Bioindicator? Ant SpeciesRichnessand. inHireshima Prefecture-. YoshifumiTouyAMAt),TetsuyaYAMAMoTo2'3)and NobukazuNAKAGosHI'2). ']Department.
The JapaneseSociety The Japanese Society
EZlaphologia,No.
of of Soil Soil Zoology Zoology
70: 33-36.August28,2002
33
Are Ants UsefulBioindicator? -the
RelationshipbetweenAnt Species Richnessand
SoilMacrofaunal Richness,in Hireshima PrefectureYoshifumiTouyAMAt),TetsuyaYAMAMoTo2'3)and Nobukazu NAKAGosHI'2) FIicultyoflntegratedArtsand Sciences, Hiroshima qf EnvironmentalSciences,
']Department
Uhiversit.v, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-852iJapan '}Graduate
Schoolforlnternational Development
and
Cboperation,Hiroshima University,
Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8529 Japan Received:29 May 2001;Accepted:19 July2002 In thispaper, we revealed that hypogeal ants were useful and convenient bioindicators of soil faunal based on the dataobtained inHiroshima Prefecture, Ant species richness significantly correlated with three seil faunal variables: number of orders, degree of nature richnessand abundance in lower-altitudinal area, In higher-a]titudinal area, however, there were not obvious patternbetweenant species richness and soH faunalvariables. Careful use of ants as bioindicator can economize our sarnpling effort and time. Abstract richness,
Key
words:
ants.
bioindicators, representation,
soil
fauna
animals
Introduction In
years,various
recent
attentions
as convenient
bioindicators have tools forenvironmental
attracted assess-
until
higherrank
taxa
clasS, (e.g.
order,
or
AoKI's (1989) indicator inforgroup)bringsinsufficient mation. First, different identifying rank leadsto different diversity value, Secondly,and more importantly, habitat infbrmation which ought to be indicated by every species
NATuRE CoNsERvATIoN SoCIETy OF JApAN, (e.g. 1985). We can get acquainted with many information isdiluted by identification until higher rank, In order to evade these issue, we had better select some from indicator species about thesituationof theirhabitat. specific taxa and identify For example, we can measure degree of pollutionby thoseuntil species cank, Then, assay of individuals, excretion products, and population what taxon is suitable to represent whole soil faunal growth of test species which exposed to pollutant. diversitylnaturalness? Ant isone of convenient and efficacious bioindicators Besides,we can suppose sorne environmental conditions ment
by bioindicatien: climatic and/or on. tion
vegetational
change,
conditien,
disturbance effect,
successional
soil
stage, and
so
In addition, bioindicator valuable informapresents fbr nature conservation planning.Namely, bio-
indicator can situation of
show
diversity, naturalness
and endangered
the biocommunity in a certain place(Noss,
1990, 1999). Soilanimals are often used as bioindicator of natural degree. But,to identify all soil animals until species rank imposesan excessive burden on researcher; itis actually impossible,On the other hand, to identifyall soil ]'Place
of
MAJER, 1983;ANDERsEN, 1990; TERAyAMA, 1997; (e,g. FoLGARAIT, 1998). However, we evaluate the diversityor natura]ness community
according
to
the
ant
be
must of
careful
to
biorichness,
whole
species
Be ¢ ause, biodiversity changes patternswith habitat different among taxa or groups of indicator species HuHTA, et al., 1967; HuHTA, 1976; MAETo
are
(e.g, and
MAKIHARA, 1999;ALoNso, 2000). TherefOre,we have beforehandwhether the indicatorspecies can represent the richness of whote biocommunity which we aim to evaluate. In thispaper, to examine reflect
and/or
Werk: Agriculture,Forestryand FisheriesDepartment, Hiroshima PrefecturalGovernment,Hiroshima 730-8S1
1,Japan
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34
Y. Touyama
investigatedwhether,
we
diversity represented andlor
soil
and
how,
et aL
myrmecofaunal
abundance
faunaldiversity, naturalness
myrrnecofauna
and other soil
of ants and mariual
sample every orders
sizes were
manifold
(Table
other s6il animals
hand-soningmethod
Ao layet In each sampling, mineral soil layer was sampled
was
from
Ao layerabove
whole using
compare
circular sampler;
1). (Table
Soil fauna in
at
myrmecofaunal
thesame
was
In this study, we reflected some number
Table 1.Descriptlonof Location
Physiognomy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Saijou Saljou Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Yoshiwa Yoshiwa Yeshiwa Yeshiwa
Beech forest Coniferplantation Beech forest Beech forest Coniferplantation Coniferplantation Beech forest Coniferplantation Conifefplantation
11
Kake
Decidueus
12a 12b 13a 13b
Kake Kake Kake Kake
1'4 IS 16
Deciduousoak forest Deciduousoak forest Red pineforest Red pine forest Coniferplantation
Kake Kake
Cenifer p]antation Red pineforest
'Kake
Conifer p]antation
soil
faunalrichness
revealed
soil
thatmyrrnecofaunal
faunalcharacters.
