during 2003. Over 2,200 private residences averaged 2-5 hectares and private sector companies in Aceh Jaya utilized up to 1,818 hectares for palm oil plantations producing 1,100 tons in 2003 (Kompas, March 31, 2004). In West Aceh regency farmland was used for palm oil, coconut and rubber plantations. In the year 2000, Aceh Barat regency produced 32,933 tons of rice from 8,482 hectares. Meanwhile, West Aceh produced 566 tons of corn from 285 hectares. The other land using patterns were for peanuts and palm oil. Prior to the division from one to two regencies in 2002, the West Aceh regency operated about 60 palm oil plantation companies and produced 64,292 tons of PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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palm oil. The regency also used its land for cattle breeding during 2000 and produced 5,770 cows, 32,730 buffalos, 25,780 goats and 620,923 birds (Kompas, June 21, 2002).

5.3.2.3

Local and Regional Economy The local and regional economic activities have basically stopped as a result of the massive distruction of the tsunami. In terms of planning for future economic growth, there needs to be an economic baseline that must be reached or exceeded as a goal. For this reason, pre-tsunami economic conditions are discussed in this section. The regional and local economies still depend primary on farming, mining and raw material extraction as reflected in the amount of the manpower that has contributed to the gross regional domestic production (GRDP) figures of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. The economic opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors, which are more value generating activities, are still limited in Banda Aceh regency, Sabang, Lhokseumawe, and East Aceh. In Banda Aceh, Lhokseumawe, and Sabang, the economic growth was in the tertiary sectors, particularly in the building and construction field, trading, hotel and restaurant, transportation and communication. Similar growth occurred in Aceh Besar and East Aceh. The business growth in these two regencies appeared to be fairly balanced between the secondary and tertiary sectors, but the primary sectors still dominated. Secondary sector growth in Aceh Besar was mainly generated by non-oil industries and small and medium size enterprises. It was nearly the same conditions in East Aceh. On the contrary, since 1980s, the North Aceh regency had many large-scale industries, but the largest part of its GRDP still depended on mining and raw material extraction, particularly oil and gas. The economic gap between an oil and non-oil industry presence in North Aceh is dramatically clear because of the huge value-added product and employment contribution of the oil sector. Distribution of GRDP for 2002 in the four regencies / cities of Aceh West Coast is presented in Table 5.40. During the period from 1999 – 2002 the econocmic growth rate in those four regencies/cities along the Aceh West Coast is varied. The economy growth rate in Kota Banda Aceh varies from 0.88% (1999) to 3.55% (2002). A similar trend is also shown at the Regency of West Aceh, where the growth rate varies from -1.35% (1999) to 3.17% (2002). The economic growth rate of the Regency of Aceh Besar and Aceh Jaya is relatively slower. In this case the economy growth rate of the Regency of Aceh Besar varies from -0.38% (1999) to 2.15% (2002). The same is also shown in the Regency of Aceh Jaya, where it varies from 0.63% (1999) and decreases to -5,90% (2000) and in 2002 has achieved 2.71 (BPS, 2004 ; 424).


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Table 5.40

Gross Regional Domestic Product based on Real Price by Administrative Region in 2002 (million Rupiah) Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total

Farming

165.8

796,35.

215,711.92

301,290.01

1,479,202.86

Mining and excavation

892.2

47,40.

1,223.52

2,031.80

59,550.19

Manufacturing

54,43.

286,1.

10,781.37

17,167.73

368,515.09

Electricity and water

10,11.

4,266.86

534.25

2,252.76

17,164.79

Building/Construction

68,29.

62,955.39

10,111.12

54,598.71

195,957.06

Trading, Hotels, and restaurants

216,89.

84,702.81

15,492.60

97,503.65

414,595.35

Transportation and communication

315,7.

140.596,51

29,760.54

76,182.36

562,247.72

Finance and leasing

60.49

16.583,83

5,800.46

18,054.83

124,891.95

Services

76,44.

70.982,66

12,800.10

38,532.89

198,757.98

969,11.

1,509,98.

302,215.86

607,614.,75

3,388,922.12

Business Field

Total

Note: West Aceh Sub-Province is still combined with Nagan Raya and Aceh Jaya. Source: Bapedalda, 2000. Environmental Quality Balance Sheet, 1999. Daerah Istimewa Aceh Province, Banda Aceh.

During the last six months, especially after the earthquake and tsunami in December 2004, the regional economy became paralyzed, especially in four regencies of West Coast Aceh. Almost all businesses were lost, including markets, product distribution, retail shops and public transportation. Most of the contributions distributed by local and foreign organizations and volunteers, which support basic daily needs, helped people to survive. Presently, many of the people along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh route regularly receive clean water, medicine and waste collection. The populations in Johan Pahlawan and Samatiga districts said that they had been able to return to routine activities like before, such as public service officers, entrepreneurs, farmers, or rubber-tapers. In the year 2002, GRDP per capita without oil industry participation and based on 1993 market pricing, was Rp. 1,533,737. The largest part (70%) was used to fulfill consumption needs (BPS, 2004). This regional income per capita rate was lower than year 1998, which reached Rp. 1.521.632. The income distribution condition in West Coast Aceh in the year 1998 is shown in Table 5.34. In the year 2003, the real regional income in the three regencies (Aceh Jaya was still united with West Aceh) in West Coast Aceh reached Rp. 18,243.300.


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Table 5.41

Citizen Income Groups in Aceh West Coast by Administrative Territory in 1998 No.

Income

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

Total

1

Low Income

59,410

71,748

113,781

244,939

2

Medium Income

93,863

119,986

194,223

408,072

3

High income

86,478

105,482

197,916

389,876

239,751

297,216

505,920

1,042,887

Total

Note: West Aceh Sub-Province is still combined with Nagan Raya and Aceh Jaya.Source: Bapedalda, 2000. Environmental Quality Balance Sheet, 1999. Daerah Istimewa Aceh Province, Banda Aceh.

Comparing the total income of the three sub-provinces/cities of Rp. 706,231,355, the territories are able to donate only 2.58% to defray routine activities and development for each territory. Between the three subprovince/cities of the west coast, the local domestic revenue of Aceh Besar subprovince is relatively low, being 1.55% from the territory total income of almost 311 billion rupiah. The local domestic revenue of West Aceh sub-province is relatively high compared to other two sub-provinces/cities, being 4%, but its territory total income shows the lowest number. The highest income for each of the territories comes from external fund balancing. This fact may indicate the dependency of territorial income upon the national government is still quite high. For the purpose of administration co-ordination and development, each subprovince/city is divided to three development territories. Each development territory consists of several smaller territories (named kecamatan/sub-district) that are complemented with one growth center. In this matter, Aceh Besar sub-province is divided into three development territories. Development Territory I, being the economic growth center at Seulimeum, consists of these following territories: Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah, Seulimeum, Kota Janthoe, Indrapuri, Sukamakmur, Kuta Melaka, Indrapuri, Kuta Cot Gle, Mesjid Raya, and Kota Baro. Development Territory II, with the economic growth center at Lhoknga, which was diverted to Keutapang after the tsunami, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Lhoong, Leupueng, Lhoknga, Peukan Bada, Darul Kamal, Pule Aceh, and Darul Imarah. Development Territory III, with the economic growth center at Ingin Jaya, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Darussalam, Baitussalam, Montasik, Ingin Jaya, and Krueng Bamona Jaya. For West Aceh sub-province, Development Territory I, with the economic growth center at Meulaboh, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan, Meureubau, and Samatiga. Development Territory II, with PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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the economic growth center at Keude Aron, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Kaway XVI, Pante Ceureumen, and Sungai Mas. Development Territory III, with the economic growth center at Kuala Bhee, consists of these following territories: Woyla, Woyla Barat, Woyla Timur, Arongan Lambalek, and Bubon. Aceh Jaya sub-province is also divided to three economic development territories. With the economic growth center at Lamno, Development Territory I consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Jaya and Sampoiniet. Development Territory II, with the economic growth center at Keude Aron, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Krueng Sabee, and Setia Bakti. Development Territory III, with the economic growth center at Kuala Bhee, consists of the following territories: Kecamatan Panga and Teunom. The four administration territories on the West Aceh coast are linked by the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road. Through the road the citizens of the four subprovinces/cities of the west coast can reach other areas to the south coast as well as to the north, east and other places outside Aceh area. The north and east directions of Banda Aceh city and Aceh Besar sub-province are linked by the Banda Aceh to Medan road. Besides the land transportation, four of the sub-provinces/cities of Aceh west coast are also linked with other places around them by sea ports, like Uleelheue Port in Banda Aceh, Krueng Raya Port in Aceh Besar sub-province, Calang Port in Aceh Jaya sub-province and Meulaboh Port in West Aceh sub-province. Airport facilities are available in Blang Bintang, the Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport, and the Cut Nyak Dhien Airport in West Aceh sub-province. The earthquake and tsunami wave of late December 2004 generated significant damages to various public and social facilities in the majority of Aceh areas, including four of the sub-provinces/cities on the Aceh west coast. The damage levels include school buildings, religion infrastructures, market places, retail shops and kiosks. The following three tables each contain data on the damage levels to public and social facilities along the Aceh west coast area. Between the four sub-provinces/cities in the Aceh west coast area, the Aceh Jaya sub-province experienced the highest damage level that has paralyzed education, religious and business activities totally. Damage to the three other sub-provinces/cities generally occurred in the coastal areas with the destruction extending further to the hinterland. Damage to school buildings in the four sub-provinces/cities are listed in Table 5.36, where it shows 66.21% of damaged school buildings classified as totally damaged. The damaged school building condition is greater in Banda Aceh city and West Aceh sub-province compared to the Aceh Jaya sub-province. The number of totally damaged school buildings is bigger on Banda Aceh city compared with the other three sub-provinces.


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Table 5.42

School Building Damage from the Tsunami by Administrative Territory in 2004 Damage Level

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total

25%

60

14

0

44

118

> 25%

13

6

0

17

36

> 50%

34

9

3

13

59

>75%

30

10

2

15

57

100%

190

142

112

85

529

Total

327

181

1177

174

799

Source:

International Organization for Migration, 2005, Post Disaster Damage Assessment in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam : 9

The tsunami effects also included damage to religious facilities such as; mosques, mushollah, , surau, dayah, and Al-Quran reading grounds. The highest percentage of damage to various kinds of religious facilities in the four sub-provinces/cities of West Aceh coast area is in the Aceh Jaya subprovince, which reached 91.81% of the total religious facilities. A full description of religious facilities damage is provided in Table 5.37.

Table 5.43

Damage Level to Religious Facilities by Administrative Territory in 2004 Damage Level

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total

< 25%

70

30

1

56

157

>25%

11

21

0

41

73

> 50%

11

18

3

14

46

>75%

12

16

10

107

145.

100%

109

228

157

117

611

Total

212

513

171

335

1.032

Source: International Organization for Migration, 2005, Post Disaster Damage Assessment in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam: 10

The damage level to facilities such as markets, shops and kiosks were higher as noted in the Aceh Besar sub-province that reached 95.21% of all facilities as totally damaged. Higher damage numbers occurred in the West Aceh subprovince where the level reached 80% of the total buildings. The total damage is relatively higher in the Aceh Besar sub-province with up to 95.21% of the total market buildings, shops and kiosks affected. Aside from the locations in the coastal areas, a high damage level to markets, shops and kiosk facilities in PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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the West Aceh sub-province and the Aceh Besar sub-province occurred due to the old and weak condition and construction of the buildings. Generally, the buildings are composed more from wooden material and semi-permanent designs. Table 5.44

Post Tsunami Building Damage Levels Damage Level

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total

< 25%

1

7

0

22

30

> 25%

2

0

0

10

12

> 50%

0

0

2

9

11

> 75%

7

1

42

13

63

100%

62

159

142

216

579

Total

72

167

186

270

695

Source:

International Organization for Migration, 2005, Post, Disaster Damage Assessment in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam : 11.

5.3.3

Social Cultural Components

5.3.3.1

Cultural The majority of citizens who inhabit small administration territories along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road are Aceh ethnic groups. In certain locations there are transmigration residential units, such as in Patek and Teunom. The integration with other ethnic group is considered limited in Banda Aceh City and Meulaboh. The socialization among community members and between other residential areas is commonplace due to established migration habits. Different and additional ethnic groups inhabit the Aceh south coast area such as the tribes of Aneuk Jamee, Kluet and Singkel. On the Aceh east coast there is a residential community named the Tamiang tribe. In the Aceh hinterland, there live the tribes of Gayo and Alas. In the Simeulu archipelago, which is separated from the west side of Aceh, there resides the Simeulu tribe. The Aceh people place a high priority on their independent self-existence; family, religion, and protecting precious belongings (Smith, 1997:14). If required, the Aceh tradition enables the people to defend themselves, even with armed weapons. The Aceh people strongly embrace their religion, which supports their priveledge to bear arms for defensive purposes and even glorifies the act if death occurs as a means to maintain security, family honor, and the preservation of their belongings. In defending these four elements, it is believed possible to gain ‘forces’ from all of the kawom (big family), in the form of strength and money. Because of this belief, in every life cycle event, the togetherness of the kawom is very important. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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The truth is a central value that affects personal as well as community behavior. In Aceh, the concept of truth tends to be differentiated from real truth and cultural truth. The Koran and Hadiths are categorized as the real truth. The knowledge about real truth is obtained from Moslem scholars. Through Quran-reading houses, the Moslem scholars internalize real truths to their students who come from the neighborhood as well as places farther afield. The cultural truths come from the dynamics of the Aceh people and their interactions with others in the community after going through a tight selection process. The cultural truth generally develops from the needs of the people. There are at least two basic criteria before an opinion is accepted as cultural truth; first, that the truth element does not interfere with the real truth. Second, that the new truth element does not produce chaos in the community. The knowledge about majazi truth can be obtained from the community leaders. Both truth concepts, either real or relative, are applied further in the form of tradition, hokum (law), kanun, and reusam (local habits). Tradition is the guidance that provides personal as well as community behavior. In the form of behavior, tradition is differentiated into four categories; muhakamah tradition, qadimah tradition, hadisah tradition and makamah tradition. Muhakamah tradition means the behavior came from social interaction in daily life. Qadimah tradition means the behavior came from social status in the community. Hadisah tradition is related to elements that affect social connections in everyday life. Makamah tradition is the behavior applied by certain community groups (Mansoer, 1970:38-43). The second stratum in the Aceh social cultural system is hukom (law), which is comprised of rules from Islamic lessons. Generally speaking, Islamic lessons assign classifications to various behavior; wajib (must), sunah (recommended), mubah (useless), and haram (forbidden). These four ‘hukom’ rules are identified by the Aceh people in the form of phrases; "peubuet suroh peujeuoh teugah", which actually is the translation from ‘amar makruh nahi munkar’, and means ‘advise for the good and prevent the bad’. Behavior classified as good or bad includes all human life activity, personal as well as social. It also applies to issues of personal cleansing, worship, social grace, syariah (Islamic law), family, nation, knowledge, friendship, civilization and defense. Culture in the form of ‘kanun’ is related to ceremonies and protocol, and associated with what is beautiful to see, good to hear and delicious to eat. Kanun not only applies in the palace or government places, but also in specific lives of many people, such as during weddings, traditional ceremonies and reconciliation of disputes. Every ceremony is always completed with a meal together (kanduri) and prayers. In this matter, kanduri udep and kanduri mate are known as the key ceremonies of marriage and death. Both ceremonies bring together two village leaders, which are keuchik gampong and imeum meunasah, acting as tradition truth provider and legal truth provider. Keuchik PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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leads ceremonial arrangements and imeum meunasah is the holy person who prays for the blessing of those who hold the ceremony. Reusam is the fourth stratum of the Aceh cultural system. During the former sultanate period, Aceh people tended to be grouped by certain community environments, which are called nanggroe. For example, a group of people would be known as Nanggroe Daya, Nanggroe Pidie, Nanggroe Pase, Nanggroe Peureulak, etc. Each of the community environment practices differ by custom and tradition. Reusam is limited to a particular place. In other words, reusam, Pidie is only applied in the environment of Nangroe Pidie. Over the last several decades, the Aceh people have become more selective in applying rules that come from tradition, hukom, kanun, and reusam. In other words, between the cultural elements, there are parts that have been lost without replacement, have been replaced by new cultural elements, or are used together complementing each other.. In their livelihood activities, they tend to apply rules that come from traditional norms. In their personal relationships they tend to look to religious norms. In everyday association they practice ethic norms. In cases of unsolved conflicts at the local level they tend to choose settlement through legal means.

5.3.3.2

Social Processes The study indicates that there are periods when citizens along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road cooperate with each other, but also compete, conflict and ignore one another. There are also certain life cycles that involve the traditional attitudes associated with cooperation, competition, conflict and ignorance. Various forms of social process are developed in the community in concert with the four Aceh orientation elements mentioned previously, which are selfexistence, family honor, religious dignity and maintaining a sense of belonging. The social process is in the form of cooperation, especially between citizens of kawom and neighbors of the same village, generally through life cycle ceremonies. The invitation, which is usually verbal, is meant for clan members and close relatives. The social process, in the form of competition, normally happens in livelihood activities with the target to gain profit but without competition between them. For example, when there is a project offer from the government, they aim to complete the requirements needed. The government determines which company is selected to execute the project, but there is often cooperation in executing the project, for example, in material procurement or equipment use.


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The social process in the form of conflict generally occurs when there are differences with one of the four life orientation elements mentioned earlier. Disputes between persons or groups, and even between family members in one household, generally start from emotional frictions about self-existence, family honor, different religious views or an issue over belongings. It is not impossible that the conflict can continue into a bloody or fatal battle. In these kinds of conflict, if not resolved quickly and completely, it can begin to entangle other members of the community. Because of such a potential, to weaken the seriousness of a conflict, the Aceh tradition offers a peaceful concept called sayam ,with all of its attributes. The last social process form, the ignorance behavior, is typically a continuance of the unsolved conflict that is missing effective solutions. Moreover, if the conflict has reached the level of blood spill or death, then the conflicting parties may keep it up for a longer period of time, possibly even until the next generation. Therefore, the role of the traditional and religious leaders in the community circle must be participatory and effective in order to maintain communication until peace is achieved. The most important elements that sustain the closeness within the community groups along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road is the inter-communal relationships, residential awareness, same religion and common political orientation. These features help to ensure unity in facing outside challenges and parties. The wide interdependent relationship web is one of the causes that effects personal individuality and becomes a factor to be dealt with by outside parties in the event a conflict occurs between them. The same religion is important because they are then considered as kin of the same faith, and advise each other to pursue good deeds and refrain from bad behavior. The same political view is important because it can function as a facility to lobby and influence public interest, for example, to gain funds to build public and social facilities to enhance the residential environment. In recent years, a significant degree of social cultural orientation amongst the citizens has evolved into more individualistic and materialistic attitudes and behavior. Unintentionally, the spirit of gotong royong (working together on community events) and the attitude to help each other as neighbors are naturally decreasing in the community circle. The characteristics of the community leader has also begun to change from an ideal pathway of social leadership, which is a strong minded, attentive towards the interests of the community and patient in dealing with various citizen behavior. The average citizen is in poor socio-economical condition so each of them is busy with the challenge of adequate livelihood activity.


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5.3.3.3

Social Regulations In fulfilling various needs for their lives, community groups along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road a need to develop sustainably with social guidelines that help achieve economic, education, religious, social, and family objectives. The economic objectives are achieved through relevant regulations. Over the generations, community groups along the Aceh west coast area have developed viable livelihoods as fishermen, farmers for rice, palm oil, coconut, clove, rubber and various forestry resources. In the trading area, the following business have developed: importer-exporter, local markets, private companies and corporations. Honesty is of utmost importance in executing economic behavior, as mentioned in the idiom: ‘han jeuet sagai gadeh keunira, seuninat seunukat’ and ‘ceing’. This idiom presupposes that one cannot overlook accurate and detailed book-keeping and the size of related accounts at all times. Underlying the idiom is the understanding of deeper signification that all trade activities are based on honesty. Honesty is believed best practiced if proof is available in the form of written notes. A note functions as proof and contains the quantitative information of market transactions, in other words, obvious items like length, content, weight and price. The purposes of educational development are through dayah (religious schools or pesantren), madrasah (mosques) and public schools. Each of these educational systems and supporting rules are arranged according to the age level and maturity in the learning process. Examples of prevailing educational systems levels include elementary school, junior high, senior high, university, and post graduate. Education in dayah is more specialized in Islamic knowledge. Education in public schools is generally more focused on scientific knowledge. Madrasah education accentuates the balance between Islamic knowledge and science. The development of education regulations, starting from elementary until the highest level, is essentially based on the values of truth, including various life cycle components, as mentioned in the idiom: "duek beumupat, pajoh beumupeue, marit peugah nyang nyo haba, bek roh haba nyang jeuet keubinasa ureueng laen, peubuet nyang nyo buet, jak beu meuho". This idiom sets a foundation that encourages clarity in mission, intention and language with an emphasis on positive and beneficial objectives and results. Religion regulations are maintained as a means to define and provide a pathway in life so that life if one of ‘baldatun taiyibatun war rabun ghafur’ meaning, one which materializes with earthly comforts with ridha Illahi (blessings of God). Happiness in the world is defined by livelihood and community activities on earth while happiness in the next world is achieved through acts of worship, obedience and sincerity. In the matter of religion regulations, the most basic obligations are shalat (prayer) zakat (charity) and haji (pilgrimage to Mecca) which are also based on faith and sincere behavior. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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These guidelines are practiced together as a community and recognized to be an obligation that cannot be abandoned without sinful consequences (‘waj eb tapubuet hareuem tatinggai’). Social regulations amongst the community groups along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road have developed over the generations and along the line of descendants together with the prevailing behavior in the residential environment. The line of descendant from the father’s side is called wali, and from the mother side, karong. All of the community members sharing similar descendancy lines from the male side are associated with a kawom, or ‘saboh endatu’ (one ancestor). The unit size of the smallest residential environment is a ‘gampong’ (kampong/neighborhood). It is normal for several gampong to be merges into larger units, called mukim, for coordination purposes. Several mukim will then locate under a government administration structure, called a kenegerian or kecamatan (sud-district). Higher government administration structures include sub-provinces/cities, which are the composition of several kecamatan. Residential units along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road are composed to four sub-provinces/cities, which are; Banda Aceh city, Aceh Besar sub-province,; Aceh Jaya sub-province, and West Aceh sub-province (Table 5.39).

Table 5.45

Total of Kecamatan, Mukim, and Villages According to Sub-province/City in 2003 Government Structure Kecamatan district) Kemukiman (neighborhood) Kampung (village) Total

(sub-

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Total

22

6

11

48

16

68

211

32

137

89

601

173

321

684

114

691

200

364

869

9

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2004: Aceh Dalam Angka 2003, BPS and Bappeda Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Banda Aceh: 32.

The family institution is a unit of togetherness over a lifetime based on the Islamic legal precepts (hukom) and traditional customs (adat). Islamic precepts obligate that life together in the form of a family is preceded with a wedding and vow ceremony led by wedding register representatives and officials to witness and legitimize the lifelong union of husband and wife. Through the traditional ceremony, others in the neighborhood come to know about the new family relation between husband and wife and accepts them as a new family. In the year 2003 on four of the sub-provinces/cities there are 421,223 families.


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5.3.3.4

Cultural Heritage Along with the plan for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of roads and bridges between Banda Aceh and Meulaboh, there are several historical locations and objects. Some of these items include the following landmarks; the museum/house of Cut Nyak Dhien, the Lembah Braden where T. Umar Johan Pahlawan battled in defense, the sacred grave of Ja Dibuket, the Lam Ateuk Mosque, the Benteng Japang and orphan children graveyards. At the base of the Lamno hill there lies the grave of Sultan Negeri Daya, Po Teumeureuhom Daya and a residential environment of Aceh community groups who are Portuguese descendants. Rigaih creek is also famous because T. Umar troops succeesfully withheld the arrival of the Hok Kanton ship belonging to the English and even captured its weapons. In Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan there is a commemoration monument where T. Umar Jo-han Pahlawan was shot by Dutch soldiers. Some of the historical places have been destroyed by the tsunami last December 2004. Other historical places may still be objects worthy of attention from local people and visitors.

5.3.3.5

Social Strata According to Teuku Mansoer (1970:54-5), humans can generally be grouped into three classifications, which are ureueng ulee, pangkat alang, and ureueng iku. The first stratum is ureueng ulee, consisting of royalty, rich people, religious scholars and people with wide intercommunity relationships. The second stratum, which is pangkat alang, is the middle group, neither rich or poor with courage to also become soldiers. The third stratum, which is ureueng iku, includes the poor in almost all sectors delineated by education, heredity, and moral orientation. Therefore, the most important criteria to determine one’s status in the social stratum system of community groups along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road involves a combination of power, economy, education, and job position. These four criteria are applied across the three forms of social strata with plenty of competition between the levels to achieve the highest . Based on research in the development of this ANDAL, it is safe to say that there are no respondents who have succeeded to reach the high social status in four mentioned criteria. There are two respondents who can be described as successful to achieve high status in wealth and job, but has relatively low education and relatively limited formal power. Another respondent, has relatively high position in the government area, becoming the head of a village with a university degree, but who is relatively limited in terms of pedigree and wealth. The average community members can be classified as part of the middle stratum with the understanding that they have steady jobs for adequate income in everyday life, high school or university education, definite pedigree and respect in the community.


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5.3.3.6

Power and Authority Aceh people generally recognize three groups of leaderships, which are umara, ulama, and zuama. At the base of the community structure, one leadership group heads the kampong, teungku meunasah (village head), and tends to influence people in the community. The source of influence from umara among lies in its appointment by the bupati (head of sub-province). The source of influence from Moslem scholars is his/her depth of knowledge in area of religion. A person’s position and influence in the community is generally determined by their individual nature which may be oriented to help community citizens when trouble exists, either morally or materially. According to the Aceh concept, a true leader is the person(s) who were born to be a leader, often mentioned as ureung nyang meutuah. This kind of leadership individual usually emerges at times when the community is in trouble. The above-mentioned criteria are likewise applicable when evaluating formal leaders, informal leaders, and influential people. The official leaders consist of keu-chik and imum meunasah. They are installed with decree letters from the territorial head (bupati). Unofficial leaders, include tuha peuet (keuchik assistant and Moslem scholars (in addition to imum meunasah), intelligent people, generous rich and educated men who give attention and make the effort to advance the community. These are the people who usually discuss and make decisions about the problems related with the development of village and community, under the coordination of keuchik. Important decisions involve all community citizens. Through discussion, the citizens decide what is or is not appropriate. Nevertheless, in certain cases, a decision can also come only from keuchik, tuha peuet, imum meunasah, or authority of the kecamatan. To clarify, problems associated with the development of residential villages are discussed with all community citizens, including the election of keuchik and imum meunasah. The problems correlated with the benefits in the community are based more on the opinion of the village leader since they are considered to be wiser on specific issues. Religion issues are the full authorization of the imum meunasah since they are the persons that understand most about religious matters. The same applies for the discipline and safety in the community circle, in which case instructions from the kecamatan will be heard and obeyed. One form of social cultural system change that is noticeable in the communities and residential environments along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road is the value of leadership. Keuchik, imeum meunasah and other leadership services. Although within the context of the Aceh social culture, they not only perform the function as protector for the citizens in dealing with the intricacies of life, but also act as a front line with the national government to achieve results and spread their influence in the community circle. A common strategy used is PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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through village development programs, which generate community livelihoods but can also create a dependency on government assistance. After the tsunami, community dependency shifted to foreign volunteer organizations to supply their various needs. This situation has touched the poetical soul of an artist from Meulaboh, by the words from his poem with the title: "Masih Adakah Kau, Indonesia?" (“Are You Still There, Indonesia?”). 5.3.3.7

Community Attitude and Perception Many of the inhabitants along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh raod are aware of the plans for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the roads and bridges damaged by the tsunami by word-of-mouth or radio broadcasts. However, they are not aware of the details related to exact physical construction and potential impacts on their residential areas. Given this uncertainty, they feel that the rehabilitation and reconstruction of road may possibly involve the acquisition of some or all of their land for infrastructure conversion purposes. In this matter, an important issue is the compensation price for land displacement. The same case applies to the possibility of unemployment and employment for the local workforce. These two problems have the potential to be sources of conflict between project executor and local people. A rational balance needs to be achieved with the realization that there are open job vacancies for local companies and workers, but their lack of experience and undisciplined behavior may affect the quality of road development. The majority of residents in the project area support the plan to rehabilitate and reconstruct the roads and bridges along from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh that were damaged by the tsunami. The greatest support is shared for the access and speed of transportation that facilitates the distribution of goods and travel to other areas. There is also support for the reduction in dust pollution, increase in new job opportunities, new market prospects, expanded valueadded agriculture opportunites, etc. (see Table 5.46).

Table 5.46

Respondent Opinions on Development of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Respondents Opinion

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

Fluid transportation

5

17

20

26

Residential growth

0

6

18

23

Unpolluted air

0

12

16

18

13

19

27

15

20

25

Job opportunity Economical opportunity

3

Source: Primer data as the result of interview, July 2005


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The majority of inhabitants in the project area hope that the quality of construction becomes a priority in the project execution to insure the long-term future integrity of the roads and bridges. They recognize that this will require delivering the works with bonafide construction service companies, the use of high quality materials and tight supervision on project development execution. Of relevant concern is also the villagers lack of confidence in the ability of local or national construction service companies as well as the supervision capacity from the national workforce.

Table 5.47

Hopes about Development Execution of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Respondents Hope Project Quality

Banda Aceh Aceh Besar 5 22

Aceh Jaya 20

West Aceh 29

Local Workforce Use

2

13

20

20

Payment of Fair Land Value

2

14

10

13

Preservation of Forests

0

3

7

8

Community Engagement on Land Value

0

14

10

13

Source: Primary data as the result of interview, July 2005

The project doubts mentioned above are related to the previous experience. Most of the residents have used the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road before the earthquake and tsunami for activity using a personal vehicle or public facilities. On previous transits, their travels have been disturbed due to landslides or the condition of road full of holes. Since the tsunami occurred, several of the road lanes are destroyed all the way down to the sea, causing a halt to almost all of the people’s economic activities related to trading in local markets, business activity of larger scale and the transportation and distribution of fundamental material needs.

5.3.3.8

Ecological Adaptation The majority of residents around the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh rehabilitation and reconstruction project are located on narrow valleys between the Bukit Barisan Mountains and the Indian Ocean. To support their economic needs, they have developed livelihood activities as fishermen, farmers and forest resources processors. On the ocean, they use motor and motorless boats to catch fish. On land without peat, they develop rice agriculture. Other important economic activity includes agriculture work on farms of palm oil, rubber, chocolate, coconut, coffee, clove, nutmeg, sapphire, walnut and palm fruit. They also process forest resources that include the cutting of wood.


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The opening of more varied job opportunities has make it possible for citizens of the Aceh west coast to develop economic activities more suitable with either eastern or western weather monsoon seasons. During the western season, the fishermen do not normally go to sea. Their job becomes diverted to manage hill farms or work as forestry company labors. During the eastern season, they focus their economic activities on work as fishermen. This ecological adaptation has been developed over the generations such that it has become everyday routine activity. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed many of their various production facilities that requires new ecological adaptation path.

5.4

PUBLIC HEALTH COMPONENTS

5.4.1

Environmental Component with Effects on Health The rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh roads is projected to impact a number of important environmental parameters that could also affect the quality of community health and life. In general, the project activities are being implemented in three phases, namely the preconstruction phase, the construction phase, and the operation phase. The activities during the pre-construction phase are surveys and marking measurements. Land acquisition appraisal is also being conducted according to selected socio-economic and socio-cultural components. The effects are not extended to the community health components. The activities on the construction phase will have an influence on almost all of the physical chemical, biological, socio-economic and cultural components, which can create major and significant change. The same condition appliesd to the project activities implemented during the operation phase. The major activities occurring during the construction phase and activities which have the potential to affect the physical chemical, environmental, socioeconomic, socio-cultural and community health components include workforce hiring, material and equipment mobilization, land clearing, ground preparation and road and bridge construction. The mobilization of material and equipment has the potential to produce dust that can pollute the air around the project area. This condition can impact the relatively fragile living conditions in the surrounding communities in the project area given the potential to generate upper respiratory infections and bowel discomfort such as diarrhea. Land clearing and ground preparation produce garbage and soil stockpiles. The garbage comes from wood and bush material that has been cleared for the road design and construction plan. The soil stockpiles comes from land topsoil that have been excavated for make way for the foundation and boundaries of the road. Garbage and soil stockpiles have the potential to perpetuate endemic transmission of malaria, diarrhea and other sanitation and pest disease. The PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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west coast region of Aceh consists of significant swamp resources that are inhabitant with vegetation that contributes to helping malaria become endemic to the territory. In the community, malaria disease has spread widely and the population has gradually developed immunity to the disease. Only in certain circumstances, such as those described above, would they be disturbed with the disease’s re-emergence symptoms. The same case can be applied to the soil stockpiles that could create water ponds that can become breeding grounds for numerous diseases. Relatively similar effects could also occur during the road and bridge construction. The cutting, filling and pavement processes have the potential to produce dust, soil stockpiles and material heaps for bridge construction. Citizens around the project are usually interested in the construction activity and want to get a closer look, moreover if the equipment used are relatively new in the terms of technology. This creates the potential for serious physical injury to during the construction and post-construction phases. Improved road conditions are likely to result in the increased road use and greater speeds that have the potential to generate injury to both users and nearby residents.

5.4.2

Process and Potential of Exposure According to International Migration Organization information, the number of medical visits for GI/Hepatic Disorder patients in the Aceh Jaya district province is the second highest ranked in country at 16% with 20 different kinds of diseases reported. The group of GI/Hepatic Disorders diseases includes cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, digestive disorders, worms, hepatitis and other GI diseases. The most frequent illnesses are diarrhea and digestive disorders. Although all the causes are not yet determined, the process and exposure potential are correlated to the condition and quality of food and drink consumed, cooked or raw. Citizens in the four sub-provinces/cities in Aceh west coast region usually obtain drinking water from unprotected wells and farms. Several kinds of food, including fruit, are usually consumed without prior washing. Other cases indicate food is often left open allowing insects to alight and contaminate. It is customary for residents in the project area to cook water before drinking. Among the villagers, especially men, there is a habit to drink coffee or tea in nearby shops. The water used to make coffee or tea is pre-heated water. However, un-heated well water is often used to clean glasses and cups. The same condition applies to washing food and utensils in the homes. This habit increases exposure and the potential to contact GI/Hepatic Disorders.


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5.4.3

Potential of Diseases Impact, Sickness Rate, and Mortality Rate The indicators commonly used to determine citizenship health are factors named Sickness and Mortality Rate. The Sickness Rate is the ratio of citizens with health complaints compared to the total number of citizens during a specific period of time. Based on the 2003 National Census Survey (Susenas) (BPS, 2004), the most common kinds of health complaints experienced by Aceh citizens of the west coast region were colds, cough, and fever. The numbers of cough complaints were most obvious among the West Aceh sub-province (53. 94%). The number of cold complaints is the uppermost Sickness data on mortality in the Aceh Besar sub-province (46. 03%). As seen in Table 5.4.3, the Sickness Rate of Banda Aceh citizens ranges between 163 - 206 on West Aceh sub-province. Others also shared similar complaints in the project area, although they experienced a lower and broader range of diseases. Detailed information on Mortality Rates according to the administration territories in the four sub-provinces/cities of Aceh west coast region is difficult to know. From Bapeldalda Aceh (2000), it is known that the Crude Mortality rate for all Aceh regions in year 1999 reached 6.6, which includes 7.3 for male citizens and 5.8 for female citizens. From the same source, it is also known that the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has reached 53.6, which includes 60.1 for male infants and 47.5 for female infant group.

Table 5.48

Percentage of Citizens with Health Complaints by Administrative Territory in 2003 No.

Health Complaints

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

West Aceh

1

Fevers

33%

34,22

46,03

2

Cough

50%

44,07

53,94

3

Cold

49%

58.28

44.82

4

Asthma

1%

2.19

0.56

5

Respiration Oppress

3%

1.09

2.04

6

Diarrhoea

5%

1.09

2.19

7

Measles

0

0.00

1.40

8

Watery Ear

9

Yellow Disease

10

1%

0.00

0.00

0

0.00

0.23

Repeated Headache

6%

1%

6.95

11

Spastic

1%

0.00

0.23

12

Paralyzed

0

0.00

0.69

13

Senile

2%

0.00

1.99

14

Injury

1%

0.00

0.84

15

Toothache

4.45%

0.00

12.84

16

Others

22.22%

50.31

13.88

50.530

49.013

97.362

Total ( N )

Note: Data for Aceh Jaya sub-province is combined with data for West Aceh


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Source: BPS, 2004. People Welfare Statistic 2003, BPS Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh.

5.4.4

Characteristics of Citizens with Risk The group of citizens that have a greater chance to suffer from diseases commonly consists of other community levels in society. The poor are normally unable to protect themselves against threats of diseases from dirty or polluted air and water. Most of the poor live in slum areas with a lack of clean water and inadequate sanitary conditions. Moreover, the poor community groups usually struggle to earn a living in places that have higher risk of injury. The poor farmer group is also subject to hard labor on less fertile and marginal lands. Beyond their will and ability, the poor community group has also become the source and mechanism to transmit various kinds of infected diseases. They do not have the funds to purchase sanitation equipment and possess few tools around their households in order to prevent pollution and environmental breakdown.

Another group that is also quick to suffer from the negative impacts on a polluted environment is the vulnerable group of children below the age of 5 years and pregnant mothers or those breastfeeding their children. Nutritional deficiency in very young children can result in their vulnerability to suffer from disease. Unhealthy environments increase the danger for them to be sick because germs easily infect them. From previous explanations, it is shown that that the infant mortality rate in the Aceh region is relatively high, reaching up to 53.6.

5.4.5

Health Resources Community health services in the Aceh west cost region are normally provided by a number of different Community Health Centers (Puskesmas), Additional Community Health Centers (Puskesmas Pembantu), and Traveling Community Health Centers (Puskesmas Keliling). In addition, the city of Banda Aceh contains six hospitals managed by the government and private sector. In West Aceh sub-province, a C Class hospital is also available. Compared to the hospitals and community health centers described above, the C Class facilities are more widely-spread in terms of location. Although the numbers are different, the three kinds of health services are present in all four administration territories. It is noted that Aceh Besar sub-province has more community health centers than the other three administration territories. These differences might be related to the smaller number of administration territories (named kecamatan/sub district) in the Aceh Besar sub-province is greater than the others.(Table 5-49).


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Table 5.49

Number of Hospitals According to the Administrative Territory in 2003 No.

Hospital

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

1

Hospital

6

-

-

1

2

Puskesmas

7

'19

8

10

3

Additional Puskesmas

21

67

28

36

4

Traveling Puskesmas

7

18

8

13

Source: Statistical Center Council, 2004. Aceh in Numbers 2002, BPS and Bappeda Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh.

The management of health services in hospitals as well as the health centers described above is performed by doctors, specialists, nurses, and midwives. In general, the doctor level staff is centered in the city of Banda Aceh. Aceh Besar sub-province and West Aceh sub-province attract more midwifves than the city of Banda Aceh and Aceh Jaya sub-province. This condition is also related to the number of community health centers (Puskesmas) in each administrative territory. The present ratio number for citizens to be treated by available doctors is about one physician per 1.667 citizens in Banda Aceh. In the other three administrative territories there is one doctor available for every 7,585 citizens of Aceh Besar, 20,170 citizens of Aceh Jaya and 5,507 citizens of West Aceh (see Table 5.50). Table 5.50

Number of Health Workforce According to Administrative Territory in 2003 No.

Health Workforce

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

1

Doctor (General)

97

25

3

26

2

Specialist

44

0

0

3

3

Dentist

18

7

1

7'

4

Health Administrator (SKM)

16

7

1

2

5

Nurse

149

171

44

83

6

Midwife

76

689

94

348

7

Others

134

155

12

67

Source:

Statistical Center Council, 2004. Aceh in Numbers 2002, BPS and Bappeda Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Banda Aceh.

