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Bioindicator? Ant SpeciesRichnessand. inHireshima Prefecture-. YoshifumiTouyAMAt),TetsuyaYAMAMoTo2'3)and NobukazuNAKAGosHI'2). ']Department.
The JapaneseSociety The Japanese Society

EZlaphologia,No.

of of Soil Soil Zoology Zoology

70: 33-36.August28,2002

33

Are Ants UsefulBioindicator? -the

RelationshipbetweenAnt Species Richnessand

SoilMacrofaunal Richness,in Hireshima PrefectureYoshifumiTouyAMAt),TetsuyaYAMAMoTo2'3)and Nobukazu NAKAGosHI'2) FIicultyoflntegratedArtsand Sciences, Hiroshima qf EnvironmentalSciences,

']Department

Uhiversit.v, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-852iJapan '}Graduate

Schoolforlnternational Development

and

Cboperation,Hiroshima University,

Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8529 Japan Received:29 May 2001;Accepted:19 July2002 In thispaper, we revealed that hypogeal ants were useful and convenient bioindicators of soil faunal based on the dataobtained inHiroshima Prefecture, Ant species richness significantly correlated with three seil faunal variables: number of orders, degree of nature richnessand abundance in lower-altitudinal area, In higher-a]titudinal area, however, there were not obvious patternbetweenant species richness and soH faunalvariables. Careful use of ants as bioindicator can economize our sarnpling effort and time. Abstract richness,

Key

words:

ants.

bioindicators, representation,

soil

fauna

animals

Introduction In

years,various

recent

attentions

as convenient

bioindicators have tools forenvironmental

attracted assess-

until

higherrank

taxa

clasS, (e.g.

order,

or

AoKI's (1989) indicator inforgroup)bringsinsufficient mation. First, different identifying rank leadsto different diversity value, Secondly,and more importantly, habitat infbrmation which ought to be indicated by every species

NATuRE CoNsERvATIoN SoCIETy OF JApAN, (e.g. 1985). We can get acquainted with many information isdiluted by identification until higher rank, In order to evade these issue, we had better select some from indicator species about thesituationof theirhabitat. specific taxa and identify For example, we can measure degree of pollutionby thoseuntil species cank, Then, assay of individuals, excretion products, and population what taxon is suitable to represent whole soil faunal growth of test species which exposed to pollutant. diversitylnaturalness? Ant isone of convenient and efficacious bioindicators Besides,we can suppose sorne environmental conditions ment

by bioindicatien: climatic and/or on. tion

vegetational

change,

conditien,

disturbance effect,

successional

soil

stage, and

so

In addition, bioindicator valuable informapresents fbr nature conservation planning.Namely, bio-

indicator can situation of

show

diversity, naturalness

and endangered

the biocommunity in a certain place(Noss,

1990, 1999). Soilanimals are often used as bioindicator of natural degree. But,to identify all soil animals until species rank imposesan excessive burden on researcher; itis actually impossible,On the other hand, to identifyall soil ]'Place

of

MAJER, 1983;ANDERsEN, 1990; TERAyAMA, 1997; (e,g. FoLGARAIT, 1998). However, we evaluate the diversityor natura]ness community

according

to

the

ant

be

must of

careful

to

biorichness,

whole

species

Be ¢ ause, biodiversity changes patternswith habitat different among taxa or groups of indicator species HuHTA, et al., 1967; HuHTA, 1976; MAETo

are

(e.g, and

MAKIHARA, 1999;ALoNso, 2000). TherefOre,we have beforehandwhether the indicatorspecies can represent the richness of whote biocommunity which we aim to evaluate. In thispaper, to examine reflect

and/or

Werk: Agriculture,Forestryand FisheriesDepartment, Hiroshima PrefecturalGovernment,Hiroshima 730-8S1

1,Japan

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of of SoilZoology Soil Zoology

34

Y. Touyama

investigatedwhether,

we

diversity represented andlor

soil

and

how,

et aL

myrmecofaunal

abundance

faunaldiversity, naturalness

myrrnecofauna

and other soil

of ants and mariual

sample every orders

sizes were

manifold

(Table

other s6il animals

hand-soningmethod

Ao layet In each sampling, mineral soil layer was sampled

was

from

Ao layerabove

whole using

compare

circular sampler;