of ant species
significantry
diversity
Fig,1 shows that correlate
with
two
surveyedsites,
(m)
Date
Altitude
Samp]ed area
1,1501,1501,1651,0701,1151,13S Oct,2000Oct. 2000Oct. 2ooOOct, 2000Oct. 2ooOOct, 2ooOOct, 900 1989Octe 900, 1989Oet,.1989Oct. 9oo 9oo 1989
(cm')'
314,2xlO314,2xlO3142xlO31
63142x 631・42x 6314,2x
6314,2x
270
Aug. 1999
8706,5x
23S 235 235 235
Sept.1989 Aug. 1999 Sept 1989 Aug. 1999
4314.2x 8706.5x 4314.2x 7706.5x
195 253 360
Nov. 1990 Sept, 1989 Nov, 1989
4706.5x 4706.Sx 4314.2x
Reclpineforest Red pineforest Red pineforest
330 4se ano
Aug. 1999 Sept.1999 Sept.1999
8314,2x 8314,2x 8314.2x
450
Aug. 1999
7314,2x
45
Sept,1999
6706.5x 3706.5x
oak
forest
richnessand
Resultsand Discussion
Symphyla, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta),and degree of nature richness 7(AoKi,1989), In some stands (Sts. 'counted 10, 12a, 13a, 14-16, 22-31), additionally, we
st.
and (Collembola
stand.
expressed by two indices: number of five higher taxa: Pauropoda, Diplopoda, (including
stand
We did
Environmental conditions and sample sizes were differentamong stands, as mentioned above. Conseit is not adequate to compare each stand's quently, ignoring such difference, However, myrrnecofauna, to inspect what hasto be noticed isthat our purposeisjust ants' representability of soil faunalrichness,i.e. to
faunain31
stands inHiroshimaPrefecture from 1986 to 2000
1). Every sampling conducted by visual
ants,
Acari)in order to economize time and effOrt forthorough search of soil mesofauna by hand-serting method.
abundance.
surveyed
excluding
not count abundance of soil rnesofauna
StudySitesand Methods We
of soil macrofauna
17 18 19
Hiroshima Hiroshima Hiroshima
20
Hireshirna
Red pine forest
21
Hiroshima
Lucidophyllous forest
22a
Kure
Burnt
22b 23 24 25 26 27 2g 29
siteBunnt
280
May
Kure
siteBurnt
280
Nov. 1986
Kawajiri
siteBurnt
165
Nov, 1986
Kawajiri Yasu-ura Yasu-ura Takehara Takehara Takehara
siteBurnt
Nov, 1986 Nov. 1986 Nov. 1986 Nov. I986
Reforested site
135 150 230 110 120 120
Nov. 1986
5706.Sx S706.Sx 4706.Sx 5706.Sx S706.Sx 4706,Sx S706,5x 5706,5x
30
Takehara
Reforested site
85
Nev. 19g6
5706.5x
31
Takehara
Red pineforest
85
Nov. 19g6
4
'Unit
sampled
area
siteBurnt siteBurnt siteReforested site
1986
Nov, 1986
(cm')xreplication.