The earthquake and tsunami of December 2004 generated severe damage on the four sub-provinces/cities of west coast Aceh region (see Table 5.45). The highest number of damage recorded in shown in the sub-provinces/cities of Aceh Besar, Banda Aceh, and West Aceh. Almost all of the health facilities located in the Aceh Jaya sub-province experienced total breakdown. During the last seven months of 2005, health services in the locations struck by the tsunami wave have been executed in the field through the support of health


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posts manned by foreign and domestic volunteers. During the last seven months, the volume of medical visits was well beyond previous months. Another group that is also the quickest to suffer from the negative impacts to a polluted environment is the vulnerable group of children below the age of 5 years and mothers who are pregnant or breastfeeding children. Nutritional deficiency on very young children could result in their suffering from diseases. An unhygenic health environment increases the danger for them because germs can easily infect them. From previous explanation, it is shown that the infant mortality rate in Aceh region is relatively high at 53.6. Table 5.51

Health Facility Damage According to the Administration Territory, 2003 Damage Rate

Banda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Aceh Jaya

West Aceh

25%

11

3

-

18

25%

4

1

-

3

> 50%

8

4

-

4

75%

8

1

.3

5

100%

66

156

71

55

Source: International Organization for Migration, 2005, Post Disaster Assessment in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, IOM, Banda Aceh.

5.4.6

Environment Sanitary Condition The condition of the ambient environment has been observed to be one in which the availability of clean water supply, family sanitary facilities, clean condition of public utilities, clean condition, food/drink sales and the habit of the community to clean-up their garbage. According to information obtained from BPS (2004), there is some confidence that a high percentage of citizens from the four sub-provinces/cities in the west coast Aceh region inhabit homes with zinced roofs, walls (Banda Aceh and West Aceh) and wood floors (Aceh Besar and West Aceh) with an average area between 50-99 m2. Water for miscellaneous household needs is generally procured from farms (Banda Aceh), protected wells and exposed wells (West Aceh and Aceh Besar). Many of the households also contain bathrooms and drinking water facilities. A high percentage of homes also have toilets with disposal tanks. Accurate numbers for the other two regions are diffult to confirm, but include tanks, ponds/farms, rivers, holes, and beaches. The highest percentage of households using toilets is in Aceh Besar (51.97%) and West Aceh (31.70%). Household garbage management in the city of Banda Aceh is executed by gathering the garbage from certain locations. Thereafter, the garbage is either transported to a final disposal location by responsible officers (47.85%) or burned (43.37%). On Aceh Besar and West Aceh sub-provinces, the garbage is


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managed by burning (84.21% and 63.29% respectively). The West Aceh subprovince garbage management is done with the use of landfill (25.02%). Data on health issues in the West Aceh sub-province also reveals that 49.95% of the households have toilets, 38% have garbage disposal, 71.62% have a place for wastewater treatment and 67.04% have clean water storage. The facility percentage of public places in West Aceh sub-province consists of 43.66% mosques, 27.03% Islamic schools, 80.82% offices, 100% hotels, 72.05% stores, 33% marketplaces, 70.40% restaurants and 89% beauty salons. It is an area that could be categorized as a reasonably healthy environment.

5.4.7

Community Nutritional Status Nutritional disorders such as anaemia, Vitamin A and D deficiencies (resulting in night blindness and rickets in children) are common in the Aceh localities. In 2005, over 12% of children under 5 in Aceh Besar were identified as being nutritionally deficient. In addition, a higher proportion of women report nutritional complaints as they are less likely to receive a varied daily diet than their male counterparts when food is scarce (BAPPENAS, 2005). From the International Medical Corps report operating from Lamno between 11 April-28 May 2005, it was discovered that among 5,266 patients who came for medical treatment, 46 people were identified with nutritional dis-order complaints. The range of nutritional disorders included nutritional deficiency, anemia, vitamin A deficiency and other nutritional disorders. Some of the more obvious illnesses were nutritional deficiency and anemia. Specifically, these two disorder complaints are discovered mostly with female patients. This tendency is felt to be related to heredity eating habits common in many Aceh families. Oftentimes, the opportunity to eat is more often available to the men instead of the women or children. The eating heredity patterns in Aceh also encourage people to eat to reach a full feeling that does not necessarily include a full range of healthy nutrients.

Table 5.52

International Medical Corps Consultation Report, District Aceh Jaya No.

Total

Diagnosis

New

Old

Total

1

Nervous System Disorders

246

58

304

2

Eye Neuro System Disorders

166

37

203

3

Ear Disorders

117

18

135

4

Dental and Oral Disorders

110

28

138

5

Respiratory Disorders

1.142

179

1.321.

6

GI/Hepatic Disorders

719

129

848

7

Genitourinary Disorders

92

27

119

8

Cardiovascular Disorders

132

131

263


134



No.

Total

Diagnosis

New

Old

Total

9

Musculoskeletal Disorders

367

283

650

10

Skin Disorders

610

100

710

11

Viral Infection

42

1

43

12

Fever

95

1

97

13

Tropical Infection

35

4

39

14

Metabolism Disorders

24

21

45

15

Nutritional Disorders

38

8

46

16

Obstetric and Gynecologic

41

10

51

17

Trauma and Injury

71

12

83

18

Mental Disorders

69

42

111

19

Neoplasm

17

6

23

20

Surgical Cases

24

13

37

4.178

1.088

5.266

Total

Source: IMC Lamno Consultation.

In the year of 2003, the Health Service of Aceh Besar sub-province arranged a nutrition programme that included; the appropriation of additional food (MPASI) for 1902 people, the appropriation of additional food for 1,644 children below 5 years old and the supply of vitamin A for 3,556 infants and 24,354 children below 5 years of age. In the year of 2005 in the Aceh Besar subprovince, 26,516 children were registered below 5 years, 2354 of which were identified as being nutritionally deficiency and 928 with bad nutritional status.

5.4.8

Environmental Condition and Disease Dispersal Process Based on the data from the Aceh Besar sub-province Health Service Office, the highest number of medical visits during the year 2003 was due to upper respiratory disease (27%), then came other diseases (21%), skin disease (14%), disease of the muscular system and tissue (10%) and viral disease (4.77%). The number of medical visits to health centers performed by INC in Lamno also indicated the medication dispensed related to the ailments, which were respiratory disorders (25%), hepatic disorders (16%), skin disease (13.48%), ligament disease (12%) and nerve disorders (6%). With a view towards disease and hereditary traits, the medication tendency based on prescription helped classify the types of diseases into two categories. The first category is diseases associated with environmental condition, especially air, water and garbage. This group included upper respiratory infection (ISPA) disease, skin disease and viral infections. The second category of diseases was related to social psychological conditions. This group included gastric disorders, diabetes mellitus, muscular and ligament tissue, and nervous breakdowns. In this case, the biological environmental components are felt to PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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be interacting with physical environmental components. For example, water ponds and garbage piles, as well as air quality become the media for breeding of specific pests and micro-organisms which persist and are transmitted as viral infections such as influenza, malaria, spastic, cholera, diarrhoea and dysentery.

Table 5.53

Illness Data on Citizens on Aceh Besar sub-province from January-May 2005 No.

Kind of Disease

Patient

Percentage

3,279

4,48

120

0,16

4

0,01

3.495

4,77

331

0,45

8

0,01

1

Typhoid Disease

2

Tuberculosis Disease

3

Bacterial Disease

4

Viral Disease

5

Rickets

6

Gynaecologic Disease

7

Parasite Infection

2.231

3,05

8

Mental Disorder

80

0,11

9

Nerve Structure Disease

48

0,89

10

Eye Disease

828

1,13

11

Ear Disease

531

0,73

12

High Blood Pressure

2.910

3,98

13

Upper Respiratory Infection

19,359

26,45

14

Lower Respiratory Infection

1.873

2,56

15

Teeth and Mouth l Disease

2.010

2,74

16

Urinary Disease

169

0,24

17

Midwife Disorder

87

0,12

18

Injury and Violence

1.828

2,49

19

Skin Disease

10.545

14,41

20

Muscular System & Tissue Disease

7.329

10,01

21

Other Diseases

15.536

21,22

73.201

1000

Total

Source: Health Service Office of Aceh Besar Sub-province, 2 July 2005.


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6

MAJOR AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION

An environmental impact study examines the various aspects of the planned project activities and the environmental components at the project site predicted to receive impacts, together with the types and characteristics of the impacts that will arise. Impact prediction is carried out by two impact prediction methods:

Interaction Matrices: Developed to identify the connection between project activities and environmental components in order to qualitatively identify primary impacts. Flow Charts: The interactions identified in the matrices are presented graphically in the form of flow charts that show the primary and secondary impacts that may result from the proposed activities.

An interaction matrix (Table 6.1) and flow charts (Figures 6.1 – 6.3) have been developed for the pre-construction, construction and operation stages.


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Table 6.1

Interaction Matrix Pre Activity Component

Contruction

Contruction 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Operation 9

10

11

12

13

Physico-Chemical Air Quality

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Noise and Vibration

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Water Quality

x

x

x

x

x

Land Use

x

x

x

x

Transportation

x

x

x

x

x

x

Soil (Erosion and Landslide)

x

x

x

x

x

x

Biota Terrestrial

x

x

x

x

Aquatic Biota

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Hydrology

x

Biology x

Social Demography

x

Community income

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Regional revenue Livelihood Attitude and community perception Social processes

x

x x

x

Public Health Disease pattern

x

x

Accidents

x

Environmental sanitation

x

x

Note : X : Impact interaction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Survey and measurement Land acquisition Mobilization of workers Mobilization of materials and equipment Construction of supporting infrastructure Quarrying and Borrow Pits Land Clearing Earthworks Civil Engineering Works Use of fuels and oils Demobilization of workers Road and bridge operation


In accordance with the guidelines established in the Decree of Bapedal Number 9 of 2000 this chapter will examine impacts according to the following considerations:


138

x



a. b.

c.

d.

e. f.

Activities that are causing direct and substantial impact to social components; Activities that are causing direct and substantial impact to the physicochemical components, that in turn cause a series of subsequent impacts to biological and social components. Activities that are causing direct and substantial impact to the biological components that in turn cause a series of subsequent impact to social components; Activities that are causing direct and substantial impact to the physicochemical components that in turn cause a series of subsequent impact to social components; The substantial impact that may occur as a chain reaction between social components; The substantial impacts as stated in points a, b, c, and d that are, in turn may cause substantial impact on the project plan/ operation.

Impact Assessment Assumptions It should be noted that at the time of assessment the detailed design of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road is ongoing. This has had the advantage of allowing the EIA Consultant to work closely with USAID/ USACE and P2JJ early in the planning process to avoid potential environmental impacts. However, detailed design information, including vertical alignments, drainage and bridge design have not been available. The construction of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road is to be tendered to contractors who will finalize many of the construction details including: The road alignment; Locations and design of temporary works areas/plant yards; Sources of raw materials; Selection of waste disposal sites ; Traffic management plans for material reception and waste disposal; Workforce requirements; and Construction methods. The approach adopted has been to make practical ‘worst case’ assumptions regarding likely construction activities to enable potential impacts to be identified and evaluated. Throughout the construction stage, certain areas will need to be set aside as temporary works sites. Temporary works sites are where site offices, maintenance and storage areas etc will be located. These may be placed within the alignment itself or on adjacent land temporarily set aside for this purpose. Because of their use, these areas have a higher potential for environmental impact, and will need to be located according to general criteria listed in the accompanying RKL and RPL in order to avoid adverse impacts on sensitive receivers. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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PRE CONSTRUCTION

Survey and Road Marking

Livelihoods

Land Acquisition

Community Consideration and Acceptance

Community Income

Attitude and Community Perception

Figure 6-1 Impact Flow Chart During Pre Construction Phase

CONSTRUCTION

Recruitment of work force

livelihoods

Employment oppurtunity

Material & equipment mobilization

Establish supporting facilities

Air quality, noise and vibration

Transportation

Public health

Accident incident

Water quality

Cut and fill

Land use

Land clearing

Earth work

hidrology

Aquatic biota

Attitude and community perception

Figure 6-2 Impact Flow Chart During Construction Phase

Erosi

Development of road and bridges

climate

Fuel and lubricant utilization

Terrestrial flora and fauna

Termination of work force

Livelihoods

POST CONSTRUCTION

Operational of road and bridges

Air quality, noise and vibration

livelihoods

Maintenance of road and bridges

Transportation

Accident incident

accesibility

Attitude and communitry perception

Figure 6-3 Impact Flow Chart During Post Construction Phase


6.1

PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Activities in the field during pre-construction such as i) surveyed and measurement and ii). land acquisition process. Activity for this phase limited impact for social component

6.1.1

Site Survey and Measurement Site survey and measurement activities will involve the presence of surveyors in the study area. Site survey and marking will be a relatively non-obtrusive process however, it will be the first opportunity for local residents to visualise the new alignment.

6.1.1.1

Community Income There will be limited opportunities for temporary employment of local unskilled laborers during site survey. Small teams may be required to assist in the surveying and marking activities. Overall, this is not expected however, to be a significant source of employment or generate opportunities for business development. It is estimated that only five to ten local people will be directly involved in the site survey. Due to this very low number, the impact to community income is considered small. This impact is therefore categorized as positive and not significant.

6.1.1.2

Livelihoods The site survey and marking activity will be the first instance where land parcels will be identified for future acquisition. The re-aligned sections pass through areas of forest and agriculture and will result in impacts due to land take (land use change) and severance. This may have impacts on local livelihoods. Livelihood impacts as a result of changes to the land use in land owned by the community will be compensated in the land acquisition process in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in NAD Province. Therefore, impacts to livelihoods will be minimized through compensation. This impact is thereby considered negative and not significant.

6.1.1.3

Attitudes and Perceptions The movement of survey vehicles along the road alignment will be the first visible indication for local residents that the road construction project is set to PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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begin. The surveyors will not, however, access private land without the prior consent of landowners and tenants and such consent will be sought during the concurrent land acquisition process. If the activities of the survey contractors are poorly managed, for example, vehicle access is uncontrolled and/ or causes significant unnecessary damage to flora, a perception may take hold in the local communities that the construction will cause significant impacts. This may have a moderate negative impact on the project implementation due to community opposition.

The results of a survey of local residents undertaken in July 2005 indicates:

The community recommends that in its implementation, the project socialization needs to be performed with transparency in the aspect of funding, land use planning, the implemention schedule and removal costs, so that it may avoid negative perceptions in the community that can cause social conflicts. that there are already relatively high levels of uneasiness about the road construction, particularly in the areas of Leupueng, Lhoong Jaya, Teunom, Samatiga and Johan Pahlawan districts where the affected land area currently support housing and agriculture. Respondents indicated that the project proponent and district government and local community leaders commit to providing accurate and detailed information on the project plan. There is suspicion that compensation will not be paid for land acquisition required by the project. Respondents indicated that agreement should first be made with local residents before the construction proceeds.

This matter indicates that if community aspirations are not well considered, it may cause a restlessness amoung the community and will also create a negative perception. This condition may occur among the surrounding community if the project implementation is not accompanied by consultation and socialization to the local community on a transparent basis concerning the detailed plan and works to be implemented later. The potential for negative perceptions still exists, and later if proper management measures are not implemented it may cause social conflict and finally may disrupt the project implementation process. Such attitudes and perceptions are likely to arise in the people that are affected by land acquisition. The impacts of this activity will be temporary and intermittent, during site survey and marking. However the impacts may continue through the land acquistion process. This kind of impact can be managed, by creating positive perceptions and involving the community in active participation.


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Based on these considerations, the impacts of community attitudes and perceptions due to survey and measurement works shall be classified as important negative impact (-P). 6.1.2

Land Acquisition Land acquisition will be required in those areas where the post-tsunami road alignment differs from the original (pre-tsunami) alignment. Temporary acquisition may also be required for the construction of support facilities. The acquisition process will involve the identification of affected landowners and/or valid squatters, consultation and the eventual payment of compensation for all land acquired.

6.1.2.1

Community Income The payment of compensation for lands acquired for the road re-construction to individuals or communities will result in increased community wealth. The likelihood of compensation payments providing long term benefit is dependent on the method of payment and the level of long term assistance sponsored by the proponent. The temporary and/ or permanent cessation of agriculture or other productive pursuits will also have an impact on regional revenues, and potentially, the regional gross domestic product. However, this will be moderated by the economic benefits that will occur as a result of the road operation. Land acquisition may also lead to community concerns, especially in relation to adequate compensation for last sources of income. Those community members that will be affected by land acquisition are farmers or land owners whose income will be affected if they must move to a new location. The complex situation is compounded by the changes in income sources that are already taking place as a result of the tsunami, which affected how local people can use their land. If not effectively managed, this situation will lead to community unrest that will eventually culminate with other negative impacts, leading to social conflict and negative attitudes towards the road project in general. However, the impact of community concerns over loss of income will be relatively small compared to the benefits received by the community as a result of land acquisition and compensation. Nonetheless, the potential secondary impacts such as social conflicts mean that land acquisition impacts to income is considered an important negative impact. Furthermore, from the interviews with the local people in the study area, some hopes and suggestions relating to land acquisition were raised as follows: PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Communities that are impacted by the project should receive adequate compensation that is acceptable to the community.

The community should be assisted in protecting the environment and sustainability of the project area.

6.1.2.2

The project activities should not damage the community.

Livelihoods Livelihoods impacts may be significant if compensation payments do not adequately cover the resources or potential income that will be lost All land acquisition, compensation and resettlement activities will be the responsibility of the Government of Indonesia. Land acquisition and compensation programmers associated with other infrastructure development projects in Indonesia have often been fraught with problems including landowner identification, the development of an equitable payment scheme and community resistance. The area of land that will be permanently acquired for the construction of road alignment is approximately 720 ha (240 km of road at 30 m in width). The land to be acquired is largely used for agriculture and housing , however, vast sections remain damaged by the tsunami (eg. due to loss of vegetation and topsoil) and are currently not used for any income-generating economic activity. However, in determining compensation amounts, the future likely use of the land should be taken into account following rehabilitation of the tsunami affected areas. Problems may arise during the land acquisition process due to landowner identification issues. In some locations, the tsunami has permanently changed the landscape to such an extent, that areas of land use for agriculture, aquaculture and other economic activities have been washed out to see. This has left many residents homeless and without means of future income generation. As the landscape has so markedly changed there exists a number of problems relating to current and pre-existing land use claims. Many of the local people who were affected by the tsunami now have good businesses as farmers, traders, as well as enterprenuers, and for this reason will be greatly affected if they are resettled to a new location. Resettlement in any particular community will influence the business conditions, because of the new situation and the need to start from the beginning again. If such cases, there may be a decrease in income, which would influce living conditions and welfare. If this condition is not immediately managed, it may cause concern among the community that will lead to other negative impacts, resulting in social conflict and negative perceptions against the project.


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Based on this, the community anxiety impact and the decreased income due to land acquisition may be considered and classified as a significant negative impact (-P). 6.1.2.3

Attitudes and Community Perceptions The land acquisition process may also impact the attitudes and perceptions of local communities. It is during this stage that discussions, both formal and informal will be initiated to secure the land parcels required for the re-aligned Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road. If the project proponent is perceived as not fulfilling its consultation and or compensation responsibilities, the project may not gather the necessary support in the community. This can have secondary impacts at latter stages of the project. Overall, interactions between the project and the community may have a moderate negative impacts for both parties. Results from surveys undertaken during the baseline date collection phase indicate that tensions may arise in those communities located along the planned alignment (specifically Leupeung, Lhoong Jaya, Teunom, Samatiga and Johan Pahlawan Districts). Land in these areas is currently used for housing and agriculture and as no formal consultation on acquisition has occurred to date, it will be important that early and thorough consultation be initiated on project start-up to address issues such as the payment and calculation of compensation. The surveys also revealed that a perception exists that funds will not be supplied for land acquired due to the road construction. Most respondents suggested that before the project starts, detailed and clear information should be provided to communities to reduce doubts and confusion amongst community members. The land acquisition stage may also induce conflict in communities due to disagreement over land claims (pre- and post-tsunami). The impacts, such as confusion, community division, segregation, jealousies and retaliatory acts may have significant effects on otherwise harmonious communities and have significant negative impacts on the project implementation.

6.2

CONSTRUCTION STAGE The construction stage will involve a range of activities that have the potential to cause impacts, both positive and negative on the receiving physical, biological and human environments.


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6.2.1

Mobilization of Workforce The mobilization of a construction workforce may have various impacts on the resident communities along the road alignment. A proportion of the skilled and unskilled job opportunities created by the construction project will be filled by available resident workers and the construction contractor will be encouraged by the project proponent to maximise this proportion where possible. It is estimated that approximately 60% of the workforce will be sourced from the Aceh regional area. The remaining positions will be filled by a migrant workforce from other parts of Sumatra or Indonesia. In the prediction of impacts from workforce mobilisation, it is estimated that 60 % of all workers will be from the local area. The remaining 40 % will come from other parts of Sumatra or Indonesia. The total workforce may right around 400 people. These estimates are based on figures from other similar projects in NAD Province. This impact is thereby considered positive and significant.

6.2.1.1

Demography Temporary demographic change may occur due to the presence of a migrant workforce for the extent of the three year construction period. The majority of the workforce is likely to consist of male, unskilled labourers. There is already a higher proportion of males than females living in the study area (an average ratio of 101.7 across the four administrative regions). The presence of additional male migrant workers will accentuate this pre-existing demographic scenario. It is estimated that 40 % of the workforce will be mobilised from outside of NAD Province, that is 160 people. This represents an increase in total population of under 2 %. The dependency ratio will change from 0.520 to 0.521. The sex ratio is estimated to change from 102.69 to 102.72. These are very minor changes. Besides, the human impacts also can arise due to the relocation of people affected by the tsunami. Overall, this will have negligible negative impact on demography as the workers will move to different construction camps, in different localities as construction progresses.

6.2.1.2

Community Income The employment of local people in the road project will increase the income levels of those directly and indirectly employed. The salary for unskilled workers will range between Rp 15.000 and Rp 50.000 per day for three years. It is estimated that 240 local people will be directly employed in construction activities, which equates to a total income of Rp8.5 billion to the local people. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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The mobilization of the construction workforce to the project (including a percentage of migrant workforce) is likely to have a direct positive impact on the local economy. Economic development will occur as a direct result of the construction activity (services such as food sourcing and preparation, cleaning, waste management and transport etc in the construction camps) and the informal consumer demands of the construction workforce encouraging the development of food stalls, personal services, accommodation etc. Impacts on the local economy are likely to be significant and positive for the duration of the construction period. 6.2.1.3

Livelihoods The unemployment rate in west coastal Aceh region is high – an average of 54% of the total population was classified as unemployed in the 2003 National Census Survey. Rates in localised areas are expected to be higher at current as the region recovers from the December 2004 tsunami. Many workers support themselves and family members through a number of informal part-time jobs, which can change according to the agricultural and/or fishing seasons according to their location. The demand for full- and part-time work is high and there is an expectation that the road project will generate employment for local workers. Participation in construction phase activities will have long term benefits for local livelihoods. The activities will increase the skills base of the region and provide laborers with suitable experience to contribute to other construction projects and reduce the need for a migrant workforce. There will be indirect benefits also to other individuals such as food stall owners and market vendors who will benefit from the presence of a construction workforce with a disposable income. Improved trade will have multiplier effects on livelihoods, improving the economic buoyancy of the region. . This impact is thereby considered positive and not significant

6.2.1.4

Social Processes Aceh province has a long history of human development. In the 16th century, Aceh was already established as a center of Islam. It was a major trading nation important throughout Asian region transacting major trades with China, the Near East and Europe. The Aceh region has, therefore, a long history of interaction with people from outside the confines of its own community. In recent times, this has been most intense since the December 2004 with the arrival of many international aid organisations to the region. Despite this, there may be impacts as a result of interactions between a nonlocal workforce and the resident population. Whilst there may be positive effects from the interaction between a migrant workforce and the local population, (ie. cultural exchange, knowledge sharing, increased racial PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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tolerance) the concentration of a predominantly male, migrant workforce, living in camps adjacent to villages can increase the incidence of marginal activities such as gambling or illegal drug or alcohol use which may conflict with local sensitivities. This impact is considered negative and significant. 6.2.1.5

Attitudes and Community Perceptions The interaction between the construction workforce and the resident population may also have a minor to moderate negative impact by influencing the attitudes and perceptions of the local communities towards the project. If construction workers are responsible for conflict or other social ills and are not governed by an appropriate Code of Conduct the nearby communities may form a negative view of the project which can have secondary impacts or cause unnecessary project delays. The results of the July 2005 survey of local residents indicate that most respondents are hopeful that the project will provide local employment. The management of this expectation is important as disappointment and resentment may ensue if local employment on the project does not meet expected levels or if a migrant workforce is favoured at the expense of local workers. This impact will require special management efforts, and therefore is considered an significant negative impact.

6.2.1.6

Accidents and Disease Pattern The 2003 Susenas (National Census Survey) indicates that the most common health complaints experienced by residents of the Aceh west coast region were colds, coughs and fever. The area has a very high infant mortality rate (almost 2% higher than the national average) and poverty induced illnesses, such as diarrhoea are commonly reported complaints. The arrival of migrant workers coming from other parts of Indonesia and/or other counties may increase the risk of the spread of diseases that are currently not suffered by local people. Further, a more serious threat is the occurrence of infectious diseases such as Hepatitis that may arise as a result of ‘anti social’ behavior among the migrant workers that is still foreign to local people. Nutritional problems such as anaemia, shortage of Vitamin A and D (that can cause blindness at night) and rachitis (kind of bone disease) among the children in Aceh. In 2005, more than 12% of children under five in Aceh Besar were classified as malnourished children. Further, the number of women suffering from malnutrition is higher probably because they do not consume nutiritious food compared to the men when force supplies are short. The health and nutrition problems in such remote areas may often occur due to the presence of the new workforce. The construction camp shall need supplies of various food, with direct profit from these supplies and continous benefits going to the local producers. Besides, as the fixed income for the local people shall increase, so will the buying power and access to various staple foods PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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increase, and so it may improve the overal level of nutrition in the area. As construction progresses, the improved transportation access may improve the supply of goods to the tsunami area. As a result, the impact will be non significant impact (TP)

6.2.2

Mobilization of Materials and Equipment The mobilization programmed will involve:

The delivery of vehicles such as heavy goods vehicles, bulldozers, graders, buses etc necessary to carry out the construction activities;

The sourcing and supply of road base materials from local quarries;

The clearing of vegetation and construction of camps with sleeping quarters, food preparation and mess areas, sanitation facilities, health clinics etc; and

The construction of field offices, maintenance yards and storage areas.

These activities will affect the physical, biological and human environments of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam in the following ways: 6.2.2.1

Air Quality Air quality is generally good in the study area. Reduced air quality was recorded in some urban areas, however, results are generally within the Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999 recommended standards. The mobilization of material and heavy equipment can be considered in terms of its procurement as well as in terms of the implementation of heavy equipment support activities. In this way, air quality impacts can be calculated based on the type of equipment and the amount of capacity of the equipment. Based on the construction processes, the earthworks will be made using heavy equipment. The use of heavy equipment will result in a reduction of air quality due to emissions as well as dust mobilised by the equipment. One of the main types of heavy equipment to be used will be the dump truck. The Environment Data Book (1990) approximates emissions from dump trucks as 1.34 µg CO / dt, 7.83 µg NO2/dt and 0.464 µg ash / dt. Based on the intensity of the impact, calculations can be made based on the working time haul distance. Tranmsportation time shall be 8 hours per day for 10 trucks x 8 x 2 = 160 times that a vehicle will pass a given point per day. Operation of such heavy equipment may spread dust in the project zone. Heavy equipment mobilization impacts from emissions can be calculated with the predicted total use of fuel as approximately 200 litres diesel per day or 20


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liter / vehicle / day (distance 500 m x 2 times return x 5 route = 5000 m) may produce gas emissions as shown in Table 6.2. (Rau Wooten, 1980). Table 6.2

Emission Gas Concentrate ( µm/m3 )Result of Motor Vehicle combustion in daytime

No.

Concentration (µm/ m3 ) in Distance (m)

Type of emission gas

200

400

600

1000

2000

1

CO

0,2

0,1

0,0

0,0

0,0

2

SOx

3,6

3,1

0,2

0,1

0,0

3

NOx

0,6

0,5

0,1

0,0

0,0

4

Debu

0,1

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Source : Rau Wooten, 1980

Based on this table it is shown that some of the emission gas could affect residential areas because most of the residential/ resettlement area are at a distance of ± 500 m. The decrease of this air quality may casue some effects on community health as a secondary impact and tertiary impacts on community concerns and negative perceptions against the project.. The impact of this air quality decrease is temporary, and will occur during earthworks, and will also be affected by weather conditions. Based on the above, the impact to air quality due to to equipment and material mobilization can be categorized as a significant negative impact (-P). 6.2.2.2

Noise and vibration Increased noise levels occur on during the road construction phase due to the operation of various activities. The types of activities that affect noise are the same as those that impact air quality. The source of noise impacts is the same as the source of air quality impacts, namely material transport from quarry to construction site. Therefore the assessment of this impact is also based on the use of heavy equipment. Based on the procurement of heavy equipment, the impact area will be along the road alignment with medium level noise impacts. In assessing the impacts, it is assumed that heavy equipment noise generation will be 95 – 100 dBA, with distribution over distance calculated as follows:

⎛L SL1 − SL2 = 20 Log ⎜⎜ 2 ⎝ L1

⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠


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With : SL1 and SL2 L2 / L1 distance

: Pollution source on particular distance : Distance between impact source and expected

Thus the calculation follows: SL1 = 100 dBA L2 / L1 = 1000 m SL2 = 60 dBA The following result can be obtained: SL2 = 100 – 20 Log 1000 = 40 dBA By using the above equation, the noise impact at any particilar distnace can be obtained as shown in Table 6.3. Table 6.3

Noise level at various distances

SL1 dBA

100 dBA

The expected distance (L2 / L1 ) (m) 1000 500 100 50 25 10 5

Computed as (SL2 ) dBA 40 46 60 66 72 80 85

Based on these calculationsit can be seen that the construction noice levels would not exceed its baseline level at distances over 500 meters. Thus, the noise impact can be accepted by the community along the road location. Based on the land access, noise increase can be contributed through the material transportation mobilization. Just like being informed previosuly that total of file material transportation is 180 trip/day (7 working hours /day). Noise intensity during the transportation process can be predicted by applying the formula of Rau and Wooten (1980) as follows : = Loi

Leq

Remark : Loi Ni Si d s

= = = = =

+ Log

⎛ Ni ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ + Log ⎝ Si ⎠

⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ + 0 , 5 − 13 ⎝ d ⎠

Noise level of type 1 vehicle Total number of passing by vehicle per hour Vehicle speed average km/hour Noise source distance against measurement point (m) Noise factor for open area = 3 dBA


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Site measurement result Loi = 80 dBA, Ni truck = 17 truck/hour Si = 30 Km/hour, d = 50 m and S = 3 dBA, thus : Leq =

80 + log (71/30) + log (15/50) + 0,3 – 13 =

80 + log 2,4 + log 0,3 + 0,3 – 13

=

67,14 dBA

Noise due to file material transportation shall not disturb the privacy of the local people, because the route is very far from the settlement ( approximately 500 m). Due to noise disturbance impact in the relatively open space and on non continious basis, and so it does disturb community health condition.. Thus the intensity of noise impact is considered minor, because it can be tolerated by the impacted environment, but since it can influence the attitude and public perception against the construction implementation and so it needs impact management , then it can be classified as the significant negative impact. (-P). 6.2.2.3

Transportation During the construction of the road, there will be some disruptions to transport flow along the currently used roadways that are to be rehabilitated. This is because users may still attempt to use the roadways while construction progresses. This may result in traffic conjestion if not well managed. Potentially serious accidents may occur due to the change of road system, where the road was previously one way and then it is changed into two way, and it there will be traffic conjestion caused by the vehicles coming from the opposite direction. This condition may increase the occurence of accidents due to carelessness of drivers. The construction of the road and the associated traffic conjestion may result in users choosing to use smaller village roads as an alternative. This would result in increased traffic from private vehicle unrelated to the project construction vehicles. Based on direct observations, it is predicted that traffic conjection may also occur where drainage channels are constructed, particularly where these channels cross the road. However the situation is different at the new road location from Teunom to Meulaboh where the existing traffic use an alternative route, namely through Kuala Bhe. Construction of the new road to Meulaboh can proceed without any disturbance from road users. Based on the above it can be concluded that the impacts on transporation can be categorized as a significant negative impact (-P).


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6.2.2.4

Community Income The mobilization of equipment and materials will result in an immediate boost to the local economy with positive impacts on the socio-economic recovery of the tsunami-affected region. There will be opportunities for various service businesses to develop with the establishment of camps, maintenance yards and construction offices. This impact, will only be significant however, if concurrent with other construction activities. Collectively, community benefits will be significant, but in terms of mobilization of materials and equipment, this impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.2.5

Livelihoods Participation in construction phase activities will have long term benefits for local livelihoods. The activities will increase the skills base of the region and provide labourers with suitable experience to contribute to other construction projects and reduce the need for a migrant workforce. This impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.2.6

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Interaction between construction workers and the local community can also cause negative impacts through influences on local community attitudes and perceptions towards the project. If construction workers cause conflict or social diseases and are not regulated by a Code of Ethics that conforms with local community expectations, then it may create negative impacts resulting in delays to project works that could have been prevented. Based on the July 2005 survey of the local community, it can be seen that many respondents expect that the project will provide employment opportunities for local people. Since the total number of workers required will be around 480 persons and that 50% of this number could come from the local people, opportunities are obviously limited. Management of employment opportunities is significant because it may avoid complaints from the local people especially if they perceive that the number of migrant workers is larger than the local workers. In this case, it may be considered a significant negative impact (-P).

6.2.3

Establishment of Supporting Infrastructure The establishment of supporting infrastructure will involve the construction of camps, maintenance areas and material storage yards and services such as sanitation, water and power. The activity will involve land take and site preparation activities, such as vegetation clearance.


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6.2.3.1

Air Quality, & Noise Localized air quality impacts may occur as a result of particulate entrainment at infrastructure construction/ installation sites. In addition, noise levels may increase during working hours due to the operation of heavy vehicles and equipment. However, the impacts will be temporary and limited to daylight working hours at the beginning of the construction stage. The potential for cumulative impacts on air quality and noise are likely to be low as the establishment of infrastructure will likely be a stand-alone activity, prior to the main construction activities being initiated. There are no likely significant impacts on climate as a result of the establishment of supporting infrastructure. The establishment of supporting infrastructure will not necessarily generate significant air quality and noise impacts in the local environment. However, if undertaken concurrently with other construction activities, then significant impacts may occur. . This impact is considered negative and not significant

6.2.3.2

Water Quality Site clearance and preparation activities, the digging of trenches for infrastructure connections, etc will require both the removal of vegetation and earthworks to facilitate access and construction. Such activities have impacts on surface water quality due to the increased potential for erosion leading to sedimentation and the potential contamination of water due to the use of chemicals and/or hydrocarbons in the development of supporting infrastructure. The road construction and rehabilitation activities between Banda Aceh and Meulaboh will intersect the river and tributary systems of the Krueng Sarah (Aceh Besar), Krueng Lam Beso (Aceh Jaya), Krueng Woyla (Aceh Barat), Krueng Bubon (Kab. Aceh Barat) and the wetland area of Suak Ular Kab. Sampling undertaken in July 2005 indicates that the quality of water in these systems is generally good and meets the applicable Class II water classification for agricultural and household use (GR. No. 82/2001). The increase in sediment levels in rivers can be calculated from the predicted erosion impacts. The likely highest sediment impact to rivers has been calculated in Section 6.2.5.3. From these calculations, it is estimated that an increase of less than 2 mg/l is likely. The likely impact of water contamination as a result of chemical use is minimal due to the spill prevention and containment measures stipulated in the Environmental Management Plan (RKL). However, failure to implement these measures could lead to a relase of chemicals. The worst case scenario would be the release of an entire fuel truck. This scenario and its impacts are discussed in the section on Chemical and Hydrocarbon Management. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Road construction projects often require the use of a variety of other materials which can adversely impact water quality if they reach receiving waters. These include:

Asphalt;

Cement;

Diesel/Lubrication oils;

Fertilizers;

Pesticides;

Petrochemicals;

Sealers;

Paints;

Solvents;

Wash water (from cement mixers and other equipment);

Wood and paper packing material; and

Sanitary waste.

Liquors containing significant quantities of concrete and cement-derived materials may also result in the following water quality effects:

Localized increases in turbidity and discoloration; Accretion of high pH solids.

Careful transportation, use, storage and/or disposal of these materials will need to be carried out in order to avoid adverse water quality impacts. The number of workers will vary at different stages of construction. Approximately 0.06 m3 of sewage waste could be generated per day for each worker onsite. Domestic sewage discharge will be limited to washroom and toilet water from the on-site temporary toilet facilities. Significant water quality impact will occur only if raw sewage is discharged directly to the receiving water body without any treatment. Provided “Packaged sewage systems” or septic tanks are used during construction, no adverse impacts are envisioned. Because of the importance of chemical management in the support facilities, this impact is considered negative and significant. 6.2.3.3

Land Use In the absence of detailed design, the location and area of land that will be affected by the construction of supporting infrastructure is not known. However, in most locations, there is likely to be temporary, short term and long term or permanent land use change as a result of the development of supporting infrastructure. The overall impact is likely to be insignificant, in the context of the road reconstruction as supporting infrastructure, such as camps and maintenance yards are likely to be relatively small in land area and located PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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remote from communities, with minor interruption to agricultural activities. Additionally, some infrastructure will be maintained post-construction for the continued benefit of local communities. Overall, the impact is not expected to represent a significant land use conflict or loss, particularly at this early stage of post-tsunami rebuilding. This impact is considered negative and not significant. 6.2.3.4

Transportation The damaged and, in some areas, non-existent transport network is currently one of the main obstacles to the full recovery of the Aceh region following the December 2004 tsunami. Both regional and local roads were destroyed in several areas along the west coast. Local access roads will be created and upgraded as part of the establishment of supporting infrastructure. Local transportation will be enhanced by the construction of access roads to support the road building activities. Some of these access roads may be maintained post-construction. This will represent significant positive impact overall as the intra- and inter-regional transport of goods, services and people will be increased due to the re-instatement of a supporting network. This impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.3.5

Soils and soil contaminant Physiographic change may occur as a result of clearing associated with the construction of supporting infrastructure. The anchoring effect of vegetation assists to stabilize soils that would otherwise be susceptible to erosion. The impact may be exacerbated in areas of elevated slope due to the mechanical action of wind and rain transporting the surface soils down slope, with secondary impacts on adjacent watercourses. The overall change to natural relief may significantly alter the landscape in some locations. The supporting infrastructure development activity in isolation will not generate significant erosion impacts. However, when combined with other activities, such as quarrying (described in Section 6.3.4), significant impacts may arise. Accidental fuel and oil spillages, lube oil change-outs, inappropriate waste disposal practices and storage of hazardous materials have the potential to contaminate soil resources. Temporary fuel storage tanks and associated refueling activities during construction pose a risk of soil (and potentially groundwater) contamination. A leak from a temporary fuel storage tank has the potential to cause significant soil contamination. As the soils in the study area have already been significantly damaged by seawater intrusion as a result of the tsunami, the impact of spills is considered not significant.


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6.2.3.6

Flora terrestrial Within the project area there are vegetated areas which are important from a local and regional perspective in terms of both ecological and economic value. The development of infrastructure may require the clearance of land that is currently used for plantations, rice fields or fruit and vegetable crops. If significant land use change occurs, this may have localised impact on food production, or the production of marketable goods. Impacts on flora as a result of the infrastructure establishment will predominantly be limited to the effects of clearing and the trampling of some vegetated areas to gain access to sites. The implementation of management measures should, however, ensure that clearing is limited to the site area required for each construction/ installation. In addition, sensitive areas, such as wetlands will be avoided, particularly for temporary installations where alternative sites will be readily available. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.2.3.7

Fauna terrestrial Secondary impacts on fauna may be derived from the loss of habitat due to site clearing/ site access for the installation/ construction of supporting infrastructure. The impacts are expected to be negative but negligible in the context of the habitat loss that has already occurred through tsunami damage along the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh coastline. The cumulative impact of both construction activities and the effects of the tsunami, is however, significant.