1). (Table

Soil fauna in

at

myrmecofaunal

thesame

was

In this study, we reflected some number

Table 1.Descriptlonof Location

Physiognomy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Saijou Saljou Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Togo-uchi Yoshiwa Yoshiwa Yeshiwa Yeshiwa

Beech forest Coniferplantation Beech forest Beech forest Coniferplantation Coniferplantation Beech forest Coniferplantation Conifefplantation

11

Kake

Decidueus

12a 12b 13a 13b

Kake Kake Kake Kake

1'4 IS 16

Deciduousoak forest Deciduousoak forest Red pineforest Red pine forest Coniferplantation

Kake Kake

Cenifer p]antation Red pineforest

'Kake

Conifer p]antation

soil

faunalrichness

revealed

soil

thatmyrrnecofaunal

faunalcharacters.

of ant species

significantry

diversity

Fig,1 shows that correlate

with

two

surveyedsites,

(m)

Date

Altitude

Samp]ed area

1,1501,1501,1651,0701,1151,13S Oct,2000Oct. 2000Oct. 2ooOOct, 2000Oct. 2ooOOct, 2ooOOct, 900 1989Octe 900, 1989Oet,.1989Oct. 9oo 9oo 1989

(cm')'

314,2xlO314,2xlO3142xlO31

63142x 631・42x 6314,2x

6314,2x

270

Aug. 1999

8706,5x

23S 235 235 235

Sept.1989 Aug. 1999 Sept 1989 Aug. 1999

4314.2x 8706.5x 4314.2x 7706.5x

195 253 360

Nov. 1990 Sept, 1989 Nov, 1989

4706.5x 4706.Sx 4314.2x

Reclpineforest Red pineforest Red pineforest

330 4se ano

Aug. 1999 Sept.1999 Sept.1999

8314,2x 8314,2x 8314.2x

450

Aug. 1999

7314,2x

45

Sept,1999

6706.5x 3706.5x

oak

forest

richnessand

Resultsand Discussion

Symphyla, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta),and degree of nature richness 7(AoKi,1989), In some stands (Sts. 'counted 10, 12a, 13a, 14-16, 22-31), additionally, we

st.

and (Collembola

stand.

expressed by two indices: number of five higher taxa: Pauropoda, Diplopoda, (including

stand

We did

Environmental conditions and sample sizes were differentamong stands, as mentioned above. Conseit is not adequate to compare each stand's quently, ignoring such difference, However, myrrnecofauna, to inspect what hasto be noticed isthat our purposeisjust ants' representability of soil faunalrichness,i.e. to

faunain31

stands inHiroshimaPrefecture from 1986 to 2000

1). Every sampling conducted by visual

ants,

Acari)in order to economize time and effOrt forthorough search of soil mesofauna by hand-serting method.

abundance.

surveyed

excluding

not count abundance of soil rnesofauna

StudySitesand Methods We

of soil macrofauna

17 18 19

Hiroshima Hiroshima Hiroshima

20

Hireshirna

Red pine forest

21

Hiroshima

Lucidophyllous forest

22a

Kure

Burnt

22b 23 24 25 26 27 2g 29

siteBunnt

280

May

Kure

siteBurnt

280

Nov. 1986

Kawajiri

siteBurnt

165

Nov, 1986

Kawajiri Yasu-ura Yasu-ura Takehara Takehara Takehara

siteBurnt

Nov, 1986 Nov. 1986 Nov. 1986 Nov. I986

Reforested site

135 150 230 110 120 120

Nov. 1986

5706.Sx S706.Sx 4706.Sx 5706.Sx S706.Sx 4706,Sx S706,5x 5706,5x

30

Takehara

Reforested site

85

Nev. 19g6

5706.5x

31

Takehara

Red pineforest

85

Nov. 19g6

4

'Unit

sampled

area

siteBurnt siteBurnt siteReforested site

1986

Nov, 1986

(cm')xreplication.

