Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria. Page 3. Introduction. ⢠Western Capitalism and Globalisation drive African dependence .... http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol5no4/vol5no4_4.pdf [Accessed ...
Urbanisation, Labour Migration and Rural Development in Nigeria: Examining the Internal Core and Periphery Relations Paper Presented at Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Practitioners Association (NASA) 22nd Annual Conference on Contours of Change, Modern
. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 6th-9th November.
Conflict and Mode of Production in Nigeria
*Shittu, Olamide Sarafadeen *Akanle, Olayinka (PhD) *Taiwo, Patricia Awa (PhD)
*Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan
Sub-Themes •
Introduction
•
Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations
•
Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres
•
Unequal Power Relations and Policy Decision-making in Rural Development Agenda
•
Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria
Introduction • Western Capitalism and Globalisation drive African dependence • Resource exploitation is perpetrated by Multinational Corporations through the World Capitalist System • The WCS Core-Periphery relations is replicated at Urban-Rural level in Developing Countries
• Nigeria’s definitions of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ influence policy implementation
Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations
Core Countries • Top of the Resource-chain • Home of MNCs/Capitalists • Exploit Human & Natural Resources from SPh and Ph
• Engage in Capital Flights
Semi-periphery Countries • Act as buffer zone • Dependent on Core • Exploit Human & Natural Resources from SPh and Ph • Engage in Capital Flights
Periphery Countries • Dependent on Core and SPh • Exploited for Human & Natural Resources by Core and SPh
• Environmental Destruction • Underdevelopment/Stagnation
(Wallerstein, 2004)
Relating World-Systems Perspective to Urban-Rural Relations
Investment Gap
Trade Gap
Urban-Rural Relations
Skills and Tech Gap
Allocation Gap
(Streeten, 1974)
Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres • Colonial Structures and Oil discovery deepen rural underdevelopment (Abass, 2012) • Government’s ‘anti-rural’ development policies (Abass, 2012) • Rural-Urban migration worsen the phenomenon (Danejo, Abubakar, Haruna, Usman and Bawuro, 2015) • Remittances further increase rural dependence (Lucas, 2005)
Migration Rate in Niger Delta for the last 10 years as at 2010 (%) 0% 2% 6% 10%
0-10 years 30%
11-20 years 21-30 years
31-40 years 41-50 years 52%
Above 50 years
(Ofuoku and Chukwuji, 2012)
Movement of Human and Natural Resources from Rural Areas to Urban Centres • Oil exploration as drastically affected rural dwellers’ livelihoods, security and mental health (Babatunde, 2012) • Developmental projects became counterproductive because they overlooked existing institutions (Rexler, 2010) • Multinational Corporations engage in blame game without realizing the historical, political and socio-economic fallouts of over 30-years oil exploration in Niger Delta (Rexler, 2010)
Oil Spillage after three months without clean up in Niger Delta
(Friends of the Earth [Rexler, 2012])
Unequal Power Relations and Policy Decision-making in Rural Development Agenda •
Rural development programmes in Nigeria include: Operation Feed the Nation of 1976; Better Life Programme for Rural Women (BLP) of 1987; and National Economic Empowerments and Development Strategy (NEEDS) of 2004 (Paul, Agba and Chukwurah, 2014).
•
A common denominator of majority of the programmes is their immediate or eventual collapse (Sam, 2014).
•
Reasons for failure include corruption, lack of political motivation, local government ineptitude, poor financing, unsustainable implementation, lack of inclusive governance and over-ambitious plans among others (Egbe, 2014)
•
A review of Nigeria’s 2016 budget using IMF’s budget assessment indicators show several aspects of the budget did not match up with specific projects (Olakojo, Yusuf and Oloko, 2016).
Conclusion: Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas in Nigeria •
Rural dwellers should have self-determination concerning issues that affect their means of survival.
•
Government at all levels should embrace inclusive grassroots governance that will see rural dwellers participate actively in the assessment of their social problems and the solutions to them.
•
Participatory vulnerability analysis at the community level will rapidly promote and sustain efforts at getting the locales involved in rural issues.
•
There is a significant relationship between grassroots participation in development programmes and decision making process and sustainability of development programmes (Abiona and Bello, 2013)
•
Policymakers should ensure they develop sustainable policies that will reduce rural-urban migration and also improve environmental and living conditions of rural dwellers through proper economic regulations.
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