6.2.3.8

Aquatic Biota Baseline sampling indicates that aquatic biota in inland watercourses of the study area is currently of relatively high abundance and diversity. Aquatic biota in inland watercourses may be impacted by the physico-chemical changes to water quality as a result of the development of supporting infrastructure. Site clearing, trenching and temporary watercourse crossings and diversions may increase the sediment load in inland watercourses. Impacts on plankton and benthos can, however, have significant food chain impacts resulting in impacts on fish species that might be a food source for local residents. The results will be temporary however and of negligible impact in the context of other activities likely to induce negative impacts on water quality. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.2.3.9

Community Income The local and regional economy may benefit from the development of supporting infrastructure due to the increased demand for service industries to supply, maintain and upgrade the infrastructure throughout the construction period. In addition, there may be secondary benefits due to the associated PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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upgrading of local access roads to facilitate the road construction, allowing more efficient access to regional markets. This impact is considered positive and not significant. 6.2.3.10

Livelihoods Participation in construction phase activities will have long term benefits for local livelihoods. The activities will increase the skills base of the region and provide labourers with suitable experience to contribute to other construction projects and reduce the need, regionally for migrant workforce participation. This impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.3.11

Attitudes and Community Perceptions The installation of supporting infrastructure, if poorly managed, may impact the attitudes and perceptions of local communities early in the construction stage. The development of supporting infrastructure may first require the temporary or permanent acquisition of land and it is likely that this process may result in concerns within the community in terms of the payment of compensation for affected lands. Indeed such concerns already exist, as recorded in the results of the baseline survey undertaken in July 2005. Secondary impacts may arise from clearing, vehicle trips and interruptions of existing services if management measures are not implemented. If negative attitudes and/ or perceptions exist early in the construction stage, project delays may occur due to dissatisfaction in the project affected communities. This can potentially have negative impacts and significant.

6.2.3.12

Disease and Accidents Accident rates may increase due to the re-instatement of local access roads to support the main Banda Aceh to Meulaboh road construction improving and in some instances re-instating access to pre-tsunami levels. Road safety in Indonesia is, however, particularly low and accidents causing injury and death will eventuate as a result of increased vehicle movements. There is not likely to be an increase in the rates of disease due to infrastructure development. There are, however, likely to be benefits due to the general improvement in sanitation and water treatment for construction workers which may have secondary benefits for local families. Overall, the development of supporting infrastructure will likely have a positive impact on rates of disease in local communities. This impact is not significant.

6.2.3.13

Environmental Sanitation It is estimated in BAPPENAS, 2005 that prior to the tsunami, approximately 30 – 50% of households had adequate sanitation and clean water delivery. Assessments of loss and damage vary depending on the ‘location and on the PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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vulnerability of the service type’. Prior to the tsunami septic tanks and pit latrines characterized local sanitation in the absence of a reticulated sewerage system. Both household and communal sanitation facilities were damaged beyond repair in many locations along the affected coastline. The re-instatement of sanitation is a key component of post-tsunami rebuilding and is the subject of focused programs currently being implemented by aid agencies. However there may also be an indirect improvement in sanitation standards in the region as infrastructure is developed to manage wastes generated by the presence of a construction workforce. Whilst much of this infrastructure development will occur in the dedicated construction camps, there may be secondary benefits for local communities as the load on existing facilities and resources is decreased. This impact is not significant.

6.2.4

Development of Borrow Pits and Quarries The development of borrow pits and quarry locations for raw material supplies is the equivalent of establishing a network of small-scale mining operations. The range of activity and components includes; identifying supply areas, establishing access roads, selecting work pits, providing temporary housing, arranging machinery, fuel and explosives, managing crushing operation and the co-ordination of loading/ delivery logistics.

6.2.4.1

Air Quality and Noise Ambient air quality may be impacted by quarrying and pit excavation activities due to the generation of dust and the repeated movements of heavy vehicles. The quarries are, however, mostly remote from settlements and construction camps and in prevailing climatic conditions, particularly with distance from the coast, particulate matter is not likely to remain airborne far beyond the boundaries of the quarry sites. Noise impacts may be borne through blasting activities and crushing operations. Blasting activities may create significant noise events on a regular basis, however, the instantaneous nature of such events means that the overall impact is temporary. Overall these events will not necessarily generate significant noise impacts in the local environment. However, if undertaken concurrently with other construction activities, then significant impacts may occur.

6.2.4.2

Hydrology and Surface Water Quality Inland watercourses may be impacted by quarrying and borrow pit activities due to:

Increased sediment load and turbidity due to soil erosion; and Stream diversions to facilitate access.


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As described earlier, the baseline surface water quality conditions are good, with most parameters within the applicable Indonesian standards. The resultant impacts may be significant, depending on the location of the quarry and the existing use of the river as a resource by local people and as a habitat for local fauna. The increase in sediment load due to soil erosion is discussed in Section 6.2.5.3. Diversions of river flow are only necessary where access to the borrow pits would otherwise be dangerous, meaning that only minimal (small-scale) diversions will be necessary to stabilize access roads. Therefore, impacts to the environment will be minimal. Water quality degradation will be temporary (during construction phase only). As construction activities end, the water quality will naturally return to its original condition. The implementation of planned management measures such as sediment control will maintain potential impacts at minor to negligible levels. Accordingly, full rehabilitation of quarries post-construction will reduce the likelihood of any long term impacts.

6.2.4.3

Land Use In addition to the use of existing quarries, suitable additional deposits and borrow areas may be acquired through the land acquisition process. The cessation of existing land uses may be required on a temporary or permanent basis to facilitate the quarrying activities. The project plan includes the payment of compensation to affected individuals, property owners or tenants. Land use incompatibility may also eventuate between the operating quarries and adjoining ‘off-site’ activities. The potential for this negative interaction may increase the overall impact of quarrying activities essential for the construction of the road. Beneficial impacts may also arise; access roads will need to be upgraded to enable heavy vehicle access to the quarries and borrow pits. This may provide opportunities for positive land use change by opening up new areas for development. The overall impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.2.4.4

Transportation Good road access will be required for the repeated movements of heavy vehicles between the borrow pits and quarries. There may be benefits for local communities as a result of this improved access. However, at the same time, the movement of heavy vehicles may increase the rate of road accidents. This impact is considered negative and not significant.


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6.2.4.5

Erosion Quarrying and borrow pit activities will create significant areas of exposed soil and rock, due to the inherent nature of the activities. This may lead to significant soil erosion is a key source of impact in the construction stage, particularly in high gradient areas. Erosion rates are calculated in each nominated quarry location according to characteristics such as rainfall, slope length and declivity, the level of land cover and analysis of the specific soil characteristics such as grain structure and permeability. Using the erosion calculation methods detailed in Section 3 (Study Methodology) moderate erosion is likely to occur at the following quarry locations:

Gle Mehla;

Krueng No;

Babah Awe;

Bragang (Premeu); and

Panjang.

Lower erosion impacts (light to very light) are likely at Ceunamprong, Gle Manyang, Gle Alue Raya, Alue Pande and Leupung. However, management measures will still be required in these locations to ensure minimal secondary and indirect impacts on the physical and biological environments. Therefore, this impact is considered negative and significant. 6.2.4.6

Flora terrestral Floral impacts relate primarily to the clearance of vegetation required for earthworks associated with the construction of borrow pits as most quarried materials will be sourced from existing facilities. The implementation of management measures should, however, ensure that clearing is limited to the site area required for each quarrying activity. In addition, sensitive areas, such as wetlands will be avoided, particularly for temporary installations where alternative sites will be readily available. Overall, the impact on flora is likely to be negative and not significant.

6.2.4.7

Fauna terrestral There may be the chance of faunal deaths during clearing for quarrying however, the likelihood of significant long term impacts on resident populations is likely to be low as a result of this activity. Most reptiles, mammals and birds will flee the site of any earthwork or construction activity immediately due to general disturbance and noise. In addition, sensitive habitat loss is not likely as the avoidance of such areas is central to the project design. Overall, the impact on fauna is likely to be negative and not significant.


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6.2.4.8

Aquatic Biota Aquatic biota in inland watercourses may be impacted by the physico-chemical changes to water quality as a result of the development of quarries and borrow pits. Site clearing, excavation, blasting and temporary watercourse crossings and diversions may increase the sediment load in inland watercourses. The results will be temporary however and of negligible impact in the context of other activities likely to induce negative impacts on water quality. Areas of particular sensitivity to this impact include Kr. Sarah, Kr. Woyla and Kr. Lambeso. Marine impacts are unlikely due to the distance between the quarrying activities and the coast. Overall, the impact on aquatic biota is likely to be negative and not significant.

6.2.4.9

Community Income The quarries that will supply the road construction activities are already operational. Detailed design will determine whether additional quarry sites will be required to cater to project generated demand for road base materials. The local and regional economy, currently depressed due to the impact of the December 2004 tsunami, may benefit from the development of quarries and borrow pits due to the increased demand for service industries. Such service industries are likely to thrive over the next 10-15 years as aid-funded reconstruction and rehabilitation projects are implemented through out the region. In addition, there may be secondary benefits due to the associated upgrading of local access roads to facilitate the road construction, allowing more efficient access to regional markets. Quarried materials may also be used in other construction projects in the region, generating business development in areas such as transport. This impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.4.10

Livelihoods The quarries may function well beyond the construction stage of the road project, providing raw material not only for maintenance and upgrade purposes, but also to support other infrastructure construction projects in the region. This may have direct livelihoods benefits in the form of a long term source of employment. Apart from limited direct employment opportunities, existing livelihoods are unlikely to be significantly affected by the development of quarries, except in instances of land acquisition where compensation or resettlement responses will be required.


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6.2.5

Land Clearing Prior to actual construction of the road, any surface structures, vegetation or tsunami debris along the designated road alignment and supply areas will need to be cleared. Selective cutting of tall trees adjacent to the actual road corridor will be necessary to reduce potential impacts. It is expected that a significant amount of tsunami debris will be generated and require removal at selected sections of the road alignment.

6.2.5.1

Air Quality and Noise The baseline sampling results indicate that ambient dust levels in the five sampling areas in the study area are well below the standard prescribed in Government Regulation No 41 of 1999. The clearing activities will generate dust. Actual quantities of dust entrained will be dependent on a number of factors including:

the frequency of operations/ the specific operations carried out;

ambient weather conditions (wet or dry/ calm or windy);

soil conditions (including the particle size distribution, silt and moisture content);

site areas;

quantities of materials handled; and

vehicle numbers, routing and transit speeds.

Dust emissions would therefore be expected to vary very significantly from day to day. The impact of fugitive dust on off-site receptors will depend on existing dust levels in the environment, the quantities of dust entrained into the atmosphere and the distance of receptors (ie. community areas/ commercial premises) from the source of dust. In the absence of detailed project information it is difficult to quantify dust impacts related to the clearing activities. However, cumulative air quality impacts arising from concurrent construction activities are likely to be significant and will require management. Overall, land clearing, involving the use of graders, mulching machines and repetitive truck movements will not necessarily generate significant noise impacts in the local environment. However, if undertaken concurrently with other construction activities, then significant impacts may occur. 6.2.5.2

Soils Borrow pit operation, along with other construction activities, can lead to erosion of soil. This impact can affect water quality and soil quality. The following prediction of erosion impact is based on the USLE formula. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Firstly the rainfall factor was set as R = 1185 for Kabupaten Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh, while R = 3404 was set for Aceh Barat (West Aceh) and Aceh Jaya. Then the land erodibility index was estimated. The erodibility factor was then calculated for various locations of importance in the study area, as shown in Table 6.4.


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Table 6.4

Calculation of K Value Percentage

Organic matter (%)

Soil structure class

Perme-ability class

Leupung

2.33

1

2

Fine sand 7.7

Cunien

1.95

1

3

Gle Mehla

0.38

2

Ceunamprong (km83-km88) Krueng No

1.38

Sampling Location

M

K

38

2833

0.1101

28

57

1384

0.0479

9.00

46

50

2750

0.1709

3

5.44

42

25

3558

0.1518

1

2

1.00

39

25

3000

0.1822

1.17

1

2

1.00

39

25

3000

0.1443

1.38

2

3

5.04

40

28

3242

0.2243

1.17

2

2

1.51

28

23

2272

0.0549

1.28

2

2

1.24

33

32

2328

0.1227

2.74

2

3

1.16

22

44

1297

0.0688

4.76

1

3

6.13

25

51

1525

0.0322

Dust

Clay

38

4.2

2

2

1.17

Babah Awe Panjang (km83km88) Gle Manyang (km104-km107) Gle Alue Raya (km111-km114) Alue Pande (km157km162) Bragang (Premeu) Key Permeability class 1 = Very Fast 2 = Fast 3 = Medium 4 = Slow-medium 5 = Slow

Soil structure class 1 = Very fine grains 2 = Fine grains 3 = Rough grains 4 = Clay atau masive 6 = Very slow

Vegetation Cover The determination of vegetation cover was according to Wischmeier and Smith (1978). For grass areas a value of C = 0.04 and without activities P = 0.02, and for forest areas a value of C = 0.01 was taken and without activities P = 0.01. For land that has been disturbed, values of C = 0.25 and P = 0.04 were used (Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Slope Length and Gradient The length and gradient of slopes were observed directly in the field at each sampling location. The resulting LS were calculated as shown below.


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Table 6.5

Calculation of LS Sampling Location

65.41

l

s

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

m

LS

Leupung

65.41

15

9

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

18.9

Cunien

65.41

16

8

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

17.4

Gle Mehla

65.41

16

10

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

21.7

Ceunamprong (km83-km88) Krueng No

65.41

12

8

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.4

18.0

65.41

13

8

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

15.7

Babah Awe

65.41

20

7

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

16.9

Panjang (km83-km88)

65.41

17

8

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

17.9

Gle Manyang (km104-km107) Gle Alue Raya (km111-km114) Alue Pande (km157km162) Bragang (Premeu)

65.41

17

17

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

20.2

65.41

14

14

94.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

16.24

65.41

21

219

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

22.4

65.41

18

7

4.56

0.065

l/72.5

0.5

16.1

Calculation of the erosion index was done and tabulated. From the results, the magnitude of the erosion as a result of the project could be estimated compared to that without the project. The results could then be used to estimate the severity of erosion in the study locations, as shown in Table 6.6.

Table 6.6

Classification of erosion severity Erosion

Erosion Class II III IV -1 Amount of soil loss (ton.ha .year-1) 90 cm) Medium (60 – 90 cm) Shallow (30 – 60 cm) Very shallow (480 (IV) (IV) (IV) (IV)

From the estimates of erosion above, it can be seen that erosion is not likely to be severe, and classified as very light to medium. Nonetheless, management efforts are still necessary to prevent any serious problems. Eventhough based on the preliminary observation it is known that all quarry location and location prior to the construction road body, the land has deep solum (>90 cm). Actually this and solum data or the land effective depth is required to evaluate PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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the erosion level in land survey in the natural condition. As for the purpose of impact measurement, this data construction is not required because the road construction may disturb such land. However erosion prediction result can be used as the base of knowledge on the impact that probably may occur. In other work, the management of land erosion and its associated impact still remain to be applied so that such land loss from the location shall not create a serious issue. Table 6.7

Magnitude of erosion No.

Location

Edp

Etp

∆E

TBE

1.

Leupung

24.71

1.98

22.73

I

2.

Cunien

9.87

0.09

9.77

0

3.

Gle Mehla

126.54

10.12

116.42

II

4.

Krueng No

93.01

7.44

85.57

II

5.

Babah Awe

97.07

0.97

96.10

II

6.

Bragang (Premeu)

71.04

0.71

70.33

II

7.

Panjang (km83-km88)

136.65

10.93

125.72

II

8.

Ceunamprong (km83-km88)

37.73

3.02

34.71

I

9.

Gle Manyang (km104-km107)

57.82

4.63

53.19

I

10.

Gle Alue Raya (km111-km114)

52.47

4.20

48.27

I

11.

Alue Pande (km157-km162)

17.65

1.41

16.24

I

From the table above it can be seen that the largest impacts are expected at Gle Melha (Lamno) and Panjang, followed by Babah Awe, Kr No, and Bragang. The erosion impact is considered negative and important. This impact is considered negative and significant.

6.2.5.3

Surface Water Quality and Hydrology Surface Water Quality Surface water quality may be impacted by the secondary effects of soil erosion caused by land clearing. Increased sediment load may alter water quality with follow-on impacts on aquatic biota. Impacts on surface water quality and hydrological flow and the corresponding indirect impacts on flora and fauna will be particularly evident in wetland areas. It is likely that approximately 17 km of road will traverse the three wetland areas of 2.8 km, 4.2 km and 6.2 km. The clearing activities could have significant impact on ecologically important and sensitive wetland areas.


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Hydrology (Run off) The magnitude of impacts on hydrology can be predicted by calculating the volume of water flow from the respective catchment derived from the area cleared for the road route. Water flow from the respective catchment that has been cleared shall be deemed to flow to the nearest water body then to the sea. Calculation of the water flow volume is applied by using the rainfall rate of the respective area, water flow coefficient, and total area of land that has been cleared for road construction in the respective catchment unit. In Table 6.8 below the total land surface from the catchment area from which water will flow to such the river can be seen. It is considered that runoff from other areas will not flow directly through this river but shall go through the small rivers are not considered in this analysis. Table 6.8 shows the calculations of the area of land disturbed in each major catchment. Table 6.8

Area of land disturbed in major catchments Position of catchment along road

Length of road

Width of road

Area of disturbed land

To Km16 Km77 Km84 Km87 Km92 Km98 Km104 Km112 Km116 Km120

(km) 4 6 6 3.5 5 6 4 8 4 4

(m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

(ha) 12 18 18 10.5 15 18 12 24 12 12

Km120 Km138 Km149

Km138 Km149 Km162

7 11 13

30 30 30

21 33 39

Km162 Km169 Km180 Km195 Km207 Km218

Km169 Km180 Km195 Km207 Km218 Km223

7 11 4 12 11 5

30 30 30 30 30 30

21 31 12 36 33 15

No.

River

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Kr. Raba (Lhoong) Kr. Meudhen Kr. Lambesoi Kr. Doei Kr. Unga Kr. Babah Awe Kr. No Kr. Cra Mong Kr. Ligan Kr. Masen

From Km12 Km71 Km78 Km84 Km87 Km92 Km18 Km104 Km112 Km116

11. 12. 13.

Kr. Pante Kuyun Kr. Rigaih Kr. Sabee

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Kr. Inong Alue Ambang Kr. Teunom Kr. Lambalek Kr. Woyla Kr. Bubon

The magnitude of the changes to hydrology can be calculated for each catchment in which land clearing will occur. For the calculations, the maximum rainfall intensity, area of land to be cleared, and the runoff coefficient are needed. The formula prepared by Chow, 1964, can be used to estimate the runoff (Sumarwoto, 1991).


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Q = 0 , 00278 C × i × A Where: Q

=

flow of runoff (m3. hour-1)

C

=

Runoff coefficient

i

=

rainfall intensity (m.hour-1)

A

=

area of land for the runoff calculation (m2)

To determine expected flow, Subarkah (1980) recommends the rational equation for total area of runoff less than 80 ha as follows:

Q = 0 , 00278

x C .i . A

Where : Q

=

flow of runoff (m3. hour-1)

C

=

Runoff coefficient

i

=

rainfall intensity (m.hour-1)

A

=

area of land for the runoff calculation (m2)

In this calculation the category “C” is used based on the condition of land use and its land properties. The C category is based on the land use procedure (US Forest Service, 1980) for land without vegetation as 0.30 – 0.60 whereas for the sandy soil without vegetation as 0.10 – 0.25. Coefficient value of water from for the open land without cover C = 0.15 and land with secondary forest land cover C = 0.05. Rain intensity (I) Rain intensity (I) whose duration is the same to the concentration period with any particular re-period shall be obtained by using the formula Mononobe, namely (Sosrodarsono and Takeda, 1976) :

⎛ R ⎞⎛ 24 ⎞ I = ⎜ 24 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 24 ⎠⎝ t ⎠

2/3

where : I

=

rain average intensity for the re-period of T year, mm/hour;

R24 =

maximum rain fall in 24 hours, mm;

t

rain duration is the same as the concentration period, hour.

=

Concentration Period (Tc) Concentration duration (Tc) according to Verstappen, (1983).

⎛ 1,15 ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ L TC = 6,95 ⎜ 0,385 ⎟ ⎟ ⎜H ⎠ ⎝ PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Whereas : Tc

= Concentration period

L

= Length of the passed through watershed (m)

H

= Elevation difference (Hmaks – H min ) (m)

Maximum daily rainfall data for the area of Kota Banda Aceh and Regency of Aceh Besar during ten years is shown in the following Table 6.9 .

Table 6.9

Maximum Daily Rainfall No.

Period

Maximum Daily Rainfall (mm/day)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

109 137 117 117 153 185 177 117 85 146

Source : Stasiun Meteorologi dan Geofisika Blang Bintang (diolah)

Table 6.10

Maximum Daily Rain Intencity for the area of Kota Banda Aceh and Regency of Aceh Besar Repeated Frequency. N (year)

5

10

20

Maximum daily rainfall (R24N)

117

144.6

227

Maximum daily rainfall (R 1N)

6.53

7.98

10.8

I`N= R 1N . 24

156.72

191.52

259.2

I`N / R 24N

1.33948718

1.324481

1.14185022

⎛ 24 − β ` N . 1 ⎞ ⎟⎟ b = ⎜⎜ ⎝ β `N − 1 ⎠

66.7492447

69.88235

161.1428571

a` = b + 24

90.7492447

93.88235

185.1428571

1.32283378

1.308734

1.13587526

154.771552

189.2429

257.8436841

β `N =

β N=

⎛ a` ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝t+b⎠

IN= R24 N .

βN


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Maximum daily Rainfall data for the area of Aceh Jaya Regency dan Aceh Barat Regency during ten years is shown in the following Table 6.11. Table 6.11.

Maximum Daily Rainfall for the area of Aceh Jaya Regency and Aceh Bara Regencyt

No.

Period

Maximum Daily Rainfall (mm/day)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

234 189 176 221 156 197 204 218 238 213

Source : Stasiun Meteorologi dan Geofisika Cut Nyak Dhien (diolah)

Table 6.12

Maximum Daily Rain Intensity for the area of Regency of Aceh Jaya an Regency of Aceh Barat Frekwensi ulang. N (tahun)

5

10

20

195.2

204.5

248

8.9

9.67

11.7

213.6

232.08

280.8

1.0942623

1.134866

1.132258065

243

169.5402

172.902439

267

193.5402

196.902439

⎛ a` ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝t + b ⎠

1.0904506

1.129218

1.126731985

βN

212.855957

230.9251

279.4295323

Maximum daily rainfall (R24N) Maximum daily rainfall (R 1N) I`N= R 1N . 24

β `N =

I`N / R 24N

⎛ 24 − β `N . 1 ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎝ β `N − 1 ⎠

b = ⎜⎜

a` = b + 24

β N=

IN= R24N .

Volume of runoff flow rate at the respective water catchment and river flow along the Banda Aceh-Meulaboh road for the 5 and 10 years intervals with forest and shrub cover is shown in Table 6.13.


173



Table 6.13

Runoff flow water at the respective catchment of river flow passing thru Banda Aceh Meulaboh road for 5 and 10 year intervals with forest cover condition. Frequency

DTA that imposed to BNAMBO road on Watershed

0.00278

Kr. Raba (Lhoong)

0.00278

Kr. Meudhen

Frequency

5 years

10 years

5 years

10 years

i (mm/hr)

i (mm/hr)

Q (m3/s)

Q (m3/s)

0.05

35.6

43.5

12

0.059381

0.072558

0.00278

0.05

27.6

33.7

18

0.069055

0.084317

Kr. Lambesoi

0.00278

0.05

24.9

30.5

18

0.0623

0.076311

Kr. Doei

0.00278

0.05

25.5

31.1

10.5

0.037217

0.045397

Kr. Unga

0.00278

0.05

31.6

38.7

15

0.065886

0.080703

Kr. Babah Awe

0.00278

0.05

23.9

29.3

18

0.059798

0.073309

Kr. No

0.00278

0.05

19.6

24

12

0.032693

0.040032

Kr. Cra Mong

0.00278

0.05

21.4

26.1

24

0.07139

0.08707

Kr. Ligan

0.00278

0.05

17.7

21.7

12

0.029524

0.036196

Kr. Masen

0.00278

0.05

22.4

27.4

12

0.037363

0.045703

Kr. Pante Kuyun

0.00278

0.05

19.5

23.8

21

0.056921

0.069472

Kr. Rigaih

0.00278

0.05

21.2

25.9

33

0.097244

0.118817

Kr. Sabee

0.00278

0.05

27.2

33.3

39

0.147451

0.180533

Kr. Inong

0.00278

0.05

18.9

23.1

21

0.055169

0.067443

Alue Ambang

0.00278

0.05

23.1

28.2

31

0.099538

0.121514

Kr. Teunom

0.00278

0.05

18.7

22.9

12

0.031192

0.038197

Kr. Lambalek

0.00278

0.05

22.9

27.9

36

0.114592

0.139612

Kr. Woyla

0.00278

0.05

16.9

20.6

33

0.07752

0.094492

Kr. Bubon

0.00278

0.05

18.6

22.7

15

0.038781

0.048094

C

A

information : DTA = Daerah Tangkapan Air (Catchment Area)

Asa a result of the road constuction, the runoff volume will increase. The volume of runoff flow rate at each catchment for rivers along the road for frequencies of 5 and 10 years for land that has been cleared for constructionis shown in Table 6.14


174



Table 6.14

Runoff flow rate at the respective water catchments for the watershed of rivers passing through Banda Aceh Meulaboh road at the repeat period of 5 and 10 years with closing condition that has been opened due to road construction. Repeatperid

DTA that imposed to BNAMBO road on Watershedi

0.00278

Kr. Raba (Lhoong)

0.00278

Kr. Meudhen

5 thn

10 thn

i (mm/jam)

i (mm/jam)

0.15

35.6

43.5

0.00278

0.15

27.6

Kr. Lambesoi

0.00278

0.15

Kr. Doei

0.00278

Kr. Unga

Repeat period 5 thn

10 thn

Q (m3/det)

Q (m3/det

12

0.178142

0.217674

33.7

18

0.207166

0.252952

24.9

30.5

18

0.186899

0.228933

0.15

25.5

31.1

10.5

0.111652

0.136164

0.00278

0.15

31.6

38.7

15

0.197658

0.242082

Kr. Babah Awe

0.00278

0.15

23.9

29.3

18

0.179393

0.219926

Kr. No

0.00278

0.15

19.6

24

12

0.098078

0.120096

Kr. Cra Mong

0.00278

0.15

21.4

26.1

24

0.214171

0.261209

Kr. Ligan

0.00278

0.15

17.7

21.7

12

0.088571

0.108587

Kr. Masen

0.00278

0.15

22.4

27.4

12

0.11209

0.13711

Kr. Pante Kuyun

0.00278

0.15

19.5

23.8

21

0.170762

0.208417

Kr. Rigaih

0.00278

0.15

21.2

25.9

33

0.291733

0.35641

Kr. Sabee

0.00278

0.15

27.2

33.3

39

0.442354

0.541558

Kr. Inong

0.00278

0.15

18.9

23.1

21

0.165507

0.202287

Alue Ambang

0.00278

0.15

23.1

28.2

31

0.298614

0.364541

Kr. Teunom

0.00278

0.15

18.7

22.9

12

0.093575

0.114592

Kr. Lambalek

0.00278

0.15

22.9

27.9

36

0.343775

0.418835

Kr. Woyla

0.00278

0.15

16.9

20.6

33

0.232561

0.283477

Kr. Bubon

0.00278

0.15

18.6

22.7

15

0.116343

0.141989

C

A

Information : DTA = Daerah Tangkapan Air (Catchments area)

Impact magnitude can be calculated using the follow formula: Impact against AL = AL (dp) – Al (tp) where AL (dp) = Water runoff with project AL (tp) = Water runoff without project Or is more understood on the following formula :

∆ Q = (Cdp − Ctp ) x i x A where C (dp)

=

water runoff coefficient with project


175



C(tp)

=

Water runoff coefficient without project

For impact calculations, Subarkah (1980) recommends the rational equation total watersheds ranging from 80 ha to 5000 ha as follows:

∆ Q = 0,00278 (Cdp − Ctp ) x i x A Runoff impacts on the water catchments are shown in Table 6.15.

Table 6.15

Water impact on respective catchments of river basin along the roads during repeat periods of 5 to 10 years due to road construction in Banda Aceh Meulaboh Frequency

Kr. Raba (Lhoong)

5 yrs mm/s Q* with project 0.178142

5 yrs mm/s Q** without project 0.059381

Kr. Meudhen

0.207166

0.069055

DTA that imposed to BNA-MBO road on Watershed

Impact opf runoff /s

Repeat period 10 yrs 10 yrs

Runoff impact  mm/s

0.118762

0.217674

Q** without project 0.072558

0.13811

0.252952

0.084317

0.168635

∆Q

Q* with project

∆Q 0.145116

Kr. Lambesoi

0.186899

0.0623

0.1246

0.228933

0.076311

0.152622

Kr. Doei

0.111652

0.037217

0.074435

0.136164

0.045397

0.090767

Kr. Unga

0.197658

0.065886

0.131772

0.242082

0.080703

0.161379

Kr. Babah Awe

0.179393

0.059798

0.119596

0.219926

0.073309

0.146617

Kr. No

0.098078

0.032693

0.065386

0.120096

0.040032

0.080064

Kr. Cra Mong

0.214171

0.07139

0.142781

0.261209

0.08707

0.174139

Kr. Ligan

0.088571

0.029524

0.059047

0.108587

0.036196

0.072391

Kr. Masen

0.11209

0.037363

0.074726

0.13711

0.045703

0.091406

Kr. Pante Kuyun

0.170762

0.056921

0.113841

0.208417

0.069472

0.138944

Kr. Rigaih

0.291733

0.097244

0.194489

0.35641

0.118817

0.237593

Kr. Sabee

0.442354

0.147451

0.294902

0.541558

0.180533

0.361025

Kr. Inong

0.165507

0.055169

0.110338

0.202287

0.067443

0.134844

Alue Ambang

0.298614

0.099538

0.199076

0.364541

0.121514

0.243028

Kr. Teunom

0.093575

0.031192

0.062383

0.114592

0.038197

0.076394

Kr. Lambalek

0.343775

0.114592

0.229183

0.418835

0.139612

0.279223

Kr. Woyla

0.232561

0.07752

0.155041

0.283477

0.094492

0.188984

Kr. Bubon

0.116343

0.038781

0.077562

0.141989

0.048094

0.093895

Remark Q* with project = runoff flow rate after road construction Q** without project = Runoff flow rate prior to road construction Based on the above table it shows that the largest runoff impact will be in the Kr. Sabee, Kr. Lambalek, Kr. Woyla and Kr. Rigaih as well as Alue Ambang catchments. This caused by the road length through those catchments. This impact will increase the flow of water in rivers, however if compared to the total runoff for the whole catchment, the impact of construction can be seen to PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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be small. However, efforts will be made to immediately revegetate land adjacent to the roads that has been cleared for constructionin an effort to minimise runoff impacts. Other hydrology impacts include changes to water flow patterns along road areas in lowland areas especially in the swamp area (wetland) such as areas of Suak Ular, Arongan until Suak Seumasih. At these areas, backfill using stockpile materials will be conducted in accordance with the area of wetland, not only using soil, but also with rock and coral. For these areas, closer quarries can be used, such as areas of Desa Babah Awe (Kec. Sampoiniet), Desa Sarah Peureulak, Desa Pasi Timon, Pasi Teube Pasi Geulima (Kec. Teunom), Desa Lamcong Kec. Sungai Mas, Desa Sawang Teube (Kec. Kaway XVI), Desa Keuramat Raya (Kec. Pante Ceuremen), Desa Preumeu (Kec. Woyla), Desa Seumara (Kec. Pante Ceureumen), and Desa Sayeng (Kec. Setia Bakti).

The impact of wetland stockpiles for the need of road construction is chiefly the disturbance of water flow patterns proper drainage design is not made. Indeed, these areas are currently inundated during the rain season, however during construction, the water could be even higher than usual. Based on this, this flow water impact is considered negative and important (-P). 6.2.5.4

Land Use Clearing activities will require the removal of existing structures along the proposed road alignment and, as a result, will induce land use change. There is sufficient underutilised land available in the project area to allow the relocation of existing uses. Further, only limited reconstruction has occurred since the December 2004 tsunami, which will limit the overall potential impact. However, inadequate compensation mechanisms and consultation over the demolition of structures may lead to not significant impacts.

6.2.5.5

Flora terrestrial Approximately 441 ha of land will need to be cleared for the reconstruction of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road. Vegetation clearance is the most significant source of impact on local flora. Some areas along the route are used by the community for the planting of seasonal fruits (peanuts, kangkung, mustard greens, red pepper, corn, cassava, papaya, sweet potatoes bananas etc). Such crops have economic value (as marketable goods) and ecological value (for the protection of soil and the absorption of rainwater). Sensitive vegetation areas are to be avoided in accordance with the project design. However, there will be a permanent net loss of vegetation cover as a result of the clearing activities. Additionally, some areas are reserved for Protected Forest. The road alignment will not directly cross these areas, specific management measures will reduce the possibility of indirect impacts.


177



6.2.5.6

Fauna terrestrial The study area supports a diverse range of fauna, typical of the north Sumatran coastal and elevated habitats. Some sections of coastline are known to be important for turtle breeding, however, no detailed study of these sites has been undertaken since the 2004 tsunami. However, there were reports from the community that the number of turtles sighted in certain locations increased in the months after the tsunami. Some sections of the road alignment are planned to remain in coastal locations. There may be impacts on faunal species due to site run-off, potential contamination of marine water due to spills etc. Secondary impacts on fauna may arise from habitat loss associated with vegetation clearance. The survey showed that there were several types of protected terrestrial fauna, chiefly from bird groups. This fauna could be affected by habitat changes, however these birds have high mobility, and can therefore easily avoid serious effects, but this should remain as a key issue to prevent impacts to scarce fauna. Therefore, this impact is considered negative and significant (-P).

6.2.5.7

Aquatic Biota Changes to water quality as a result of clearing activities will affect the aquatic biota in local watercourses. This will have secondary impacts on fish species. These impacts are described in Section 6.3.3.8. From this description, this impact is considered not significant.

6.2.5.8

Community Income The clearance of vegetation and tsunami debris along the proposed road alignment will generate demand for waste removal. Whilst some cut vegetation will be retained and re-used for soil stabilisation etc, the remainder will need to be removed for recycling or disposal requiring the engagement of support contractors. This will have an economic benefit for local communities. The impact is considered positive and not significant.

6.2.5.9

Livelihoods Existing livelihoods are unlikely to be significantly affected by the clearing activities, except in instances of land acquisition where compensation or resettlement responses will be required. However, these issues will be addressed in the land acquisition phase during pre-construction. The loss of productive land due to clearing may have impacts on local livelihoods. This impact is considered negative and not significant.


178



6.2.5.10

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Vegetation clearing, if poorly managed, may impact the attitudes and perceptions of local communities early in the construction stage. If negative attitudes and/ or perceptions exist early in the construction stage, project delays may occur due to dissatisfaction in the project affected communities. This can potentially have minor, negative impacts.

6.2.6

Earthworks As much as feasible, the road will be aligned along topography to minimize cutting and filling. Cut and fill activities, however, are still necessary to ensure that road gradients meet the applicable standards. Earthworks will also include compacting and levelling activities. The earthworks will result in localized changed to topography and water drainage patterns. During site preparation, topsoil will be removed and temporarily stored for future reclamation activities. Temporary topsoil storage will be minimized to maintain topsoil quality. Reclamation activities will occur in parallel to construction.

6.2.6.1

Air Quality Earthworks activities will generate significant airborne dust. Baseline airborne dust levels are low and well within the applicable Indonesian standards Dust generation is likely to cause localised temporary impacts, however, the activity is likely to be the single greatest source of dust generation during the construction stage. The impacts are likely to be higher during dry, windy conditions. Exhaust emissions from vehicles and earthmoving equipment will change baseline air conditions however, this is not likely to cause significant impact as it will be short term and localised in nature. From this description, this impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.2.6.2

Noise and Vibration Earthmoving require repetitive movements of heavy vehicles and equipment which may cause significant localised noise and vibration impacts. In areas where earthmoving will be undertaken near communities, property surveys may be required to assess the likelihood of damage due to vibration. However, the likelihood of this activity resulting in significant property damage is low, given the damage already caused to those structures in the path of the tsunami. Earthmoving equipment such as backhoes, scrapers/ graders, trucks and rock drills generally operate at noise levels between 90-100dB(A) at 50 ft from the source. This is sufficient to cause irritation to sensitive receptors (both human and fauna) in the vicinity. The noise impact can be calculated as follows: PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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SL1 – SL2 = 20Log(L2/L1) Where: SL1 and SL2: L2/L1:

Noise level at source, and at a certain distance Distance between source of impact and measured distance

With the following calculation as an example: SL1

=

90 dBA

L2/L1

=

100 m

The outcome of the following calculation: SL2

=

90 – 20 Log 100

=

50 dBA

Using the formula, noise levels at set distances is provided in Table 6.16 Table 6.16

Noise Levels at Distance Away from Source SL1 dBA

Distance Used (L2/L1) m

Calculated (SL2) dBA

100

50

50

56

25

62

10

70

5

74

90 dBA

Generally, noise levels above 70 dBA cause are noticeable and may cause annoyance or irritation to sensitive receptors. Based on the calculation, it is evident that the earthmoving equipment may be a source of impact to receptors within 50 m of activity areas. Further, if there are three heavy vehicles in operation within a certain distance, the collective noise intensity becomes: Le Total = 10log{l0LeA/10+ 10 log LeB/10+ log LeC/10} Accordingly, if an 80dB truck, 85dB back hoe and 75 dB compactor at a distance of 10 m from a receptor, the noise level would be: Le Total

=

10 log(1080/10+1085/10+1075/10}

=

88 dB(A)

In many location houses, schools and other community buildings are within close range of the road alignment and therefore, the construction activities. Therefore there is potential for noise impact during earthmoving and other PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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construction activities involving the repetitive movements of heavy vehicles and equipment. From this description, this impact is considered not significant. Overall, earthworks, involving the use of backhoes, scrapers/ graders and repetitive truck movements will not necessarily generate significant noise impacts in the local environment. However, if undertaken concurrently with other construction activities, then significant impacts may occur. 6.2.6.3

Hydrology and Surface Water Quality Hydrology Earthworks can also affect runoff patents, however this impact is considered to be minor. In the road design phase, the design contractor must use design standards that take into account runoff impacts. More specifically the culverts will be designed such that runoff flows are not significantly reduced. The impact to runoff patterns is therefore considered negative and not significant. Permanent diversions are only necessary if the existing river channel is considered unstable. This is likely to occur where tempory changes to river channels have occurred as a result of the tsunami impact. If left alone, the unstable river channel would eventually change and stabilise, but this would take considerable time if not artificially aided. Because of this, the impact to hydrology patterns of diversions is considered positive and not significant. The cumulative impact to water quality and hydrology patterns is considered negative and not significant. Surface water quality Cut and fill will cause changes to the land surface, which can change flow patterns and increase sediment content in the water. In addition, diversion of river flows is possibly required at several places to accommodate the road construction. Maximum increase in sediment content in water has already benn calculated in Section 6.2.5.2. Based on this calculation, the impact of increased sediment content is considered negative and not important.

6.2.6.4

Land Use Like the quarrying activities, temporary or permanent land use change may be required for earthworks activities. For example, in instances where significant excavation is required, the excavated soil will need to be stored for later use if not utilised immediately as fill. Areas of vacant or agricultural land will be required for the purpose, however, this is not expected to constitute a significant permanent land use change. Therefore this impact is considered not significant.


181



6.2.6.5

Transportation Earthworks activities may impede existing transport routes during the construction phase on a temporary basis. Detours will be required and these will increase trip times and may lead to congestion. However, the road network is not well developed and vehicle usage is currently low, therefore the overall impact is likely to be insignificant.

6.2.6.6

Soils The earthworks activity, by its very nature, affects soils and physiography. The potential for unnecessary impact on soils and physiography is the aspect that requires assessment. Poor management practices will result in unnecessary impacts such as topsoil loss, exposed or uncovered soil areas subject to mechanical erosion due to wind and rain and disturbed areas left not rehabilitated after construction, resulting in potential impacts on natural drainage. This impact is considered negative and significant.

6.2.6.7

Flora Terrestrial Earthworks activities will only have an impact on flora and fauna in instances where management practices are not sufficiently implemented. The required vegetation removal will occur prior to earthworks being initiated, thus the impact will only arise if areas are unnecessarily trampled by earthmoving equipment. Permanent vegetation loss will be negligible and therefore the overall direct impact as a result of this activity, not significant.