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35

Ants as bioindicater of soil faunal richness  

 

 

 

 

 

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  In other words  we can ,  to 000). p .   extent ,   evaluate   soil  faunal   richness   by

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.   If so ,  we

 could  economize

 samp 】  that  soil time fbr ing.   Considering

To sum   



mize

 

fbr the firsttwo  variables  of

sman

 ant  species  richness  

  richness soil  faunal

 

as   compared

  with

lower−altitudinal

 

Sts.11−31;see  Fig.1).   Such  pattem supports  our  previous  studies  showing  that there may  be   bioindication differential  of   ants   between in higher− −altitudinal area ( TOUYAMA altitudinal area and lower stands

45−450 m (



 



 

 

 

1999; TouYAMA

 

 

.   We   suppose  that   cool ,2001). − climatic  condition  in higheraltitudinal area  accounts  fbr see  our  previous  papers  above −mentioned . such  pattern( )

Conceming  this  TERAYAMA

1992 1993)pointed   out (

that  ant   species

 

thansouthern  

  richness

area

 

  were



smaller

 

in northern  

且 inEastAsia. According y

 

 

 

 

area



 

 

pay  attention   to  altitudinal  andlor stands , incase thatwe use ants as bioindicator .  Careless ’ . e.  ignoring  altitudinaVc 且 imatic  conditions )comparison (  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

し 

fauna which  is

 as  representative  of  soil 

And

to econo −

 such  representation

 enable  



 cffbrt  and  sampling

time .   As  a  result ,

 

time to more

 can  apply  our  effort  and  

 replication  and

to improvement of  accuracy ,





1 ・山本哲 也 ・中越信 和 . (怯 島大 学 総合 科学 部   〒 − − − −       739 8521 東 広 島市 鏡 山 1 7 1,広 島大学 大学 院国 際 協 力研 究科  〒 739 −8529 東広 島市 鏡 山 1−5 −1 ): ア リ類 は        有 効 な生 物 指 標 た り得 る か ?一広 島 県で の 事例 にみ る ア              リの 種数 と 大 型 土 壌 動 物 相 と の 関 係 . No . 70 33−36, 2002.       Edaphoto8ia  土 壌性 ア リ類 の 種数 は ,広 島 県の 低 標高地 域 に お い て は土 壌 動 物 全 体 の 目数 や 自然 度 ,或 い は密 度 を 概 ね 忠 実 に 反 映 して お り, d]

’)  

1



1

z}

 



土 壌動物 相の 状 態 を 表す指 標 と して 有 用で あ る こ とが 判 っ た。 但 し,標 高の 高 い 地域 で は そ の 傾 向は 必 ず し も明瞭 で は な く,ア リ

類 を指標 と して 用 い

る場合に は こ の

点 に 注意す る 必 要が あ る



Refe『ences ALoNso,  L ,  E , 200D,   of  diversiIy .   Ants  as  indicaIors   ’n : Ants :    S【andard  methods   fbr  measuring  and  moni 喧oring  bioCliversity     AGosT et at.  eds .  Smithsonian lnstitution Press,  Washington  and , ) ,    ( − LondorL   . 80 88 .     pp ANDERsEN,A .N . to evaluate ,1990,   The use of ant communities  terreslriai  ecQsystems :areview  and  a recipe ,    change  in Auslralian Ecol. Soc. Aust. 16; 347−357.    P ハつσ. ,  

have te factors   climatic     of  we

 

−altitudinal area , least  in  lower



 et   al





 up  we  can  at 

 our  sampling

頭 山 昌郁





of  soil macrofauna

lmpQrtant   and   fbr   environmental  usefUl   bioindicator

have to bring  worthful  meri し − There is however noteworthy ,      ,      proviso: higher  stands ( altitudinal 900− 1165 m :Sts.1− 10)show  relatively



 closed  circle



 

we

 

economization

 conclusion

assessmen

 

 are  

Abundance  (閥o .ノm2) of  SoiI  Macrofauna

clear  as  for abundance

in terrestrial important  factor  ecosystem (e ・ 9・ HuHTA  et  al . 1991; SETALA   and   HuHTA ,1991) and .’ ’ . cator ( e.   FU 川 YAMA 出ought   as  good  bibindi , 1989; 8. PAOLE 皿  et  at , ,  1991 ; van  STRAALEN  l998) such animals

  10     100     1000

 

transformed ;ts . 791





 survey  only

1

°

belonging  differen し climatic  zones  will lead  to .   Incidentally  such    was  not pattern

of  stands

the wrong



myrrnecofaunal

0

      ●



o

・。

● ●

0    20    40    60    80 of   醐ature   Richness  Degree  

697 x692  P= . 000)and  degree of  nature  richness (r . , ( 000). Moreover,  number  of  ant  species  significantly p . − so  with  abundance  of  soil macrofauna correlated  a 置 (10g some

   ●



−altitudinal stand , faunal  richness  indices .Open circle indicates  higher  and

