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Urbanisation, Labour Migration and Rural Development in Nigeria

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Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria. Page 3. Introduction. • Western Capitalism and Globalisation drive African dependence .... http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol5no4/vol5no4_4.pdf [Accessed ...
Urbanisation, Labour Migration and Rural Development in Nigeria: Examining the Internal Core and Periphery Relations Paper Presented at Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Practitioners Association (NASA) 22nd Annual Conference on Contours of Change, Modern

. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 6th-9th November.

Conflict and Mode of Production in Nigeria

*Shittu, Olamide Sarafadeen *Akanle, Olayinka (PhD) *Taiwo, Patricia Awa (PhD)

*Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan

Sub-Themes •

Introduction



Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations



Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres



Unequal Power Relations and Policy Decision-making in Rural Development Agenda



Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria

Introduction • Western Capitalism and Globalisation drive African dependence • Resource exploitation is perpetrated by Multinational Corporations through the World Capitalist System • The WCS Core-Periphery relations is replicated at Urban-Rural level in Developing Countries

• Nigeria’s definitions of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ influence policy implementation

Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations

Core Countries • Top of the Resource-chain • Home of MNCs/Capitalists • Exploit Human & Natural Resources from SPh and Ph

• Engage in Capital Flights

Semi-periphery Countries • Act as buffer zone • Dependent on Core • Exploit Human & Natural Resources from SPh and Ph • Engage in Capital Flights

Periphery Countries • Dependent on Core and SPh • Exploited for Human & Natural Resources by Core and SPh

• Environmental Destruction • Underdevelopment/Stagnation

(Wallerstein, 2004)

Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations

Investment Gap

Trade Gap

Urban-Rural Relations

Skills and Tech Gap

Allocation Gap

(Streeten, 1974)

Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres • Colonial Structures and Oil discovery deepen rural underdevelopment (Abass, 2012) • Government’s ‘anti-rural’ development policies (Abass, 2012) • Rural-Urban migration worsen the phenomenon (Danejo, Abubakar, Haruna, Usman and Bawuro, 2015) • Remittances further increase rural dependence (Lucas, 2005)

Migration Rate in Niger Delta for the last 10 years as at 2010 (%) 0% 2% 6% 10%

0-10 years 30%

11-20 years 21-30 years

31-40 years 41-50 years 52%

Above 50 years

(Ofuoku and Chukwuji, 2012)

Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres • Oil exploration as drastically affected rural dwellers’ livelihoods, security and mental health (Babatunde, 2012) • Developmental projects became counterproductive because they overlooked existing institutions (Rexler, 2010) • Multinational Corporations engage in blame game without realizing the historical, political and socio-economic fallouts of over 30-years oil exploration in Niger Delta (Rexler, 2010)

Oil Spillage after three months without clean up in Niger Delta

(Friends of the Earth [Rexler, 2012])

Unequal Power Relations and Policy Decision-making in Rural Development Agenda •

Rural development programmes in Nigeria include: Operation Feed the Nation of 1976; Better Life Programme for Rural Women (BLP) of 1987; and National Economic Empowerments and Development Strategy (NEEDS) of 2004 (Paul, Agba and Chukwurah, 2014).



A common denominator of majority of the programmes is their immediate or eventual collapse (Sam, 2014).



Reasons for failure include corruption, lack of political motivation, local government ineptitude, poor financing, unsustainable implementation, lack of inclusive governance and over-ambitious plans among others (Egbe, 2014)



A review of Nigeria’s 2016 budget using IMF’s budget assessment indicators show several aspects of the budget did not match up with specific projects (Olakojo, Yusuf and Oloko, 2016).

Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria •

Rural dwellers should have self-determination concerning issues that affect their means of survival.



Government at all levels should embrace inclusive grassroots governance that will see rural dwellers participate actively in the assessment of their social problems and the solutions to them.



Participatory vulnerability analysis at the community level will rapidly promote and sustain efforts at getting the locales involved in rural issues.



There is a significant relationship between grassroots participation in development programmes and decision making process and sustainability of development programmes (Abiona and Bello, 2013)



Policymakers should ensure they develop sustainable policies that will reduce rural-urban migration and also improve environmental and living conditions of rural dwellers through proper economic regulations.

References Abass, I. S. (2012) Trends of rural-urban migration in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8 (3), 97-125. Abiona, I. A. & Bello, W. N. (2013) Grassroots participation in decision-making process and development programmes as correlate of sustainability of community development programmes in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6 (3), 47-57. Babatunde, A. O. (2012) Oil exploitation and local economy in the oil-bearing areas of Niger Delta, Nigeria. ASPA Africa 2012 Workshop Paper. [Online] 1-35. Available from: http://dx/.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2205439 [Accessed 30th October 2017]. Danejo, B. U., Abubakar, L. U., Haruna, M. A., Usman, R. A. & Bawuro, B. M. (2015) Socio-economic factors influencing rural-urban migration in Wukari local government area of Taraba state, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. [Online] 5 (4), 201-206. Available from: http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol5no4/vol5no4_4.pdf [Accessed 28th October 2017]. Egbe, E. J. (2014) Rural and community development in Nigeria: An assessment. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. [Online] 19 (3), 104-112. Available from: http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol19issue4/Version-1/R0194198107.pdf [Accessed 30th October 2017]. Lucas, R. E. B. (2005) International Migration Regimes and Economic Development. Reported prepared for the Expert Group on Development Issues in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Ofuoku, A. U. & Chukwuji, C. O. (2012) The impact of rural-urban migration on plantation agriculture in the Niger-Delta region, Nigeria. Journal of Rural Social Sciences. [Online] 27 (1), 137-151. Available from: http://journalofruralsocialsciences.org/pages/Articles/JRSS%202012%2027/1/JRSS%202012%2027%201%20137-151.pdf [Accessed 28th October 2017]. Olakojo, S. A., Yusuf, M. A. & Oloko, T. F. (2016) A review of Nigeria’s 2016 budget: Towards infrastructure and socio-economic development. CSEA Budget Evaluation Report. Abuja, Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa. [Online] Available from: http://www.cseaafrica.org/directdownload/2016%20Budget.pdf [Accessed 31st October 2017]. Paul, S. O., Agba, M. S. & Chukwurah, D. C. (2014) Rural development programmes and rural underdevelopment in Nigeria: A rethink. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research. [Online] 2 (4), 1-14. Available from: http://rcmss.com/2015/ijpamr/RURAL%20DEVELOPMENT%20PROGRAMMES%20AND%20RURAL%20UNDERDEVELOPMENT%20IN%20NIGERIA.pdf [Accessed 30th October 2017]. Rexler, J. (2010) Beyond the oil curse: Shell state power, and environmental regulation in the Niger Delta. Stanford Journal of International Relations. [Online] XII (1), 26-31. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/12-1/fall10-final_3.pdf [Accessed 30th October 2017]. Sam, I. O. (2014) Achieving sustainable poverty reduction and rural development in Nigeria through local economic development strategies. American Journal of Rural Development, 2 (1), 13-19. Streeten, P. (1974) The theory of development policy. In Dunning, J. H (ed.) Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise. London, Allen and Unwin, 252-279. Wallerstein, I. (2004) World-systems analysis: An introduction. Durham and London, Duke University Press.