6.2.6.8

Fauna terrestrial In accordance with the discussion in Section 6.3.6.7, faunal impact will only occur due to poor management of resulting in habitat destruction, or accidental injury and death to fauna. The direct impact as a result of earthmoving is not significant.

6.2.6.9

Aquatic Biota Aquatic biota will be affected indirectly by earthmoving due to changes in water quality such as increased suspended sediment. The cumulative impact of earthmoving and associated activities such as land clearing will potentially render impacts on aquatic biota. These impacts are considered negative and not significant, based on predicted impacts to water quality. This impact is considered negative and significant

6.2.6.10

Community Income The local and regional economy will benefit as the earthmoving activities will, in part, assist to rectify some of the damage caused by the December 2004 tsunami. Such activity will help progress the region generally through reconstruction by freeing up land that would otherwise be un-useable. This impact is considered not significant. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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6.2.6.11

Livelihoods The direct impact on livelihoods as a result of earthmoving operations will be negligible. There may be limited livelihoods benefits duet to the development of skills, for example, for the operation of machinery, however, it is more likely that semi-skilled or skilled personnel will be sourced for these particular activities.

6.2.6.12

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Earthmoving, if poorly managed, may impact the attitudes and perceptions of local communities early in the construction stage. If negative attitudes and/ or perceptions exist in the construction stage, project delays may occur due to dissatisfaction in the project affected communities. This can potentially have negative and not significant impacts.

6.2.7

Civil Engineering Works The road project will involve construction of around 110 water crossings, including bridges, culverts, road surface material, road posts, traffic lights, parking areas, drainage structures, access road linkages, coastal protection an other environmental mitigation structures. During road construction on areas where the original road alignment will not change, detours may be necessary. This will involve diverting traffic along a temporary alternative path until the new road is ready for use.

6.2.7.1

Air Quality The increase in the use of vehicles due to civil engineering works can increase the concentration of pollutants in the air. Air pollution is not only caused by dust but also the combustion of fossil fuels leading to vehicle emissions. The extent of the impact of vehicle emissions depends on the amount of fuel consumed by each vehicle. Transportation activity in the building materials transportation chiefly considered as the source of air pollutant, but the vehicle that is not used to transport represents source of air pollutant, such as bulldozer. Therefore, on the activity of development using heavy equipment and be operated to several activities also having role in the improvement in air pollution. How much far that air pollutant supply made by all this heavy equipment can be known from the amount of fuel using by each equipment.. Then the emission produced still depends on type of used fuel.,For example, from the combustion of 1000 liters of standard fuel, there will be 1.49 kg of particulate, 7.69 kg NOx, and 281.28 kg of CO, meanwhile for diesel fuel of the same amount there will be 2.01 kg of particulate, 9.21 kg NOx, and 36.42 kg CO (Anonimous, 1982).


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Mobility and operation of heavy equipment arises emission from Fuel burning of such equipment. Emission come out from the burning of Fuel issued through the horns is gases CO, NOx, SO2 , black smoke and dust. The amount of air pollution impact is calculated based on emission factors from the Environmental Data Handbook, and shown in Table 6.17. From similar activities it is known that at peak of construction the main equipment used are Bulldozers, backhoes, graders and dump trucks. Table 6.17

Emission factors for several equipment Equipment Bulldozer Back hoe Motor Grader Dump truck

Emission factor, (lb.hour-1) CO 0.793 1.460 0.215 0.414

NOx 5.050 6.220 1.050 2.270

SO2 0.384 0.463 0.086 0.143

Dust 0.165 0.406 0.061 0.139

Source : Environmental Data Handbook

Assuming that these equipment work at the same location and time, then the amount of gas emissions can be calculated as in Table 6.10. The dispersion calculations can be seen in Table 6.18. Therefore the increase in air pollutant concentrations can be considered not significant, as shown in Table 6.19. Table 6.18

Emissions Calculations No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Table 6.19

Equipment

Gas emissions (Ib.hour-1)

No. of equipment

Buldozer Back hoe Motor Grader Dump truck Amount (Ib.hour-1) (µg.sec.-1)

2 2 1 1

CO

NOx

SO2

Dust

1.586 2.926 0.215 0.414 5,141 131,14

10.11 12.44 1.135 2.270 25,660 3233.16

0,768 0,926 0,086 0,1430 2.210 2644

0,230 0,812 0,061 0,139 1.232 155.22

Increase in pollutant concentrations No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Parameter

100 m

500 m

1000 m

Standard

CO (ppm) NOx (µg.m-3) SO2 (µg.m-3) Dust (µg.m-3)

0.297 0.738 0.542 0.348

0.190 0.125 0.248 0.159

0.078 0.035 0.158 0.101

20 95 260 260


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In view of this estimation that on the distance up to 1000 m air quality in the unpolluted activity site (it is very far from under the Standard Materials). Accordingly, in the settlement has distance of 3 km. Therefore, impact arising towards air quality at construction phase can be low categorized. Dust arising from the land improvement, foundation installation and building materials transportation is due to the vanishing of covering plants in the project site and non-asphalted road. The vanishing of this covering plantation in the project site causes open soil and it will easily strip to dust. This event occurs especially in the dry season. Quantitatively, increase and spread of dust caused by transportation that is difficult to predict mathematically. But, this dust spread is estimated only lasting in the environment around the work area, as worksite of the project towards the people settlement is far enough (less than 3 km from the road site). Particle (dust or smoke) produced both from fossil fuel combustion and from the road that it obviously increases especially if the vehicle through the road is not yet asphalted. Therefore, increase of exhaust gases from the said burning for which the contents increases by linear many operated vehicles. Improvement in air pollutant content both as the particulate and exhaust gas can cause to increase the disturbance of breathing illness to the human beings or contamination to the building, dried cloth in the sun and plants cycle. Increase of air pollutant is quite high can arise negative perception from village people passed by the vehicles. Although ambient air pollutant does not exist under the fixed content in the ambient air, as the availability of wind effect always blowing or raining. Wind blow in the coastal area such as heavy rainfall can reduce the existence of pollutant in the air. Wind as the scaving agent can blow air pollutant to other place, likewise rain can be as scaving agenty by dissolving gas compound and making sedimentation the available particle in the air and falling to the land surface. Air pollutant content arising from the availability of motorized vehicle activity both as used in the development activity or coming from general vehicle is relatively low. Therefore, it can be said that impact of development activity as a whole in this working area towards the lowering of air quailty is small 1.7 ug/m3 partikulate, 9.2 ug/m3 SO2 , 7,8 ug/m3 NOx and 29,8 CO, but it is due to the mobility of vehicle chiefly on the road not yet asphalted is the increase by dust coming from very high road. Therefore, air quailty lowering by increase of this road dust content can continually impact on the social components, namely negative perception towarsd project. Impact on the air quailty grouped as the negative and not important (-TP).


185



6.2.7.2

Noise and Vibration Civil engineering activities will generate repetitive movements of heavy vehicles and equipment which may cause significant localised noise and vibration impacts. Equipment such as concrete mixers, jack hammers and rock drills, trucks and compactors generally operate at noise levels between 75 – 90dB(A) at 50 ft from the source (Sumber, 1978, Handbook of Noise Assessment). This is sufficient to cause irritation to sensitive receptors (both human and fauna) in the vicinity. The noise impact can be calculated as follows: SL1 – SL2 = 20Log(L2/L1) Where: SL1 and SL2: L2/L1:

Noise level at source, and at a certain distance Distance between source of impact and measured distance

With the following calculation as an example: SL1

=

90 dBA

L2/L1

=

100 m

The outcome of the following calculation: SL2

=

90 – 20 Log 100

=

50 dBA

Using the formula, noise levels at set distances is provided in Table 6.20. Table 6.20

Noise Levels at Distance Away from Source SL1 dBA

90 dBA

Distance Used (L2/L1) m

Calculated (SL2) dBA

100

50

50

56

25

62

10

70

5

74

Generally, noise levels above 70 dBA cause are noticeable and may cause annoyance or irritation to sensitive receptors. Based on the calculation, it is evident that the earthmoving equipment may be a source of impact to receptors within 50 m of activity areas. Further, if there are three heavy vehicles in operation within a certain distance, the collective noise intensity becomes: PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Le Total

=

10log{l0LeA/10+ 10 log LeB/10+ log LeC/10}

Accordingly, if an 80dB truck, 85dB rock drill and 75 dB compactor at a distance of 10 m from a receptor, the noise level would be: Le Total

=

10 log(1080/10+1085/10+1075/10}

=

88 dB(A)

In many location houses, schools and other community buildings are within close range of the road alignment and therefore, the construction activities. Therefore there is potential for noise impact during civil engineering and other construction activities involving the repetitive movements of heavy vehicles and equipment. In areas where construction activities, such as bridge building, will be undertaken near communities, property surveys may be required to assess the likelihood of damage due to vibration. However, the likelihood of this activity resulting in significant property damage is low, given the damage already caused to those structures in the path of the tsunami. This impact is considered negative and not significant. 6.2.7.3

Hydrology and Surface Water Quality Hydrology Bridge construction will not make any permanent change to river flow patterns, as the bridge will be designed to minimise flow constrictions. For culverts, there may be a small change to runoff patterns, especially around the road location. The main change will be a retardation of flow of surface runoff. As a result, the frequency of flooding on the downstream side of the road corridor may decrease due to the retention of runoff. This impact will be minimal as the culvert design will minimise changes to runoff flow. Wetland impacts may be significant as a result of road construction activities. Other road construction projects (elsewhere in Indonesia and internationally) have had significant long term impact on important wetlands due to interruptions to the hydrological flow. The road and civil engineering works can form an impenetrable barrier to normal overland flow, thus creating stagnation and pooling upstream of the construction, and dry conditions downstream. This can not only have immediate affects on the receiving environment, but can also affect agriculture and water abstraction further down stream. In addition, the stagnation effect creates imbalances in the floral and faunal habitats upstream of the construction. This impact is considered negative and not significant. Surface water quality Potential impacts from the construction of bridges could arise from a number of sources including any dredging, removal of riparian (river) vegetation, PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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alteration of the river bed/channel and discharges from scupper drains. Impacts could include:

sediment re-suspension (and pollutant re-suspension) in rivers and streams;

erosion of river banks and scour/deposition at bridge footing;

alterations in water temperature due to removal of riparian vegetation and warm runoff;

increased migration of pollutants/nutrients between rivers and adjacent surface waters due to the clearance of vegetation; and

alteration of river hydraulics.

Disposal/stockpiling of any dredged sediment could also lead to increased SS and pollutants in runoff water. In order to prevent adverse water quality impacts, any dredged sediment should be disposed of along the alignment and away from rivers. Runoff from any temporary storage sites will need to be directed to a sedimentation tank before being discharged. Provided riparian vegetation is maintained in critical areas, adequate mitigation techniques are put in place during construction, adverse water quality impacts can be prevented. This impact is considered negative and not significant. 6.2.7.4

Transportation Transportation will generally be improved as a result of ongoing civil engineering works (also discussed in Section 6.3.3.4) due to the creation of construction access roads which will have indirect benefits for local communities and may be maintained for use at the completion of construction. Detours away from the original alignment during reconstruction may, however, generate negative impacts due to increased local trip times and the potential for congestion. These impacts should only occur in the short term and are insignificant in the context of the long term benefits of the road reconstruction. Overall, traffic safety will be improved with the progressive installation of traffic safety measures during the construction stage. This impact is considered significant.

6.2.7.5

Soils (Erosion and Landslide) On the activity of road development will be made hill slope cutting, dredging and filling as well as road levelling. All such activities can give due to the occurence of instability of soil and sediment, chiefly unconsolidated rock. Impact occurring can be in terms of landslide, falling rock, soil creep, mud flow, and earth flow. All events can be dangerous not only on the worker PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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conducting the activities of construction in the crucial site towads instability symptom. But it is hazardous to the road users accidentally existing in the said site. In addition, it is caused by the construction at the development of this road, such instability events as stated above (landslide, falling rock and so on that also can occur due to the nature event such as earthquake and land and rock flow. Earthquake with particular strength can cause and push the occurrence of ruins to the areas in which the land and rock in the unconsolidated and unstable matters. Such events also can hamper the implementation in progress. Seeing the impacts, then symptom arising herefrom should be supervised chiefly in the mountainous and hilly areas, such as in the Paroe and Geureete areas if the road section widened and requiring the cutting of hill slopes. On the other section that it can also occur the hampering such as obstruction of water flow, chiefly in the swamp area where the development of road made the filling to the road trace through wetland. Such obstruction among others are the hampering of water flow pattern, inundation and or lowering road section due to lower soil structure that are not strong in supporting the load. Impact on erosion and landslide can be grouped as the negative and significant impacts as a whole. (-P). 6.2.7.6

Aquatic Biota Aquatic biota will be affected indirectly by civil engineering due to changes in water quality such as increased suspended sediment. The cumulative impact of construction activities will potentially render significant impacts on aquatic biota. This impact is considered negative and significant.

6.2.7.7

Community Income The civil engineering operations will generate a range of spin-off activities, providing opportunities for local business development particularly from the construction of water crossings, culverts, road posts, traffic lights, parking areas, drainage structures, coastal protection an other environmental mitigation structures. This impact is considered not significant.

6.2.7.8

Livelihoods The direct impact on livelihoods as a result of civil engineering activities will be negligible. There may be limited livelihoods benefits due to the development of skills, for example, for the operation of machinery, however, it is more likely that semi-skilled or skilled personnel will be sourced for these particular activities. This can potentially have negative and not significant impacts.


189



6.2.7.9

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Civil engineering activities if poorly managed, may impact the attitudes and perceptions of local communities early in the construction stage. If negative attitudes and/ or perceptions exist in the construction stage, project delays may occur due to dissatisfaction in the project affected communities. This can potentially have negative and not significant impacts. However, at the same time, the construction progress of bridges, coastal protection areas etc will be visible and positive signs to local communities that progress is being made. This will have positive impacts on local attitudes and perceptions.

6.2.7.10

Environmental Sanitation There will be very little direct improvement in local sanitation as a result of civil engineering works unless the project proponent determines that additional community development activities are to be pursued. This impact is considered not significant.

6.2.8

Use of Fuels and Oils Earthworks and road construction requires the operation of a large fleet of heavy equipment. Temporary fuel stations will be installed and equipped with fuel storage facilities. Equipment usage will result in significant amounts of waste oil. Other chemicals such as thinners will be utilised during construction.

6.2.8.1

Surface Water Quality Impacts on surface water quality may occur directly from spillages and leaks from machinery or fuel/ oil stores. Contamination of surface water may have secondary impacts on aquatic flora and fauna and the potability of valued water resources. Under normal operations, spillages and leaks of significance will not occur, due to the implementation of planned management measures. If management measures fail, in a worst case an entire fuel tank may leak and be released to the environment. It is estimated that the maximum volume for such a leak would be no more than 10,000 liters. In a worst case, the released liquid would flow quickly into a nearby waterway, estimated to take no less than five minutes. This represents a rate of flow into the water body of 0.03 m3 per second. The worst case scenario would be if such a leak flowed into a river with the lowest natural flow, as this would have the minimum dilution effect. From the baseline information, it is known that the lowest flow rate is found in the Krueng Teumaron river, with average flow of 0.03 m3 per second. This would lead to a maximum concentration of 500 mg/l in the worst case. This maximum concentration would immediately and continuous dilute with PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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natural river flow. The likelihood of such a scenario is very low. However the management measures are considered important, and therefore this impact is considered negative and significant. 6.2.8.2

Soils Spillages and leaks of fuel and oil may contaminate soils, with secondary impacts on surface water (described in Section 6.3.8.1) and also groundwater resources.

6.2.8.3

Aquatic Biota Aquatic biota may be indirectly impacted due to the contamination of watercourses by fuel oil and/ or chemical spills. The alteration to the physicochemical properties will impact aquatic life; oil ingested by fish and other organisms can be toxic or severely impact reproductive health. The increased presence of oil-consuming machinery in the Aceh region may increase the risk of spills. This could only affect marine biota in large quantities. This impact is considered negative and significant.

6.2.9

Demobilization of Workforce The construction crew will primarily be sourced from the affected area. However, the road operation will require a relatively small amount of labor and most of the construction personnel will be demobilized upon completion of the construction work.

6.2.9.1

Demography Demographic change will occur as a result of the demobilization of the construction workforce. While most of the workforce will consist of workers from the local area, some workers will be sourced from areas outside the Aceh region and are likely to leave following the completion of construction. Similarly there will be intra-regional movement as workers return to their home towns in other parts of Aceh. Ensuing impacts are likely to include changes in the demand for services in different areas, such as schools, clinics and community services. This impact is not significant.

6.2.9.2

Community Income The economic growth generated by the presence of a cash-rich construction workforce will be significantly slowed following demobilization. Spending levels will reduce as workers leave the local area to seek work elsewhere or spend conservatively while seeking work during the transition time between employment. The level of impact is dependent on the buoyancy of the local economy at the time of demobilization. If other infrastructure projects are scheduled (which is likely over the next 10-15 years for tsunami rebuilding) PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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then workers may transfer quickly and easily to new employment. However, if projects are stalled than this will have a stagnating effect on local economic development. This impact is considered negative and not significant. 6.2.9.3

Livelihoods The construction of the Aceh-Meulaboh Road is likely to increase the skills base of workers in the region. This presents opportunities for postconstruction employment as skills can be transferred to other infrastructure construction project in the region. However, negative impacts on livelihoods may occur if the short term benefits of employment on the road project cannot be matched by long term continued employment. Not significant but negative impacts may arise if unemployment levels rise following demobilization.

6.2.9.4

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Employment and skills/ training programs may reduce the potential for negative impacts to arise at the cessation of construction. The approach of the proponent towards issues such as the welfare of construction workers at the completion of the project will be reflected in the attitudes and perceptions of the local community. However, by this stage the positive benefits of the road operation may negate these negative perceptions. This impact is considered negative and significant impacts.

6.3

OPERATION STAGE The operation stage will render some initial short term negative impacts on local communities, but should in the long term, replace the access that had been lost since the tsunami in December 2004. In addition, with the realignment of some sections, new areas will be opened up for potential development.

6.3.1

Road and Bridges Operation It is expected that the road will provide safer and more efficient transport for vehicles along the west coast of Aceh. The road will initially provide easier access for reconstruction activities and later as efficient transport for local people, products and services to the surrounding communities.

6.3.1.1

Air Quality Changes to local air quality will occur as a result of the operation of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road. The road will enable higher number of vehicles to traverse the route, thus increasing emissions. However, at the same time, the route will be bitumen sealed, reducing the generation of dust that would occur along a gravel surface. It is estimated that approximately 200 vehicles will use PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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the route per day (Community interview, July 2005). It is likely that the impacts of emissions and dust generation will be limited due to high intensity rainfall and coastal onshore winds which characterise the climatological baseline of the study area. This impact is considered negative and significant. 6.3.1.2

Noise and Vibration Noise impacts from the operation of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road may increase over time as use of the road and traffic density increases. However, the noise impacts are not likely to be uncharacteristic of other regional roads in the area. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.1.3

Transportation There will by long term, significant improvements to the regional transport network following construction of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road. In addition, development of the local road network hinges on the successful completion of the regional route. This impact is considered negative and significant.

6.3.1.4

Flora terrestrial Indirect impact towards flora estimated occurs in the project area, including impact towards wet land as a result of road operation thereby increasing access to natural resources and possible encroachment of forest and illegal logging, especiall is the forest opening for lands of agricultural, fire, wildlife arrest and illegal logging. Application for effective management and monitoring phases to minimize this impact will help the efforts of natural conservation and habitate abundant around the tropical forests. Impact of each activity is considered as the negative one and be able to ignore in the context of diminished habitat due to tsunami impact alongside coast of Banda Aceh to Meulaboh. But, cumulative impact due to the said activities and potential impact towards flora in the said areais important impact (-P

6.3.1.5

Coomunity income Will be obtained the significant profit and opportunity for the development of local economy after the construction of high road. This impact includes positive and not important (+TP), as it cannot be affected by road operation.

6.3.1.6

Livelihoods The operation of the major regional link between Banda Aceh and Meulaboh will boost livelihoods opportunities for local communities, particularly those devastated by the December 2004 tsunami. The road will provide a means of transferring goods and services, will allow workers to access employment PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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centres and link markets. The road will also boost the potential for agricultural production. This impact is considered negative and not significant. 6.3.1.7

Social Processes The predominant impact on social processes as a result of the road reconstruction is the reinstatement of community ties and access to areas of cultural importance. As the project is replacing and improving a pre-existing infrastructure component, its operation will not generate the typical linear impacts association with regional road construction. It will support and facilitate social norms in the region, rather than damage them. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.1.8

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Overall, the operation of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road should generate positive attitudes in the community. The road reinstatement will be of psychological benefit to the survivors of the tsunami as it will represent a significant component of the rebuilding and rehabilitation of the region. Overall, positive perceptions and attitudes are expected during the immediate post-construction stage. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.1.9

Accidents The operation of the road may increase the rate of injury or death due to road accidents. However, the road will be designed to international standards to ensure safe traffic. Instances of human error are the most likely causes of accidents and these cannot be attributed to the design or operation of the road as part of the infrastructure network of the region. This impact is considered negative and not significant

6.3.2

Road Maintenance Management of the road network is based on sound business principles using economic criteria to prioritize and schedule maintenance work. Maintenance activities are best carried out in a cost effective manner using long-term asset management approach that includes a road and bridge inventory, condition surveys and evaluation tools to update, prioritize and schedule periodic maintenance.

6.3.2.1

Air Quality Air quality impacts will be insignificant as the operation of maintenance machinery will be temporary. Dust generation will also be localized and temporary. This impact is considered negative and not significant.


194



6.3.2.2

Noise and Vibration Noise and vibration due to maintenance will be temporary. Impacts are likely to be insignificant, however, consultation with nearby residents will be required for long term, noisy activities generating vibration impacts as these can have significant long term impacts on both property and nuisance impacts on the public. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.2.3

Transportation Temporary alterations to the local road network may be required during maintenance activities on the new road through necessary detours and diversions. This is not, however, expected to be a significant impact on the overall network. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.2.4

Community Income Maintenance will generate opportunities for local business growth to supply the raw materials, labour, machinery and logistical support to the maintenance contractors. Maintenance may interrupt local businesses due to reduced access or longer trip times but the overall presence of the regional connector road is a positive benefit for local economies and far outweighs any negative impact derived during short phases of planned maintenance. This impact is considered negative and not significant.

6.3.2.5

Attitudes and Community Perceptions Long term management of the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road will be a key responsibility of P2JJ and critical to ongoing economic growth in the region. Failure to maintain such a resource to adequate levels may lead to dissatisfaction in the community. This impact is considered positive and not significant, as it cannot be controlled by the proponent as part of the RKL.

6.3.3

Impact towards the activities in the surroundings After the construction of road and bridge, transportation line alongside West Coast of NAD will be increasingly smooth. Access to forest and protected areas will be increasingly easy. This condition enables the occurrence of illegal logging. The potential areas where illegal logging is likely is around Paroe and Gerutee Mountains. Such area condition is not too easy to enter as it represents the stony mountain range. In addition, the available forest resource are not so many as it consists of the stony hill. Even though the forest encroachment remains open, but the increase of wood need and the needy people in economy tends to take short cut. In addition, in the other area, such as Lamno towards Ceunamprong in the road and in Manjang Mountains, namely after Lhok Kruet until Calang still possible to PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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occur the farming and opening of garden made by community or business people body. Such condition represents the associated impacts occurring if the road has been established.. This impact is considered negative and significant.


196



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PETA RAWAN BANJIR, 2004 FLOODED AREAS, 2004

Legenda Legend

Sumber : Source :

Area Proyek

Dartmouth flood observation (2004) Dartmouth College - Hanover NH 03755 USA

Project Area

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan GTL Gambar

Figure

No Revisi

Revision No


6.4 0 03/07/05


Diperiksa Checked


GGG KHS

ERM SUMATERA

Post Tsunami December 29, 2004 Pasca Tsunami 29 Desember 2004

Post Tsunami December 27, 2004 Pasca Tsunami 27 Desember 2004

Flood Lands in 2004

Jakarta

"

Daerah Banjir 2004 DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM




"

22

!

Lamren

!

Kapelma

"

23 !Banda Aceh

"

4

"

"

7

"

5

"

"

24

6

10

"

25

"

8

!

Lhonga

"

Indrapura !

56

"

27

9

" 20

1

"

26

"

"

57

"

"

28

10

" "

"

30

12

"

13

31

"

40

"

60

32 "

" !

Lhonga

50

"

"

14

2

"

59

"

"

29

"

"

30

58

"

11

15 "

"

33 " 34 35

"

61

"

16

36

"

62 "

"

60

17

" " 37

"

38

39 70

"

"

3

"

63

"

18

"

40

"

64

41 "

"

19

Lamno

!"

80

42

" "

"

70

66 44

21

"

"

"

"

22 "

"

68

73

"

23 "

"

45

Cuemanprong !

72

69

67 90

"

71 "

"

"

"

"

65

"

43

20

46

"

100

"

24

"

74 47

SAMUDERA HINDIA INDIAN OCEAN

0

5

¯ 10

"

Lho Kruet

110

"

25

"

"

48

!

75

"

Ujungrimba 20 Km

"

26

"

"

49

27

!

120

1

2

"

28

50

" 51

Sumber : Source : Stability Index was analysed based on topography, geology and landcover data Sistem koordinat universal transverse mercator (UTM), Zona 46 Utara, WGS 84 Digambar Oleh Gambar


Figure

No Revisi

INDEK STABILITAS TANAH

Revision No

SOIL STABILITY INDEX


Legenda

3

"


6.5

Drawn By

0

Checked

KHS

Digabung Oleh

ERM

03/07/05

Diperiksa

Compiled By

GGG

SUMATERA

Stability Index

Legend Jalur Lama Tetap Dipakai Proposed Route (Existing)

Jalur Baru Proposed Route (New)

Batas Kecamatan District Boundary


"

Tanda Kilometer Kilometer Marker (KM)

Unstable

Moderately Stable

Tidak Stabil

Cukup Stabil

Quasi-stable Sedikit Stabil

Stable Stabil

Jakarta

"





7

MAJOR AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

Environmental conditions in an area are formed by interaction between physical, chemical, biological, social, economic, and cultural processes which in total form a system. The Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Reconstruction and Rehabilitation will affect these environmental components, both directly and indirectly. In this section, the individual impacts identified and discussed in Section 6 Major and Significant Impact Prediction are assessed in terms of their significance. Potential environmental, social and public health impacts have been identified through a systematic process whereby project activities were considered with respect to their potential to interact with an environmental resource or receptor. Activities over the life of the project, ie. from preconstruction through to operation of the have been considered. Evaluation of Impact Significance is shown in Table 7.1. Impact evaluation is based on GR. No. 27 year 1999 regarding: Environmental Impact Assessment. This methodology evaluates each impact according to seven criteria as described below: a.

Number of people likely to be affected by Impact

b.

Extent of Area Affected by the Impact

c.

Duration and Intensity of Impact

d.

Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact

e.

Cumulative impact

f.

Irreversibility or reversibility of impact

(A) Impact Magnitude – Social: Number of People Likely to be Affected by Impact An impact is categorised as significant if the number of people living within the area of the AMDAL study, who are affected by the impact, but do not reap any benefit from the action or activity, is equal to or greater than the number of those in the study area who benefit from the activity. (B) Impact Extent - Extent of Area Affected by the Impact An impact is categorised as significant if the planned action or activity brings about a fundamental change at a regional scale due to impact intensity, irreversibility, or cumulative effects.


199



(C) Duration and Intensity of Impact An impact is categorised as significant if the action or activity brings about fundamental change in terms of intensity, irreversibility, and/or cumulative effect taking place during several phases of the project. (E) Number of Other Environmental Components Likely to be Affected by the Impact An impact is categorised as significant if the planned action or activity would cause secondary impacts affecting as many or more components as affected by the primary impact. (F) Cumulative Character of Impact An impact is categorized as significant if: •

The environmental impact occurs repeatedly and continuously such that impacts accumulate to the extent that they can no longer be assimilated by the receiving natural or social environment.

•

A variety of environmental impacts accumulate within a certain space such that they can no longer be accommodated by the receiving natural or social environment.

•

Environmental impacts from various sources of activity give rise to a mutually reinforcing or synergistic effect.

(G) Irreversibility or Reversibility of Impact An impact is categorised as significant if the change which would be experienced by an environmental component could not be reversed, even with the intervention of humans. Accordingly, impacts are then assessed in terms of their overall significance. The interaction matrix table presented in Section 6 has been developed to identify impact interactions of potential significance in accordance with the above method of assessment in Table 7.1.


200



Table 7.1

Significance Matrix Activity components

Environment Components Physico-Chemical Air Quality Noise and Vibration Hydrology Water Quality

Pre Construction 1

2

Construction 3

4

5

S S

NS

Land Use Transportation Soil (Erosion and Landslide) Biology Biota Terrestrial Aquatic Biota Social Demography Community income Regional revenue Livelihood Attitude and community perception Social processes Public Health Disease pattern Accidents Environmental sanitation

Note :

NS

S

NS S

NS

6

7

8

9

S

NS NS S NS

S S NS NS

NS NS NS NS

S S S NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS NS

NS S

S

NS S

S S

NS NS

NS NS

S NS

NS NS

NS S

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

S

S

S

NS

S

S NS

NS

NS

12

13

S NS

NS NS

S

NS

S S

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

11

P

NS S NS

NS NS NS

10

NS NS

NS

NS

NS NS

NS

S

NS

NS

NS

NS NS S

NS

S = Significant NS = Not Significant

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

7.1

S

Operation

Survey and measurement Land acquisition Mobilization of workers Mobilization of materials and equipment Construction of supporting infrastructure Quarrying and Borrow Pits Land Clearing Earthworks Civil Engineering Works Use of fuels and oils Demobilization of workers Road and bridge operation


PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE During the construction stage, the main activity that may induce impact is the land acquisition process.


201



7.1.1

Community Income

7.1.1.1

Sources of Impact The road construction may cause disruption in those areas affected by temporary or permanent land acquisition and concurrent effects on the way of life of local farmers.

7.1.1.2

Evaluation of Impacts Community income impacts result when a person or household’s ability to earn an income through normal channels is affected. The level of impact will be dependent on:

The duration of construction activities on each property;

The confinement of activities to the affected construction corridor;

The portion of the corridor width affecting the subject property;

The timing of construction in relation to crop cycles.

The degree to which these factors occur will determine the level of inconvenience, and potential loss of income borne by the farmers. If disruption occurs during critical times within the crop’s growing process, the annual crop for that season and subsequent seasons might be disrupted. The construction activities may also interrupt access. Farmers living in local villages could have difficulty accessing the fields due to construction activities affecting roads. In addition, the activities may sever agricultural plots rendering normal access and activities, such as harvesting, difficult. The land acquisition process is likely to be difficult in Aceh, accentuated by conflicting land claims, pre- versus post-tsunami land use change and the displacement of individuals and entire settlements from some areas. The acquisition issue is likely to be a key source of concern in the community and could escalate into conflict. Compensation payments will be the responsibility of the GOI. There must be mechanisms in place to ensure a transparent and open process to reduce the likelihood of significant livelihood and other social impacts. Table 7.2

Livelihoods - Assessment Summary Comment

Assessment Criteria A


B

Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact

C

Including community alongside the road for which the soil cleared and estimated consists of 50 persons/Regency or alongside road line is 200 persons. Alongside plan of road trace or about 720 Ha. Only during the completion of land clearing activities until the commencement of construction phase around 3 months.


202



D

E F

Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

It is cumulative if improperly managed.

Reversible impact if the handling of land clearing activities satisfy all parties. Negative Important.

7.1.2

Attitudes and Community Perceptions

7.1.2.1

Sources of Impact The site survey and marking activities and land acquisition will be the first opportunity for communities to form a perception (or confirm existing perceptions) of the project. Any negative perceptions generated may be long lasting, particularly with regard to sensitive issues such as detailed alignment identification and compensation.

7.1.2.2

Evaluation of Impacts Handled well, management measures and land compensation should mitigate any impacts experienced by landowners and users due to construction. However, previous examples of land compensation have illustrated the many tensions that land compensation can create between landowners and the project proponent. If the compensation process is pursued in a transparent manner, tensions should be minimized.

Table 7.3

Community Attitudes and Perceptions - Assessment Summary Comment



B


C D

E F


The number is relatively limited to the community for which the land affected by the land clearing. The total around 20-30% from population. Extent is estimated around 720 Ha Relatively high and lasting upon the land clearing is started until the initial of construction phase or around 3 months. Only impacts on public attitude and income.

It is cumulative if improperly managed. Reversable impact if the handling of land clearing activities satisfy all parties.


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7.2

CONSTRUCTION STAGE In accordance with the impact prediction outlined in Section 6, the construction stage will comprise the following activities which may have significant impact on the local environment:

Workforce, materials and equipment mobilization and de-mobilization;

Establishment of supporting infrastructure;

Development of borrow pits and quarries;

Land clearing;

Earth works;

Civil engineering works, including river crossings;

Operation of supporting infrastructure such as construction camps and maintenance yards;

Use of fuels and oils.

During the construction stage, activities will be managed to limit the potential impacts on the following environmental components.

7.2.1

Air Quality

7.2.1.1

Sources of Impact Air quality impacts will be generated throughout the construction stage due to exhaust emissions from heavy vehicles and the generation of suspended particulate matter due to vehicle movements on unsealed roads and clearing and earthmoving activities.

7.2.1.2

Evaluation of Impacts Air quality measurements in the study area conducted as part of the baseline studies indicated that an overall low background ambient NOx, SO2, H2S, CO and respirable particulate concentrations exist. In addition, climatic conditions such as strong onshore coastal winds and periodic heavy rain downpours reduce the likelihood of air quality impacts extending for long periods. The most significant potential fugitive dust impacts (nuisance effects and reduced air quality), would generally be expected to be localised to within about 100 to 200 m of the construction areas particularly during dry ambient conditions. The fugitive dust emissions, vehicle/ equipment exhaust emissions and emissions from electrical power generators will be relatively minor and will be mainly transient in nature over the extent of the works. Emissions from these sources would not be expected to result in a significant deterioration in local air quality, however, management measures can keep changes to local air quality to an absolute minimum. Air quality impacts will affect both local communities and construction workers. However, generally those with existing respiratory ailments are more likely to be affected. PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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Table 7.4

Air Quality - Assessment Summary Comment

Assessment Criteria A B C D

E F

Number of people likely to be affected by Impact Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Assessment

7.2.2

Noise and Vibration

7.2.2.1

Sources of Impact

Relatively little, only the population adjacent to the site of activity plan site. Spread of emision and dust at distance of + 200 meter of source of pollutant with radius + 500 meter Long enough lasting, namely during the construction of + 3 years with low intensity. Public health and attitude and perception.

Non-cumulative impact Impact can change Important.

The primary noise sources will be vehicles and equipment utilized for the construction stage including graders, bulldozers, general purpose vehicles, etc. which will be used throughout the construction stage. 7.2.2.2

Evaluation of Impacts Noise and vibration generated during this activity have the potential to result in the following impacts:

Table 7.5

Annoyance and disturbance effects at noise sensitive receptors (ie, community areas, schools, residential areas); and

Damage to structures as a result of vibration caused by heavy equipment movements, excavation, etc.

Noise and Vibration - Assessment Summary Assessment Criteria A


B

Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the

C D

Comment The amount is relatively low, only to the community living in the radius of + 50 – 200 meter from construction site for which the total is estimated between 5 – 10% of population Including radius + 500 meter from noise source Long enough lasting, namely construction period of + 3 years with low intensity. Public health and attitude as well as perception.


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E F

impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Assessment

Non-cumulative impact Impact can revese. Impotant

7.2.3

Soils (Erosion and Soil Contaminant)

7.2.3.1

Sources of Impact Site clearing, earthworks, quarrying and general construction activities have the potential to result in adverse impacts on soil resources in terms of soil loss due to erosion effects and loss of slope stability. During the construction stage, key impact sources include:

7.2.3.2

Management and clearance of both tsunami-generated and construction debris and wastes.

Soil erosion as a result of uncontrolled rainfall run-off from exposed site areas or wind/ mechanical action (ie. vehicle movements/ excavation etc.) during dry ambient conditions resulting in off-site sedimentation/ water quality impacts.

Improper management of soil storage stockpiles, resulting in a loss of soils as a result of wind erosion in dry/windy conditions or water erosion after heavy rainfall events.

Cutting in steep or unstable areas during construction can reduce land stability and cause mudslides/ landslides.

Evaluation of Impacts Construction activities will require the removal of vegetation cover, potentially resulting in soil erosion and subsequent impacts on surface water quality due to uncontrolled rainwater run off or mechanical/ wind action. Heavy vehicle movements to and from the active construction area will cause soil compaction, potentially increasing the rate and volume of overland flow causing impacts on surface water, agricultural land use and the potential for flooding. Soil contamination may occur as a result of accidental spills and leaks of fuel and oil and/ or the inappropriate temporary storage of fuel. Both construction and tsunami-generated wastes have the potential to impact soils (and water sources as a secondary impact) if not managed properly. The clearance of tsunami debris will be a critical part of the site preparation activities required to initiate construction. As such, this a positive benefit of the Road Project. Risks of soil contamination can only be controlled via effective operational controls (i.e. management of activities such as refueling, fuel loading/ PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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unloading, lube oil change-outs, waste storage and disposal etc, in-place spill clean-up procedures etc.) as well as the provision of hardware control measures for storage facilities (e.g. bonded storage tanks, hard surfaced refueling areas, impermeable barriers, secure materials storage areas etc.). Table 7.6

Soils - Assessment Summary Assessment Criteria A


B


C

Duration and Intensity Impact

D


E

Cumulative of Impact

F

Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Assessment

7.2.4

Hydrology

7.2.4.1

Sources of Impact

Comment Number of people affected by the impact are many. It is estimated that human as a whole can erach more than 50% from people whose land in the villages through the new road. Spread of this impact is not limited to the area for which development of this road in progress through the completion or even in the village or sub-district or other regency. High impact intensity, this impact long lasts if it is not made the good management in the quarry site or in the road. Even though the road has been completed to construct and asphalt, but erosion can continue at the part of trench and uncovered soil parts, chiefly if slopes of land from this road is possible. Components affected by the erosion impact are physical ones (as the primary impacts) which enables further impact. Such as damage of stabilized a land caused by softer material transportation by water power, therefore, this impact can result from negative perception in the community and finally social restlessness arises. Cumulative impact, meaning that after the physical work of this road development is completed, then this impact will possibly continue to the operation phase if not made the prevention. Therefore, it can hamper strength of road although asphalted. Impact can reverse to the project construction activities. Important.

Sources of impact are from activities of mobilized materials and development equipment and operation of basecamp, activity in the site of borrow area, hill cutting, filling and cutting necessary road trace that should be made, land clearing of road trace, soil work, road construction (soil improvements in the road trace) and bridge. Sources of impact having potential including as follows:

Transfer natural hydrological flow due to the activities of construction and temporary river crossing.


207



Disposal of ruins and wastes due to storm rain flow resulting from the

reception of water sources.

7.2.4.2

Non-maintained disposal from the construction.

Construction of road section to the swamp area.

Evaluation of Impact It is planned that in the work of soil filling as well as land levelling in the site of basecamp development and it will not clear the trees. But land clearing for the basecamp site is also proved that it causes land to be open. If it rains such condition that it can increase total water flow that does not permeate into the soil and it flows to be level flow. In turns, this water flow adds total water entering into the nearest water body. But this water flow will be considered small the impact on the increase of total water flow due to the width of this matter is not so wide. Then, upon the cut and fill of soil at the activity of quarry site or borrow area chiefly on the landfill quarry causing the land is not covered with soil any longer. Such condition is the same as described above, namely if it rains causing water flow in the land surface to be large. By the increasingly wide level of quarry, then water flow increases, consequently, it adds the volume of water flow going towards the nearest water flow. Hydrology impact also can occur on the soil work chiefly to the road section requiring to make piling. Even though the piling has already been anticpated that it cannot occur obstruction and narrow passage of trench section, chiefly in the swampy area. Where the road construction in the swamp area for which the soil condition is relatively soft and having low bearing capacity requires number of landfill and stone that are relatively lots. More than that, it is also worried about the hampering of water flow pattern, to the filled part thereby hampering water flowing to the donwstream.