 



● oo

 richness  and  soi [

faunal richness

 

5

      of  Soil Fauna

Fig.  L  Correl 飢 ions  between  anI  species    indica 匚 es  Iower−ald 【udinal   one .

of  





0

●■蹲  ●            o





← ⊆

● ●

OD   O

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o









   



5   10   15   20   25

 



o



variables

    

      



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Z

← = く

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〇 〇 Ω ●り

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of of Soil Soil Zoology Zoology

36

Y. Touyama

et aL

' ,

AoKI, J,,19g9. Estimation ef nature richness using soil animals as environmental indicator. Jn:Assessrnent manual of urbanization effects on animals and plants, Chiba.Prefecturg, pp. 127-143. (in Japanese) FoLfiARA]T, P. J.,199S. Ant biodiversity und itsrelationship to ecesystem functiening: a review, Biodiversityand Conservation, 7: 1221-1244. FuJlyAMA,S.,1989. 0n the bio-indicatorof natural environrnent, with spccial references

Univ., 11: 5-11.

HuHTA, V., 1976. community

to the soil

animals,

Ann. Environ, Sci., Shinshu

(inJapanese) Effectof clear-cutting

respiration

ef soiL

on numbers; biomass and invertebrates, Ann.・'Zool. Iilenn.,

.l3: 63-.80, HuHTA, V,, HAtMl,J,and

SETALA,H,,1991. Ro{eof the faunainsoil using simulated forestfloor. Agric. EcesystemsEnviron,, 34:223-229. HuHTA, V., KARppiNEN,E,, NuRMINEN, M. and VALpAs, A., 1967. Effectof silvicultural practicesupon arthropod, annelid and nematode inconifereus forestsei]. Ann. ZboL Fenn., populations 4i87-145, MAETo, K, and MAK]HARA, H., 1999, Cbanges ininsectassemblages processes;techniques

succession of temperate deciduousforests after ' JPn.J.Ent rN.S.),2(1):11-26. MAjER, J.D., 1983. Ants:Bio-indicaters of minesite [ehabilitatien. Iand-use,and landconservation, Environmental Management,7: 375-383. NATuRE CoNsERvATIoNSoclETyoF JApAN,198S. Indicator anirnals and Tokyo. (in plantsfor natural conservation. 355pp,Shisaku-sha, Japanese) with

secondary

clear-cutting.

Noss,R. F.,1990. Indicators formonitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical appreach, Censervation Biotogy, 4: 35S-364. Noss, R. F,, l999, Assessingand monitoring forestbiodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators,Forest Ecotogy and Management,115:135-146, PAoLEI'rl,M. G., FAvREI'ro, M. R,. STiNNER, B, R., PuRR]NGToN, E F. and

BATER, J, E,, 1991. Invertebratesas bioindicalersof

soi] use,

-Agric.'Ecosystems'Environ., 34: 341-362, SETALA,H. and HuHTA, V., 1991. Soi]faunaincrease Betutapendula experiments with cenifereus forestfloor. growth: laboratory Ecology,72: 665-671, TERAyAMA, Ml, I992. Structure of ant communities in East Asia: I. 'difference Regional and species riChness, B"lt,Biogeogr.Soc. Japan, 47: 1-31. (in Japanese with Eng]ish abstract) M., ]993. Structure of ant cornmunities in EastAsia:II, and nest Biegeosr. densities. Bull. Soc.Japan,48: 51-57, ,Species

TERAyAMA,

{inJapanese with

English abstruct)

M,, 1997. Glebal patterns of biodiversLty and

TERAyAMA,

conservationi

a

case

study

of

the

use

of

ant

nature

cornrnunities.

Biotogicat Science, 49: 75-83.(in Japanese) TouyAMA, Y., 1999. Myrmecofaunal report from the Nishi-Chugoku Mountains, inrelation to altitude and vegetation, Naturat Histor:y

ofNishi-Chugoku

Mountains, 4: 61-77.(inJapanesewith

English

abstract)

TOUYAMA, Y,,YAMAMoTo, T, and NAKAGosH[,N., 2001, Myrmecofauna at gap site in beeeh forest, seven years after typhoon disturbance. Edaphotegia, 67: IS-22. vAN STRAALEN, N. M,, 1998. Eva]uation ofbioindicator system derived from soil arthropod comrnunities. AppL Soit Etot.,9: 429-437,

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