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Ants as bioindicater of soil faunal richness
●
●
ω
o 10 一
●
〇
●●
〇 Ω ω
● ● ●
●
●
←
5
●
O
」
O 』
E
● ●
o
0 0
5
o o
● ● o
ρ
E
2
0
Number of Orders of Soil Fauna
soil
単
o o
o
』 ∈ コ =
o
number
:
of orders
use myrmecofauna
In other words we can , to 000). p . extent , evaluate soil faunal richness by
our effort and
=
,
. If so , we
could economize
samp 】 that soil time fbr ing. Considering
To sum
,
mize
fbr the firsttwo variables of
sman
ant species richness
richness soil faunal
as compared
with
lower−altitudinal
Sts.11−31;see Fig.1). Such pattem supports our previous studies showing that there may be bioindication differential of ants between in higher− −altitudinal area ( TOUYAMA altitudinal area and lower stands
45−450 m (
,
:
1999; TouYAMA
. We suppose that cool ,2001). − climatic condition in higheraltitudinal area accounts fbr see our previous papers above −mentioned . such pattern( )
Conceming this TERAYAMA
1992 1993)pointed out (
that ant species
thansouthern
richness
area
were
,
smaller
in northern
且 inEastAsia. According y
area
,
pay attention to altitudinal andlor stands , incase thatwe use ants as bioindicator . Careless ’ . e. ignoring altitudinaVc 且 imatic conditions )comparison (
し
fauna which is
as representative of soil
And
to econo −
such representation
enable
,
cffbrt and sampling
time . As a result ,
time to more
can apply our effort and
replication and
to improvement of accuracy ,
摘
要
1 ・山本哲 也 ・中越信 和 . (怯 島大 学 総合 科学 部 〒 − − − − 739 8521 東 広 島市 鏡 山 1 7 1,広 島大学 大学 院国 際 協 力研 究科 〒 739 −8529 東広 島市 鏡 山 1−5 −1 ): ア リ類 は 有 効 な生 物 指 標 た り得 る か ?一広 島 県で の 事例 にみ る ア リの 種数 と 大 型 土 壌 動 物 相 と の 関 係 . No . 70 33−36, 2002. Edaphoto8ia 土 壌性 ア リ類 の 種数 は ,広 島 県の 低 標高地 域 に お い て は土 壌 動 物 全 体 の 目数 や 自然 度 ,或 い は密 度 を 概 ね 忠 実 に 反 映 して お り, d]
’)
1
,
1
z}
:
土 壌動物 相の 状 態 を 表す指 標 と して 有 用で あ る こ とが 判 っ た。 但 し,標 高の 高 い 地域 で は そ の 傾 向は 必 ず し も明瞭 で は な く,ア リ
類 を指標 と して 用 い
る場合に は こ の
点 に 注意す る 必 要が あ る
。
Refe『ences ALoNso, L , E , 200D, of diversiIy . Ants as indicaIors ’n : Ants : S【andard methods fbr measuring and moni 喧oring bioCliversity AGosT et at. eds . Smithsonian lnstitution Press, Washington and , ) , ( − LondorL . 80 88 . pp ANDERsEN,A .N . to evaluate ,1990, The use of ant communities terreslriai ecQsystems :areview and a recipe , change in Auslralian Ecol. Soc. Aust. 16; 347−357. P ハつσ. ,
have te factors climatic of we
−altitudinal area , least in lower
,
et al
,
,
up we can at
our sampling
頭 山 昌郁
,
,
of soil macrofauna
lmpQrtant and fbr environmental usefUl bioindicator
have to bring worthful meri し − There is however noteworthy , , proviso: higher stands ( altitudinal 900− 1165 m :Sts.1− 10)show relatively
,
closed circle
,
we
economization
conclusion
assessmen
are
Abundance (閥o .ノm2) of SoiI Macrofauna
clear as for abundance
in terrestrial important factor ecosystem (e ・ 9・ HuHTA et al . 1991; SETALA and HuHTA ,1991) and .’ ’ . cator ( e. FU 川 YAMA 出ought as good bibindi , 1989; 8. PAOLE 皿 et at , , 1991 ; van STRAALEN l998) such animals
10 100 1000
transformed ;ts . 791
,
=
survey only
1
°
belonging differen し climatic zones will lead to . Incidentally such was not pattern
of stands
the wrong
ヒ
myrrnecofaunal
0
●
●
o
・。
● ●
0 20 40 60 80 of 醐ature Richness Degree
697 x692 P= . 000)and degree of nature richness (r . , ( 000). Moreover, number of ant species significantly p . − so with abundance of soil macrofauna correlated a 置 (10g some
●
」
−altitudinal stand , faunal richness indices .Open circle indicates higher and
,
● oo
richness and soi [
faunal richness
5
of Soil Fauna
Fig. L Correl 飢 ions between anI species indica 匚 es Iower−ald 【udinal one .