Table 7.7

Hydrology – Assessment Summary

A

Assessment Criteria Number of people likely to be affected by Impact

B


C

Duration and Intensity

Comment Number of people affected by the impact upon the development are lot, but the spread of aera for the activity of road accessibilit as a whole is relatively smaller than the entire level in the particular river bed. In fact, this impact spread is only limited to the area in which the development of this impact is being constructing that gradually keeping on the line of this road through the completion. This impct will sufficiently last as this road development is made, then there are sometime


208



Impact D


E


F


Assessment

7.2.5

Surface Water Quality

7.2.5.1

Sources of Impact

causing the disturbance. But, if the process of development completed on one particular road section, then this impact decreases. Physical component (as the primary impact) found many, for instance: flood, drowning of agricultural land, house, road and others and difficulty to deal with business. While, the components affected by the secondary impacts are social component such as lowering of farmer income, due to the hampering of harvest, difficulty through village road as it is inundated. Non-cumulative impacts meaning that after the physical work of road development is complted, then this impact does not continue on the operation phase. As the road is easty to pass by the pedestrians. Impact can reverse to the land level that is no longer soil covered is relatively quite long and concerning some villages through the impact can be spread from the starting of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar Regency through Aceh Barat Regncy. Important.

Construction activities have the potential to result in adverse impacts on surface water quality unless controlled. Potential sources of impact include the following:

7.2.5.2

Elevated suspended solids and contaminants (eg. oil & grease) in site runoff from earthwork/ construction areas which can adversely affect water quality/ aquatic ecology in receiving watercourses.

Accidental spills and leaks of fuel, oil, lubricants and chemicals which may be released into surface water bodies.

Diversion of natural hydrological flow due to construction activities and informal river crossings.

Entrainment of debris and refuse in storm water run-off resulting in the fouling of receiving water resources.

Off-site discharge of untreated sewage from construction workers.

Evaluation of Impacts The clearing of land for the road alignment and additional clearing required for heavy vehicle access via temporary roads may contribute to sedimentation if undertaken near watercourses. Natural drainage channels may be blocked by poorly managed vegetation clearing, or traversing of shallow channels by heavy vehicles. These alterations in water flow/ water quality have the potential to result in secondary adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecology.


209



Poor waste management practices at the base camp and active construction areas may lead to the contamination of potable surface water sources. Sewage and sanitary effluent has the potential to adversely affect the quality of receiving water bodies unless properly treated and managed. The primary contaminants in sanitary effluents will be organic matter, coliform bacteria and suspended solids resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen content, elevated organic and coliform levels in downstream watercourses. Table 7.8

Surface Water Quality - Assessment Summary

A

B C

D

E

F

Assessment Criteria Number of people likely to be affected by Impact Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Assessment

7.2.6

Transport

7.2.6.1

Sources of Impact

Comment Relatively small as river waters crossed by the road represents river downstream and only few pepole use the same as well as this sea level will directly enter into the sea. Spread of significant spread with open waters condition. Relatively medium impact intensity, so that bearing capacity of waters affected by the impacts has the decrease. The impacts are so long, namely during the course of construction phase around + 3 years Environment comopnents with realtively lots affected by the impact, cover aquatic biota and public attitude and perception. It has cumulative impact and requires long enough time to arise significant impacts, due to the open waters condition. Is not reversed with relatively difficult intensity to control. Important.

The gradual reinstatement of sections of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh realignment over the extent of the construction stage will improve local accessibility. At the same time, the movement of heavy vehicles may induce congestion, particularly during the mobilization of materials and equipment, earthworks and civil engineering works which may require the closure of some sections of the existing road network. 7.2.6.2

Evaluation of Impacts The re-alignment and re-building of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road will have a long term positive impact on local transport and accessibility by provide a primary north-south connector between two major economic centres within the region. In addition, communities are currently isolated due to a lack of access caused by the December 2004 tsunami. As construction proceeds, PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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access to old areas will be regained and new areas will inevitably be opened up for development. During the construction phase, however, accessibility on local supporting roads may be reduced due to:

Repetitive movements of slow, heavy vehicles;

Traffic detours from active construction areas; and

Specific construction activities (such as the laying of asphalt) temporarily blocking sections of the route.

These factors may result in increased localized congestion and longer trip times during the construction phase. This can have secondary negative impact on local air quality and noise levels. At the same time, the construction of access roads to facilitate the construction of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road will temporarily increase accessibility. These roads may be retained and upgraded in the long term to boost the local road network. Table 7.9

Transport and Accessibility - Assessment Summary

A


B


C


D


E


F


Assessment

Comment Number of people affected by the impact of this transoprtation upon the development of road is sufficiently many namely road users do not come from several regencies. Not limited to the area in which development of road , but it gradually keeps on taking this way through the completion or even existing in the village or sub-district or other regency. Distrubance towardsa transportation including impact causing conflict between executive and road user if there are no good settlements and immediately made. This impact lasts not so long during the course of construction activities. Physical components (as the primary impacts) including significance, for instace: traffic jam, especially if the particular roads are muddy and difficulty to pass it. While the components affected by the secondary impact are social components, such as lowering of farmer income. After the completion of this physical work of this road development, then this impact does not continue to the operation phase. Can reverse with change of transportation of this impact can cause negative percpetion in the comunity and finally it arises the social restlessness. Important.


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7.2.7

Biota Terrestrial

7.2.7.1

Sources of Impact Potential significant impacts on flora and fauna as a result of construction activities include:

7.2.7.2

Net vegetation loss, resulting in secondary impacts on fauna due to habitat loss;

Toxic/ stress effects on flora and fauna (due to environmental pollution such as air emissions);

Increased predation (i.e. from hunting of fauna/ gathering of flora); and

The most significant impacts on flora and fauna are likely to occur during land clearing (refer to Section 6).

Evaluation of Impacts The majority of ecological impacts will be direct in response to physical destruction/ alteration of habitats and disturbance from noise/ human activities and will cease following cessation of works and land restoration. There are number of protected species listed in the Aceh area which may be more susceptible to interference due to the increased human presence and increased access facilitated by the road construction. Potential significant impacts on flora as a result of construction activities include:

Direct loss or damage to habitat leading to reduced foraging/ food resources, disturbance and displacement: Habitat loss is a significant source of impact. However, as the construction area is linear, habitat areas should in theory, be maintained, except for a relatively narrow impact area (the roadway and road reserve). This should allow affected fauna to relocate without substantial displacement. Vegetation loss is particularly significant in areas of Protected Forest, however all clearing with be controlled and with government approval.

Obstruction/ interruption of movement/ migration patterns due to new access roads: This impact may be significant to communities of limited mobility which may be cut off from normal feeding areas due to the severance effect of the road construction.

Proliferation of opportunist species (pests): Non-indigenous weeds may be introduced through the application of fill from areas outside the project area. Weed species can compete with indigenous species for nutrients, water and light resulting in reduced biodiversity. However, it is unlikely that this impact will be major due to the pre-existence of weed species in the area.

Increased exposure to hunting and trapping: Impacts on fauna may occur due to the presence of construction workers in areas not formerly accessed by humans.


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Table 7.10

Flora & Fauna - Assessment Summary Comment



B


C


D

Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact

E

F


Assessment

7.2.8

Aquatic Biota

7.2.8.1

Sources of Impact

None of human being affected by the impact as the plants/vegetation only that vanished on the relocated road trace. Relatively wide on the area where trace of this road development is constructing, but it will gradually be made filling top soil that previously filled alongside the road and will be planted by the shady plants/grass. Medium impact intensity, i.e.diminishing a part of plants will affect towards fauna life especially types of birds. This impact will sufficiently long last as of the land clearing for road trace made until the process of road development and bridge completed estimated for 3 years. Disappearance of plants/vegetation is land fauna life especially types of birds from field observation that there are protected field types. Cumulative, meaning that the disappearance of plants/vegetation will directly arise significant impacts on land fauna (bird) lost of its habitat. Impact can not reverse, for instance distinct land biota. Important .

Aquatic biota will be sensitive to physical changes in surface water quality as a result of construction activities. Sedimentation and turbidity changes, pooling due to stream flow obstructions and the removal of streambank vegetation will contribute to changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of watercourses with secondary impact on aquatic flora and fauna. The alignment will be designed to avoid sensitive wetland areas where aquatic biota (and overall ecological) impacts would otherwise be most significant. 7.2.8.2

Evaluation of Impacts The potential range of impacts on aquatic biota, as indirect impacts of construction activities are listed below:

Physical Impacts ¾ Habitat destruction/ degradation. Increased Turbidity/ Sedimentation ¾ Smothering of benthic fauna by deposited sediments. ¾ Disorientation of pelagic species from increased turbidity. ¾ Reduced photosynthetic productivity.


213



¾ Clogging of breathing apparatus (gills). The impacts listed would have been significantly induced as a result of the December 2004 tsunami. The watercourses in the study area are likely to be altered by the event into the long term. The construction activities can contribute to this, and if impacts are high, can delay the natural repair process. Table 7.11

Aquatic Biota - Assessment Summary Comment



B


C


D


E

F


Assessment

7.2.9

Community Income

7.2.9.1

Sources of Impact

Total human being affected by the impact of this biota is tiny due to the activity of road and bridge construction that in general in the downstream area (estuary) Spread of this impact is relatively widely due to the open waters, but gradually water quality will return originally (self purification). Long last as of the activity of land clearing for the road trace made through the process of road development and the bridge is estimated to complete for 3 years. Environment component affected by the impact are sufficient lots, i.e. pubic livelihood and attitude and perception of community. Cummulative impact, meaning that biota impact will arise significant impacts means, but it is temporary. Impact cannot be reversed, for instance water biota alerady diminished. Important.

The construction of the Banda Aceh – Meulaboh Road will generate an opportunity for increased employment and business growth for local communities. 7.2.9.2

Evaluation of Impacts Opportunities for income generation and skills development among local workers, procurement opportunities and indirect employment will be generated by the project. Goods and services will be sourced from local communities including food supply and preparation, cleaning, laundry and waste management. This impact could also have indirect benefits in terms of the creation of employment in goods and service industries. In addition, multiplier effects from income obtained and spent by workers in local communities will occur. Overall, the construction activities and presence is for a short term period and is expected PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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to have small, positive impacts for local communities. Whilst additional employment and economic growth may be limited to the construction stage, the project will contribute to a diversified skills base and collective business acumen of the region, which will have secondary benefits in the long term. The construction activity will generate spin-off economic activity, which will directly increase local household incomes, spending power and overall living standards. Failure to maximize local employment and business opportunities may result in negative perceptions within the community and may fuel opposition and potential conflict. Table 7.12

Community Income - Assessment Summary

A B C

D

E F

Comment

Assessment Criteria Number of people likely to be affected by Impact Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact

Local workers to be recruited in the project around 400 people. Spread of sufficiently wide impact, i.e. alongside between Banda Aceh - Meulaboh High impact intensity as it occurs everyday and length of impacts lasts long enough, namely during the repairs construction and road reconstruction of + 3 years Other environment components affected by the impact for instance environment sanitation, public restlessness, attitude and perception.


Cumulative impact and in not so long time to arise the significant impacts. Reversal impact after the ending of construction activities.


Positively-important

Assessment

7.2.10

Community Perceptions and Attitudes

7.2.10.1

Sources of Impact Positive attitudes and community perceptions will result from activities that have real or perceived benefits for the environment or local community. Negative perceptions result from evidence or perception of environmental damage or the emergence of social conflicts and the mismanagement of construction issues affecting the community, such as the land acquisition process. Another source of tension could be the formation of an outside workforce particularly in instances if it is perceived that local employment needs have been overlooked.


215



7.2.10.2

Evaluation of Impact The interaction between the project and communities is particularly important during the construction phase, as this is when most impacts are likely to occur. Good community relations will also assist in identifying problems during construction and provide mechanisms to help manage problems when they occur. An ill-informed community may perceive that the risks and negative impacts are greater than actually predicted and this can lead to dissatisfaction and action in the form of protests. Similarly, an ill-informed community may form greater expectations of the project benefits which may not eventuate, leading to disappointment and disengagement. Community dissatisfaction with the project construction activities is a potential ‘showstopper’. The impacts due to insufficient project information being made available are potentially very significant. The community’s expectations in terms of the generation of local employment, may be higher than is actually plausible. P2JJ will need to manage the community demands. In addition, employment created in the construction phases is relatively short term, which limits the overall benefits to be derived by affected communities.

Table 7.13

Community Perceptions and Attitudes - Assessment Summary

A

B C D

E F

Assessment Criteria Number of people likely to be affected by Impact Extent of Area Affected by the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Social Processes

7.2.11.1

Sources of Impact

Relatively lots, i.e. people living around road trace and road users. It is estimated that it will cover 25% of population. Will reach relatively wide area alongside the road of Banda Aceh-meulaboh During the construction phase of + 3 years with relatively medium intensity. There are no other environment components affected by the impact. Non-cumulative impact Impact can change towards activity plan. Important

Assessment

7.2.11

Comment

The principle source of impact on social processes is the mobilization and presence of a construction workforce for the extent of the 3 year construction stage. This will have impacts on the resident community in terms of social interactions and may place pressure on existing services and facilities.


216



7.2.11.2

Evaluation of Impacts Whilst there may be positive effects from the interaction between a migrant workforce and the local population (ie. cultural exchange, knowledge sharing, increased racial tolerance) the concentration of a predominantly male, migrant workforce, living in camps adjacent to villages can increase the incidence of social ills such as:

A possible associated rise in the incidence of illness not usually common in the local area, such as sexually transmitted disease; and

•

Other marginal activities such as gambling or illegal drug or alcohol use which may conflict with local sensitivities.

These practices/ activities will not be acceptable to local communities. There will be a greater impact if the majority of workers have migrated to the area (ie. a non-local workforce). The local communities may incur indirect impacts such as increased rate of traffic accidents (eg. workers driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs), potential increases in prostitution and the spread of disease. Such impacts can:

Behabit-forming;

Incur trauma;

Affect family relationships;

Compromise the saliency of local values and law and order; and

Decrease the productivity of the project workforce.

The impacts of social ills are commonly experienced by local populations as a result of new projects requiring the in-migration of a temporary workforce, particularly in rural locations. Localized impacts due to increased demands on services and facilities will occur during the construction phase. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam is relatively poor and the predominant economic activity is agricultural production. Community services, such as schools, hospitals, emergency services and municipal facilities and services such as water and power are in high demand and can already be difficult to access for those living in remote communities. An influx of workers will place extra demand on facilities that are already running to capacity. In addition, it cannot be presumed that only single, male workers will be attracted to the economic opportunities available in the region; some will come with families, creating demand across a broader range of service areas. Table 7.14

Social Processes - Assessment Summary

A


B

Extent of Area Affected by

Comment Relatively little, only population living adjacent to site of supporting infrastructures with total not over than 5% from population. Relatively narrow, only around office area, base camp, workshop and other facilities exist.


217



C D

E F

the Impact Duration and Intensity Impact Number of other environmental component likely to be affected by the impact Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

Assessment

7.2.12

Public Health

7.2.12.1

Sources of Impact

Sufficiently long, during the course of construction phase with relatively low intensity. It s component among others tradition and local culture as well as public attitude and perception.

Non-cumulative character Impact can change Important.

Direct impacts on the health of the local community due to the construction of the project are most likely to arise due to the following project related factors:

7.2.12.2

General construction activities;

Traffic movements;

Waste disposal; and

Pollution/ environmental contamination.

Evaluation of Impacts Most of the potential negative impacts on the health of the local population associated with the project are indirect impacts. These are effects that are associated with intermediate factors, which are themselves influenced by the project. Communities living close to construction activities along the main road or access roads are most vulnerable to injury or death, in particular, children and elderly pedestrians. Factors contributing to accidents include:

Existing access road network making navigation difficult;

Low community unfamiliarity with large scale traffic and construction activities; and

The scale and nature of construction works (heavy machinery, open trenches etc.).

In addition, minimal availability of, and access to, healthcare and treatment increases the irreversibility and severity of such impacts. Dust generation may cause severe nuisance to local residents and construction workers in terms of both discomfort to dust in the eyes, ingestion (mouth) and inhalation (throat and lungs) as well as actual physiological disease (asthma, allergy, coughing/ wheezing). People suffering from pre-existing medical PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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condition as well as old, weak and infirm (the “super vulnerable”) will be particularly at risk. Waste disposal and management is an important element of the project design process. Inappropriate disposal of waste may pollute water and food sources leading to the manifestation of a number of water borne diseases, for example, Hepatitis A and dysentery especially in areas prone to seasonal flooding etc. The factors that will propagate this risk are current poor household hygiene practices, existing levels of water pollution and the limited availability of diagnosis and treatment of water borne diseases. Table 7.15

Public Health - Assessment Summary Comment

Assessment Criteria A B

Number of people likely to be affected by Impact Extent of Area Affected by the Impact

C


D


E F

Assessment

7.3

OPERATION STAGE

7.3.1

Transportation

Relatively lots, i.e. people living around road trace and road users. Will reach relatively wide area alongside the road of Banda Aceh-meulaboh and surrounding of supporting facilities During the construction phase of + 3 years with relatively medium intensity. And intensity will increase if serious illness or death occurred due to spreading disease in community or accident due to construction activities. Community fidgetiness, attitude and community perception.

Non cumulative Reversible Significant.

With the end of the reconstruction and rehabilitation activities the overall accessibility for the west coast will be greatly improved to the benefit of the entire community, particularly those living close to the road corridor. This will in turn lead to economic growth with the improved transportation opening up trading centers at the major towns. The improved transportation network will help to accelerate rebuilding and also increase urbanization of the project area over all. Negative urbanization impacts can occur if development is uncontrolled, resulting in ‘strip’ or ‘ribbon’ development along the road alignment. This will potentially have negative impacts from a planning perspective, in terms of the delivery of facilities and services and from a community perspective due to the lack of community focus PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV NAD ANDAL ENGLISH FINAL

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and an urban environment dominated and in some instances severed by a significant regional transport route. Table 7.16

Transport – Assessment Summary Comment



B


C

D

E F


Assessment

7.3.2

Sufficient lots, i.e. people living alongside road line of Banda Aceh – Meulaboh and community of the said road user. Sufficient wide, i.e. area alongside line between Banda Aceh – Meulaboh. High impact intensity as it occurs everyday and the length of impact long lasts, i.e. when the road of Banda Aceh Meulaboh stil function as the transportation line. Sufficient lots for instance rate of accident, public income, regional income, as well as attitude and perception. Cumulative impact and in not so long time arises significant impact. The reversal impact after the operation of road and bridge of Banda Aceh - Meulaboh Positive-Important

Community Income and Work Opportunities The use of the road and bridges will cause an increase in transport of goods and people. This will improve accessibility to the Aceh west coast from other areas, and provide more options for mobility of the community. As a result, economic activity will increase, thereby increasing income levels and regional revenue. Such positive impacts will carry on into the long-term future, affecting a large part of the community and local government, as well as affecting the local and regional economic growth. In this respect, the operations phase will have a significant positive impact on society. Apart from the impacts caused by the use of the road, other impacts will arise as a result of the maintenance activities. There will be an increase in employment opportunities for local people to be involved in the maintenance activities, such as road clearing and sweeping, cutting the grass along the side of the road, repairing road markings and road signs, and reporting road incidents.


220



Table 7.17

Pendapatan Masyarakat – Ringkasan Penilaian Comment



B


C


D


E

F

Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact0

Assessment

7.3.3

By the availability of infrastructure both road and bridge, then all activities of community can smoothly last, so that, community alongside the line can enjoy benefits of economy growth. Spread of its impact is extensive, not only alongside the road, but also regionally for the province of NAD will enjoy the benefit. Not limited during the road can still be functioned as the transportation line. There are sufficient many Side impacts of public income, both components of chemical physic, biology and economy social and public health. Road projects can enable other infrastructure ones run due to the increase of area access. This matter has positively cumulative impacts for the said area. Benefits, even though in relation to the short terms of job opportunity of direct construction can positively permanent impact of long term for individual, family and community. Positive

Accidents As with any road, the possibility for road accidents exists. increases, so will the rate of accidents.

As road use

However, the new road will be designed to international safety standards, which will minimize the amount of accidents. Furthermore, the safety standards used in the design of the road should result in a decrease in the rate of accidents compared to the west coast road before the tsunami. Table 7.18

Accidents – Assessment Summary Comment



B


C D

E F


Assessment

Relatively lots, i.e. community living alongside the road channel and community of pedestrian of + 50% from population Spread of sufficiently wide impact occurs alongside road line and area of its surroundings. Sufficiently high and long lasting, i.e. during the road and bridge can be used as the road line. Pubilc health and attitude and their perception.

This impact can be cumulative by increasingly high rate of accident. This impact can change by the public discipline of road user, so that rate of accident can be minimized thereby changing positive impact. Imortant


221



7.3.4

Impact to Another Activity (Illegal Logging) Additionally, the increased accessibility provided by the new road may open up some forested areas where access was previously not readily available. Illegal logging activities may eventuate as has been evidenced in other parts of Sumatra, particularly with the increased demand for construction materials rendered by the tsunami rebuilding efforts

Table 7.19

Illegal Logging – Assessment Summary Comment



B


C D


E

Cumulative of Impact Reversibility or Irreversibility of Impact

F

Assessment

There are relatively lots, i.e. assumed that forest damage will impact on the occurrence of slide disaster, sedimentation, lowered quality of river water and so on in the number of 50% of high population around the forest. Relatively wide covering width of forest area that can be cleared (+ 200 Ha) Relatively long, during the road can be used as an access to forest with medium intensity. Sufficient number, i.e. landslide, sedimentation, lowered quality of river water, public income, public health and attitude and perception of community. Cumulative impact. And impact can shift towards the activity of road operation. Significant negative


222



8

REFERENCE

Anonimous (1997). Kriteria Penetapan Lahan Kritis. Direktorat Rehabilitasi dan Konservasi Tanah. Departemen Kehutanan. APHA, 1992.. Standard Methods, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington DC Arsyad, S. (1979). Konservasi TAnah dan Air. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. Bappeda (2003), Data Pokok Pembangunan Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Meulaboh. Bapedalda, 2000. Neraca Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Derah Tahun 1999 Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh. Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Banda Aceh. Bennet, J.D. McC. Bridge, D. Cameron, N.R. Djunuddin, A. Ghazali, S.A. Jeffrey, D.H. Kartawa, W. Keats, W. Rocks, N.M.S. Thompson, S.J. and Whandoyo, R. (1981) Geologic map of the Banda Aceh Quadrangle, Sumatra. Geological Research and Development Centre. Bowles, J.E., 1979, Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils, McGraw Hill International Book Company, Tokyo, Japan. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2001. Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2000., Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2004. Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat 2003., Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2004. Aceh Dalam Angka 2003., Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Cameron, N.R. Bennet, J.D. McC. Bridge, D. Clarke, M.C.G. Djunuddin, A. Ghazali, S.A. Harahap, H. Jeffrey, D.H. Kartawa, W. Keats,W. Ngabito, H. Rocks, N.M.S., and Thompson, S.J. (1983) Geologic map of the Tapaktuan Quadrangle, Sumatra. Geological Research and Development Centre. Cameron, N.R. Bennet, J.D. McC. Bridge, D. Djunuddin, A. Ghazali, S.A. Harahap, H. Jeffrey, D.H. Kartawa, W. Keats,W. Rocks, N.M.S., and Whandoyo, R.

(1982) Geologic map of the Tapaktuan

Quadrangle, Sumatra. Geological Research and Development Centre.


223



Chow, Ven Te, 1998, Applied Hydrogy, McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore. Djojohadikusumo, Sumitro , 1994. Perkembangan Pemikiran Ekonomi : Dasar Teori Ekonomi Pertumbuhan dan Ekonomi Pembangunan, LP3ES, Jakarta. Dumbois, D. M. and Ellenberg, H., 1974, Aim and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, John Wiley and Sons, New York. International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2005. Post Disaster Damage Assessment in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Directorate General of Human Settlement Ministry of Public Worksd, Banda Aceh. ISEI, 2005. Pembangunan Kembali Daerah Pascabencana di Aceh dan Sumatera Utara : Sebuah Pendekatan Sosial Ekonomi dan Politik. Focus Group Discussions & International Conference, Jakarta. Kabupaten Aceh Besar., Kompas, Terbitan tanggal 14 Juni 2002. Kabupaten Aceh Barat., Kompas, Terbitan tanggal 21 Juni 2002. Kabupaten Aceh Jaya., Kompas, Terbitan tanggal 31 Maret 2004. Krebs, C.J, (1978), Ecology The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abudance. Harper and Raw Publ., New York. MacKinnon., J, 1991. Panduan Lapangan Pengenalan Burung-burung di Jawa dan Bali, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. Mansoer, Teuku, 1970. Sanggamara., Teuku Mansoer Foundation, Jakarta. Odum, E.P, (1971), Fundamental of Ecology., W.B. Saunders and Co. Philadelphia. Schwarz, L.A. 1978. A Generic Regional Model for Interdisciplanary Impact Analysis Computing Center, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Soemarwoto, O. 1991. Analisis Dampak Lingkungan. Gajah Mada University Press, Yokyakarta. Smith, Holly S., 1997. Aceh : Art and Culture. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. Thomson, K.R., 1987, Principles of Water Surface Quality Modelling and Todaro, M.P., 1977, “Economic Development in Developing Countries” Control, Harper & Ron Publishing, New York. Tsunokawa, K. and Hoban, C., 1997, Road and The Environment a Handbook, World Bank Technical Paper No.376, Washington DC.


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U.S. Forest Service, 1980. Silvicultural

An Approach to Water Evaluation of Non-Point Sources

:

An

Procedural

Handbooks

U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency. Athens G.A. U.S. Soil Concervation Service, 1972. Natonal engineering Handbooks. Bagian 4. Hydrology. GPO, Washington, D.C. Wangsa, AB Lila, 1988. Lila Wangsa (Bangsa nyang Tangouh). Naskah Ketikan. Wischmeier, W.H. and D.D. Smith, 1978. Predicting Rainfall erosion Losses, A Guide to Concervation Planning. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook. No. 237.


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APPENDIX A APPROVAL ANDAL, RKL AND RPL BY GOVERNOR

APPENDIX B COMMENT AND RESPONSE ON ANDAL, RKL AND RPL

HASIL RAPAT KOMISI PENILAI AMDALDA PROVINSI NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM MEMBAHAS DOKUMEN AMDAL (ANDAL, RKL/RPL & EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) UNTUK KEGIATAN REHABILITASI DAN REKONSTRUKSI JALAN DARI BANDA ACEH - MEULABOH PROVINSI NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PEMRAKARSA

:

KONSULTAN PENYUSUN

:

JENIS KEGIATAN

:

JENIS DOKUMEN

:

REHABILITASI DAN REKONSTRUKSI JALAN DARI BANDA ACEH – MEULABOH SEPANJANG 240 KM. AMDAL

WAKTU PEMBAHASAN

:

27 Oktober 2005

LOKASI

:

KOTA BANDA ACEH, KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR, ACEH JAYA, DAN ACEH BARAT.

NO

HALAMAN

1

2

I

UMUM

DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM, DIRJEN BINA MARGA DIREKTORAT JALAN DAN JEMBATAN SATUAN KERJA SEMENTARA P2JJ PROV.NAD PT. ERM INDONESIA

EVALUASI / PERTANYAAN / SARAN PERBAIKAN 3 A. Pengantar Pembangunan kembali NAD dan Nias harus dapat dipercepat dan ditingkatkan kualitas hasilnya. Oleh karena itu, AMDAL, tidak dimaksudkan untuk menghambat pembangunan, tetapi untuk meningkatkan nilai dan kualitas pembangunan. AMDAL harus mampu memastikan bahwa hasil-hasil pembangunan kembali NAD/Nias telah mengakomodasikan semua kaidah lingkungan yang diperlukan sehingga hasil pembangunan dapat dioperasikan secara berkesinambungan. Untuk mencapai sasaran tersebut, maka AMDAL yang dihasilkan harus berkualitas atau mampu menghasilkan dokumen pengelolaan lingkungan yang operasional. Selain itu, Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan (RKL) dan Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan (RPL) merupakan hasil semua pihak yang berkepentingan dalam melestarikan fungsi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pelaksanaannya merupakan tanggung jawab kita bersama.

PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

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Penilaian ini berisi saran dan maksud yang bersifat kebijakan maupun teknis untuk meningkatkan kualitas AMDAL yang dihasilkan, sehingga mampu berfungsi sebagai acuan semua pihak yang berkepentingan untuk berperan melakukan pengelolaan lingkungan. B. Hasil Penilaian dan Saran Perbaikan Dokumen 1. Studi ANDAL masih bersifat kualitatif dan subjektif sehingga pernyataan yang tertera pada RKL (Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan) dan RPL (Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan) belum justifikasi 2. Masih ditemukan banyak kesalahan pengetikan, penggunaan istilah atau terminology keilmuan (scientific) yang tidak sesuai. 3. Executif summary yang ditulis, belum sesuai dengan makna dan tujuannya yaitu dokumen yang disiapkan untuk para executive (pengambil keputusan) yang waktunya terbatas untuk membaca naskah tulisan yang terlalu banyak. 4. Namun secara umum dokumen ini sudah dapat diterima dengan perbaikan atau penyempurnaanpenyempurnaan. • Hasil ANDAL yang dilakukan yaitu pembangunan jalan Banda Acah – Meulaboh akan berdampak besar dan dan penting terhadap lingkungan. RKL dan RPL belum secara meyakinkan bisa meminimalkan dampaknya. Rekomendasi pada tingkat policy : • Sebaiknya pemerintah proivnsi atau kabupaten, dimana jalan yang dilewati dimasing-masing kabupaten harus disiapkan policy (kebijakan) baik pada tingkat Qanun/Peraturan Daerah untuk melindungi kawasan-kawasan lindung atau kawasan yang memiliki nilai konservansi yang cukup tinggi (ACV)dari aktifitas eksploitasi dan destruktive, (illegal logging) akibat dampak lanjutan adanya jalan.


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Saran : Untuk melindungi jalan dari erosi air laut, sebaiknya jalan-jalan yang ditepi pantai,pantainya ditanami pepohonan pantai agar jalan tidak longsor akibat pelebaran pantai. Data geologi dan kegempaan cukup banyak ditampilkan (hal 72,73,74,75,78,79 dan lampiran A) tetapi tidak dilakukan perhitungan dan estimasi yang baik pada bagian prediksi dampak dan evaluasi. Tidak ada analisis dan prediksi dampak terhadap kawasan lindung sebagaimana telah disinggung pada bagian penggunaan lahan (hal 80 & 81). Tidak ada analisis dan prediksi dampak dari potensi banjir sebagaimana telah disinggung pada bagian hidrologi (halaman 84). Tidak ada analisis dan prediksi dampak terhadap satwa liar yang dilindungi sebagaimana telah ditampilkan pada halaman 95-97. Pembangunan jalan akan melewati area lahan basah, tetapi dalam prakiraan tidak ada pengkajian daerah lahan basah mana yang terganggu, berapa luasan, bagaimana system konstruksi jalan yang akan dilakukan, bagaimana dampak akibat pembukaan lahan basah. Dampak kumulatif disinggung dalam prakiraan tetapi tidak jelas, harusnya dikaji dampak kumulatif proyek sebelum adanya tsunami dan setelah tsunami. Uraian data (pembahasan) komponen fisik kimia seperti : erosi tanah, longsor, debit air, banjir masih bersifat kualitatif (tidak terukur). Pembahasan seharusnya bersifat kuantitatif (terukur) sehingga dapat dengan akurat digunakan untuk memprediksi dampak besar dan penting. Jumlah material yang dibutuhkan disebutkan berapa juta matrik.

Untuk penentuan trase jalan baru, khususnya untuk Kacamatan Leupung dimana pada daerah tersebut ada relokasi pemukiman. Agar trase jalan baru tersebut diusulkan melewati pemukiman baru.


Saran akan diakomodir, dan akan direkomendasikan dalam RKL

Telah ditambahkan dengan perhitungan dan estimasi.

Dari hasil peta terbaru bahwa jalan eksisting dan rencana trase jalan tidak memotong kawasan lindung. Telah ditambahkan pada bab 6, hal

Telah ditambahkan pada bab 6, hal

Saat ini rencana trase jalan akan melewati lahan basah masih dalam pengkajian dari tim disain Telah ditambahkan pada bab 6, hal

Sebagian data yang didapatkan merupakan data primer dan sekunder

Telah ditambahkan dengan perhitungan kuantitatif untuk aspek erosi, air limpasan

Uraian rencana kegiatan pembangunan jalan saat studi ini dilaksanakan masih dalam pengkajian tim disain. Pembangunan jalan diusahakan tidak memotong pemukiman melainkan melintasi wilayah luar pemukiman.

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Perlu adanya penelitian tentang lokasi-lokasi quary material. Untuk konstruksi jalan dan lokasi penimbunan dari pekerjaan galian tanah. Karena quary-quary tersebut juga akan mempengaruhi lingkungan sekitar.

Sudah disampaikan dalam ANDAL, Bab 4. dan Peta lokasi Quary dan diakomodasikan dalam RKL, hal

Telah diperbaiki Jumlah pemukiman di Aceh Jaya sebanyak 21 mukim bukan 211. Jumlah kampung/desa dalam Kabupaten Aceh Jaya sebanyak 172 bukan 173. - Pembebasan lahan agar dilakukan secara transparan kepada masyarakat sehingga tidak menimbulkan konflik - Perekrutan Tenaga Kerja agar di ikut sertakan masyarakat setempat - Pembukaan ruas jalan yang baru agar melintasi, pemukiman yang baru/tidak begitu jauh dari pemukiman yang baru. Untuk lokasi quarry perlu dilengkapi dengan dokumen UKL-UPL dan perizinan. Untuk kawasan rawan longsor seperti Daerah Geureutee perlu juga dimasukkan ke dalam RKL & RPL, sehingga ada tindakan antisipasi jika keadaan longsor itu terjadi ketika tahap konstruksi dan pasca konstruksi. ANDAL yang dibuat sebaiknya dirinci lebih lengkap. Misalnya : pemilahan untuk masing-masing Kabupaten sehingga tampak jelas apa saja yang harus dikelola di Kabupaten dimaksud.

Untuk Kota Banda Aceh, tidak dijelaskan apakah ada pembuatan drainase misalnya untuk kawasan yang melewati Pendopo Gubernur, jika ada sesuaikan tata ruang dan drainase kota (Master Plain Drainase). Karena komponen longsoran (Land Slide) tidak dibahas secara rinci pada awal komponen ini sangat penting maka disarankan pada pemrakarsa untuk memperhatikan Cut & Fill pada jalan bergelombang-berbukit dan berbukit-bergunung. Grade jalan < 8 % dan tindakan mekanis (pelindung tebing) segera dilakukan untuk menghindari Land Slide. Penjelasan aspek sosial budaya cukup bagus, guna untuk pembangunan ruas jalan baru perlu penjelasan analisis masyarakat terhadap jalan lama melainkan dengan metodologi seharusnya lengkap dan optimal. Namun implikasi terhadap pembangunan jalan (Andal) seolaholah lepas, karena tidak dikaitkan lagi dengan pembangunan jalan dan tidak ditunjang oleh kasus-kasus spesifik


Telah disampaikan dalam lap. ANDAL, bab 4, hal 57 Telah diakomodasikan dalam RKL dan RPL, dalam aspek tanah (erosi/longsor)

Dalam pembangunan jalan dan jembatan tidak berdasarkan wilayah administrasi tetapi berdasarkan segmen-segmen di dalam kegiatan konstruksi Dalam penentuan disain juga akan menyesuaikan dengan master plan drainase

Telah ditambahkan dalam bab 6, hal. 215 dan diakomodasikan dalam RKL, hal 21

Dalam pembahasan aspek sosial budaya ini digunakan untuk menerangkan kondisi sosial budaya yang ada di lokasi kegiatan pada khususnya dan masyarakat Aceh pada umumnya.

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sosial budaya masyarakat disepanjang pembangunan jalan Banda Aceh – Meulaboh (kurang tajam). Pada point metode pemantauan __ terbesar bahwa : Masyarakat lokal masih seperti objek bukan sebagai subjek dalam pembangunan jalan tersebut. Sehingga tidak dapat secara mandiri mampu berpartisipasi aktif dalam kegiatan pemantauan proyek. -

Kemudian kutipan kata “perwakilan penduduk setempat” tersebut dijelaskan bagaimana mekanisme memilih terkecualikan yang representatif sehingga masih bersifat kabur dan kurang tajam. Dampak kumulatif disinggung dalam prakiraan tetapi tidak jelas, seharusnya dikaji dalam kumulatif proyek sebelum adanya tsunami dan setelah tsunami.

Masyarakat sudah dilibatkan sejak awal pada saat pengumuman di surat kabar lokal dan nasional, sosialisasi kegiatan dan akan terlibat dalam pekerjaan konstruksi Didalam melakukan wawancara dengan penduduk kita melibatkan kepala desa/kampung (Keuchik) yang membantu dalam memasilitasi dengan masyarakat Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan stelah tsunami, dan tidak mungkin melakukan kajian kumulatif dengan proyek yang telah pada saat sebelum tsunami dengan proyek yang akan dilaksanakan setelah tsunami.

Dokumen AMDAL

Bab I

MANA ISU POKOKNYA ? belum saya jumpai pada bab I atau II. Isu pokok sangat penting dalam penyusunan ANDAL, agar terjadi penghematan dan kajiannya terfokus. 1. Lampiran B. hasil analisis laboratorium untuk permeabilitas (cm/jam) kode sampel Lhong = 666,7 (sangat cepat) dan Preumeu = 416,7 (sangat cepat) tidak logis. Karena tekstur tanahnya liat (clay) seperti yang tertulis pada lampiran berikutnya. 2. Data permeabilitas ini tidak valid kalau digunakan untuk menghitung exodibilitas (K) dan erosi tanah. - Pada lampiran hasil analisis kualitas air, kode sampel S-4 tidak disebutkan jenis sampel

Isu pokok sudah tercantum dalam ANDAL Bab 2. hal 19

1. selama proses pelaksanaan studi ini telah ada tambahan peraturan perundang-undangan baru yang khusus disiapkan untuk mempercepat proses pelaksanaan kegiatan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi. Peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut adalah Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 308 tahun 2005 tertanggal 28 September 2005 tentang pelaksanaan AMDAL, UKL dan UPL Kegiatan Rehabilitasi dan Rekontrusi NAD dan Nias. Oleh karena itu, PerMenLH tersebut perlu dicantumkan pada bab-1.

Kegiatan studi amdal ini sudah berjalan sebelum peraturan tersebut diundakan jadi tidak bisa dicantumkan


Telah diperbaiki, dalam lampiran B

Data telah keluarkan dari laporan

Telah ditambahkan, dalam lampiran

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7-9-28

2. Bab ini perlu dilengkapi dengan “bagan Alir Kerangka Konseptual Analisis” yang menggambarkan hubungan antara komponen-komponen kegiatan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Jalan dengan komponen lingkungan, dampak langsung dan dampak-dampak lanjutannya sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menjelaskan ruang lingkup analisis yang dilakukan dalam AMDAL. Pada peraturan pemerintah No. 5 & no. 4 Seharusnya : - PP No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemanfaatan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar - PP No. 7 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Pada point Metode Pemantauan Lingkungan __ pelibatan masyarakat lokal dalam pemantauan tidak dijelaskan bagaimana mekanismenya. Sebaiknya dimasukkan juga peluang masyarakat setempat (lokal) dalam menganalisis terhadap pembangunan jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh mulai dari Pra konstruksi-konstruksi-pasca konstruksi.

9

Sedikit sekali mengemukakan variabel teknik jalan yang berkaitan denagn gangguan lingkungan. Tidak dicamtumkan jenis medan yang dilalui,kemiringan kritis jalan yang ada, berapa dalamnya galian maksimum, timbunan yang ada dan bentuk lereng.

11

Kalimat pada sub. bab (pembebasan lahan) terputus.

12

Reference peta Borrow Area belum ada.

2.1.1.1.

Ditampilkan peta rawan longsor Analisis Daerah Rawan Longsor

Telah ditambahkan dengan gambar Proses pelingkupan dan Focousing (gambar 2.1)

Telah diperbaiki, hal 5

Pelibatan masyarakat sudah diwakili oleh Dinas/instansi Pemda setempat, sehingga masyarakat dapat melaporkan kepada Pemda Setempat

Pada saat penyusunan AMDAL, disain dan penentunan aligment jalan masih di kerjakan dan belum ada uraian yang pasti sehingga belum ada data teknis jalan yang pasti

b Telah diperbaiki, hal. 11

Lokasi borrow area terdapat di sepanjang trase jalan yang untuk berkontur berbukit dan akan digunakan untuk menimbun trase jalan yang landai/rendah. Peta rawan lonsor ditampilkan dalam gambar 6.5 Peta Indek Stabilitas Tanah

Bab 2

1. Lingkup wilayah studi seharusnya Gambar batas wilayah studi telah merupakan resultansi dari (i) batas diperbaiki dan merupakan resultan tapak proyek (koridor jalan dan dari keempat batas yang ada wilayah kerja Quarry dan Borrow area), (ii) Batas Ekologi, (iii) Batas Sosial dan (iv) batas Administrasi. 2. peta dihalaman-20 belum menjelaskan batas-batas tersebut. Apabila keempat batas tersebut digambarkan dalam peta, maka batas terluar dapat ditetapkan dan digambarkan secara jelas sebagai


Peta lokasi sampel yang digambarkan telah mengikuti batas wilayah studi yang sudah ditentukan (Gambar 3.1.), hal 32

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batas wilayah studi. 16

Apakah disekitar kegiatan tidak ada hutan lindung (yang merupakan bagian dari hutan konservasi, UU No. 05 tahun 1999)

17

Pada panduan yang diacu yaitu Kep, Ka Telah diperbaiki di dalam Laporan bapedal Nomor 09 tahun 2000, tidak ada ANDAL menjadi istilah Sosial istilah Sosial Ekonomi. Mohon diralat.

18

1-18

19,20 dan 31

Bab 3

Tabel 2.1 Banyak dampak yang disampaikan tidak terinci. Ex. Kekurangan parameter untuk penentuan kualitas air. Tabel 1-2 Desa Meutulang (Kec. Johan Pahlawan) yang betul Kecamatan Kaway XVI. Desa Pnemeu Kecataman Woyla yang betul Kecamatan Kaway XVI. Penentuan batas wilayah studi dilakukan dengan cara yang tidak tepat dan menggunakan definisi yang salah sehingga hasil akhir batas wilayah studi hanya berupa penarikan garis keluar tanpa alasan yang meyakinkan. Hal ini ditunjukkan lebih jauh pada pemilihan lokasi sampel yang sama sekali tidak memanfaatkan garis terluar dari batas wilayah studi.

Disepanjang trase jalan tidak ada hutan lindung tetapi Hutan Produksi Terbatas (SK Gub. No. 19 Tahun 1999)

Halaman yang dipertanyakan tidak jelas

Saharusnya tabel 4.2, hal 56-57 dan telah diperbaiki.

Penentuan lokasi sample tidak di garis terluar dari batas wilayah studi karena pertimbangan akses yang sangat sulit dicapai dan kondisi keamanan yang tidak memungkinkan

Bab ini, pada dasarnya harus dapat menjelaskan 3 (tiga) hal atau dapat menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut ini: 1. Pendekatan dan metoda apa yang akan Metode analisis data sudah digunakan untuk Analisis data Rona dicantumkan dalam bab 3 Awal ? metodologi studi dan analisis data telah ditampilkan dalam Tabel 3.6, Hasil analisis menjelaskan mengenai hal. 41-42 daya tampung dan daya dukung komponen-komponen lingkungan pasca tsunami dan gempa bumi. (Menggunakan rumus-rumus empiris dan/atau rumus matematis). 2. Pendekatan dan metoda apa yang akan digunakan untuk prediksi besaran (magnitude) dampak kegiatan terhadap lingkungan. (bukan sebaliknya yaitu dampak lingkungan terhadap kegiatan). Hasil prediksi dampak memberi gambaran besarnya (magnitude) dampak komponen kegiatan terhadap komponen lingkungan tersebut (Menggunakan rumus-rumus empiris dan/atau rumus matematis).

Di dalam memprediksi dampak (bab 6) kami telah menggunakan rumusrumus empiris dan perhitungan selain menggunakan metoda Analogi dan Penilaian Para Ahli (profesional judgement)

3. Seberapa penting dampak-dampak Evaluasi kegiatan rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi disesuaikan PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

dampak di Bab 7

sudah dengan

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terhadap lingkungan ? Hasil evaluasi pentingnya dampak tersebut menetapkan tingkat pentingnya dampak apabila ditinjau dari aspekaspek (i) jumlah manusia yang terkena dampak, (ii) luas wilayah sebaran dampak, (iii) lamanya dan insentitas dampak berlangsung, (iv) banyaknya komponen lingkungan lainnya yang terkena dampak, (v) sifat kumulatif dampak dan berbalik atau tidaknya dampak. Evaluasi tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang dikuantifikasikan.

menggunakan PP No. 27 tahun 1999

Oleh karena itu, rumus-rumus empiris dan/atau rumus matematis yang digunakan dalam analisis maupun prediksi harus dipilih yang terkait atau diperlukan sesuai dengan yang digambarkan pada Bagan Alir Kerangka Konseptual Analisis yang tertera pada Bab-1. 22-39

“ Telah diperbaiki di halaman 36 – 40 dan di dalam bagian lain di Laporan ANDAL Kualitas udara, kebisingan, hujan, suhu udara, kelebaban, dsb, semestinya merupakan aspek (bukan parameter).

Ada kerancuan penggunaan kata komponen”, “parameter” dan “aspek”.

Parameter lingkungan (hal 39) bukan yang terkena dampak, tapi yang diamati/diukur. Metode studi :

25

Hal 32

Kompone

Aspek

Parameter

Dampak

- .............. - ...............

- ...............

- .............. - ...............

- ...............

- .............. - ...............

- ...............

Tabel jumlah rumah sakit, pada kolom Aceh Besar, jumlah rumah sakit di Aceh Besar terdapat 1 (satu) unit rumah sakit type c. Pada peta fungsi hutan, menunjukkan bahwa wilayah sekitar Grutee tidak termasuk dalam hutan lindung, begitu juga mulai dari Lamno sampai Meulaboh. Apakah peta ini sudah valid dan sesuai dengan kondisi yang sebenarnya? Mohon di chek kembali. Peta fungsi hutan Luas kawasan Cagar Alam Jantho 16.800 Ha yang arealnya meliputi 3 (tiga) Kabupaten yaitu : Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya dan Pidie, dipeta kelihatan bahwa kawasan CA, arealnya hanya meliputi Aceh Besar dan Aceh Jaya. Tahura Pocut Merah Intan berada dalam


Telah diperbaiki pada Tabel 5.49 di halaman 143 Peta bersumber dari SK Gub. 19 Tahun 1999)

Gambar sudah diperbaiki

Gambar sudah disesuaikan USAID INDONESIA

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wilayah 2 (dua) Kabupaten yaitu : Aceh Besar dan Pidie, sedangkan yang muncul dipeta hanya Aceh besar. 33

Uraian metode Biologi diplomatis, kurang Telah diperbaiki ilmiah, sehingga tidak jelas untuk dilaksanakan, baik lokasi jumlah sampling, dll Lokasi flora (vegetasi) dikemukakan ada Telah diperbaiki, tidak ada hutan hutan lindung, semak, dll. Tidak ada data lindung tetapi Hutan Produksi pada Bab V Terbatas (Sk. Gub. 19 Tahun 1999)

34

35

37

37 & 39 41

Mengapa metode berapa titik untuk panjang lintasan mana letak dan jelajah?

fauna tidak diungkapkan Telah diperbaiki pada Bab 3, hal 34 IPA, berapa banyak dan yang dilalui (jelajah), di cara perletakkan jalur

Metode pengambilan data tidak jelas : informasi lokasi sampling pada badan air tidak ada/kurang jelas. Informasi ttitik sampling pada badan air tidak ada/kurang jelas. Sampel air 100 ml disaring menjadi berapa ...ml ? Ringkasan Dampak Penting pada tahap konstruksi Dampak Kawasan Lingkungan tidak terindentifikasi, mohon dimasukkan dampak kerusakan lingkungan. Pengumpulan data primer tidak memberikan justifikasi, mengapa jumlah sample tersebut dipilih dan bagaimana implikasi statistiknya. Sampel hanya ditentukan 5 orang per desa tampa melihat proporsionalnya dan pertimbangan homogenitasnya sehingga menunjukkan justifikasi kecukupan jumlah sample. Perlu penjelasan ketika menyebutkan bahwa data primer kuantitatif dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, bukankan data primer kuantitatif justru diperoleh dari catatan statistik atau hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Buku ANDAL : Unit sampel atau Unit Analisis=untuk rumah tangga Kenapa Wilayah Peukan Bada diambil 2 (dua) desa sementara yang lain masingmasing satu desa.

Lokasi pengambilan sampel biologi air (plankton dan bentos) sama dengan lokasi pengambilan sampel air Telah ditambahkan disaring menjadi 25 ml

Karena keterbatasan waktu dan luasnya wilayah studi, sample hanya 5 orang yang diambil dari personel kunci di setiap desa, seperti kepala desa, ulama dll

Maksudnya untuk kuesioner dari hasil wawancara merupakan data primer kuantitatif

Lokasi Peukan Bada sangat dekat dengan rencana trase jalan sehingga diambil dua desa untuk membandingkan yang terkena dampak tsunami dan yang tidak terkena dampak tsunami Sudah diperbaiki di dalam laporan Konsistensi pemakaian kata “analisa” dan “analisis” ANDAL, RKL dan RPL Analisis Flora : INP, H sudah bagus, tetapi Sudah diperbaiki di dalam tidak digunakan memprediksi dampak Analisis Fauna interprestasi

Data fauna (selain pengamatan burung) didapatkan dengan cara inventarisasi) Analisis Biota perairan : H dan E, tetapi E Analisis biota perairan tidak digunakan menggunakan Nilai Indeks PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

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42

MENGAPA EVALUASI SECARA HOLISTIS YANG ADA DALAM KERANGKA ACUAN TIDAK ADA PADA ANDAL ? pada hal ini yang benar sesuai dengan Kep. Ka. Bapedal No. 09 tahun 2000. Metode analisis data SOSIAL BUDAYA seharusnya menggunakan analisis statistic yang didasarkan pada data primer hasil sampling. Demikian pula data kesehatan masyarakat, selain dideskripsikan harus dilakukan analisis statistic yang memadai.

Keanekaragaman Jenis (H) saja Di dalam evaluasi sudah menggunakan pedoman PP No. 27 Tahun 1999 dan Kep. Ka Bapedal No. 09 Tahun 2000 Data sosial budaya telah dihitung dan dipergunakan berdasarkan data yang bersumber dari BPS dan Kabupaten/Kecamatan Dalam Angka

Hal 43

Metode perkiraan dampak besar dan Kesulitannya adalah mendapatkan penting, bisa menggunakan peta tematik. peta tematik yang sama dan bisa dioverlay

Hal 48

Bab 4.3 ditambahkan “Menyediakan Struktur Telah ditambahkan pada sub bab Ruang Regional “ dalam rangka 4.3, hal 48 – 49 pengembangan wilayah NAD yang berwawasan lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Hal ini dikarenakan fungsi jalan adalah untuk meningkatkan arus barang dan jasa sehingga perekonomian meningkat dan daya beli masyarakat juga meningkat. Disisi lain, jalan juga berfungsi meningkatkan akses untuk membuka wilayah-wilayah baru yang mempunyai potensi ekonomi. Tetapi menutup akses kekawasan-kawasan yang dilindungi atau memiliki fungsi kendali agar akses ke kawasan tersebut di perkecil atau dihindari.

49

Sub bab :4.4.1 jalan akan ditempatkan Desain dan rencana konstruksi jalan pada saat studi ANDAL ini disusun dilokasi Banda Aceh, Kabupaten besar dst. masih dalam tahap penyelesaian, Mestinya jalan sepanjang 240 km tersebut sehingga belum ada rencana detil dalam kegiatan konstruksi paling kurang desain dan konstruksi jalan harus dibagi : 4 seksi @ 60 km. Hal itu akan berpengaruh letak dan luas perkantoran, pemondokan, base camp yang diperlukan, tentu dengan dampak tertentu. Dua lokasi medan berat (pergunungan) yang bakal dilalui, yaitu gn. Kulu Paro Geurute serta gunung sekitar Lhok Kruet. Tidak dijelaskan apakah pekerjaan hanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat-alat standar atau ada peledakan (penggunaan dinamit). Hal-hal ini punya dampak besar,baik soal konstruksi bahkan operasional. Penanggulangan pembuangan tanah galian belum dijelaskan metode, lokasi dan besarannya. Konstruksi penerjunan pada parit drainase tidak pernah dikemukakan. Apabila kemiringan jalan besar (medan pengunungan) keperluan terhadap kolam


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penerjunan tidak besar dihindari. Hal 49 s/d 60

Bab. RENCANA KEGIATAN agar lebih Desain dan rencana konstruksi jalan detail untuk acuan prediksi besaran dampak. pada saat studi ANDAL ini disusun masih dalam tahap penyelesaian, Bab. Ini harus dapat menjelaskan sehingga belum ada rencana detil bagaimana metode membangun jalan yang desain dan konstruksi jalan panjangnya 240 Km tersebut. Apakah dibagi kedalam beberapa ruas jalan berdasarkan lokasi Quarry & Borrow Arel atau pendekatan logistik lainnya. Bab. Ini harus dapat menjelaskan pula, berapa jumlah truk pengangkut material timbunan ruas jalan tersebut, berapa volume truk yang dipakai, berapa lama waktunya, jalan-jalan umum nama saja yang akan dilalui dsb. Bab. Ini jaga harus dapat menjelaskan dimana saja Base Camp akan dibangun, kegiatan apa saja, volumenya berapa besar,jumlah pekerjanya yang ada di Base camp berapa dsb. Teknologi yang dipakai untuk pengambilan Quarry apa? (apakah ada proses pendalaman)? Tipikal disain badan jalan dan jembatan volume material yang diperlukan Jadwal waktu konstruksi dan prakiraan ketersediaan material di Borrow Area dan Quarry, digunakan untuk acuan prakiraan jumlah tertentu, demikian pula jumlah truk yang akan di operasikan serta kebutuhan tenaga kerja. Oleh karena itu, tabel 4.2 harus dilengkapi dengan Rencana/Prakiraan Volume Quarry & Borrow Areal yang akan di eksploitasi luas jalan (dalam Kg atau M2) harus pula dicantumkan berhubungan dengan ruas lahan yang harus dibebaskan.

50

Desain belum ada. Volume pek. (tabel 4.1 hal 50) tidak terkait dengan metode penanggulangan, sehingga dampak lingkungan juga tidak muncul. Rumus kegiatan pada penulisan bahwa desain belum ada.

Desain dan rencana konstruksi jalan pada saat studi ANDAL ini disusun masih dalam tahap penyelesaian, sehingga belum ada rencana detil desain dan konstruksi jalan

53

Pembebasan lahan : berapa luasnya? Apa Desain dan rencana konstruksi jalan jenis penggunaan lahannya ? pada saat studi ANDAL ini disusun masih dalam tahap penyelesaian, sehingga belum ada rencana detil desain dan konstruksi jalan

55

a.Menyangkut kegiatan survey dan pengukuran selain masyarakat dapat menyaksikan, perlu juga diikutkan tokoh masyarakat setempat dalam kegiatan


Saran akan menjadi pertimbangkan oleh pemrakarsa proyek Perkiraaan jumlah tenaga kerja adalah 20 orang per km sudah USAID INDONESIA

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56 & 57

57 58

68

68 s/d 89

pengukuran, karena mungkin masyarakat tahu alternatif jalan yang terbaik dan pernah dibuka/dikerjakan. b. Untuk penentuan trace jalan, pemukiman penduduk yang sudah ada perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dilalui/digunakan dengan tujuan untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi masyarakat pedesaan. Untuk kegiatan pembebasan lahan harap dilaksanakan dengan bermusyawarah dengan masyarakat pemilik lahan dan transparansi. Pembebasan lahan belum jelas dilakukan didaerah mana (dalam alignment) yang seharusnya sudah ada estimasi berdasarkan jalur yang sudah direncanakan. Perkiraan jumlah tenaga kerja seharusnya sudah lebih kongkrit dan tidak hanya merupakan perkiraan kasar yang sulit untuk dianalisis lebih jauh.

dicantumkan dalam dokumen

Pembebasan dan ganti rugi lahan masyarakat mutlak dilakukan. Perlu pendekatan persuasif dan bersahabat terhadap ganti rugi. Kegiatan konstruksi belum bisa dilaksanakan bila biaya ganti rugi belum dilaksanakan. Kegiatan ini juga harus trasparan dan bersifat segera. Selain itu berapa Ha lahan yang akan diganti rugi jaga belum tergambat jelas. Sebaiknya lokasi pengambilan tanah timbun dan batu (borrow pit) ditampilkan pada suatu peta yang memberikan gambaran yang memadai. Komponen kegiatan ini cukup besar dan berpotensi menimbulkan dampak Hal ini juga penting disampaikan seperti pada hlaman 12 dan 13.

Saran akan menjadi pertimbangan pada saat dilakukannya pembebasan lahan

9. Desa Meutulang (Kecamatan Kaway XVI) 11. Desa Preumeu (Kacamatan Kaway XVI) Pemakaian BBM dan pelumas tidak cukup dibahas, kemana ceceran BBM mungkin terjadi dan bagaimana pengelolaan oli bekas dilakukan. Hal ini juga penting disampaikan seperti pada halaman 12 dan 13. Garis kontur pada peta banyak kesalahan, hal ini terlihat dari banyaknya sungai yang dipotong oleh garis kontur.

Sudah diperbaiki pada Tabel l 4.2, hal 56-57. Sudah dibahas dalam RKL di dalam pengelolaan Tanah (kontaminasi ceceran minyak)

Uraian pembebasan lahan masih dikaji oleh pemrakarsa proyek dan penyandang dana.

Rencana pembebasan lahan masih dikaji jadi belum bisa ditetapkan wilayah yang akan dibebaskan

Peta quarry telah ditambahkan pada gambar 4.5

Garis kontur pada gambar 5.1 merupakan garis isohyet, yaitu garis yang menunjukan tingkat curah hujan, bukan garis kontur ketinggian Peta fungsi hutan tidak bisa digunakan peta Peta arahan fungsi hutan sesuai yang dikeluarkan oleh Kanwil kehutanan, dengan SK Gub. No. 19 Tahun sebab peta tersebut adalah dalam proses 1999 administrasi (belum final) Peta yang dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber Peta arahan fungsi hutan sudah adalah peta arahan fungsi hutan (SK Gunb. disesuaikan dengan SK Gub. No. No. 19 Tahun 1999) dan peta penunjukan 19 Tahun 1999 kawasan hutan perairan oleh Instansi Kehutanan (No. 170/KPTS-II/2000) Peta Persil mohon ditampilkan untuk Analisis Tidak mungkin memasukkan peta


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lahan ganti rugi milik masyarakat.

Bab 4

persil dalam dokumen ANDAL ini, peta ini bias dimasukkan dalam studi sosial untuk pembebasan lahan Bab ini harus mampu menjawab secara Desain dan rencana konstruksi jalan terinci mengenai 3 (tiga) hal pokok berikut ini: 1. Apa manfaat pembangunan jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh?? (Dampak positif yang diharapkan dari pembangunan jalan)? Pernyataan manfaat pada bab 4.3 halaman-48 hendaknya lebih dirinci sehingga tidak perlu dianalisis lebih lanjut pada bab-6 (predikasi dampak). Fungsi jalan, pada dasarnya adalah untuk memperlancar arus distribusi barang dan jasa sehingga merupakan prasarana untuk meningkatkan perekonomian pada skala propinsi, kabupaten/kota maupun skala local. Peningkatan perekonomian tersebut berarti akan berdampak pada peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dan peningkatan daya beli masyarakat. Jalan juga berfungsi sebagai prasarana untuk pengembangan wilayah regional. Pengembangan wilayah mencakup (i) percepatan pembangunan wilayah-wilayah yang memiliki potensi ekonomi dan (ii) mengendalikan perambahan ke wilayah-wilayah yang dilindungi. 2. seberapa besar (magnitude) komponen-komponen kegiatan pembangunan kembali jalan Banda Acen-Meulaboh dan bagaimana cara serta langkah-langkah pembangunan? Lebih terinci lagi, pertanyaanpertayaan yang harus dapat dijawab pada bab rencana kegiatan (Bab-4) antara lain adalah sebagai berikut: a) Berapa volume material yang tersedia dan boleh diambil dari quarry & borrow area sehingga tidak merusak lingkungan?? Dimana saja lokasi quarry dan borrow area tersebut?? b) Terletak diruas jalan atau segmen atau seksi jalan mana saja lokasi quarry dan borrow area tersebut? c) Berapa M3 Material yang akan diambil dan dimobilisasikan dari quarry & borrow area ke lokasi pekerjaan?


Telah ditambahkan pada sub bab 4.3, hal. 48-49

Pada saat studi ANDAL ini disusun masih dalam tahap penyelesaian, sehingga belum ada rencana detil desain dan konstruksi jalan

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d) Rute jalan umum mana saja yang akan dilalui truk pengangkut material? Berapa panjang jalan akses tersebut? e) Kapan dan berapa banyak truk material dimobilisasi?? f) Berapa banyak dan dimana lokasi base camp akan ditempatkan? g) Kegiatan apa saja yang akan dilakukan di base camp? Berapa jumlah pekerja yang menginap di base camp?dan h) Komponen kegiatan kontruksi lainnya yang akan dilaksanakan. Semua pernyataan tersebut harus dapat dijelaskan secara kuantitatif!!! Catatan: Karena AMDAL merupakan bagian studi kelayakan, sedangkan rekonstruksi kemungkinan hanya memerlukan peninjauan ulang terhadap studi kelayakan terdahulu (bila ada), maka untuk acuan kuantifikasi dapat menggunakan konstruksi jalan lama dan tipikal konstruksi jalan, jembatan dan bangunan pelintasan lainnya yang akan dibangun. 3. kegiatan apa saja diwilayah studi yang saling mempengaruhi atau menambah besarnya dampak terhadap lingkungan?? diwilayah studi, kemungkinan terdapat kegiatan-kegiatan pembangunan yang dapat saling mempengaruhi atau dampaknya sejenis dan dapat terakumulasi diwilayah studi. Kegiatan dimaksud, antara lain adalah pembangunan perumahan dan pemukiman, pembangunan saluran irigasi, pembangunan bangunan-bangunan air, pembangunan embung/waduk kecil dan pembangunan infrastruktur lainnya. Kegiatan tersebut, pada dasarnya juga memerlukan lahan, memerlukan bahan bangunan, memerlukan tenaga kerja. Jenis dampak kegiatan tersebut dalam banyak hal akan sama, tetapi besarannya berbeda. Dampak-dampak tersebut akan terakumulasi di wilayah studi sehingga mungkin akan melampaui daya tampung dan daya dukung PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

Sampai saat ini data tentang studi konstruksi jalan yang lama belum didapatkan, sehingga akan diusahakan mencarai analogy kegiatan sejenis di lokasi lain yang sejenis

Sampai saat ini informasi rencana kegiatan yang akan dilakukan belum kami, akan kami usahakan mencari informasi mengenai rencana kegiatan diwilayah studi pada waktu yang bersamaan

Kuantifikasi sudah dilakukan untuk paramater-parameter yang memungkinkan

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komponen lingkungan di wilayah studi. Atas dasar hal tersebut, pada bab ini perlu ditambahkan bab 4.5 yang berisi informasi mengenai kegiatankegiatan lain yang akan dilakukan di wilayah studi pada waktu yang bersamaan. 71 & 72

Informasi tentang kegiatan lain di wilayah studi pada saat bersamaan dengan kegiatan ini akan terus kami usahakan untuk mendapatkannya

Pada bagian rona awal lingkungan, penyusun Sudah diperbaiki, hal 73 seharusnya belum menetapkan dampak, misalnya pernyataan “, karena rona awal pada dasarnya masih berupa kondisi eksisting yang belum berkaitan dengan rencana kegiatan. Komponen getaran sudah disebut namun tidak ada hasil pengukuran atau angka yang menunjukkan hal tersebut. Penyataan bahwa getaran tergolong dampak negative merupakan hal yang tidak perlu dan dapat mengarahkan pada hal yang tidak tepat.

Hal 81

Mohon lebih dirinci berapa Ha yang termasuk pada hutan sekunder, rawa dan sebagainya. Bagaimana status hutan skunder & rawa , apakah HP, HL, HK atau APL.

Dari hasil survei, perkiraan luasan pada masing-masing penggunaan lahan telah ditambahkan pada Tabel 5.13, hal. 87

Hal 84

Tidak jelas maksudnya dan relevansinya tentang kebijakan tata ruang pasca bencana, strategi tata ruang, penataan ruang wilayah provinsi,

Penjelasan sudah ditambahkan, yaitu untuk melihat kesesuain tata ruang dengan rencana konstruksi jalan

a.

Pola pendekatan TRWP

b.

Altenatif skenario pengembangan dimuat dalam dokumen ANDAL.

Atau tidak dijelaskan maksudnya untuk apa? 89

-

Apakah peta RTRW Prov. NAD yang ditampilkan di dokumen merupakan peta RTRW yang sudah disahkan.

-

90

93

93 s/d 95

93 s/d 101

Pada peta muncul kekeliruan dimana Kota Singkil ditulis Sidikalang Kualitas air, sampel yang diambil juga disertakan Sungai Krueng Raba Lhoknga. Hal ini disebabkan disekitar pembangunan jalan terdapat PT. SAI dan Pemukiman. Istilah flora, ekosistem dan vegetasi berbeda maknanya, sehingga penggunaan istilah “tersebut harus sesuai dengan peruntukkannya. Ekosistem yang teramati disepanjang jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh adalah mangrove, pantai, areal pertanian/kebun campuran dsb. Tetapi informasi mengenai jenis-jenis mangrove dan jenis-jenis tumbuhan pantai tidak ada. Demikian pula halnya dengan lokasi masing-masing vegetasi tersebut. Data hewan disampaikan/diinformasikan per lokasi. Hal yang sama juga bila dilakukan

Peta bersumber dari rencana tata ruang yang disusun Dep. PU Sudah diperbaiki


Lokasi Krueng Raba pada saat survai lapangan kondisinya sudah dipengaruhi air laut, sehingga tidak dilakukan pengambilan sample Sudah diperbaiki dalam laporan ANDAL

Sudah diperbaiki dalam sub bab 5.2, hal 99 - 103

Pengamatan tumbuhan dilakukan dengan melakukan inventarisasi di USAID INDONESIA

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pada tumbuhan. Bab 5

98

sepanjang jalur jalan dan dibedakan berdasarkan atas ekosistemnya 1. analisis data Rona Lingkungan Awal Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan harus konsisten dengan pendekatan dan dengan metodologi yang digunakan metodologi pada bab-3 2. Rumus-rumus empiris dan rumus Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan matematis yang tercantum pada tabel 3- dengan metodologi yang digunakan 6 (Metoda Analisis data Studi ANDAL Sudah diperbaiki Perbaikan dan Rekonstruksi Jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh), belum sepenuhnya digunakan pada bab ini. 3. karena ANDAL bersifat komprehensif, Tidak jelas arah dan maksud maka hasil analisis setiap aspek pertanyaannya lingkungan harus dapat diintegrasikan satu dengan lainnya, sedemikian sehingga menghasilkan satu kesimpulan komposit. Hal ini berarti bahwa hasil akhirnya akan berupa “Indeks Rona Awal Lingkungan” yang menjelaskan daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan awal. Apabila dipetakan secara spasial atau geografis apakah berdasarkan batas administrative atau batas daerah pengaliran sungai, maka akan segera dapat dibaca bagianbagian mana saja dari wilayah-wilayah tersebut yang termasuk kedalam katagori sensitive (daya dukung dan daya tampung yang rendah). 4. Dengan pendekatan tersebut, maka Analisis Rona Lingkungan Awal ini akan terfokus pada penilaian daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan per wilayah administrative ataupun derah pengaliran sungai atau cathment area. 5. Uraian-uraian yang tidak relevan dengan Pembahasan tata ruang untuk tujauan analisis rona awal lingkungan menjelaskan kesesuaian rencan misalnya kebijakan tata ruang (bab proyek dengan RTRW 5.1.10), strategi tata ruang (bab 5.1.10.1) dll dapat dihindari. Tidak menggunakan metode pada bab III untuk vegetasi : 1. Data vegetasi hutan dan semak tidak Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan ada (Hal 14 katanya ada sampling di hutan, semak, dll 2. tidak menggunakan formula-formula untuk perhitungan

96-98

Bagaimana formula untuk memperoleh Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan angka : kelimpahan dan H’ ? (pada Bab III hal. 100, bahwa data tumbuhan tidak ada. dilakukan dengan inventarisasi

Bab 6

1.

Sama halnya dengan analisis pada bab- Kami tidak jelas maksud dan tujuan 5, maka prediksi besaran dampak pada dari pertanyaan ini bab-6 harus konsisten dengan yang tertera pada uraian pendekatan dan metodelogi (bab-3) 2. Rumus-rumus empiris dan rumus matematis yang tercantup pada tabel 37 (metode pendekatan matematis yang akan dipakai) pada bab-6 belum


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108

108 - 109

digunakan untuk prediksi besaran dan pentingnya dampak. 3. Hasil prediksi dampak yang dilakukan secara parsial per komponen kegiatan terhadap komponen lingkungan harus menggambarkan besarnya perubahan terhadap daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan yang dihitung pada rona awal. 4. Hal itu berarti bahwa daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan “tanpa proyek (without project)” dan “dengan proyek (with project)” harus diperbandingkan dan selisihnya dihitung. 5. Apabila pada bab-5 menghasilkan (indeks Rona Awal Lingkungan- IRWL), maka hasil prediksi dampak secara komprehensif seharusnya juga dapat menghasilkan indeks Besaran dan Pentingnya Dampak Kegiatan- IBPDK perwilayah administrative ataupun per daerah pengaliran sungai atau cathment area. Kedua Indeks tersebut dapat digambarkan dalam peta Infomasi Geografis (GIS). 6. Apabila kedua peta tersebut di overlaykan, maka kita dapat secara mudah membaca bagian-bagian wilayah mana saja yang diperkirakan akan mengalami perubahan besar dan memerlukan perhatian lebih besar dalam pengelolaannya. 7. Hasil Overlay peta tersebut dapat memberi informasi sebesar apa perubahan yang terjadi terhadap lingkungan pada tahap pra konstruksi, pada tahap konstruksi maupun sampai tahap pasca konstruksi. Bab ini uraiannya politis, sepertinya tanpa menggunakan uraian pada Bab V pun dapat, karena tidak mengungkapkan data yang dikumpulkan, kecuali URAIAN BISING DAN GETARAN SANGAT BERBOBOT SEKIRA SEMUA MENGGUNAKAN DATA PADA BAB V. MOHON DILENGKAPI DENGAN PERHITUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN DATA AWAL ! Tampilan data pertumbuhan penduduk tidak relevan jika hanya mengulas data tahun 1999 hingga 2003 tanpa mengkaitkannya dengan situasi saat ini pasca bencana yang merubah seluruh dasar perhitungan tentang demografi.

Tampilan data tenaga kerja tidak relevan jika hanya mengulas data tahun 2003 dan 2004 tanpa mengkaitkannya dengan situasi saat ini pasca bencana yang merubah seluruh dasar perhitungan tentang demografi. Demikian


Didalam penyusunan ANDAL, tidak dapat dilakukan penyusunan indeks lingkungan, karena data rona lingkungan yang terdapat merupakan data sesaat dan bukan data yang dihimpun secara kontinyu.

Untuk aspek-aspek memerlukan perhitungan disesuaikan dengan Bab 5

yang sudah

Data sebelum tsunami merupakan data indikator (pembanding) dari keadaan sekarang, pada saat studi belum ada data sensus pasca tsunami. Maka data tersebut masih ditampilkan. Alasan/justifikasi tampilan data tersebut telah dimasukan di bab 5 Sama dengan penjelasan diatas

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111

114,115,116

129

129-132

130 - 131

137-138

143 s/d 189

halnya tabel 5.33 menjadi kurang relevan karena didasarkan pada data 2003 dan 2004. Tampilan data pengeluaran per kapita tidak relevan jika hanya mengulas data tahun 1999 hingga 2003 tanpa mengkaitkannya dengan situasi saat ini pasca bencana yang merubah seluruh dasar perhitungan tentang sosial ekonomi Tampilan data perekonomian lokal tidak relevan jika hanya mengulas data tahun 1999 hingga 2003 tanpa mengkaitkannya dengan situasi saat ini pasca bencana yang merubah seluruh dasar perhitungan tentang sosial ekonomi. Demikian pula tabel 5.37 dan 5.38 tidak cukup relevan. Gambaran tentang kata, responden dari mulut ke mulut dan dari siaran radio = sebaiknya ditunjang dengan data presentasi sehingga lebih tajam. Pengelolaan data responden harus lebih jelas menggunkan metode statistik yang lazim sehingga mudah dimengerti. Angka nominal 5,17 dsb tidak mudah dibaca jika tidak dibandingkan kepada nilai seluruh sampel dalam bentuk prosentase. Ada kerancuan membaca jumlah sampel dengan sampel yang terdapat dalam tabel baik lajur atau kolom tabel 5.43 dan 5.44 Sebaiknya tampilkan data hasil analisis dan tidak hanya jumlah rumah sakit pada tahun 2003 (tabel 5.46 dan 5.47) namun diolah dengan data terbaru (tabel 5.48) Terjadinya kesalahan yang fatal dinama prediksi dampak dilakukan dengan metode untuk identifikasi dampak potensial (matriks interaksi dan bagan alir) sebagaimana seharusnya diterapkan pada saat perlingkupan. Prediksi dampak merupakan perhitungan yang mendalam dan rinci tentang dampak-dampak yang telah diidentifikasi saat pelingkupan. Perhitungan dan penentuan besaran dampak ini harus dikaji sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku dan oleh ahlinya dibidang masing-masing sesuai yang telah dijanjikan pada dokumen KAANDAL (lihat hal 3-20 dan 3-21 KA-ANDAL). Akibat penggunaan metode yang tidak tepat, bab ini tidak dapat dievaluasi. Beberapa contoh besaran dampak yang tidak dapat dievaluasi misalnya : Besaran pendapatan masyarakat sehingga dapat ditentukan positif atau negatif serta darajat kepentingannya. Prediksi dan estimasi besarnya mata pencaharian penduduk. Sikap dan persepsi. Dst untuk setiap komponen kegiatan. Semua hanya diuraikan secara normatif dan tidak meyakinkan. Tidak ada besaran seperti untuk erosi, angka kecelakaan, bangkitan


Sama dengan penjelasan diatas

Sama dengan penjelasan diatas

Sudah diperbaiki, hal 138

Sudah diperbaiki, hal 139-40

Sudah diperbaiki, hal 139-40

Tabel 5.49 dan 5.50 tidak bisa diolah dengan data terbaru, karena data terbaru hanya terbatas pada daerah Lamno (Aceh Jaya) Tidak terjadi kesalahan, di dalam memprakiraan dampak dapat digunakan dengan matriks interaksi dampak atau bagan alir dampak dan dilakukan juga perhitungan empiris pada aspek-aspek yang memungkinkan

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145 & 149

152-153

transportasi, ekonomi regional, dsb. Memahami bab ini menjadi sangat sulit dan melelahkan karena menggunakan kata-kata repetitif dan tidak terstruktur dengan baik. Banyak kalimat yang tidak jelas maksudnya Telah diperbaiki di dalam Bab 6 (misal pada 151,152,155,156 dst) yang mungkin merupakan hasil terjemahan yang keliru (misal jalan yang dilapisi oleh batubara hal 185). Skema pada hal 145 dikaitkan dengan Sudah diperbaiki, hal 152 penjelasan hal 149 kenapa di hal 145 tersebut muncul sub-komponen keresahan masyarakat dalam kaitannya dengan sikap dan persepsi padahal dalam penjelasan 149 tidak ada penjelasan tentang hal tersebut, mengapa? Perpindahan penduduk perlu mendapat Sudah diperbaiki, hal 164 penjelasan bukan saja karena ada pekerjaan pada konstruksi jalan namun juga perlu dijelaskan untuk konteks pembangunan jalan untuk wilayah pasca – tsunami karena terdapat beberapa kasus mereka yang wilayah asalnya hancur karena tsunami = pindah kewilayah baru yang dekat dengan lokasi, pembangunan jalan Banda AcehMeulaboh ex. Masyarakat desa Bahagia/Gle U-Lamno, tapi tidak dijelaskan.

155 & 187

Ada uraian/bahasan gizi, tetapi data pada bab v tidak ada, bagaimana ?

Sudah diperbaiki. Penjelasan gizi masyarakat sudah dimasukkan dalam sub bab 5.4.6., hal 147-148

Bab 7

1. Apabila fokus bab-6 adalah prediksi besaran dampak (Magnitude), maka bab-7 difokuskan pada pentingnya dampak (importance). 2. hasil evaluasi (penilaian) menjelaskan seberapa penting perubahan yang terjadi terhadap lingkungan. 3. Tingkat pengtingnya perubahan yang terjadi terhadap daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan, dapat digambarkan pula dalam peta GIS maupun matriks sebagaimana tertera pada tabel 7-1 4. namun, matriks tersebut belum selesai karena belum dapat menjelaskan secara komprehensif komponen lingkungan mana saja yang paling memerlukan perhatian lebih besar. Selain itu, matriks tabel 7-1 juga belum dapat menjawab komponen kegiatan mana saja yang memerlukan perhatian dalam pengelolaannya (pengelolaan disumber dampak seperti halnya konsep produksi bersih). 5. oleh karena itu, sel-sel pada matriks harus berisi angka indeks besaran plus pentingnya dampak sehingga dapat dianalisa lebih lanjut (misalnya dengan pendekatan Leopold atau lohani/than) 6. Hasil analisis dengan teknik Leopold

Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan


Matriks yang digunakan mengacu pada kerangka acuan yang sudah disetujui.