of
●
く
0
●■蹲 ● o
コ
●
← ⊆
● ●
OD O
o
o o o
●
o
」
●
の
●
●
5 10 15 20 25
●
o
●
variables
←
●● ● ● o
コ
Z
← = く
●o
● ● ●
● ●●
〇 〇 Ω
● ● ●
〇 〇 Ω ●り
● ● “ 匚 く
の
o 10 一
の
O 10 一
,
一
NNII-Electronic 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service Library
The Japanese The Japanese Society Society
of of Soil Soil Zoology Zoology
36
Y. Touyama
et aL
' ,
AoKI, J,,19g9. Estimation ef nature richness using soil animals as environmental indicator. Jn:Assessrnent manual of urbanization effects on animals and plants, Chiba.Prefecturg, pp. 127-143. (in Japanese) FoLfiARA]T, P. J.,199S. Ant biodiversity und itsrelationship to ecesystem functiening: a review, Biodiversityand Conservation, 7: 1221-1244. FuJlyAMA,S.,1989. 0n the bio-indicatorof natural environrnent, with spccial references
Univ., 11: 5-11.
HuHTA, V., 1976. community
to the soil
animals,
Ann. Environ, Sci., Shinshu
(inJapanese) Effectof clear-cutting
respiration
ef soiL
on numbers; biomass and invertebrates, Ann.・'Zool. Iilenn.,
.l3: 63-.80, HuHTA, V,, HAtMl,J,and
SETALA,H,,1991. Ro{eof the faunainsoil using simulated forestfloor. Agric. EcesystemsEnviron,, 34:223-229. HuHTA, V., KARppiNEN,E,, NuRMINEN, M. and VALpAs, A., 1967. Effectof silvicultural practicesupon arthropod, annelid and nematode inconifereus forestsei]. Ann. ZboL Fenn., populations 4i87-145, MAETo, K, and MAK]HARA, H., 1999, Cbanges ininsectassemblages processes;techniques
succession of temperate deciduousforests after ' JPn.J.Ent rN.S.),2(1):11-26. MAjER, J.D., 1983. Ants:Bio-indicaters of minesite [ehabilitatien. Iand-use,and landconservation, Environmental Management,7: 375-383. NATuRE CoNsERvATIoNSoclETyoF JApAN,198S. Indicator anirnals and Tokyo. (in plantsfor natural conservation. 355pp,Shisaku-sha, Japanese) with
secondary
clear-cutting.
Noss,R. F.,1990. Indicators formonitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical appreach, Censervation Biotogy, 4: 35S-364. Noss, R. F,, l999, Assessingand monitoring forestbiodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators,Forest Ecotogy and Management,115:135-146, PAoLEI'rl,M. G., FAvREI'ro, M. R,. STiNNER, B, R., PuRR]NGToN, E F. and
BATER, J, E,, 1991. Invertebratesas bioindicalersof
soi] use,
-Agric.'Ecosystems'Environ., 34: 341-362, SETALA,H. and HuHTA, V., 1991. Soi]faunaincrease Betutapendula experiments with cenifereus forestfloor. growth: laboratory Ecology,72: 665-671, TERAyAMA, Ml, I992. Structure of ant communities in East Asia: I. 'difference Regional and species riChness, B"lt,Biogeogr.Soc. Japan, 47: 1-31. (in Japanese with Eng]ish abstract) M., ]993. Structure of ant cornmunities in EastAsia:II, and nest Biegeosr. densities. Bull. Soc.Japan,48: 51-57, ,Species
TERAyAMA,
{inJapanese with
English abstruct)
M,, 1997. Glebal patterns of biodiversLty and
TERAyAMA,
conservationi
a
case
study
of
the
use
of
ant
nature
cornrnunities.
Biotogicat Science, 49: 75-83.(in Japanese) TouyAMA, Y., 1999. Myrmecofaunal report from the Nishi-Chugoku Mountains, inrelation to altitude and vegetation, Naturat Histor:y
ofNishi-Chugoku
Mountains, 4: 61-77.(inJapanesewith
English
abstract)
TOUYAMA, Y,,YAMAMoTo, T, and NAKAGosH[,N., 2001, Myrmecofauna at gap site in beeeh forest, seven years after typhoon disturbance. Edaphotegia, 67: IS-22. vAN STRAALEN, N. M,, 1998. Eva]uation ofbioindicator system derived from soil arthropod comrnunities. AppL Soit Etot.,9: 429-437,
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