Metode leopold merupakan salah sayu metode dan tidak harus diterapkan dalam mengevaluasi dan memprediksi dampak dan bisa digunakan matriks interaksi dan bagan alir dampak USAID INDONESIA

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Hal 159

Hal 161

Hal 168

190 & 216

192

195

atau metode lainnya tersebut dapat menjawab semua pertanyaan pada butir-4 Bahasanya bagus secara partial, tetapi yang secara holistis belum saya temukan. Untuk apa bangan alir (Flow Chart pada halaman 145-147)? MOHON DITAMBAH URAIAN YANG SECARA HOLISTIS. Belum tergambar secara detail wilayah- Sudah ditambahkan pada peta wilayah mana yang rawan longsor, apabila indeks stabilitas tanah Kabupaten Aceh Jaya dan Aceh Barat memiliki curah hujan yang sangat tinggi. Keanekaragaman fauna diareal proyek Sudah dipebaiki, hal 179 tinggi karena rendahnya urbanisasi ? Tidak jelas apa substansi yang ingin disampaikan. Belum dijelaskan berapa banyak akan Belum ada deskripsi uraian terjadi penebangan pohon, terutama pada kegiatan proyek jalan ini dan trase kawasan hutan lindung/hutan produksi. jalan yang akan dipakai meminimalkan adanya Pada item pembukaan lahan untuk Untuk rekonstruksi jalan bagaimana jalan keluar kegiatan illegal logging, telah yang ditawarkan agar bisa meminimalkan dimasukkan dalam dampak terjadinya illegal logging dan pembalakan kegiatan lain dan telah disampaikan dalam RKL dan RPLr hutan. Bab evaluasi dampak penting tidak dapat Sudah diperbaiki, baik dalam bab 6 dievaluasi karena tidak didasari oleh hasil dan bab 7 penentuan besaran dampak penting yang seharusnya merupakan hasil dari pembahasan pada bab 6 Tabel 7.1 tidak jelas justifikasinya dan Tabel sudah diperbaiki dan Kode S berbeda dengan yang ada diringkasan sudah diperbaiki diganti P eksekutif. Notasi S tidak jelas maksud dan (Penting), hal 231 artinya. Pada matrik Evaluasi dampak, apa makna dari Kode S ? Sama dengan komentar No. 5 bahwa ANDAL Sudah diperbaiki dalam bidang sosial kurang menganalisis pembahasan komponen sosial kemungkinan perpindahan penduduk yang hilang daerah/wilayah khususnya akibat tsunami ke daerah/wilayah pembangunan jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh. RKL Dokumen RKL, RPL tidak didasarkan pada Sudah diperbaiki dan disesuaikan hasil telaahan prediksi besaran dampak dan dengan bab 7 pada Laporan evaluasi dampak sehingga tidak jelas tujuan ANDAL dari pengelolaan tersebut. Beberapa isu bahkan muncul tanpa ada analisis sebelumnya di dalam bab 6 dan 7 dokumen ANDAL Pada 3.2.1.3 erosi tanah muncul di RKL sedangkan di bab evaluasi sebelumnya tidak dikaji. Pada 3.2.14 muncul dampak kontaminasi tanah dan pengelolaan limbah kontruksi yang sebelumnya tidak ada didalam dokumen ANDAL. Buku RKL adalah acuan bagi pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan untuk berperan dalam


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pengelolaan lingkungan (ref. Pasal – 7 UU – 23/1997 tentang kewajiban masyarakat dalam pengelolaan lingkungan). Oleh karena itu, dokumen ini harus dapat menjelaskan hal-hal berikut ini: 1. Dampak kegiatan apa saja yang harus dikelola? Semua dampak penting maupun dampak penting hasil kajian ANDAL (diutamakan dampak langsungnya dulu, karena dengan mengelola dampak langsung, diharapkan dampak lanjutannya secara otomatis dapat dikelola). 2. Bagaimana cara mengelolanya dan dimana lokasinya? Ada 3 (tiga) pendekatan yang dilakukan yaitu (i) pendekata teknis teknologis, (ii) pendekatan ekonomi (iii) pendekatan kelembagaan. Beberapa contoh pernyataan pengelolaan lingkungan pada buku RKL yang kurang tepat adala sebagai berikut: a) Upaya untuk mengantisipsi dampak kegiatan terhadap pendapatan masyarakat adalah sebagai berikut: • Melakukan kegiatan pembebasan lahan sesuai rencana, melalui musyawarah, mufakat dilengkapi aspek legal dll, bukan merupakan pernyataan upaya pengelolaan lingkungan. Pernyataan pengelolaan lingkungan yang lebih operasional dan jelas outputnya adalah “ membuat rencana aksi pengadaan lahan”. Outputnya adalah dokumen rencana aksi yang ditanda tangani oleh masyarakat pemilik lahan, Bupati dan pemrakarsa. Hal itu berarti bahwa dalam proses penyusunan Rencana aksi tersebut harus melibatkan semua pihak yang berkepentingan (masyarakat, pemerintah daerah dan pemrakarsa yang akan menyediakan dana). • Pinjam pakai untuk pembangunan jalan umum, tidak sesuai dengan peraturan per-UU-an yang berlaku.

Akan dikaji dalam studi social untuk pembebasan lahan

Sudah diakomodasi dalam Laporan RKL

Sudah dihilangkan, hal

Belum PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

ada

rencana

detail

dari

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•

Melakukan pendekatan partisipasif, pelibatan masyarakat dll adalah ‘pendekatan dan metoda untuk menghasilkan dokumen Rencana aksi pengadaan tanah tersebu diatas • Pernyataan prioritas masyarakat lokal untuk diterima sebagai karyawan atau pekerja konstruksi,lebih tepat sebagai pendekatan. Oleh karena itu, pernyataan pengelolaan lingkungan yang lebih tepat adala “membuat rencana pengandaan tenaga local”. Beberapa contoh Lokasi Pengelolaan Lingkungan, seharusnya disebutkan secara jelas misalnya: b) Dilokasi komponen lingkungan yang terkena dampak misalnya desa dimana ada penduduk (sebutkan nama desanya dan lokasinya di peta) c) Dilokasi jalan umum yang diperkirakan rusak karena dilalui kendaraan pengangkut materia (sebutkan nama lokasi jalan tersebut dan tunjukkan di peta) d) Dilokasi kawasan lindung yang terpotong jalan, dilokasi lahan masyarakat yang akan dibebaskan (sebutkan nama kawasan lindung dan tujukkan lokasinya di peta) e) Dilokasi kawasan yang rawan longsor atau rawan banjir, dilokasi sumber air yang akan tercemar dll(sebutkan nama lokasi rawan longsor dan tunjukan di peta) f) Dilokasi desa-desa yang terdekat dengan base camp (sebutkan nama lokasinya dan tunjukkan dipeta) Oleh karena itu , cara pengelolaan lingkungan harus spesifik dilokasilokasi tersebut karena dampaknya berbeda. 3. siapa saja yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pelaksanaan RKL?? Semua pihak yang berkepentingan harus bertanggung jawab terhadap pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan. Mereka adalah a) Pemrakarsa kegiatan (termasuk konsultan pengusun AMDAL, PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

konstruksi jalan ini

Belum ada rencana konstruksi jalan ini

detail

dari


detail

dari


detail

dari

Dari hasil Peta Fungsi Hutan (SK. Gub. 19 tahun 1999) di sepanjang trase jalan tidak melewati atau memotog Hutan lindung

Kawasan rawan longsor telah ditambahkan dalam sub komponen Tanah (erosi dan longsor)


detail

dari

Konsultan Penyusun AMDAL bukan bagian dari pelaksana RKL USAID INDONESIA

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konsultan deasin, konsultan supervisi, kontraktor pelaksana konstruksi) b) Pembina teknis (Departemen PU, Dinas-dinas teknik didaerah, BRR) c) Koordinator dan pengendali kegiatan (BAPEDALDA, BAPPEDA) 4. Kapan RKL dilaksanakan?? Pada setiap tahapan kegiatan pembangunan (pra konstruksi, selama konstruksi dan pasca konstruksi ), yang dijabarkan dalam bulan dan tahun. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan matrik jadwal pelaksanaan kegiatan secara lebih rinci. Isian pada kolom periode pengelolaan lingkungan yang hanya ditulis misalnya: (i) pada periode negosiasi, pada tahap pra konstruksi dan tahap konstruksi dan lain sebagainya, perlu diperjelas kapan mulainya dan kapan berahirnya. 5. berapa biayanya atau komponen biayanya apa saja? Akan lebih baik lagi apabila prakiraan biaya untuk setiap kegiatan dicantumkan pada dokumen RKL atau sekurang-kurangnya menginformasikan komponen biaya yang diperlukan termasuk kuantitasnya. Apakah dokumen ANDAL,RKL,RPL khususnya RKL dan RPL dimasukkan dalam proses tender ? kami mohon Dalam pedoman yang diacu, pada RKL agar dicantumkan besar biaya dan sumber biaya pelaksanaan RKL untuk setiap dampak yang dikelola. MOHON DITAMBAH BESAR DAN SUMBER DANA PADA SETIAP DAMPAK YANG DIKELOLA Dalam RKL tidak diantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya konflik, khususnya tidak dibahas mengenai resolusi konflik. Sikap dan Persepsi Masyarakat: Tidak dijelaskan upaya untuk mengantisipasi meningkatnya pengangguran dan penurunan bisnis lokal. Penjelasan dalam upaya pengelolaan belum relevan menjawab tentang meningkatnya pengangguran dan penurunan bisnis lokal. Tidak secara detail dijelaskan hubungan antara kegiatan pembebasan lahan dengan ganti rugi. Ini perlu dijelaskan secara detail dalam RKL dan RPL. Dokumen RKL dan RPL sifatnya hanya informasi, namun tidak dapat/kecil kemungkinan dapat diimplementasikan atau PERENCANAAN DAN PENGAWASAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN (P2JJ) PROV. NAD

Akan diakomodasikan Laporan RKL

dalam

Talah diakomodasikan Laporan RKL

dalam

Perhitungan justifikasi komponen biaya telah ditambahkan dalam Laporan RKL

Dokumen AMDAL Sudah dimasukkan dalam proses tender

Sudah ditambahkan, dalam Laporan RKL

Sudah ditambahkan Sudah diperbaiki

Kegiatan pembebasan lahan masih disusun, jadi belum bisa dijelaskan secara rinci

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20

26

27

RKL dan RPL bersifat abstrak. Upaya pengelolaan supaya juga dimasukkan kegiatan penanaman pohon di kiri kanan jalan terutama pada lokasi-lokasi tertentu. Tidak begitu jelas bagaimana penanganan pengelolaan suatu konflik yang muncul dan alternatif, yang dipilih untuk memecahkan konflik tersebut, sehingga juga memberat Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan. Dokumen RKL,RPL tidak didasarkan pada hasil telaahan prediksi besaran dampak dan evaluasi dampak sehingga tidak jelas tujuan dari pengelolaan tersebut. Beberapa isu bahkan muncul tanpa ada analisis sebelumnya di dalam bab 6 dan 7 dokumen ANDAL. Pada 3.2.1.3 erosi tanah muncul di RKL sedangkan di bab evaluasi sebelumnya tidak dikaji. Pada 3.2.14 muncul dampak kontaminasi tanah dan pengelolaan limbah konstruksi yang sebelumnya tidak ada didalam dokumen ANDAL. Tidak ada penjelasan, bagaimana penangganan yang dilakukan untuk daerahdaerah yang rawan longsor. Tampilkan peta rawan longsor Peta rawan banjir. Lokasi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup untuk kualitas air dibeberapa sungai tidak dijabarkan pada titiktitik mana saja sampel itu diambil (jumlah sampel disatu titik). Dampak penting yang dikelola seharusnya terganggunya system aliran air permukaan. Untuk sumber dampak hidrologi, upaya pengelolaan yang diusulkan hanya penghijauan dan tidak disingung pengelolaan terhadap gangguan system aliran air dan pengelolaan yang didasarkan pada indikator besarnya banjir. 1. Sumber dampak hidrologi adalah kegiatan pembukaan areal untuk quarry dan pembuatan jalan. Kegiatan tersebut dapat menimbulkan bertambahnya aliran air dan mengakibatkan banjir. Pertanyaan : Mengapa dalam RKL bertambahnya aliran air dan mengakibatkan banjir muncul, sementara dalam bab V (Rona Lingkungan Hidup Awal) dan Bab VI (prediksi dampak besar dan penting) pada buku ANDAL komponen aliran air dan banjir tidak ada dibahas !!!? Bahaslah secara kuantitatif!!! Dampak penting yang dikelola seharusnya tergangunya sistem aliran air permukaan. Untuk sumber dampak hidrologi, upaya pengelolaan yang diusulkan hanya penghijauan dan tidak disingung pengelolaan terhadap


Sudah diakomadasikan dalam dokumen pengelolaan (RKL)

Sudah diperbaiki konsistensinya

Sudah ditambahkan pada gambar 4.5 dan 4.6

Jumlah sample di setiap sungai adalah 1 (satu)

Telah diperbaiki dan ditambahkan, hal

Telah diperbaiki dan ditambahkan, hal

Sudah dibahas secara kuantitatif di laporan ANDAL, bab 6, hal 191-200

Sudah diperbaiki dan ditambahkan

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31

34

51

gangguan sistem aliran air dan pengelolaan yang didasarkan pada indikator besarnya banjir. Untuk komponen lingkungan biologi (biota darat), upaya yang diusulkan adalah penghijauan, tidak disinggung upaya pengelolaan bagi potensi munculnya perambah hutan, illegal logging (isu yang penting untuk dikaji). Pengelolaan lingkungan untuk biota akuatik yang diusulkan yaitu menghindari lokasi lahan basah, hal ini tidak jelas bagaimana mengatasinya? Dan bila tidak dapat dihindarkan, apa upaya yang harus dilakukan, bagaimana cara mengembalikan lahan basah tersebut ke kondisi awal atau yang lebih baik? Pada tahap operasi bagi dampak dari transportasi, upaya pengelolaan yang dilakukan masih berkisar pada kegiatan pengerukan, pengalian (yang merupakan kegiatan konstruksi). Tidak ada rencana pengelolaan bila galian terjadi longsoran atau kerusakan jalan. Dokumen RPL Buku RPL adalah acuan bagi pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan untuk berperan mengawasi dan menilai efektifitas pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, dokumen ini harus dapat menjelaskan hal-hal berikut ini: 1. Apa yang harus dipantau? Kegiatan yang dipantau adalah “pelaksanaan RKL” dan dampak yang terjadi. Dengan membandingkan hasil pelaksanaan dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkannya, maka akan diketahui apakah RKL benar-benar sudah efektif. 2. Bagaimana cara mengetahui efektifitas RKL?? Di RPL, harus ditetapkan indikator kunci kinerja RKL (key Performance Indicator) dan ditetapkan lokasi serta frekuensi pemantauannya. Hasil pemantauan dan pengukuran indicator tersebut dibandingkan dengan standar baku mutu untuk masing-masing aspek lingkungan. Akhirnya, secara komprehensif dikaji apakah perubahan daya tampung dan daya dukung lingkungan masih berada pada batasbatas yang dapat diterima. 3. siapa yang melakukan pemantauan dan bagaimana mekanisme pelaporannya? Pemrakarsa harus melakukan pemantauan terhadap perubahanperubahan indicator kunci keberhasilan maupun indicator lingkungan. Kemudian melaporkan hasilnya kepada Bapedalda


Untuk mencegah illegal logging sudah dibahas secara terpisah, yaitu pada aspek dampak kegiatan lain, hal.

Telah diperbaiki dan ditambahkan

Telah diperbaiki, hal

Sudah disesuaikan

Sudah disesuaikan

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dengan tembusan kepada BRR. Bapedalda (tim teknis) melakukan analisis hasil pemantauan dan bila mana perlu melakukan uji petik untuk menguji atau memeriksa kebenarannya (verifikasi) 4. kapan RPL dilaksanakan dan dimana lokasinya?? Pada setiap tahapan pelaksanaan pembangunan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan matrik rencana jadwal pemantauan lingkungan secara lebih terinci dalam bulan maupun triwulan atau tahun. a) dilokasi jalan yang diperkirakan akan rusak atau macet. b) Dilokasi sumber atau sumbersumber air yang diperkirakan tercemar. c) Dilokasi masyarakat yang lahannya akan dibebaskan. d) Dilokasi kawasan lindung atau kawasan yang mudah longsor atau dikawasan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi banjir. 5. berapa biayanya atau komponen biaya RKL apa saja ?? didokumen RPL belum tercantum prakiraan biaya pelaksanaan RPL, sehingga pemrakarsa akan mengalami kesulitan dalam mengajukan anggaran. Di komponen kegiatan RPL minimal harus mencantumkan ruang lingkup kegiatan dan komponen biaya yang diperlukan. Dengan pendekatan tersebut, pemrakarsa dapat meminta konsultan disain untuk memperkirakan kebutuhan biaya RPL secara lebih teliti. Hal 4 mengenai fauna dan flora darat Telah diperbaiki dan ditambahkan dalam laporan RPL menyebutkan : Bahwa studi yang dilakukan mengindikasikan bahwa tidak ada spesies dilindungi di area lokasi proyek selain dari beberapa lokasi penetas telur penyu . sementara dalam studi yang dilakukan telah dikemukakan berbagai fauna dan flora, khususnya satwa dilindungi walaupun diinformasikan masyarakat ini perlu dijelaskan maksud hal 4 tersebut. Mohon ditambah besar dan dana untuk pelaksanaan RPL pada setiap dampak. Mengapa kosong ? Siapa pengawas? Siapa Supervisor ? Siapa palaksana ? Mengapa 2 tahun? Sekitar 2 bulan setelah PHK sudah ada pengangguran? Saya sarankan sejak 2 bulan PHK, dilakukan setiap 3 bulan selama 2 tahun (kalau ini dampak penting). Metode pemantauan “bukan untuk Telah diperbaiki menentukan grafi matrik” tetapi seharusnya “yang selanjutnya akan diukur cara


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grafimetrik”. Perlu kajian ulang untuk kawasan mangrove. Secara umum tidak begitu jelas bagaimana keterlibatan masyarakat adat/lembaga lokal dalam mekanisme pemantauan, padahal dipihak lain persepsi mereka sangat mereka sangat dibutuhkan dalam pembangunan Jalan Banda Aceh-Meulaboh sehingga dapat optimal. Saran penutup

Untuk mempermudah dan mempercepat kerja tim teknis dalam melukukan pemeriksaan terhadap perbaikan dokumen, maka kepada konsultan diminta untuk menyiapkan risalah perbaikan dokumen dengan menggunakan formulir sebagai berikut: Risalah perbaikan dokumen AMDAL perbaikan dan pembangunan kembali jalan Banda Aceh –Meulaboh Nama Dokumen

:

Tanggal revisi

:

Tanda tangan

:

Ringkasan Executive Ringkasan eksekutif bukan pindahan bag. dari laporan utama. Jika berkenan dibuat uraian lebih ringkas dengan makna tidak menyimpang dari laporan utama. 1-19

-

Didalam Ringkasan Eksekutif disebutkan usaha untuk selalu meminimalkan kegiatan-kegiatan yang dianggap dapat merugikan/merusak lingkungan. Kalimat ini sangat mengambang, karena ukuran minimal yang dimaksud tidak jelas, sehingga dapat menimbulkan persepsi yang berbeda.

-

Diperlukan parameter yang jelas

-

Pada tahap pelaksanaan konstruksi siapa yang akan bertanggung jawab bahkan pekerjaan tidak akan menyimpang dari arahan-arahan yang ada didalam AMDAL.

-

Diperlukan adanya suatu butir yang tercantum jelas didalam konstrak untuk mengikuti ketentuan-ketentuan AMDAL.


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2-2

-

2-14

Pada tahapan konstruksi perlu dianalisa dampak penting terhadap para pekerja konstruksi jalan akibat memburuknya kualitas udara.

-

Dampak hidrologi :

1-16

-

perlu disebutkan base disepanjang lokasi kegiatan.

camp

-

Sebutkan juga borrow area.

lokasi

dimana

saja

Pada butir (iii) dan dampak hidrologi tertulis “ Intersitas dampak tinggi. Hidrologi berdampak banjir, maka lokasi yang tersebut pada butir (iv) yang terkena dampak hidrologi perlu disebut: -

lahan pertanian terkena?

yang

mana

yang

-

Rumah yang mana yang terkena?

-

Jalan yang dibagian mana yang terkena banjir?

Kesemua diatas perlu di sebutkan satu persatu agar jelas hingga secara dini dapat dipantau pada saat operasi. “Kualitas Air permukaan” tersebut “ tidak ada kegiatan yang bersifat mengganggu sifat alamiah dari badan air tersebut” pernyataan tersebut kurang tepat karena perlu diketahui sungai Lambaro di Aceh Jaya pernah meluap, hingga mengganggu kelancaran lalu lintas Banda Aceh-Meulaboh. Untuk itu perlu diselidiki secara benar terhadap sungai-sungai yang berdampak tersebut pada kualitas air permukaan. Bab 2

Dampak besar dan penting terhadap Telah diperbaiki lingkungan kiranya dapat dilakukan pembahasan secara tertulis seperti menuliskan lokasi antisipasi terhadap dampak. Diluar dokumen -

perlu dimasukkan kajian tentang rencana pembagunan kawasan pariwisata baru yang aksesnya berhubungan dengan jalan yang akan dibangun.

-

Sebagai bahan masukan bahwa sebelum kejadian tsunami ada beberapa objek wisata yang diusahakan oleh masyarakat seperti di Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Aceh Besar dan Aceh Barat yang sekarang terkena dampak tsunami dan perlu dihidupkan kembali, berhubungan


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dengan kajian ini dapat dimasukkan dalam bagian dampak sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Matrik RKL

Dalam RKL mengenai perubahan pendapatan Sudah diperbaiki masyarakat, khusus mengnai tujuan pengelolaan : meningkatnya pendapatan masyarakat. Namun upaya pengelolaan yang dilakukan tidak memiliki relevansi yang logis untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat apalagi dalam jangka panjang. Upaya pengelolaan tidak menjawab tujuan pengelolaan. Dalam RKL, upaya pengelolaan yang disusun berhubungan dengan “kegiatan pembebasan lahan” belum secara efektif untuk mengsosialisasikan kepada masyarakat tentang rencana pembuatan jalan (khususnya kegiatan pembebasan lahan)

Sumplemen

A. RKL & RPL 1. Yang dikelola hanya dampak penting saja, yang tidak penting tidak perlu, a.l : a. Bising dan getaran (pra – kons – op) b. Penghasilan wilayah c. Sanitasi lingkungan d. Mata pencaharian (pro – kons – op) 2. Dalam matrik tidak ada, tetapi di RKL & RPL ada a. Angka kecelakaan b. Lapangan kerja c. Kontaminasi tanah & pengelolaan limbah konstruksi d. Transportasi & aksesbilitas 3. Ada pada matrik belum ada di RKL & RPL 1. Status Gizi (op) 2. Kecelakaan (kons – op) B. Prediksi & Evaluasi Mohon ditinjau kembali : 1. Status gizi 2. Ekonomi Masyarakat (operasi) 3. Ekonomi Regional (operasi) C. Saran untuk BAPEDALDA /Komisi AMDAL 1. Dokumen AMDAL (KA-ANDAL – RKL – RPL – Ringkasan Executive) dibahas / di kaji oleh suatu Tim kecil yang representatif dan berpengetahuan / berkemampuan mengenai AMDAL dan kajian antar bidang keilmuan terlebih dulu 2. Juga draft perbaikan dokumen di kaji oleh Tim kecil tersebut. 3. Dibentuk Tim kecil pengkaji dokumen lingkungan, syarat seperti no. 1


Bising dan getaran termasuk dampak penting menurut evaluasi dampak

Sudah diperbaiki

Sudah diperbaiki

Sudah diperbaiki

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APPENDIX C CURRICULUM VITAE

Hasbullah Hasan Senior Consultant, ERM Indonesia

Hasbullah Hasan is a Senior Consultant within ERM based in Indonesia Mr Hasbullah Hasan is Environmental Impact Assessment Specialist. He has extensive experience in environmental impact assessments especially in oil and gas sector and manufacture. Before Joining PT. ERM Indonesia he worked as Environmental Baseline Study Group Leader at PT. Corelab Indonesia. He had experience in ANDAL RKLRPL, UKL-UPL and Environmental Baseline Study

Fields of Competence x Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) x Environmental due diligence audit Education and Course x Chemistry, B.Sc., Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Padjadjaran University, 1989. x Environmental Impact Analysis Course, Department of Agriculture, 1994 x Environmental Impact Analysis Course Type A, Institute of Technology Bandung, 1996. x Environmental Impact Analysis Course Type B, University of Indonesia, 2001. x Environmental Impact Control in Oil and Gas Sector, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2002. x Environmental Due Diligence Lead Assessor Training Course, ERM Group, Hongkong, 2004 Languages x Indonesia, native speaker x English, good Key Industry Sectors x Mining x Oil and gas x Chemical

Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world

Key Projects Environmental Site Assessment of tin mining area of ex illegal miners, Bangka Province, PT. Koba Tin, 2004 Project Manager PT. Koba Tin wanted ERM to conducted site visit of ex illegal tin mining area and proposed the rehabilitation strategy for the site of ex illegal mining area. Hasbullah was carried out site visit and formulated the rehabilitation strategy for ex illegal mining area Environmental Compliance Audit, Tangerang West Java, PT. Multi Bintang Indonesia (member of Heineken International), 2004 Team Member PT. Multi Bintang Indonesia asked ERM to conducted of a compliance audit at the Multi Bintang Brewery, member of the Heineken International, to assess compliance against corporate organization goals and principles. Hasbullah as team member was responsible to assess PT. Multi Bintang Indonesia activities whether comply with regulation and legislation Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) of Oil Field Development KE-38, KE-39 and KE-54 Field, West Madura Offshore Block, Kodeco Energy Co. Ltd, 2004 Project Coordinator Kodeco needed an AMDAL study as a complementary of Oil Field Development. The AMDAL study comprises of Public Consultation, Term of Reference (KA) ANDAL and RKL-RPL. Hasbullah worked as Project Coordinator and was responsible to managed and coordinated AMDAL project includes arranged and coordinated public consultation, field study, report writing and driving the approval process with AMDAL Committee. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Revision (RKL-RPL Revision) SES FEED Gas Project, CNOOC, 2003 Project Coordinator CNOOC was developed a new gas plant, drilling gas wells and constructed a pipeline from Pabelokan to Serang Regency, the project required a RKL-RPL Revision Study. As a Project Coorditor Hasbullah was responsible to managed and coordinated the project includes field study, report writing and led for driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee.

26.11.04

Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL), Of 2 D Seismic Survey at Bukat Block, Sulawesi Sea, ENI Bukat, 2003 Project Coordinator ENI Bukat BV intended to conducted 2D Seismic Survey, prior to executed the seismic survey ENI Bukat BV required to provided Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL). Hasbullah acted as Project Coordinator and his responsibilities was managed the project and led for driving approval process. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Pipeline Gas Construction from Block Samberah to PLTD Karang Asam and PLTD Tanjung Batu, PT. Semberani Persada Oil, East Kalimantan, 2003. Project Coordinator PT. Semberani Persada Oil planned transfer gas by pipeline to PLTD Karang Asam and PLTD Tanjung Batu as fuel gas. Hasbullah worked as Project Coordinator and was responsible for overall project management and for driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Rajawali #1 and Jangkrik #1 Exploration Wells, Eni Muarabakau B.V., East Kalimantan, 2003 Project Coordinator Eni Muarabakau B.V. was planned to drill three exploration wells in offshore of Makassar Strait, East Kalimantan. Before implemented the drilling acitivity Eni Muarabakau required to provided Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL). Hasbullah acted as Project Coordinator and his responsibilities was managed the project and led for driving approval process. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of NE-O1, AJA-1, NE-AJA, AJI-1, KABRA-1 and NE KABRA-1 Exploration wells, Petrochina International Bermuda, Sorong Regency, Papua Province, 2003 Project Coordinator Petrochina International Bermuda was planned to drill five drilling exploration wells in onshore of Sorong, West Papua. An Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program required for this drilling activities. Hasbullah acted as Project Coordinator, his responsibilities was managed the project and led for driving approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas.

HASBULLAH HASAN

Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL), of Wakamuk #1 and Klatoa #1 Exploration Wells. Petrochina International (Bermuda) Ltd. Sorong Regency, Papua Province, 2003 Project Coordinator Petrochina International Bermuda was planned to drill two drilling exploration wells in onshore of Sorong, West Papua. An Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program required for this drilling activities. Hasbullah acted as Project Coordinator, his responsibilities was managed the project and led for driving approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas. Environmental Baseline Study of Donggala Block, TotalFinaElf, Makassar Strait, East Kalimantan, 2002 Team Member TotalFinaElf was plan to developed the deep-water oil field in Makassar Strait. Prior to develop the oil field TotalFinaElf needed an initial environmental baseline data The Environmental Baseline Study collected data of benthos (macro and micro) in 2000-meter water depth, air quality, water quality in surface, middle and bottom of the sea and hydrology and meteorology data. Hasbullah was a team member had responsibility for collected water quality data. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Revision (RKL-RPL Revision) of Sengkang Block Natural Gas Field, Energy Equity (Sengkang) Pty. Ltd., South Sulawesi Province, 2002 Team Leader Energy Equity (Sengkang) planned to expands gas production capacity regarding increasing demand of fuel gas from PLTGU Sengkang. Expansion of gas production capacity required an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Revision (RKL-RPL Revision) study. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committe. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Halimun #1 and Papandayan #1 Exploration Wells, Amerada Hess-Tanjung Aru) Ltd., East Kalimantan, 2002 Team Leader Amerada Hess (Tanjung Aru) Ltd prepared for drilling two exploration wells in offshore Makassar Strait. The drilling activity required an Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL). Hasbullah worked as Team 26.11.04

Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Popodi #1 Exploration Well, Unocal Indonesia Company, Makassar Strait, East Kalimantan Province, 2002 Team Leader Unocal required an Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) for drilling one exploration well in offshore of Makassar Strait. For this project, Hasbullah acted as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of 3 D Seismic Survey in NIB Block, Unocal Indonesia Company, East Kalimantan, 2002 Team Leader Unocal required an Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) for 3 D Seismic Survey in NIB Block, Makassar Strait Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Revision (RKL-RPL Revision) of Tarakan Oil and Gas Field, East Kalimantan, Exspan Tarakan, 2001 Team Member Exspan Tarakan planned to expansion their gas production capacity and required an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Revision (RKL-RPL Revision study. Hasbullah worked as Water Quality Expert and was responsible for site research, taking water sample and writing the document for water quality aspect. Oil Spill Response Document for Seram #1 Exploration Well, Nexen Petroleum Indonesia Ltd., 2001 Compiler Nexen Petroleum Indonesia Ltd. prepared to drill Seram #1 Exploration Well and required Oil Spill

HASBULLAH HASAN

Response Document. Hasbullah worked as a compiler of the document Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of 3D Seismic Survey in Sambidoyong Block, KNOC Sambidoyong Ltd., 2001 Team Leader KNOC Sambidoyong Ltd. required Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) for 3D Seismic Survey. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Lombosang #1 Exploration Well, Sangkarang Block, Unocal Indonesia., Flores Sea Offshore, South Sulawesi Province, 2001 Team Leader Unocal required Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL for Lombosang #1 drilling exploration well. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas Environmental Monitoring Study of Lasmo Runtu Block Close Out Program, East Kalimantan, Lasmo Runtu, 2000 Team Leader Lasmo Runtu was relinquished the Runtu Block to Pertamina. Before closed out the block, Lasmo Runtu conducted environmental monitoring study to evaluated environmental condition after Lasmo Runtu operated in that block. The aim of the study was evaluated environmental condition of Runtu Block and evaluated the environmental management conducted by Lasmo Runtu i.e. revegetation program. Hasbullah acted as team leader and was responsible for coordinated team member in field study and report writing.

(UKL&UPL) for five drilling exploration wells in offshore Java Sea. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas Environmental Monitoring Program VICO Indonesia, East Kalimantan, 2000 Team Member VICO Indonesia was implemented the Environmental Monitoring Program as a part of RKL-RPL implementation. The study was evaluated the environmental condition in VICO operational area. Environmental aspect was evaluated for air quality, water quality, soil, seawater quality, flora and fauna and socio economic and culture. Hasbullah worked as water quality, air quality and seawater quality and was responsible for taking sample and writing the document Environmental Impact Assessment of Oil and Gas Field Development of Southern and Northern Area, Unocal Indonesia Company, Kutai and Pasir Regencies, East Kalimantan, 1999 Team Member Unocal Indonesia was developed the Southern and Northern operational area and required an AMDAL study. Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and his responsibilities were taking water quality sample, writing the report for water quality aspect. Baseline Study of The Manna Block, Manna Regency, Bengkulu Province, Canadian Petroleum Manna Ltd., 1999. Team Member Canadian Petroleum Manna Ltd planned to develop the Manna Block and required an initial environmental baseline data The objective of Environmental Baseline Study was to provided the data of flora and fauna, air quality sample, soil sample, water quality sample, and socio economic and culture prior to exploration activities commencing. Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and was responsible for taking water quality sample and report writing for water quality aspect

Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Five Drilling Exploration Wells at Muriah Block, East Java, bp Indonesia, 2000 Team Leader BP Indonesia required Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program 26.11.04

HASBULLAH HASAN

Revision of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (Revision RKL-RPL) of MutiaraBeras Field, Pamaguan and Nilam Fields, as well as Mutiara-Nilam Piping Facilities, VICO Indonesia, East Kalimantan, 1999 Team Member VICO Indonesia was developed a new gas plant, drilling gas wells and constructed a pipeline from Mutiara to Nilam. Environmental. Vico Indonesia required Revision of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (Revision RKL-RPL). Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and his responsibilities were taking water quality sample, writing the report for water quality aspect. Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of the Jetty Construction, Riau Island Regency, Gulf Resources Ltd., 1999 Team Member Gulf Resources Ltd., planned to developed Jetty in Matak Island to support their operation in Natuna Sea Block. Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and his responsibilities were taking water quality sample, writing the report for water quality aspect and involving in approval process with AMDAL Committee of Departemen Perhubungan Environmental Baseline Study of the Malagot Block, Inanwatan Sub District, Sorong Regency, Irian Jaya, Lasmo Malagot Ltd., 1999 Team Member Lasmo Malagot prepared for developed their onshore block in Sorong, West Papua. Prior to execute the exploration activities Lasmo Malagot required initial environmental baseline data. Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and was responsible for taking water quality sample and report writing for water quality aspect

Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Saritu#1, Saritu #2 and Sajengga Drilling Exploration Wells, Irian Jaya Province, Arco Bomberai Inc., 1998 Team Leader Arco bomberai required an Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program for three drilling exploration wells in onshore Bintuni West Papua. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas Baseline Study of Ketapang Block, Northern Madura Island Offshore, East Java Province, Gulf Resources Katapang Ltd., 1998 Team Member Gulf Resources Ketapang required an initial environmental baseline data for Ketapang Block, Northern Madura offshore. Hasbullah worked as water quality expert and was responsible for taking water quality sample and report writing for water quality aspect Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Makmur Oil and Gas Field, Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province, Santa Fe Energy Resources, 1997 Team Member Santa Fe Energy Resources needed an AMDAL for development Makmur Block oil and gas field. Hasbullah acted as water quality aspect an was responsible for taking water quality sample and report writing for water quality aspect

Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program (UKL&UPL) of Mina#1 and Belalang #1 Drilling Exploration Wells, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Japex Sabo Ltd., 1999 Team Leader Japex Sabo Ltd. required an Environmental Management Program and Environmental Monitoring Program for two drilling exploration wells in offshore East Nusa Tenggara. Hasbullah worked as Team Leader and was responsible for coordinating the team members for field study, report writing, presentation of the document and driving the approval process with the AMDAL Committee of Ditjen Migas

26.11.04

HASBULLAH HASAN

Prof. DR. Bastian Arifin, M.Sc Associate Consultant

Bastian Arifin has extensive experience in environmental impact assessment. Hold Doctoral Degree in Environmnetal Engineering. With his specialization and educational background, Boiran has excellent experiences as Team Leader as well as vice Team Leader and Team Coordinator at numbers of Environmnetal research and studies in Indonesia.

Fields of Competence • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Education and Course • Post Graduated in Environmnetal Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), 2002. • Graduated in Environmental Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, 1982 • Bachelor in Chemistry, University of North Sumatera, Medan, 1977 Profesional Affiliation • Member of Indonesian water Associations Languages • Indonesia, native speaker • English, good Key Industry Sectors • Mining • Oil & Gas • Manufacture • Public Service


Environmental Impact Assesemnt (EIA) Projects (As a Team Leader) - IEE for Diesel Power Plant Rimo, Singkil 2004 - EIA for Development of Air port in Blang Bpidie, South Aceh, 2004 - Environmental Management and Monitoring for Road Improvement in Sabang, 2004 - EIA for Development of Aceh Railway, 2000 - EIA for Palm Oil Manufacturing, PT Astra Agro Niaga, West Aceh, 1995 - IEE for Diesel Power Plant Meulaboh, Tapak Tuan, Kutacane, 1994 - IEE for Final Waste Disposal, Meulaboh, Langsa, 1994 - Environmental Management Planning for Coffee Manufacturing PT Genap Mupakat, Takengon, 1993 - EIA for Alternating Road, Lhokseumawe, 1992 - EIA for Alternating Road, Banda Aceh, 1992 - IEE for Hospital of Banda Aceh, Meulaboh, Sigli, and Langsa, 1991 – 1992 - IEE for Hygienic Laboratory, Banda Aceh, 1992 - IEE for Reclamation of Pusong, Lhokseumawe, 1991 - IEE for LPG plant of PT Arun, Lhokseumawe, 1989 - EIA for Pulp and Paper Industry of PT Kertas Kraft Aceh, 1986 - EIA for Packaging of Urea Fertilizer in Belawan and Cilacap, 1985 - EIA for expansion of air craft industry PT Nurtanio, Bandung, 1984 (As Vice-team leader and team coordinator) EIA for Cement Manufacturing, Sigli 202 EIA for Meutia Hotel, Lhokseumawe, 1993 EIA for Fertilizer Plant PT Asean Aceh Fertilizer, Lhokseumawe 1993 EIA for Cement Andalas Manufacturing, Lhoknga, 1992 EIA for Fertilizer Plant, PT PIM Lhokseumawe, 1988 -

21.02.06

BASTIAN ARIFIN

Prof. DR. Ir. Boiran M.Sc. DEA Associate Consultant

Boiran has extensive experience in environmental impact assessments and Environmental Management Effort studies. He holds Doctoral Degree in Agronomy from Institue National Polytechnique Lourain, France With his specialization and educational background, Boiran has done several research and studies on environmental resource management also involved at many large-scale projects in Indonesia.

Fields of Competence • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Environmental Management Effort (EME) Education and Course • Doctor de I’Ecole National Superioure d’Agronomie et Industrie Alimantaire – Institute National Polytechnique Lourain, Nancy, France. • Diplome tude Appoprondi (DEA) d’Ecologie Microbienne de I’Universite Lyon I Universite Claude Benard, France • Graduated in Soil Chemistry, Institue Geologie –Rijk Universiteit Gent, Belgie • Bachelor in Agriculture, University of North Sumatera, Medan • Course on Environmental ImpactAssessment, Basic AMDAL A, University of Syaiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 1986. • Comparative Study of Environmental Management in Singapore, 1989 • Comparative Study of Environmental Management in The Netherlands, 1989 • Training on Water Pollution, National Oceanology Board, Jakarta Languages • Indonesia, native speaker • English, good Key Industry Sectors • Mining • Oil and Gas • Manufacture • Public Service


Environmental Impact Assesemnt (EIA) Projects -

21.02.06

IEE for Diesel Power Plant, Rimo, Singkil, 2004 EIA for Development of Airport in Blang Pidie, South Aceh, 2004 Environmental Management and Monitoring for Road Improvement in Sabang, 2004 EIA for Development of Airport in Kutacane, 2002 EIA for Development of Aceh Railway, 2000 EIA for Palm Oil Manfuacturing, PT. Astra Agro Niaga, West Aceh , 1995 IEE for Diesel Power Plant, Meulaboh, Tapak Tuan, Kutacane, 1994 IEE for Final Waste Disposal, Meulaboh, Langsa, 1994 EIA for Cement Manufacturing in Muara Batee, Sigli, EIA for Meutia Hotel, Lhokseumawe, 1993 EIA for Fertilizer Plant PT Asean Aceh Fertilizer, Lhokseumawe, 1993 EIA for Cement Andalas Manufacturing, Lhoknga, 1992 EIA for Fertilizer Plant, PT. PIM, Lhokseumawe, 1988 EIA for Pulp and Paper Industry of PT Kertas Kraft Aceh, 1986

BOIRAN

Karlheinz Spitz President Director, ERM Indonesia

Dr. Karlheinz Spitz MBA, President Director of ERM Indonesia, is based in Jakarta since 1994 and has 20 years experience in environmental consulting. He acted as lead consultant on numerous environmental impact assessment studies for the mining, oil and gas, and power generation sectors. He has undertaken a wide variety of environmental audits and has developed environmental management systems according to the ISO 14000 series of standards. He is fully familiar with international standards for conducting environmental assessments of large-scale resource development projects such as World Banks’ environmental safeguard policies, commonly referred to.as the Equator Principles. Dr. Spitz has a proven record of directing and managing large-scale environmental projects and has worked on projects in Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Germany, India, and most parts of SE Asia. Professional Affiliations & Registrations x NWWA - National Water Well Association x DVWK - Deutscher Verein für Wasser und Kulturbau Fields of Competence x Environmental Strategic Advice x Business and Project Management x Environmental Assessment and Auditing x Water Management and Numerical Modelling x Contaminated Site Management Education x Heriot-Watt University, Master of Business Administration, 1999 x University of Stuttgart, Germany, Doctor, Civil Engineering, 1985 x University of Stuttgart, Germany, Master, Civil Engineering, 1980

Languages x German, native speaker x English, Excellent x Indonesian, Fair x French , Fair Key Industry Sectors x Mining and mineral processing x Oil and gas x Engineering and construction Honours & Awards x NATO Post – Doctoral Scholarship Award, University of Waterloo Canada, 1986 to 1988 x Award for Outstanding Research, University of Stuttgart, Germany, 1980 Publications x Spitz, K., Kuntjoro, D., McDonough R.: “ Environmental Assessment of Mining Projects – What Matters and Why” publication in preparation. x Spitz, K. and Moreno, J: "Practical guide to groundwater and solute transport modelling," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996, ISBN 0-471-13687-5 (Japanese translation by Gihodo Publishing Co. in 2003). x Spitz, K.: "Dispersion in porösen Medien: Einfluß von Inhomogenitäten und Dichteunterschieden," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Wasserbau, Heft 60, Stuttgart, 1985, ISBN 0343-1150. x Spitz, K.: Co-author of "Stofftransport im Grundwasser," DVWK-Schriften'88 Verlag Paul Parey, 1989, ISBN 3-490-08997-9. x Numerous publications in environmental journals.


Selects Projects Environmental Assessment (mining projects) x Dairi Zinc/Lead and Zinc Mine, North Sumatra. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study including environmental assessment of the land transportation corridor (pipeline/road).. x Cibaliung Gold Mine. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study in Banten, Java. Preparation of land acquisition and resettlement action plan, public disclosure and participation plan, and indigenous people and community development plan. x Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans for PT KPC coal mine operation in Kalimantan. x Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Weda Bay Nickel Project on Halmahera Island. x Revision of the environmental management and monitoring plans for Newmont Batu Hijau Project, Nusa Tenggara. x Tayan Bauxite Mining and Processing Project, West Kalimantan. Developing EIA Addendum, Environmental Action Plan, Resettlement Action Plan, Public Disclosure and Consultation Plan and Indigenous People Development Plan. x Environmental Impact Assessment Study of the Bukit Baru Mining Area of PT. Arutmin Indonesia, following IFC guidelines. x Environmental impact assessment studies related to the 300 K expansion of PT. Freeport Indonesia’s mining in Irian Jaya. Directed the socio-cultural studies as part of the overall study. x Regional Development Plan for the Maruwai Coal Project, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Environmental Assessment (other) Environmental impact assessment for the Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. x Environmental impact assessment for the Unocal Seturian Field, Kalimantan. x Project Manager for conducting of the Environment Impact Assessment study for the Mitsubishi copper smelter at Gresik, Indonesia. x Environmental appraisal of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Jakarta during the basic design phase including the preparation of the TOR for the environmental impact assessment study. x Environmental assessment of Hemoco’s private oil x

10.08.05

x

x

x

refinery proposal, Selayar Island, Indonesia. Scoping study and preparation of Terms of Reference. Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Plans for deep well installation in Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya. Environmental impact assessment and the preparation of environmental management and monitoring plans for a 260 MW coal fired power plant in Irian Jaya. The services include the environmental permitting of a 100km-long transmission line from the power plant to the mine area. Environmental permitting of jetty construction, effluent discharge, water abstraction, and ash landfilling of a planned power plant in Central Java, Indonesia.

Environmental Scoping/Baseline Studies x Environmental scoping for a planned gas processing facility in eastern Indonesia x Environmental and social baseline study for QNI, Philippines. x Environmental and social scoping study for BintanSingapore Water Supply Project. x Environmental assessment of the Duri Canal, Caltex, Sumatra. x Environmental baseline study of the CPP and Bekasap Oil Production Blocks, Caltex, Sumatra. x Environmental Scoping Study for the Muriah Shell Gas Concession in the Java Sea. x Environmental scoping study for a planned primary lead smelter in Java using Ausmelt technology. x Environmental scoping study for a planned nickel processing plant in Halmahera island, Indonesia. Environmental Auditing/Phase II/II Investigations Mineral Processing x Due diligence audit of a lead smelter at Mulde, Freiberg. x Project manager and advisor on measures to close an existing slag disposal site and on designing a new disposal area in Germany. x Project manager for investigation of various contaminated soils: former copper smelter at Kall; lead smelter at Stolberg (slag disposal site); zinc smelter at commercial area close to Duisburg; Bernsdorf (groundwater contamination by phenoles and BTX); zinc recyling plant near Lissabon, KARLHEINZ SPITZ

x

x

Portugal. Conceptual design of remedial measures for an industrial site highly contaminated by mercury in Egypt. Soil and groundwater investigation at the site for the Mitsubishi copper smelter in Gresik, Indonesia.

Mining x Reviewing EIA for both Asia Pacific Potash Corporation and ASEAN Potash Mine projects in Thailand against World Bank EIA standard. x Environmental audit of PT. Freeport Indonesia’s mining activity in Irian Jaya. Responsible for evaluating the environmental management system of the operation at corporate and job site level.

x

x x

x

x

Manufacturing x Environmental Phase I audits for various sites: electronic assembly plant near Surabaya; tool factory in SIER, East Java; electroplating plant and spring steel factory in Jakarta; maintenance yards in Batam Island and Nusa Tenggara; pulp and paper mill, West Java, transformer production plants in Indonesia and India; large cement plant in Citeureup, Java; electronic assembling factory, Vietnam. x Various galoanzinplants, including eleven sites in Belgium and four sites in France.

x

x

x

Power Generation x Environmental audits for the 260 MW coal fired powerplant at Amamapare, and several diesel power plants, Irian Jaya. x Darajat Power plants environmental audit.

x

Pharmacheutical Environmental Audits numerous pharmacheutical manufactures such as Novartis.

x

Heavy Industry Environmental Audits of Indocement plants.

x

x

x

Plantation and related processing facilities Environmental Audits of two rubber plantation and several crumb rubber factories, Sumatera.

x

Groundwater Assessment/Modeling Prelimenary hydrology and hydrogeology study for the Maruai Coal Project, Kalimantan, Indonesia

x

10.08.05

x

x

Hydrogeological Study of the Duri Field, Caltex. Developing conceptual hydrogeological model and preliminary environmental risk assessment. Hydrology and hydrogeology study for a banana plantation in Sumatera Field data acquisition and numerical groundwater model study of the tailings disposal area of PT. Freeport Indonesia as part of a comprehensive Environmental Risk Assessment study. Assesment of thermal impact of cooling water discharge into surface water for three projects: Mitsubishi Copper Smelter at Gresik (discharge into the sea), PTFI power plant at Amamapare (discharge into an estuary), 400 MW power plant at Cilacap (discharge into the river). Lecture training of geologists from various government institutions worldwide on groundwater modeling, on behalf of BGR, Hannover. Lecture training of geologists from various government institutions worldwide on groundwater modeling, on behalf of BGR, Hannover. Lecturer for a series of courses on groundwater modelling and on the investigation and control of groundwater pollution at the Directorate of Environmental Geology, Indonesia (ADB Loan 641INO, Geological and Mineral Survey Project). Investigations of age and origin of groundwater using chemistry, isotope, and hydrogeological data on behalf of Sudhessische Gas and Wasser AG. Groundwater plant near Darmstadt. Development of a master plan to optimise groundwater management including recharge of treated Rhine River water. Industrial site near Frankfurt. Numerical simulation of the spreading of hydrocarbons in groundwater and evaluation of the impact of various decontamination schemes. Hydrogeological study of the Semarang Basin (Indonesia), field survey of water wells and geology, development of a groundwater flow model for Semarang area. Research on groundwater pollution transport including interpretation of the extensive field data of the Borden tracer experiment and development of numerical models. Numerical and experimental study of dispersive pollutant migration in groundwater. KARLHEINZ SPITZ

x x x x

Analytical and numerical study of heat transport in aquifers. Determination of groundwater protection zones. Assessment of large-scale groundwater pollution due to salt in the upper Rhine valley. Preliminary assessment of mine depressurisation requirements for a proposed open cast oil-sand mine at Alberta, Canada.

EMS and QA/QC Studies x Project Manager and team leader for the pilot study of the European environmental audit scheme (Ecoaudit) at a secondary lead refinery/smelter in Germany. x QA/QC, Tailings Remediation Project for Marcopper, Philippines. x QA/QC monitoring of site remediation at Shell Brunei. x Project Manager and team leader for the development of the Environmental Management System of PT. Timah, Bangka Island, Indonesia, a large-scale tin mining operation. x Project manager, design of environmental management system of a large chemical plant, Germany. Others x Preparation of Project Design Document for the Indocement CDM Project. x Environmental Country Profile of Indonesia and Thailand on behalf of E&E Solutions/JBIC. x Design of Web-based Environmental Impact Assessment Compliance Tracking System for the BP Tangguh Project in Papua. x CO2 offset study for Santa Fe, Indonesia. x Bapedal Regional Network Project, ADB Loan No. 1449-INO. Assisting and advising Bapedal in the implementation of the overall project which comprises establishing a network of four regional Bapedal offices, fostering human resource development, setting regionally appropriate environmental standards and to establishing an appropriate management information system. x Technical director and team leader for the development of the hazardous waste management center in East Java, Indonesia.

10.08.05

KARLHEINZ SPITZ

Rafeldy Noviar, S.Si Associate Consultant

Raveldy Noviar has extensive experience in environmental impact assessment. Graduated from Faculty of Biology. With his specialization in Biology, he involved at numbers of Environmental Impact Analyses Studies and Environmental Management projects throughout Indonesia.

Fields of Competence • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Education and Course • Graduated from Faculty of Biology, National Unviersity, jakarta Languages • Indonesia, native speaker • English, good Key Industry Sectors • Mining • Oil & Gas • Manufacture • Pharmaceutical • Public Service



-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

21.02.06

EIA study for Pharmaceutical Industry, PT. Aventis Pharma, East Jakarta, 2005 EIA study for Manufacture Industry, PT. Nikomas Gemilang, Serang, Banten, 2005 EIA study for Controlled Dam II Sepinggan River, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, 2004 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort, Kabuyutan Bridge, Brebes District, Central Java, 2004 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort Duwur Bridge, Brebes, Central Java, 2004 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Widening Road Pemalang - Pekalongan, Central Java, 2004 EIA Study for Kayan River, Bulungan District, East Kalimantan, CV Mikros Konsultan, 2003 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effrot Batching Plant Adhimix Precast Indonesia at Tanjugn Duren Location, West Jakarta, 2002 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort for Kasih Insani Hospital, Cilegon City, West Java, 2002 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort for Swamp Area Muara Adang, East Kalimantan, CV Wydia Aika, 2001 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort Swamp Area, Tanjung Aru, East Kalimantan, CV Reka Citra, 2001 Instutional Developing Department of Cleanliness Research Study, Department of Cleanliness DKI Jakarta, Pt. Sewun Indo Konsultan, 2000 EIA revision study for Train A – G LNG Factory and Train H Expansion roject, Bontang, East Kalimantan, 1997 EIA Study for Industry Area PT Grahapermai Raharja, Tangerang, West Java, 1997 Environmental Management Effort and Environmental Monitoring Effort Steel Industry, PT. Jakarta Kyoei Steel, 1996 EIA study for Industry Area Medan PT KIM, Median, South Sumatera, 1996 Technical Guideliness Environmental Audit Sea Transportation Study, Communciation Department – Research Institute IPB, 1995 EIA study for Apartment and Hotel Atap Merah, Jakarta, 1995 EIA study, PT Nikomas Gemilang, West Java, 1995

-

-

EIA study, PT Siti Swadaya, Karawang, West Java, 1995 EIA Study PT Pancapuri Indoperkasa, Karawang, West Java, 1995 EIA study Golden Industrial Park Area, Karawang, West Java, 1995 EIA study for Casablanca Apartment, Jakarta 1995 Technical Guidelines Compiling Environmental Management Effrot and Environmental Monitoring Effort Air Study, Communications Sector, Communication Department – Research Institute IPB, 1994 EIA study for Reagent Hotel, 1994

RAFELDY NOVIAR

Drs. Adnan Abdullah Associate Consultant

Adnan Abdullah has extensive experience in environmental impact assessments. He is Lecturer and researcher at one of the state university in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. His specialization is Environmental Impact Assessment and has done has done several research and studies on environmental resource management also involved at many large-scale projects.

Fields of Competence x Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Education and Course x Drs., Darussalam Institute of Education,Banda Aceh, 1967. x Environmental Impact Analysis Course, Government of Aceh Province, 1987 x Environmental Management for Roads & Bridge (ISEM B), Department of Housing and Infrastructre, Aceh 2003 Languages x Indonesia, native speaker x English, good Key Industry Sectors x Mining x Oil and Gas x Manufacture x Public Service



-

-

-

23.12.05

EIA arrangement, Gunung Pudong irrigation, South Aceh Distric, 1998 EIA arrangement, Jeram irrigation, West Aceh District, 1998 EIA project, PT. Nova Baizury Graha, Pasir Muara Krueng Tingkem, Krueng Samalng, and Krueng Peudada, Aceh, 1998 EIA project, PT. Monopoli Raya, 1997 RKL /RPL Studies, Novotel Aceh Hotel, Banda Aceh, 1997 EIA Project, Mobil Oil Indonesia, East Aceh, 1996 EIA Project, PT. Arun NGL. Co, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 1996 RKL/RPL studies, Yayasan Cempaka Lima Hospital, Banda Aceh, 1996 RKL/RPL studies, Rumah Sakit Bersalin Yayasan Ibu dan Anak, Lhokseumawe (hospital), Aceh 1995 RKL / RPL studies Dermaga Singkil, 1995 EIA project, PT. Astra Agro Niaga, 1995 EIA project, Meutia Hotel, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 1993 EIA project, PT. Semen Andalas Indonesia, Lhoknga, Aceh Besar, 1993 Environmental Evaluation Studies, PD Genap Mupakat (manufacture), Takengon, Aceh, 1993 Environmental Evaluation Studies, PT. Asean Aceh Fertilizer, 1993 RKL/RPL arrangement, PT. Arun NGL, Aceh, 1992 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Observation Plan, PT. Kertas Kraft Aceh, 1992 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Observation Plan, PT. Bahari Lestari, 1992 Environmental Evaluation Studies, PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda, 1989 EIA project, PT. Kertas Kraft Aceh, 1987

HASBULLAH HASAN

APPENDIX D LABORATORY ANALYSIS

APPENDIX E KA ANDAL APPROVAL

APPENDIX F PUBLIC CONSULTATION RECOMENDATION

APPENDIX G ANNOUNCEMENT AMDAL ON NEWS PAPER

NEWS CLIP AMDALDA Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province Notification Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project Media Date Page

Serambi

Tuesday, 31st May 2005

16

NEWS CLIP AMDALDA Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province Notification Banda Aceh to Meulaboh Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project Media Date Page

Republika

Friday, 3rd June 2005

18

APPENDIX H QUESIONARE

Questioner

Sosial Ekonomi dan kesehatan Masyarakat

No. Urut

: ………………………………………………………

Desa

: ………………………………………………………

Kecamatan

: ………………………………………………………

Kabupaten

: ………………………………………………………

P2JJ DINAS PRASARANA WILAYAH PROVINSI NAD - USAID

P2JJ - USAID

I.

IDENTITAS RESPONDEN

1. Usia Bapak/Ibu

: ……………………………...th

2. Jenis Kelamin

:

a.

Laki – laki

3. Pendidikan terakhir Bapak/Ibu

b.

Perempuan

:

a.

Tidak sekolah

e.

Lulus SMA

b.

Tidak lulus SD

f.

Lulus Akademi /D3

c.

Lulus SD

g.

Lulus Sarjana /S1

d.

Lulus SMP

4. Jumlah anggota keluarga yang tinggal serumah 5. Status dalam keluarga a.

a.

Belum nikah

b.

Sudah nikah

7. Agama

b.

Anggota keluarga

c.

Duda / Janda

:

:

a.

Islam

d.

Bundha

b.

Kristen Prostestan

e.

Hindu

c.

Katholik

8. Suku

II.

:

Kepala Keluarga

6. Status dalam perkawinan

: ……….…..… jiwa (termasuk KK)

: …………………………………

MATA PENCAHARIAN DAN KONDISI EKONOMI

9. Pekerjaan utama Bapak/Ibu

:

a.

PNS

e.

Pensiunan

b.

Wiraswasta / Pedagang

f.

TNI / Polisi

c.

Petani

g.

Tidak bekerja

d.

Buruh

10. Pekerjaan sampingan responden

:

a.

Pertani

c.

Petani

b.

Wiraswasta / Pedagang

d.

lainnya, ………………………

Kuesioner Sosial Ekonomi dan Kesmas Kegiatan Perbaikan dan Rekonstruksi Jalan Banda Aceh - Meulaboh

2

P2JJ - USAID

11. Berapa luas kediaman Bapak/Ibu : a.

Tanah pekarangan dan rumah

: ………………. Ha/m2

b.

Lahan sawah

: ………………. Ha/m2

c.

Lahan kering / tanah darat

: ………………. Ha/m2

d.

Lainnya …………………………….

: ………………. Ha/m2

12. Bagaimana status kepemilikan tanah? a.

Milik sendiri

c.

Milik keluarga

b.

Kontrak

d.

lainnya …………………………

13. Darimana Bapak/Ibu memiliki tanah? a.

Membeli dari orang lain

c.

Tanah garap milik negara

b.

Tanah warisan

d.

lainnya …………………………

c.

Non permanen

14. Bagaimana kondisi fisik rumah Bapak/Ibu? a.

Permanen

b.

Semi permanent

15. Apakah rumah dan tanah Bapak/Ibu terkena dampak Tsunami? a.

Ya

b. Tidak

16. Kalau ya, mohon dijelaskan ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III.

KETERIKATAN TEMPAT TINGGAL DAN HUBUNGAN KEKERBATAN

17. Apakah Bapak/Ibu lahir di Desa / Kampung ini a. Ya

b. Tidak, sebutkan ………………………

18. Apakah sejak lahir Bapak/Ibu tingga di Desa / kampung ini? a. Ya

b. Tidak, tahun berapa …….………….…

19. Apakah orang tua Bapak/Ibu tinggal di Desa / Kampung ini? a. Ya

b. Tidak

20. Apakah sanak keluarga Bapak/Ibu banyak tinggal di Desa / Kampung ini? a. Ya

b. Tidak


3

P2JJ - USAID

21. Apakah Bapak/Ibu betah tinggal di Desa / Kampung ini? a. Ya

b. Tidak

22. Bagaimana kondisi Keamanan di Desa / Kampung Bapak/Ibu? a. Aman Sekali

c. Akhir-akhir ini kurang aman

b. Aman, hanya ada kasus-kasus kecil

d. Dari dulu tidak aman

23. Bagaimana kehidupan beragama di Desa / Kampung Bapak/Ibu? a. Sering diadakan pengajian dan

c. Masyarakat berkumpul kalau

ceramah di Masjid

sholat Jum’at saja

b. Diadakan pengajian di rumah-rumah

d. Masjid nggak pernah di pakai

24. Apakah ada permasalahan sosial yang ada di Desa / Kampung Bapak/Ibu? a.

Ada

b. Tidak

Kalau ada, jelaskan, …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV.

KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

25. Darimana sumber kebutuhan untuk air minum? a. Sumur

c. Air hujan

b. Sungai

d. Membeli

26. Darimana sumber kebutuhan air untuk MCK? a. Sumur

c. Air hujan

b. Sungai

d. Membeli

27. Bagaimana fasilitas MCK milik Bapak/Ibu? a. KM dan WC higienis tiap rumah

c. KM sendiri, WC di Sungai

b. KM dan WC umum

d. Sungai / empang

28. Adakah sakit yang diderita anggota keluarga Bapak/Ibu dalam sebulan terakhir a. Ada

b. Tidak

Kalau ada, sebutkan jenis penyakit ………………………………………………..


4

P2JJ - USAID

29. Rujukan bila menderita sakit

V.

a. Praktek Dokter Umum

c. Dukun

b. Puskesmas

d. Diobati sendiri

KETERKAITAN RESPONDEN DENGAN RENCANA KEGIATAN

30. Apakah Bapak/Ibu sering berpergian ke luar Desa / Kampung menggunakan ruas jalan Banda Aceh - Meulaboh? a. Sering

c. Pernah sekali

b. Jarang

d. Tidak pernah

31. Apabila Bapak/Ibu berpergian ke luar Desa / Kampung menggunakan apa? a. Jalan kaki

d. Bus / angkutan umum

b. Sepeda

e. Kendaraan pribadi

c. Sepeda motor 32. Apakah menurut Bapak/Ibu kegiatan perdagangan sudah berjalan dengan baik/normal? a. Ya

b. Tidak

c. Tidak tahu

33. Kegiatan perekonomian apa yang sudah berjalan? a. Pasar

d. Lalu lintas bus/angkutan umum

b. Distribusi kebutuhan pokok

e. Pedagang eceran

c. Warung/toko

VI.

PERSEPSI TERHADAP RENCANA KEGIATAN

34. Tahukah bahwa di lokasi Desa / Kampung Bapak/Ibu akan dilakukan kegiatan perbaikan dan pembangunan jalan dan jembatan yang rusak akibat tsunami? a. Ya

b. Tidak

35. Kalau Ya, darimana Bapak/Ibu memperoleh informasinya? a.

Kepala Desa

c.

Teman

b.

Camat

d.

Lainnya ………………………..


5

P2JJ - USAID

36. Menurut pengetahuan Bapak/Ibu, kegiatan perbaikan dan pembangunan jalan dan jembatan ini menimbulkan dampak negatif a. Ya

b. Tidak

c. Tidak tahu

Kalau Ya, sebutkan : 1. …………………………………………………………… 2. …………………………………………………………… 3. …………………………………………………………… 4. …………………………………………………………… 5. …………………………………………………………… 37. Apakah Bapak/Ibu setuju terhadap rencana perbaikan dan pembangunan jalan dan jembatan yang rusak akibat tsunami a. Setuju

b. Tidak setuju

c. Tidak tahu

Alasannya : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 38. Apakah harapan Bapak/Ibu terhadap kegiatan perbaikan dan pembangunan jalan dan jembatan yang akan dilaksanakan? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….


6

Questioner

KOMPONEN SOSIAL BUDAYA

P2JJ DINAS PRASARANA WILAYAH PROVINSI NAD - USAID

P2JJ - USAID

A.

Kebudayaan

1.

Penduduk kampung ini, asli maupun pendatang, umumnya terdiri dari suku bangsa

2.

3.

a.

Penduduk asli : ________________________________________________________

b.

Penduduk pendatang : __________________________________________________

Sistem kekerabatan yang berlaku di kampung ini didasarkan pada : a.

Penarikan garis keturunan : ______________________________________________

b.

Peminangan dari pihak : _________________________________________________

c.

Pemilihan tempat tinggal : ________________________________________________

d.

Penerimaan harta warisan : _______________________________________________

Sikap dan perilaku masyarakat di kampung ini umumnya didasarkan pada adat tata kelakuan yang dijadikan pedoman :

4.

a.

Adat muhakamah dalam perilaku : _________________________________________

b.

Adat qadimah dalam perilaku : ____________________________________________

c.

Adat hadisah dalam perilaku : _____________________________________________

d.

Adat maqamah dalam perilaku : ___________________________________________

Dalam bersikap dan berperilaku penduduk kampung ini juga mempedomani norma-norma yang berlaku :

5.

a.

Norma agama dalam kegiatan : ___________________________________________

b.

Norma adat dalam kegiatan : _____________________________________________

c.

Norma susila dalam kegiatan : ____________________________________________

d.

Norma hukum dalam kegiatan : ___________________________________________

Interaksi sosial antar warga masyarakat di kampung ini umumnya didasarkan pada nilai-nilai budaya : a.

Kebenaran dalam hubungan dengan : _____________________________________

b.

Kerukunan dalam hubungan dengan : _____________________________________

c.

Kebersamaan dalam hubungan dengan : ___________________________________

d.

Kepentingan dalam hubungan dengan : ____________________________________

Kuesioner Sosial Budaya Kegiatan Perbaikan dan Rekonstruksi Jalan Banda Aceh - Meulaboh

2

P2JJ - USAID

B.

Kebudayaan

1.

Dalam hal apa sajakah penduduk kampung ini cenderung untuk bersikap saling : a. Kerja sama : ____________________________________________________________ b. Konflik : ________________________________________________________________ c. Bersaing : ______________________________________________________________ d. Acuh tak acuh : __________________________________________________________

2.

Menurut pengalaman Bapak/Ibu, adakah unsur-unsur budaya luar yang sekarang menjadi budaya lokal di kampung ini : a. B udaya baru : ___________________________________________________________ b. Pengganti unsur budaya lama : ______________________________________________ c. Saling melengkapi : _______________________________________________________ d. Budaya lama hilang tanpa pengganti : _________________________________________

3.

Kelompok sosial budaya manakah yang dipandang penting dalam masyarakat di kampung ini : a. Kelompok kerabatan, karena : _______________________________________________ b. Kelompok kampung, karena : ________________________________________________ c. Kelompok agama, karena : __________________________________________________ d. Kelompok politik, karena : ___________________________________________________

4.

Menurut pengalaman Bapak/Ibu, unsur budaya manakah yang sangat berperan dalam meredam kerisauan dalam masyarakat terutama di saat-sat menghadapi masalah/kesulitan : a. Persamaan keturunan, karena : _____________________________________________ b. Persamaan agama, karena : ________________________________________________ c.

Persamaan daerah asal, karena : ____________________________________________

d. Persamaan pekerjaan, karena : ______________________________________________ e. Persamaan kepentingan, karena : ____________________________________________ f.

5.

Persamaan pandangan politik, karena : _______________________________________

Menurut pengalaman Bapak/Ibu, bagaimanakah sikap dan perilaku warga masyarakat di kampung ini sekarang. Khususnya dalam hubungan dengan : Kuat

Lemah

a. Gotong royong

_____________

_____________

b. Tolong menolong

_____________

_____________

c.

_____________

_____________

d. Kepemimpinan

_____________

_____________

e. Sikap terhadap orang lain

_____________

_____________

Kondisi sosial ekonomi


3

P2JJ - USAID

C.

Pranata Sosial

1.

Pola perilaku dan sikap apakah yang terdapat pada pranata sosial di bawah ini : a. Kelembagaan ekonomi : _________________________________________________ b. Kelembagaan pendidikan : _______________________________________________ c.

Kelembagaan agama : __________________________________________________

d. Kelembagaan sosial : ___________________________________________________ e. Kelembagaan keluarga : _________________________________________________

2.

Unsur budaya simbolis apakah yang terdapat pada pranata sosial di bawah ini : a. Kelembagaan ekonomi : _________________________________________________ b. Kelembagaan pendidikan : _______________________________________________ c.


d. Kelembagaan sosial : ___________________________________________________ e. Kelembagaan keluarga : _________________________________________________

3.

Unsur budaya manfaat apakah yang terdapat pada pranata sosial di bawah ini : a. Kelembagaan ekonomi : _________________________________________________ b. Kelembagaan pendidikan : _______________________________________________ c.


d. Kelembagaan sosial : ___________________________________________________

e. Kelembagaan keluarga : _________________________________________________ 4.

Kode spesifikasi lisan atau tertulis apakah yang diperlukan oleh pranata sosial berikut ini : a. Kelembagaan ekonomi : _________________________________________________ b. Kelembagaan pendidikan : _______________________________________________ c.


d. Kelembagaan sosial : ___________________________________________________ e. Kelembagaan keluarga : _________________________________________________ 5.

Pandangan/ideologi manakah yang merupakan unsur pranata sosial berikut ini : a. Kelembagaan ekonomi : _________________________________________________ b. Kelembagaan pendidikan : _______________________________________________

c. Kelembagaan agama : __________________________________________________ d. Kelembagaan sosial : ___________________________________________________ e. Kelembagaan keluarga : _________________________________________________


4

P2JJ - USAID

D.

Warisan Budaya

1.

Sejauh yang Bapak/Ibu ketahui, di kampung ini atau sekitarnya (pernah) terdapat situs perbakala atau cagar budaya, yaitu berupa : a. Manusia purba b. Makam keramat c.

Candi/mesjid

d. Pusat kerajaan e. Benteng kuno

E.

Pelapisan Sosial

1.

Berdasarkan kriteria tertentu, ciri-ciri apakah yang biasa digunakan masyarakat di kampung ini dalam menetapkan orang-orang yang termasuk kelompok atas : a. Pendidikan : __________________________________________________________ b. Ekonomi : ____________________________________________________________ c.

Pekerjaan : ___________________________________________________________

d. Kekuasaan : __________________________________________________________

2.

Ciri-ciri apakah yang biasa digunakan masyarakat di kampung ini dalam menetapkan kedudukan seseorang dalam masyarakat sebagai kelompok menengah : a. Pendidikan : __________________________________________________________ b. Ekonomi : ____________________________________________________________ c.

Pekerjaan : ___________________________________________________________

d. Kekuasaan : __________________________________________________________

3.

Ciri-ciri apakah yang biasa digunakan masyarakat di kampung ini dalam menetapkan kedudukan seseorang sebagai lapisan bawah dalam masyarakat : a. Pendidikan : _________________________________________________________ b. Ekonomi : ___________________________________________________________ c.

Pekerjaan : __________________________________________________________

d. Kekuasaan : _________________________________________________________


5

P2JJ - USAID

F.

Pelapisan Sosial

1.

Menurut yang Bapak/Ibu ketahui, di kampung ini siapa saja yang dapat dipandang sebagai a. Pemimpin formal : ______________________________________________________ b. Pemimpin informal : _____________________________________________________ c.

2.

Orang yang berpengaruh : ________________________________________________

Berdasarkan apa yang Bapak/Ibu ketahui, pengambilan keputusan tentang berbagai masalah masyarakat dan pembangunan di kampung ini didasarkan pada : a. Musyawarah masyarakat, yaitu untuk _______________________________________ b. Pendapat Pemimpin kampung, yaitu untuk ___________________________________ c.

Keputusan kepala desa, yaitu untuk ________________________________________

d. Intruksi kecamatan, yaitu untuk ____________________________________________

3.

Menurut pengalaman Bapak/Ibu ketahui, apakah kewibawaan kepemimpinan masyarakat di kampung ini masih cukup kuat? a. Pemimpin formal : ______________________________________________________ b. Pemimpin informal : _____________________________________________________ c.

4.


Menurut

pendapat

Bapak/Ibu,

faktor

apakah

yang

lebih

menentukan

kewibawaan

kepemimpinan di kampung ini a. Pemimpin formal : ______________________________________________________ b. Pemimpin informal : _____________________________________________________ c.

5.


Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, bagaimanakah situasi kehidupan masyarakat di lingkungan kampung ini? a. Penduduk acuh tak acuh satu sama lain b. Penduduk akrab satu sama lain c.

Kurang aman, karena sering terjadi keributan

d. Kurang aman, karena sering terjadi pencurian e. Lain-lain : ____________________________________________________________


6

P2JJ - USAID

G.

Sikap dan Persepsi Masyarakat

1.

Apakah Bapak/Ibu pernah mendengar bahwa melintasi kampung ini akan dilakukan pekerjaan perbaikan dan rekonstruksi jalan Banda Aceh – Meulaboh? Jika pernah, apakah ada di antara lahan yang Bapak/Ibu miliki terkena pembebasan lahan untuk keperluan pembangunan jalan tersebut a. Tidak pernah mendengar b. Tidak ada lahan yang dibebaskan c.

2.

Ada, yaitu seluas ; ________ m2

Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, kegiatan perbaikan dan rekonstruksi jalan Banda Aceh – Meulaboh tersebut akan memberi manfaat kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk : a. Perluasan kesempatan kerja b. Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat c.

Peningkatan fasilitas sosial ekonomi

d. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk e. Peningkatan harga produk masyarakat f.

Perluasan pergaulan dan pengalaman

g. Lain-lain : ____________________________________________________________

3.

Sebaliknya, gangguan apakah yang mungkin dirasakan masyarakat sebagai akibat langsung maupun tidak langsung dari kegiatan perbaikan dan rekonstruksi jalan Banda Aceh – Meulaboh tersebut : a. Penyempitan sumber daya lokal b. Peningkatan persaingan dalam masyarakat c.

Penurunan kualitas lingkungan

d. Peningkatan biaya hidup e. Lain-lain : ____________________________________________________________

4.

Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, upaya apakah yang dapat dilakukan sejak dini untuk mengurangi gangguan atau memperbesar manfaat yang mungkin akan timbul sebagai akibat langsung ataupun tidak langsung dari kegiatan perbaikan dan rekonstruksi jalan Banda Aceh – Meulaboh tersebut : ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________


7

P2JJ - USAID

H.

Adaptasi Ekologis

1.

Upaya apakah yang biasa Bapak/Ibu lakukan untuk dapat menikmati kehidupan yang sehat? a. Mentaati aturan – aturan kesehatan b. Membiasakan diri hidup dalam alam terbuka yang sehat c.

Tidak melakukan upaya apapun, karena kesehatan itu semata-mata tergantung pada nasib kita sendiri

2.

Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, upaya apakah yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari diri dari bencana banjir? a. Mengungsi saat datang banjir b. Membuat saluran agar air lancar mengalir c.

3.

Membangun tempat tinggal yang lebih tinggi

Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, upaya apakah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pengairan yang cukup bagi usaha tani tambak a. Membuat tambak yang tergantung pada curah hujan b. Membuat tambak yang letaknya dekat dengan sungai c.

4.

Menbuat saluran yang dapat mengalirkan air ke dalam tambak

Menurut pendapat Bapak/Ibu, tinggi rendahnya hasil tambak sangat tergantung pada : a. Usaha kita sendiri untuk merawatnya b. Rezeki yang diberikan Tuhan c.

Tergantung pada lokasi tambak


8

APPENDIX I EARTH QUAKE DATA

PARAMATER GEMPA YANG DIRASAKAN DI NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM DAN SEKITARNYA TAHUN 1990 s/d AGUSTUS 2005

NO

TANGGAL

1

2

H 3

GT (GMT) M S 4 5

EPICENTER 6

M (SR) 7

H (KM) 8

KETERANGAN 9

1

22-01-1990

17

26

42,0

DIRASAKAN III MMI

2

22-02-1990

12

52

05,5

DIRASAKAN II-III MMI

3

23-05-1990

16

08

04,0


4

26-06-1990

07

14

40,0


5

17-07-1990

06

53

22,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

6

31-07-1990

18

08

20,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

7

05-01-1991

15

45

24,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

8

13-01-1991

10

13

31,5

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

9

28-01-1991

19

11

20,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

10

23-07-1991

13

26

19,5

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

11

06-08-1991

02

18

03,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

12

07-08-1991

01

50

34

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

13

24-08-1991

00

06

26,5

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

14

25-08-1991

05

01

19,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

15

30-08-1991

13

21

18,5

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

16

31-08-1991

20

33

39,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

17

02-09-1991

14

56

17,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

18

01-02-1992

23

29

21,5

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

19

02-10-1992

02

13

36,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

20

29-08-1993

20

26

02,0

21

01-09-1993

14

03

56

22

06-09-1993

23

01

21,5

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

23

02-10-1993

20

30

35,0


24

14-10-1993

07

18

39,0

5,70N–94,38E

4,40N-94,43E

5,5

33,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

1,5

26,0

DIRASAKAN I-IIIMMI

5,4

33,0



NO

TANGGAL

GT (GMT) M S 4 5 04 04,0

EPICENTER

M (SR) 7

H (KM) 8

KETERANGAN

1 26

2 27-10-1994

H 3 03

27

20-11-1994

18

35

20,0

28

01-01-1995

12

18

11,0

29

30-06-1995

16

29

43,0

30

08-10-1995

15

29

15,0

2,46N-96,48E

4,0

156,0


31

08-11-1995

07

15

11,0

1,80N-96,00E

6,1

50,0

DIRASAKAN IV-V MMI

32

22-11-1995

13

28

33,0

2,49N-95,97E

4,7

33,0


33

19-07-1996

03

41

34,0

6,39N-93,80E

4,7

70,0

DIRASAKAN III-IV MMI

34

19-07-1996

05

34

3,0

6,92N-93,22E

4,6

60,0


35

22-07-1996

15

49

13,5

7,37N-93,94E

5,0

50,0


36

23-07-1996

20

49

18,0

5,50N-93,60E

4,7

45,0


37

27-07-1996

21

59

09,0

4,80N-95,50E

3,6

61,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

38

01-08-1996

02

06

40,0


39

21-09-1996

16

56

58,0


40

10-10-1996

15

21

38,0

3,13N-90,89E

3,0

87,0


41

03-03-1997

04

15

18,0

4,30N-97,20E

3,3

149,0


42

13-03-1997

00

33

39,0

3,89N-97,20E

4,4

21,0


43

20-08-1997

07

15

46,0

3,80N-95,60E

5,8

80,0


44

17-09-1997

04

17

01,5

5,00N-97,00E

4,9

79,0


45

04-01-1998

06

23

58,0

6,90N-98,60E

3,5

160,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

46

27-03-1998

15

32

18,0

3,8

180,0


47

29-03-1998

12

37

34,0

4,30N-95,70E

3,4

140,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

48

26-07-1998

17

41

41,0

4,40N-96,00E

4,6

80,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

6

9 DIRASAKAN I-II MMI DIRASAKAN II-III MMI

3,69N-95,97E

4,9

61,0

DIRASAKAN II-III MMI DIRASAKAN II-III MMI


NO

TANGGAL

GT (GMT) M S 4 5 28 3,7

EPICENTER 6 2,80N-97,70E

M (SR) 7 5,3

H (KM) 8 33,0

KETERANGAN 9 DIRASAKAN III-IV MMI

5,3

33,0


33,0


1 49

2 05-02-1999

H 3 02

50

15-02-1999

05

48

25,0

4,30N-94,60E

51

16-02-1999

09

37

11,4

2,80N-94,80E

52

21-02-1999

14

36

07,0

5,50N-96,10E

3,9

33,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

53

25-04-1999

01

19

25,0

6,70N-95,50E

4,4

21,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

54

04-05-1999

03

35

32,0

55

22-06-1999

07

11

27,4

56

25-06-1999

02

04

35,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

57

21-07-1999

13

47

08,0


58

11-11-1999

18

05

31,6

0,68N-99,77E

6,4

210,0


59

15-11-1999

05

42

27,8

1,58N-88,20E

5,8

12,0


60

10-03-2000

21

32

00,00

5,33N-95,51N

5,2

33,0

DIRASAKAN II-II MMI

61

19-07-2000

07

10

50,10

5,70N-95,50E

5,3

182,0


62

06-08-2000

17

53

43,30

5,40N-94,80E

4,7

70,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

63

17-08-2000

18

40

10,20

6,20N-95,40E

5,3

33,0


64

17-06-2000

18

15

00,00

8,20N-95,40E

4,3

33,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

65

09-09-2000

06

01

55,20

5,30N-94,70E

5,4

180,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

66

12-11-2000

05

39

21,60

5,50N-95,50E

4,8

33,0


67

11-12-2000

05

39

21,60

5,78N-65,70E

4,9

74,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

68

05-06-2001

21

43

59,70

5,76N-65,67E

60,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI

69

21-10-2002

21

53

44,80

5,78N-91,18E

5,6

56,0


70

02-11-2002

01

26

35,00

2,59N-97,84E

5,3

56,0


71

22-01-2003

02

58

50,34

4,92N-97,88E

5,0

56,0

Arah Utara Pantai Langsa Banda Aceh I-II MMI Langsa IV MMI

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI 4,60N-93,94E

4,7

33,0

DIRASAKAN I-II MMI


NO

TANGGAL

GT (GMT) M S 4 5 17 15,90

EPICENTER 6 4,40N-9,19E

M (SR) 7 4,8

H (KM) 8 60,0

KETERANGAN 9 Banda Aceh II- III MMI

1 72

2 02-02-2003

H 3 06

73

26-08-2003

13

05

15,00

5,50N-94,70E

5,1

30,0

Banda Aceh II MMI

74

05-09-2003

01

23

29,59

3,17N-97,19E

5,8

240,0

Banda Aceh II- II MMI

75

09-06-2004

13

25

37,0

Banda Aceh II-III MMI

76

09-09-2004

13

35

33,0

Banda Aceh II MMI

77

24-09-2004

08

44

10,0

Banda Aceh II MMI

78

25-09-2004

21

21

00,5

5,50N-95,98E

4,2

30,0

Banda Aceh II MMI

79

18-11-2004

04

56

22,0

6,37N-94,62E

4,5

30,0

Banda Aceh II MMI

80

26-12-2004

00

58

50,26

3,05N-94,85E

8,9

20,0

81

28-03-2005

16

09

23,30

2,10N-97,00E

8,2

30,0

DIRASAKAN VIII-IX MMI GEMPA INI DIIKUTI SEBANYAK 187 KALI GEMPA SUSULAN YANG DIRASAKAN, SEDANGKAN YANG TERCATAT TERJADI RIBUAN KALI DIRASAKAN V-VI MMI GEMPA INI DIIKUTI PULUHAN KALI GEMPA SUSULAN YANG DAPAT DIRASAKAN DAN MASIH BERLANGSUNG HINGGA SKRG

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